Article(id=1152988710174974744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686758400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823530000, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823530000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823530000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823530000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988708019098237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823529485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694474720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=476, endPage=483, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988710560850713, articleId=1152988710174974744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Fatigue damage prediction of wind turbine gear transmission system considering dynamic parameter identification, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Through establishing the torsional dynamic model of wind turbine gear transmission system, a method of dynamic parameter identification and fatigue damage prediction of wind turbine gear transmission system based on mechanism model and operating state is proposed, and the dynamic response and fatigue damage prediction effect of wind turbine gear transmission system under different gear wear states are analyzed. The research results indicate that the identified gear rotational inertia and meshing stiffness are in good agreement with the target values; The contact fatigue damage of the same gear is generally greater than that of bending fatigue damage, and gear wear can exacerbate the fluctuation of dynamic meshing force and increase fatigue damage. Under different gear wear states, the estimated values of system dynamic response and gear fatigue damage are in good agreement with the target values.

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文章通过建立风电齿轮传动系统扭转动力学模型,提出了基于机理模型与运行状态的风电齿轮传动系统动力学参数辨识与疲劳损伤预估方法,分析了不同齿轮磨损状态下的风电齿轮传动系统动态响应与疲劳损伤预估效果。分析结果表明:通过辨识得到的齿轮转动惯量和啮合刚度与目标值吻合较好;同一齿轮的接触疲劳损伤普遍大于弯曲疲劳损伤,且齿轮磨损会加剧动态啮合力波动,增大疲劳损伤,在不同齿轮磨损状态下,系统动态响应和齿轮疲劳损伤的预估值与目标值均吻合较好。

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谭建军(1991-),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向为风机传动链动力学。E-mail:
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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145883964395722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Gear dynamic engagement force under tooth tip wear, figureFileSmall=m35OLMRGKMkz/J9YltCrWQ==, figureFileBig=gzy8+YDrhK8TDW5jgm2WBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145884035698892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=齿顶磨损下齿轮动态啮合力, figureFileSmall=m35OLMRGKMkz/J9YltCrWQ==, figureFileBig=gzy8+YDrhK8TDW5jgm2WBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145884102807757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Effect of tooth tip wear on fatigue damage of gear transmission system, figureFileSmall=Cd7wcuPvpVN+PMuy+XUAPw==, figureFileBig=UKy51NzRRoMqS/LKo942Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145884161528015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=齿顶磨损对齿轮传动系统疲劳损伤影响, figureFileSmall=Cd7wcuPvpVN+PMuy+XUAPw==, figureFileBig=UKy51NzRRoMqS/LKo942Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145884283162833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Design parameters of wind turbine gear transmission system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 低速级 中间级 高速级
内齿圈 行星轮 太阳轮 内齿圈 行星轮 太阳轮 大齿轮 小齿轮
齿数 93 29 32 118 47 23 121 24
模数/mm 24 17 12
螺旋角/(°) 5 8.5 9
压力角/(°) 20
传动比 3.906 6.130 5.042
质量/kg 5054 1093 2 200 2018 962 652 2400 401
转动惯量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $1 \times {10}^{12}$ 73.89 159.84 $1 \times {10}^{12}$ 81.56 12.62 696.98 3.38
), ArticleFig(id=1159145884467712212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=风电齿轮传动系统设计参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 低速级 中间级 高速级
内齿圈 行星轮 太阳轮 内齿圈 行星轮 太阳轮 大齿轮 小齿轮
齿数 93 29 32 118 47 23 121 24
模数/mm 24 17 12
螺旋角/(°) 5 8.5 9
压力角/(°) 20
传动比 3.906 6.130 5.042
质量/kg 5054 1093 2 200 2018 962 652 2400 401
转动惯量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $1 \times {10}^{12}$ 73.89 159.84 $1 \times {10}^{12}$ 81.56 12.62 696.98 3.38
), ArticleFig(id=1159145884580958421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Rotational inertia identification of gear, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 SIMPACK 目标值 不考虑齿轮磨损 第一级太阳轮磨损 第三级小齿轮磨损
估计值 误差/% 估计值 误差1% 估计值 误差1%
${j}_{\mathrm{R}}$ ${5.30} \times {10}^{7}$ ${5.24} \times {10}^{7}$ 1.13 ${5.25} \times {10}^{7}$ 0.93 ${5.25} \times {10}^{7}$ 0.93
${j}_{\mathrm{e}1}$ 6 984.22 6 901.81 1.18 6 912.28 1.03 6 916.47 0.97
${j}_{\text{pl }}$ 73.89 73.15 1.00 73.14 1.01 73.13 1.02
${j}_{\text{sl }}$ 159.84 158.48 0.85 158.31 0.96 158.32 0.95
${j}_{\mathrm{c}2}$ 1 046.79 1 036.01 1.03 1036.11 1.02 1036.01 1.03
${j}_{\mathrm{p}2}$ 81.56 80.88 0.83 80.75 0.99 80.79 0.95
${j}_{\mathrm{s}2}$ 12.62 12.45 1.35 12.50 0.97 12.50 0.93
${j}_{w}$ 696.98 689.24 1.11 690.50 0.93 690.78 0.89
${j}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 3.38 3.34 1.18 3.34 1.06 3.34 1.06
${j}_{G}$ 524.00 520.30 0.71 519.02 0.95 519.28 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1159145884715176152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=齿轮转动惯量辨识, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 SIMPACK 目标值 不考虑齿轮磨损 第一级太阳轮磨损 第三级小齿轮磨损
估计值 误差/% 估计值 误差1% 估计值 误差1%
${j}_{\mathrm{R}}$ ${5.30} \times {10}^{7}$ ${5.24} \times {10}^{7}$ 1.13 ${5.25} \times {10}^{7}$ 0.93 ${5.25} \times {10}^{7}$ 0.93
${j}_{\mathrm{e}1}$ 6 984.22 6 901.81 1.18 6 912.28 1.03 6 916.47 0.97
${j}_{\text{pl }}$ 73.89 73.15 1.00 73.14 1.01 73.13 1.02
${j}_{\text{sl }}$ 159.84 158.48 0.85 158.31 0.96 158.32 0.95
${j}_{\mathrm{c}2}$ 1 046.79 1 036.01 1.03 1036.11 1.02 1036.01 1.03
${j}_{\mathrm{p}2}$ 81.56 80.88 0.83 80.75 0.99 80.79 0.95
${j}_{\mathrm{s}2}$ 12.62 12.45 1.35 12.50 0.97 12.50 0.93
${j}_{w}$ 696.98 689.24 1.11 690.50 0.93 690.78 0.89
${j}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 3.38 3.34 1.18 3.34 1.06 3.34 1.06
${j}_{G}$ 524.00 520.30 0.71 519.02 0.95 519.28 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1159145884803256538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of gear average engagement stiffness calculation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 齿轮副 SIMPACK 目标值 估计值 误差
理想齿面 ${k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}$ 10.71 10.71 0.03
${k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}}$ 6.49 6.45 0.61
齿面磨损 ${k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}$ 10.20 9.88 3.13
${k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}}$ 5.86 5.78 1.30
), ArticleFig(id=1159145884861976796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=齿轮平均啮合刚度计算结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 齿轮副 SIMPACK 目标值 估计值 误差
理想齿面 ${k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}$ 10.71 10.71 0.03
${k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}}$ 6.49 6.45 0.61
齿面磨损 ${k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}$ 10.20 9.88 3.13
${k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}}$ 5.86 5.78 1.30
), ArticleFig(id=1159145884950057182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=The calculation results of gear fatigue damage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 损伤类型 理想齿面 齿面磨损
本文模型 SIMPACK 相对误差 本文模型 SIMPACK 相对误差
太阳轮 接触疲劳 ${2.263} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.705} \times {10}^{-7}$ 16.33 ${2.905} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.479} \times {10}^{-7}$ 14.68
弯曲疲劳 ${0.732} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.914} \times {10}^{-7}$ 19.82 ${1.009} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.839} \times {10}^{-7}$ 16.81
行星轮 接触疲劳 ${1.500} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.892} \times {10}^{-7}$ 20.70 ${2.020} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.686} \times {10}^{-7}$ 16.55
弯曲疲劳 ${1.322} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.639} \times {10}^{-7}$ 19.31 ${1.828} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.539} \times {10}^{-7}$ 15.80
大齿轮 接触疲劳 ${2.491} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.155} \times {10}^{-7}$ 15.59 ${3.140} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.749} \times {10}^{-7}$ 12.43
弯曲疲劳 ${0.347} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.313} \times {10}^{-7}$ 10.82 ${0.508} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.451} \times {10}^{-7}$ 11.20
小齿轮 接触疲劳 ${2.697} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.398} \times {10}^{-7}$ 12.47 ${3.883} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${3.385} \times {10}^{-7}$ 12.81
弯曲疲劳 ${0.307} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.273} \times {10}^{-7}$ 12.18 ${1.413} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.204} \times {10}^{-7}$ 14.78
), ArticleFig(id=1159145885088469216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710174974744, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=齿轮疲劳损伤计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 损伤类型 理想齿面 齿面磨损
本文模型 SIMPACK 相对误差 本文模型 SIMPACK 相对误差
太阳轮 接触疲劳 ${2.263} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.705} \times {10}^{-7}$ 16.33 ${2.905} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.479} \times {10}^{-7}$ 14.68
弯曲疲劳 ${0.732} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.914} \times {10}^{-7}$ 19.82 ${1.009} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.839} \times {10}^{-7}$ 16.81
行星轮 接触疲劳 ${1.500} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.892} \times {10}^{-7}$ 20.70 ${2.020} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.686} \times {10}^{-7}$ 16.55
弯曲疲劳 ${1.322} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.639} \times {10}^{-7}$ 19.31 ${1.828} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.539} \times {10}^{-7}$ 15.80
大齿轮 接触疲劳 ${2.491} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.155} \times {10}^{-7}$ 15.59 ${3.140} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.749} \times {10}^{-7}$ 12.43
弯曲疲劳 ${0.347} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.313} \times {10}^{-7}$ 10.82 ${0.508} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.451} \times {10}^{-7}$ 11.20
小齿轮 接触疲劳 ${2.697} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${2.398} \times {10}^{-7}$ 12.47 ${3.883} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${3.385} \times {10}^{-7}$ 12.81
弯曲疲劳 ${0.307} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${0.273} \times {10}^{-7}$ 12.18 ${1.413} \times {10}^{-7}$ ${1.204} \times {10}^{-7}$ 14.78
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计及动力学参数辨识的风电齿轮传动系统疲劳损伤预估
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李浩 , 吕稳 , 谭建军 , 杨书益
可再生能源 | 2025,43(4): 476-483
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(4): 476-483
计及动力学参数辨识的风电齿轮传动系统疲劳损伤预估
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李浩, 吕稳, 谭建军 , 杨书益
作者信息
  • 1 重庆大学 机械传动国家重点实验室 重庆 400044

通讯作者:

谭建军(1991-),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向为风机传动链动力学。E-mail:
Fatigue damage prediction of wind turbine gear transmission system considering dynamic parameter identification
Hao Li, Wen Lyu, Jianjun Tan , Shuyi Yang
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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文章通过建立风电齿轮传动系统扭转动力学模型,提出了基于机理模型与运行状态的风电齿轮传动系统动力学参数辨识与疲劳损伤预估方法,分析了不同齿轮磨损状态下的风电齿轮传动系统动态响应与疲劳损伤预估效果。分析结果表明:通过辨识得到的齿轮转动惯量和啮合刚度与目标值吻合较好;同一齿轮的接触疲劳损伤普遍大于弯曲疲劳损伤,且齿轮磨损会加剧动态啮合力波动,增大疲劳损伤,在不同齿轮磨损状态下,系统动态响应和齿轮疲劳损伤的预估值与目标值均吻合较好。

风电机组  /  齿轮传动  /  参数辨识  /  疲劳损伤

Through establishing the torsional dynamic model of wind turbine gear transmission system, a method of dynamic parameter identification and fatigue damage prediction of wind turbine gear transmission system based on mechanism model and operating state is proposed, and the dynamic response and fatigue damage prediction effect of wind turbine gear transmission system under different gear wear states are analyzed. The research results indicate that the identified gear rotational inertia and meshing stiffness are in good agreement with the target values; The contact fatigue damage of the same gear is generally greater than that of bending fatigue damage, and gear wear can exacerbate the fluctuation of dynamic meshing force and increase fatigue damage. Under different gear wear states, the estimated values of system dynamic response and gear fatigue damage are in good agreement with the target values.

wind turbine  /  gear transmission  /  parameter identification  /  fatigue damage
李浩, 吕稳, 谭建军, 杨书益. 计及动力学参数辨识的风电齿轮传动系统疲劳损伤预估. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (4) : 476 -483 .
Hao Li, Wen Lyu, Jianjun Tan, Shuyi Yang. Fatigue damage prediction of wind turbine gear transmission system considering dynamic parameter identification[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (4) : 476 -483 .
风电机组是规模化、低成本开发风能资源的重大装备。齿轮传动系统是风电机组传动链的核心传动装置。然而,重载工况下风电齿轮容易发生失效,齿轮传动系统故障占整机故障的比例可达 ${57}{\% }$ [ 1 ] ,其中 ${26}\%$ 的故障是由齿轮早期失效引起的 [ 2 ] 。因此,开展风电齿轮传动系统疲劳损伤预估研究, 对于减少机组故障停机时间、优化运维策略具有重要意义。
风电齿轮传动系统在长期服役过程中产生的齿轮磨损、裂纹等性能退化会造成系统柔性化,容易导致风电机组运行状态的预估值与目标值产生较大偏差,影响整机发电效率。目前,风电齿轮箱齿轮服役状态难以直接通过 CMS/SCADA 系统进行实时监测 [ 4 ] ,因此,国内外学者从机理模型角度对风电齿轮疲劳损伤开展了大量研究。文献[ 5 ] 建立了风电机组整机动力学模型, 提出了一种基于动态啮合力的齿轮接触疲劳寿命预测方法, 发现低速行星级太阳轮疲劳损伤大于行星轮。文献 [ 6 ] 建立了浮式风电机组传动链动力学模型,分析了风浪联合作用对传动系统疲劳损伤的影响, 发现高速平行级疲劳损伤大于行星级。文献[ 7 ]结合风电传动系统齿轮动态啮合力、齿轮材料 $P - S - N$ 曲线和线性疲劳累积损伤理论, 分析了齿轮疲劳损伤。文献[ 8 ]建立了风电齿轮传动齿轮副接触有限元分析模型, 分析了随机载荷下的齿轮疲劳损伤累计。文献[ 9 ]提出了一种基于贝叶斯的动力学参数辨识方法, 但齿轮啮合被简化为刚性啮合, 齿轮动态啮合力计算精度有限。文献[ 10 ]建立了风电齿轮传动系统动力学模型, 提出了基于时变啮合刚度函数的传动系统动态响应辨识方法, 但模型较为复杂、计算耗时长。
综上可知, 现有风电齿轮疲劳损伤分析主要是基于原始设计参数, 而考虑长期服役过程中系统动力学参数演变的疲劳损伤分析较少。为此,本文提出了基于机理模型与运行状态的风电齿轮传动系统动力学参数辨识与疲劳损伤预估方法, 分析不同齿轮磨损状态下的风电齿轮传动系统动态响应与疲劳损伤预估效果。
在风电齿轮传动系统中, 轮毂载荷通过主轴传递到齿轮箱输入轴,然后通过齿轮箱将高扭矩、 低转速机械能转化为低扭矩、高转速机械能,最后驱动发电机进行发电。齿轮箱由两级行星轮系和一级定轴轮系组成,主要设计参数如表 1 所示。
图 1 为风电齿轮传动系统耦合关系。建立行星轮系绝对坐标系${OXYZ}$和转动坐标系${o}_{i}{x}_{i}{y}_{i}{z}_{i}$。 绝对坐标系${OXYZ}$原点位于行星架几何中心,转动坐标系${o}_{i}{x}_{i}{y}_{i}{z}_{i}\left( {i = \mathrm{s},\mathrm{c},\mathrm{r},\mathrm{p}}\right)$分别为太阳轮(s)、行星架(c)、内齿圈(r)和行星轮(p),${o}_{\mathrm{p}}{x}_{\mathrm{p}}{y}_{\mathrm{p}}{z}_{\mathrm{p}}$原点位于行星轮几何中心, 其余相对坐标系原点与固定坐标系重合。
图 1 中,$\mathrm{G}$为发电机,$\mathrm{P}$为小齿轮,$\mathrm{W}$为大齿轮, R 为风轮, LSS 为低速级轴, ISS 为中速级轴, HSIS 为高速中间轴, HSS 为高速轴。
以第一级行星轮系为例, 采用集中参数法建立行星轮系动力学方程 [ 11 ]
${\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1}{\ddot{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1} + {\mathbf{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1}{\dot{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1} + {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1}{\mathbf{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1} = {\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1}$
${\mathbf{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1} = {\left\lbrack {\theta }_{\mathrm{c}1},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{11}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{12}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{13}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{14}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{15}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{s}1}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1} = {\left\lbrack {T}_{\mathrm{{cl}}},0,0,0,0,0,{T}_{\mathrm{{sl}}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
${\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1} = \operatorname{diag}\left\lbrack \left( {{I}_{\mathrm{{cl}}} + 5{m}_{\mathrm{p}}{a}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2},{I}_{\mathrm{p}{11}},{I}_{\mathrm{p}{12}},\cdots ,{I}_{\mathrm{p}{15}},{I}_{\mathrm{s}1}}\right) \right\rbrack$
${A}_{r} = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 5{a}_{w}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & {r}_{0}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\ 0 & {r}_{0}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & {r}_{0}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & {r}_{0}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & {r}_{0}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 \\ {a}_{r}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & {r}_{0}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\ {a}_{r}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & {r}_{0}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\ {a}_{r}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & {r}_{0}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\ {a}_{r}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 & {r}_{r}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) \\ {a}_{r}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & \\ {a}_{r}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}\left( {{k}_{r} + {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & \\ 0 & {a}_{r}\left( {{k}_{r} - {k}_{w}}\right) & 0 & 0 & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}{k}_{w} & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}{k}_{w} & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}{k}_{w} & {r}_{r}{r}^{2}{k}_{w} & 0 \\ & & & & & & & & \end{matrix}\right\rbrack$
式中:${\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1},{\mathbf{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1},{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1}$分别为质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵,其中${\mathbf{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1}$采用瑞利阻尼计算 [ 12 ] 为激振力矩阵;${\mathbf{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}}^{1}$为广义位移向量;${\theta }_{i}$${I}_{i}\left( {i = \mathrm{c}1,\mathrm{p}{11},\cdots ,\mathrm{p}{15},\mathrm{s}1}\right)$分别为构件$i$的角位移和转动惯量;${T}_{\mathrm{{cl}}},{T}_{\mathrm{{sl}}}$均为构件转矩载荷;${r}_{\mathrm{p}},{r}_{\mathrm{s}}$均为基圆半径;${m}_{\mathrm{p}}$为行星轮质量;${k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}},{k}_{\mathrm{{rp}}}$均为齿轮啮合刚度 [ 13 ] 为销轴中心距;$\beta$为基圆螺旋角。
第二级建模过程与第一级类似, 不再赘述。
第三级斜齿轮定轴轮系动力学方程为
${\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3}{\ddot{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}} + {\mathbf{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3}{\dot{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}} + {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3}{\mathbf{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3} = {\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3}$
${\mathbf{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3} = {\left\lbrack {\theta }_{\mathrm{w}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
${J}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3} = \operatorname{diag}\left( \left\lbrack {{I}_{\mathrm{w}},{I}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right\rbrack \right)$
${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3} = {k}_{\mathrm{{pw}}}{\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {r}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2} & {r}_{\mathrm{p}}{r}_{\mathrm{w}} \\ {r}_{\mathrm{p}}{r}_{\mathrm{w}} & {r}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack }^{2}{\cos }^{2}\beta$
式中:${\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3},{\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3},{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3}$分别为质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3}$为激振力矩阵;${\mathbf{\theta }}_{\mathrm{b}}^{3}$为广义位移向量;${\theta }_{i}$${I}_{i}(i = \mathrm{W}$, P)分别为构件$i$角位移和转动惯量;${k}_{\mathrm{{pw}}}$为啮合刚度;${r}_{\mathrm{w}}$为基圆半径。
根据风电齿轮传动系统各构件自由度及其连接关系,定义系统广义向量${\mathbf{\theta }}_{\text{sys }}$
${\mathbf{\theta }}_{\text{sys }} = {\left| \begin{matrix} {\theta }_{\mathrm{R}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{c}1},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{11}},\cdots ,{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{15}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{s}1},{\theta }_{\mathrm{c}2},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{21}},\cdots ,{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}{23}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{s}2}, \\ \underbrace{{\theta }_{\mathrm{w}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{c}}} \end{matrix}\right| }_{\begin{matrix} {\theta }_{\mathrm{w}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{C}} \\ \text{ 第三级 } \end{matrix}}$
式中:${\theta }_{\mathrm{R}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{G}}$分别为风轮角位移和发电机角位移。
根据式(10)中各节点编号,将式(1)和式(6) 进行组装,可得风电齿轮传动系统动力学模型。
${\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{{sys}}}{\ddot{\theta }}_{\mathrm{{sys}}} + {\mathbf{D}}_{\mathrm{{sys}}}{\dot{\theta }}_{\mathrm{{sys}}} + {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{sys}}}{\mathbf{\theta }}_{\mathrm{{sys}}} = {\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{sys}}}$
式中:${\mathbf{J}}_{\text{sys }},{\mathbf{D}}_{\text{sys }},{\mathbf{K}}_{\text{sys }}$分别为系统质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;${\mathbf{T}}_{\text{sys }}$为系统激振力矩阵 [ 14 ]
当风电齿轮传动系统稳定运行时,系统处于动态平衡状态, 假定系统总体惯性力矩之和为零, 则:
${I}_{i}{\ddot{\theta }}_{i} + {d}_{i}\left( {{\dot{\theta }}_{i} - {\dot{\theta }}_{i - 1}}\right) - {d}_{i + 1}\left( {{\dot{\theta }}_{i + 1} - {\dot{\theta }}_{i}}\right) + {k}_{i}\left( {{\theta }_{i} - {\theta }_{i - 1}}\right) - {k}_{i + 1}\left( {{\theta }_{i + 1} - {\theta }_{i}}\right) = 0$
式中:${d}_{i},{d}_{i + 1}$均为对应阻尼;${k}_{i},{k}_{i + 1}$均为对应刚度。
将式(12)改写成矩阵形式,并结合式(11)扩展至整个系统,可得:
$\mathbf{J}\ddot{\Theta }\left( t\right) + \mathbf{D}\dot{\Theta }\left( t\right) + \mathbf{K}\Theta \left( t\right) = \mathbf{T}$
式中:$\Theta$$t$时刻下各构件的角位移。
若已知风轮转矩、发电机负载和构件动态响应,则求解式 (13) 可转化为辨识误差$E{\left( t\right) }_{j}$的最小二乘问题。
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} E{\left( t\right) }_{j} \triangleq \widehat{\mathbf{J}}\ddot{\mathbf{\theta }}\left( t\right) + \widehat{\mathbf{D}}\dot{\mathbf{\theta }}\left( t\right) + \widehat{\mathbf{K}}\mathbf{\Theta }\left( t\right) - \mathbf{T}\left( t\right) \\ \min \{ \parallel E{\parallel }^{2}\} = \left\lbrack {\widehat{\mathbf{J}},\widehat{\mathbf{D}},\widehat{\mathbf{K}}}\right\rbrack \\ \mathbf{J},\mathbf{D},\mathbf{K} \geq 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中: 上标 “ ” 表示待辨识的参数;$\mathbf{J}$为对角矩阵且满秩;$\mathbf{D},\mathbf{K}$均为对称矩阵,但通常为非满秩。
为了避免因$\mathbf{D}$$\mathbf{K}$非满秩造成的辨识过程收敛困难,基于单个构件的惯性力矩平衡方程[式 (12)]重新构造式(14)中最小二乘问题。
$E{\left( t\right) }_{j} = {I}_{1}{\alpha }_{1}\left( t\right) + \cdots + {\alpha }_{1, i}{I}_{i}{\alpha }_{i}\left( t\right) + \cdots + {\alpha }_{1,{16}}{I}_{16}{\alpha }_{16}\left( t\right) - \\ {\tau }^{\text{Rot }}\left( t\right) - {\alpha }_{1,{16}}{\tau }^{\text{Gen }}\left( t\right)$
式中:${\tau }^{\text{Rot }},{\tau }^{\text{Gen }}$分别为风轮转矩和发电机负载;${\alpha }_{1, i}$为构件转动方向,当逆时针旋转时,${\alpha }_{1, i} = 1$,当顺时针旋转时,${\alpha }_{1, i} = - 1;{\alpha }_{i}$为构件$i$的角加速度。
$\alpha = \left| \begin{array}{l} \underset{\text{第一级 }}{\underbrace{1,1,\left( {1 - {\vartheta }_{1}}\right) ,\cdots ,\left( {1 - {\vartheta }_{1}}\right) ,{i}_{g1}}},{i}_{g1}, \\ {i}_{g1},{i}_{g1}\left( {1 - {\vartheta }_{2}}\right) ,\cdots ,{i}_{g1}\left( {1 - {\vartheta }_{2}}\right) ,{i}_{g1}{i}_{g2}, \\ {i}_{g1}{i}_{g2},{i}_{g1}{i}_{g2}{i}_{g3},{i}_{g1}{i}_{g2}{i}_{g3} \end{array}\right|$
式中:${\alpha }_{\mathrm{R}}$为风轮角加速度;${\vartheta }_{i}\left( {i = 1,2}\right)$为第$i$级内齿圈与行星轮齿数之比;${i}_{gi}\left( {i = 1,2,3}\right)$为传动系统第$i$级传动比。
采用傅里叶级数对齿轮时变啮合刚度进行拟合 [ 15 ]
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}} = {\bar{k}}_{\mathrm{{sp}}} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}^{j}\sin \left( {{\theta }_{\mathrm{c}}{z}_{\mathrm{r}} + {\gamma }_{\mathrm{{sp}}} + {\varphi }_{\mathrm{{sp}}}}\right) \\ {k}_{\mathrm{{rp}}} = {\bar{k}}_{\mathrm{{rp}}} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{k}_{\mathrm{{rp}}}^{j}\sin \left( {{\theta }_{\mathrm{c}}{z}_{\mathrm{r}} + {\gamma }_{\mathrm{{rp}}} + {\gamma }_{\mathrm{{sr}}} + {\varphi }_{\mathrm{{rp}}}}\right) \\ {k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}} = {\bar{k}}_{\mathrm{{wp}}} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}}^{j}\sin \left( {{\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}{z}_{\mathrm{p}} + {\gamma }_{\mathrm{{sp}}} + {\varphi }_{\mathrm{{rp}}}}\right) \end{array}\right.$
式中:${\bar{k}}_{\mathrm{{sp}}},{\bar{k}}_{\mathrm{{rp}}}$${k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}^{j},{k}_{\mathrm{{rp}}}^{j}$分别为行星级齿轮平均啮合刚度及其第$j$阶谐波幅值;${\bar{k}}_{\mathrm{{wp}}},{k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}}^{j}$分别为大齿轮-小齿轮平均啮合刚度及其第$j$阶谐波幅值;${z}_{\mathrm{r}}$,${z}_{\mathrm{w}}$均为齿数;${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{sp}}},{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{rp}}}$${\varphi }_{\mathrm{{sp}}},{\varphi }_{\mathrm{{rp}}}$分别为齿轮啮合刚度初始相位角及其第$j$阶谐波的初始相位角;${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{wp}}},{\varphi }_{\mathrm{{wp}}}$分别为第三级啮合刚度初始相位角及其第$j$阶谐波初始相位角;${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{sr}}}$为行星轮系内、外啮合相位差。
忽略阻尼影响, 基于式 (1), (16), (17), 构造齿轮啮合刚度误差$E{\left( t\right) }_{x}$$E{\left( t\right) }_{p}$的最小二乘问题。
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} E{\left( t\right) }_{x} = {I}_{\mathrm{p}}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}\left( t\right) - {k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}\left( t\right) {\delta }_{\mathrm{{sp}}}\left( t\right) + {k}_{\mathrm{{rp}}}\left( t\right) {\delta }_{\mathrm{{rp}}}\left( t\right) \\ E{\left( t\right) }_{p} = {I}_{\mathrm{w}}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}\left( t\right) + {k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}}\left( t\right) {\delta }_{\mathrm{{wp}}}\left( t\right) \\ \min \left\{ {{\begin{Vmatrix}{E}_{x}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2},{\begin{Vmatrix}{E}_{p}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}\right\} = \left\lbrack {{k}_{\mathrm{{sp}}},{k}_{\mathrm{{rp}}},{k}_{\mathrm{{wp}}}}\right\rbrack \\ k \geq 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中:${\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}\left( t\right)$为齿轮角加速度;${\delta }_{\mathrm{{sp}}}\left( t\right) ,{\delta }_{\mathrm{{rp}}}\left( t\right)$均为行星齿轮啮合变形量;${\delta }_{\mathrm{{wp}}}\left( t\right)$为大小齿轮啮合变形量。
齿轮疲劳损伤主要受载荷谱和齿轮材料 $S - N$ 曲线影响。利用循环计数法对齿轮动态啮合力进行分块处理 [ 16 ] [式(19)],根据 ISO 6336-6 计算齿轮接触与弯曲应力[式(20), (21)], 最后编制应力载荷谱 [ 17 ]
${n}_{i} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{T}_{i}}k\frac{{t}_{j}{w}_{j}}{2\pi }$
${\delta }_{\mathrm{H}} = {Z}_{\mathrm{H}}{Z}_{\varepsilon }{Z}_{\mathrm{E}}{Z}_{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{t}}}{b{d}_{1}}\frac{{i}_{\text{gear }} + 1}{{i}_{\text{gear }}}{K}_{\mathrm{A}}{K}_{\mathrm{v}}{K}_{\mathrm{H}\beta }{K}_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }}$
${\delta }_{\mathrm{F}} = \left( {\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{t}}}{b{m}_{\mathrm{n}}}{F}_{\mathrm{F}}{F}_{\mathrm{S}}{F}_{\beta }{F}_{\mathrm{B}}{F}_{\mathrm{{DT}}}}\right) {K}_{\mathrm{A}}{K}_{\mathrm{v}}{K}_{\mathrm{F}\beta }{K}_{\mathrm{F}\alpha }$
式中: $k$ 为行星轮数量; ${n}_{i}$ 为啮合力块循环次数; ${T}_{i}$ , ${t}_{i}$ 分别为啮合力块 $i$ 总时间段数、第 $j$ 个时间段; ${w}_{j}$ 为啮合力块 ${t}_{i}$ 在时间段 $j$ 内的齿轮平均转速。
根据 ISO 6336 标准,本文采用双斜率的 $S - N$ 曲线建立齿轮应力与疲劳失效总循环次数关系, 采用 Palmgren-Miner 法则判断齿轮是否发生疲劳失效 [ 18 ] 。基于齿轮材料 $S - N$ 曲线计算齿轮在应力水平 ${\sigma }_{i}$ 下发生疲劳失效的总循环次数为 ${N}_{i \circ }$ 若在实际运行过程中,该应力水平作用于齿轮 ${n}_{i}$ 次,则齿轮在该应力水平下的疲劳损伤为 ${n}_{i}/{N}_{i}$ ,累加所有应力水平下的疲劳损伤,直至达到疲劳失效临界值。
图 2 为风电齿轮传动系统齿轮疲劳损伤计算流程。
首先,通过对风轮角加速度、角位移和转矩、 发电机负载运行数据进行实时采样; 然后, 基于式 (18)~(22)对各级齿轮转动惯量和啮合刚度进行辨识, 实时更新风电齿轮传动系统动力学模型参数[式(15)], 并计算齿轮动态啮合力;最后,根据式(23)~(25)计算齿轮疲劳损伤。
由于缺少齿轮箱运行实测数据, 本文建立了某兆瓦级风电齿轮传动系统 SIMPACK 模型, 将 SIMPACK 模型作为虚拟样机,并提取风轮与发电机端时序数据, 开展动力学参数辨识与齿轮传动系统疲劳损伤预估。首先,采用风电机组整机模型计算湍流风速下的时序气动转矩;然后,将其施加到风电齿轮传动系统 SIMPACK 模型;最后,计算得到风轮角位移、角加速度、转矩以及发电机负载、转速等信息进行参数辨识与疲劳损伤预测。
在齿轮传动系统中, 轮齿交替啮合会引起齿面磨损, 导致齿廓偏离设计值, 改变齿轮啮合刚度, 加剧系统振动。为了验证本文方法对含有齿轮磨损的系统动态响应和齿轮疲劳损伤预估的有效性, 在 SIMPACK 虚拟样机中分别设置第一级太阳轮或第三级小齿轮齿顶磨损, 其中假定所有轮齿均出现齿顶磨损且沿齿宽方向磨损量相同。为了突出理想齿面和磨损齿面的差异性, 设置磨损量为 ${1000\mu }\mathrm{m}$
表 2 为构件转动惯量辨识效果。当不考虑齿顶磨损时, 16 个构件转动惯量平均辨识误差为 1.04%, 其中辨识误差最大的是第二级太阳轮, 为 1.35%;当考虑齿顶磨损时,16 个构件转动惯量最大平均辨识误差为 0.98%,其中辨识误差最大的是高速级小齿轮,为 1.06%。由表 2 可知,本文方法可有效识别构件转动惯量, 且适用于含齿轮磨损的情况。
图 3,4 分别为理想齿轮和齿顶磨损时齿轮啮合刚度辨识效果, 表 3 为啮合刚度辨识结果和 SIMPACK 虚拟样机目标值的统计结果对比。
表 3 可知, 通过辨识得到的齿轮啮合刚度峰-峰值、波动情况与 SIMPACK 虚拟样机目标值较为吻合,其中最大误差出现在含齿顶磨损的太阳轮-行星轮啮合刚度,为 3.13%。因此,本文提出的动力学参数辨识方法可以有效识别齿轮啮合刚度, 且适用于含齿顶磨损的情况。
图 5 为理想设计参数下各级齿轮动态啮合力变化曲线。
图 5 可知: 本文模型得到的构件转速及齿轮动态啮合力峰-谷位置与目标值较为一致, 动态啮合力均值与目标值的误差分别为${0.96}\%$和 5.7%;得到的动态啮合力曲线相对平滑,主要原因是传动系统模型[式 (15)]中仅考虑了构件扭转,而本文模型考虑了更多的自由度。
当齿轮出现齿顶磨损时, 各级齿轮动态啮合力如图 6 所示。
(b)高速级小啮轮-大啮轮动态啮合力
图 6 可知, 本文模型对含有齿轮磨损的动态啮合力预测差异较小, 太阳轮-行星轮、大齿轮-小齿轮动态啮合力均值相比于目标值的误差分别为 3.31%和 6.3%。
表 4 为理想齿轮和齿顶磨损下齿轮接触与弯曲疲劳损伤预测效果。
表 4 可知:当齿轮为理想齿廓时,本文模型得到的第一级齿轮疲劳损伤与 SIMPACK 虚拟样机目标值的平均误差为 16.77%;当齿面出现齿顶磨损时,本文模型得到的第一级齿轮疲劳损伤略高于SIMPACK 虚拟样机目标值,平均误差为14.78%。 预测差异的主要原因在于, 相较于 SIMPACK 虚拟样机, 本文模型的齿轮动态啮合力曲线较为平滑, 进而造成了齿轮载荷谱和疲劳损伤的差异。
图 7 为不同齿面服役状态下的各级齿轮疲劳损伤预测。
图 7 可知:当考虑齿顶磨损影响后,齿轮接触与弯曲疲劳损伤值增大约 30%;风电齿轮接触疲劳损伤明显大于弯曲疲劳损伤,并且第三级小齿轮接触疲劳损伤最高,主要原因在于小齿轮转速高,单位时间内齿面接触应力循环次数最多;第一级行星轮弯曲疲劳损伤最大,主要原因在于第一级靠近齿轮箱输入端,承受载荷较大。
本文提出了基于机理模型与运行状态的风电齿轮传动系统动力学参数辨识与疲劳损伤预估模型, 分析了不同齿轮磨损状态下的风电齿轮传动系统动态响应与疲劳损伤预估效果, 得到以下结论。
①基于机理模型与监测信号的风电齿轮传动系统动力学参数辨识方法, 得到的齿轮转动惯量和啮合刚度估计值与目标值吻合较好。
②同一齿轮的接触疲劳损伤普遍大于弯曲疲劳损伤,且齿轮磨损会加剧动态啮合力波动,增大疲劳损伤,在不同齿轮磨损状态下系统动态响应和齿轮疲劳损伤的预估值与目标值均吻合较好。
③风电齿轮传动系统疲劳损伤预估方法可与风电机组信号监测系统集成, 可对齿轮传动系统疲劳损伤实时长期评估。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1506600)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52105050)
  • 广东省重点研发计划项目(2021B0101230002)
  • 山西省重点研发计划项目(202102060301017)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2023-06-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-15
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1506600)
国家自然科学基金(52105050)
广东省重点研发计划项目(2021B0101230002)
山西省重点研发计划项目(202102060301017)
作者信息
    1 重庆大学 机械传动国家重点实验室 重庆 400044

通讯作者:

谭建军(1991-),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向为风机传动链动力学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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