Article(id=1152988709944283781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697558400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823529945, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823529945, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823529945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823529945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988708019098237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823529485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694474720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=491, endPage=498, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988710330159751, articleId=1152988709944283781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=The influence of design parameters of wind turbine blade spar cap on prato front, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reveal the influence of structural design parameters on design boundaries and improve the efficiency of wind turbine blade structure design, a structural optimization design method was proposed by combining the improved genetic algorithm NSGAII with the wind turbine blade structure design software FOUCS, and constructing an optimization design simulation system suitable for complex wind turbine blade structures. The 15 MW wind turbine benchmark model IEA15240RWT developed by NREL was chosen as the research object. The lamination, positioning, and width of the spar were treated as variables, while the blade weight and flapping stiffness were set as the optimization objectives. The selfdeveloped structural optimization design system was used to obtain the optimal solution set under different design conditions, and the influence of spar design parameters on the Pareto front was investigated. The calculation results demonstrate that for this particular blade of IEA15240RWT, a spar width of 1 000 mm, with the spar centerline positioned at 50% of the chord length, exhibits higher structural efficiency. The feasibility and effectiveness of the optimization design system for blade structure design were verified, and the system possesses strong scalability, providing new insights for more complex blade design tasks.

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为了提高风力机叶片结构设计的效率,同时揭示结构设计参数对设计边界的影响规律,文章提出了一种将改进的遗传算法 NSGAII 与风力机叶片结构设计软件 FOUCS相结合的结构优化设计方法,搭建了适用于风力机叶片复杂结构的优化设计仿真系统。以NREL开发的15MW风力机基准模型 IEA15240RWT为对象,将主梁的铺层厚度、宽度和中心线定位作为设计变量,以叶片重量和挥舞刚度作为优化目标,采用自主开发的结构优化设计系统获取不同设计条件下的最优解集,同时探讨了主梁设计参数对帕累托前锋的影响规律。算例结果表明,对于 IEA15240RWT叶片,主梁宽度设定为1000mm,且主梁中心线定位在弦长 50%时具有较高的结构效率。验证了该优化设计系统对叶片结构设计的可行性和有效性,且该系统有较强的扩展性,能为更复杂的叶片设计工作提供新思路。

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李慧(1985-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为复合材料结构设计、损伤与修复。E-mail:
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陈程(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为复合材料结构设计、智能优化和风力机多体动力学。E-mail:

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陈程(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为复合材料结构设计、智能优化和风力机多体动力学。E-mail:

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Frontiers in Energy Research, 2023, 11: 1-13., articleTitle=Research on the application of improved NSGA-II in the structure design of wind turbine blade spar cap, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1159145983604282114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, awardId=LJKMZ20220486, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省教育厅高等学校基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220486), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1159145980051706565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145980060095174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, companyId=1159145980051706565, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Intelligent Equipment Engineering Wuxi Taihu University Wuxi 214064 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145980064289479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, companyId=1159145980051706565, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 无锡太湖学院 智能装备工程学院 江苏 无锡 214064)]), AuthorCompany(id=1159145980106232520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145980114621129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, companyId=1159145980106232520, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Xiamen Sunrui Wind Power Technology Co., Ltd. Xiamen 361000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145980118815434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, companyId=1159145980106232520, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 厦门双瑞风电科技有限公司 福建 厦门 361000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1159145980169147083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145980173341388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, companyId=1159145980169147083, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang 110870 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145980181729997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, 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figureFileBig=Y0bem3i1Zkfh6L3Ai0cO5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145982954164986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=The influence of width of spar cap on PF, figureFileSmall=ZqQA8Oh2QO+p6A683gfG+Q==, figureFileBig=NzCbO/lSR5Ll/+homgybRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983008690939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, language=CN, label=图 11, caption=主梁宽度对帕累托前锋的影响, figureFileSmall=ZqQA8Oh2QO+p6A683gfG+Q==, figureFileBig=NzCbO/lSR5Ll/+homgybRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983054828284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The data of components in the shell, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件 材料 展向范围 m 弦向范围 mm 最大厚度 mm
蒙皮和叶根 增强层 三轴向玻纤 0~117 满铺 50
前缘梁 单轴向玻纤 11.7~93.6 50~800 3
前缘芯材 Balsa & PVC 11.7~93.6 芯材区域 60
主梁 单向碳纤维 2.34~116.75 350~900 98
尾缘芯材 Balsa & PVC 11.7~93.6 芯材区域 60
尾缘梁 单轴向玻纤 7~115.5 270~950 27
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983172268797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=基准模型各构件铺层信息, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件 材料 展向范围 m 弦向范围 mm 最大厚度 mm
蒙皮和叶根 增强层 三轴向玻纤 0~117 满铺 50
前缘梁 单轴向玻纤 11.7~93.6 50~800 3
前缘芯材 Balsa & PVC 11.7~93.6 芯材区域 60
主梁 单向碳纤维 2.34~116.75 350~900 98
尾缘芯材 Balsa & PVC 11.7~93.6 芯材区域 60
尾缘梁 单轴向玻纤 7~115.5 270~950 27
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983256154878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of influence of centerline positioning on PF, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心 定位 55.2t 56.7 t 59.7 t 63.2t
叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值
0.3 37.34 7.35 30.94 6.26 27.66 6.95 23.42 8.75
0.4 35.37 1.69 29.69 1.96 26.23 1.41 22.22 3.17
0.5 34.78 0.00 29.12 0.00 25.87 0.00 21.54 0.00
0.6 35.60 2.37 29.67 1.89 26.40 2.08 21.93 1.83
0.7 36.48 4.88 30.74 5.56 27.31 5.58 23.25 7.96
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983348429567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=中心线定位对帕累托前锋影响的数据对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心 定位 55.2t 56.7 t 59.7 t 63.2t
叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值
0.3 37.34 7.35 30.94 6.26 27.66 6.95 23.42 8.75
0.4 35.37 1.69 29.69 1.96 26.23 1.41 22.22 3.17
0.5 34.78 0.00 29.12 0.00 25.87 0.00 21.54 0.00
0.6 35.60 2.37 29.67 1.89 26.40 2.08 21.93 1.83
0.7 36.48 4.88 30.74 5.56 27.31 5.58 23.25 7.96
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983436509952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of influence of spar cap width on PF, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主梁宽度 55.2t 56.7 t 59.7 t 63.2t
叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值
600 36.70 6.04 32.13 3.88 26.88 4.84 22.90 5.03
700 35.58 2.81 31.64 2.29 26.48 3.26 22.06 1.19
800 35.06 1.30 31.44 1.64 25.95 1.23 21.89 0.40
900 34.99 1.11 31.32 1.26 25.88 0.96 21.87 0.29
1000 34.61 0.00 30.93 0.00 25.64 0.00 21.80 0.00
1100 34.98 1.08 31.32 1.24 25.70 0.25 21.85 0.19
1 200 35.18 1.64 31.77 2.71 26.22 2.28 22.01 0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983499424513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988709944283781, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=主梁宽度对帕累托前锋影响的数据对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主梁宽度 55.2t 56.7 t 59.7 t 63.2t
叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值 叶尖变形 对比最小值
600 36.70 6.04 32.13 3.88 26.88 4.84 22.90 5.03
700 35.58 2.81 31.64 2.29 26.48 3.26 22.06 1.19
800 35.06 1.30 31.44 1.64 25.95 1.23 21.89 0.40
900 34.99 1.11 31.32 1.26 25.88 0.96 21.87 0.29
1000 34.61 0.00 30.93 0.00 25.64 0.00 21.80 0.00
1100 34.98 1.08 31.32 1.24 25.70 0.25 21.85 0.19
1 200 35.18 1.64 31.77 2.71 26.22 2.28 22.01 0.95
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风力机叶片主梁设计参数对帕累托前锋的影响
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陈程 1 , 苑斐琦 2 , 李慧 3
可再生能源 | 2025,43(4): 491-498
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(4): 491-498
风力机叶片主梁设计参数对帕累托前锋的影响
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陈程1 , 苑斐琦2, 李慧3
作者信息
  • 1 无锡太湖学院 智能装备工程学院 江苏 无锡 214064
  • 2 厦门双瑞风电科技有限公司 福建 厦门 361000
  • 3 沈阳工业大学 建筑与土木工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110870
  • 陈程(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为复合材料结构设计、智能优化和风力机多体动力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李慧(1985-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为复合材料结构设计、损伤与修复。E-mail:
The influence of design parameters of wind turbine blade spar cap on prato front
Cheng Chen1 , Feiqi Yuan2, Hui Li3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Intelligent Equipment Engineering Wuxi Taihu University Wuxi 214064 China
  • 2 Xiamen Sunrui Wind Power Technology Co., Ltd. Xiamen 361000 China
  • 3 School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang 110870 China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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为了提高风力机叶片结构设计的效率,同时揭示结构设计参数对设计边界的影响规律,文章提出了一种将改进的遗传算法 NSGAII 与风力机叶片结构设计软件 FOUCS相结合的结构优化设计方法,搭建了适用于风力机叶片复杂结构的优化设计仿真系统。以NREL开发的15MW风力机基准模型 IEA15240RWT为对象,将主梁的铺层厚度、宽度和中心线定位作为设计变量,以叶片重量和挥舞刚度作为优化目标,采用自主开发的结构优化设计系统获取不同设计条件下的最优解集,同时探讨了主梁设计参数对帕累托前锋的影响规律。算例结果表明,对于 IEA15240RWT叶片,主梁宽度设定为1000mm,且主梁中心线定位在弦长 50%时具有较高的结构效率。验证了该优化设计系统对叶片结构设计的可行性和有效性,且该系统有较强的扩展性,能为更复杂的叶片设计工作提供新思路。

风力机叶片  /  结构优化设计  /  遗传算法  /  帕累托前锋

In order to reveal the influence of structural design parameters on design boundaries and improve the efficiency of wind turbine blade structure design, a structural optimization design method was proposed by combining the improved genetic algorithm NSGAII with the wind turbine blade structure design software FOUCS, and constructing an optimization design simulation system suitable for complex wind turbine blade structures. The 15 MW wind turbine benchmark model IEA15240RWT developed by NREL was chosen as the research object. The lamination, positioning, and width of the spar were treated as variables, while the blade weight and flapping stiffness were set as the optimization objectives. The selfdeveloped structural optimization design system was used to obtain the optimal solution set under different design conditions, and the influence of spar design parameters on the Pareto front was investigated. The calculation results demonstrate that for this particular blade of IEA15240RWT, a spar width of 1 000 mm, with the spar centerline positioned at 50% of the chord length, exhibits higher structural efficiency. The feasibility and effectiveness of the optimization design system for blade structure design were verified, and the system possesses strong scalability, providing new insights for more complex blade design tasks.

wind turbine blade  /  structural optimization design  /  genetic algorithm  /  Prato Front
陈程, 苑斐琦, 李慧. 风力机叶片主梁设计参数对帕累托前锋的影响. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (4) : 491 -498 .
Cheng Chen, Feiqi Yuan, Hui Li. The influence of design parameters of wind turbine blade spar cap on prato front[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (4) : 491 -498 .
风力机叶片结构设计是多参数、多目标的设计优化过程。多目标优化问题通常伴随着多种参数的调整以及多个目标的同时寻优, 并得到一组最优解集,这是一个繁琐的设计过程。实际工程中采用的传统设计方法, 往往费时费力, 较难收到理想的成效。
针对风力机叶片设计的特点, 研究人员提出将智能优化算法应用于叶片的设计当中, 并取得了丰硕的研究成果。文献[ 1,2 ] 利用智能优化算法对风力机叶片的翼型和外形进行了多目标优化设计。文献[ 3 ]针对风力机叶片结构设计,利用遗传算法探讨了离散层厚度对叶片弯曲刚度的影响。 文献[ 4 ]利用遗传算法和有限元方法研究了风力机叶片的铺层厚度和角度对叶片刚度和强度的影响。文献[ 5 ]针对叶片粘结部分可靠度的问题, 提出了一种基于多目标遗传算法的叶片可靠度优化方法。在更为综合的一体化设计方面, 文献[ 6 ]利用改进的遗传算法对 $5\mathrm{{MW}}$ 风力机叶片进行了多目标优化设计。文献[ 7 ]基于多目标遗传算法和模糊评价方法对 1.5 MW 风力机叶片进行了气动与结构耦合优化, 确定了特定工作环境下的最佳设计方案。文献[ 8 ]验证了多目标遗传算法在风力机叶片多目标优化的可行性和通用性。文献[ 9 ]在叶片参数化有限元模型的基础上, 建立了风力机叶片的多目标优化模型, 并利用遗传算法进行了优化设计。文献[ 10 ]将多目标结构优化研究应用于 Phase II 风力机叶片。
从已有的研究可以发现, 现有的结构设计优化研究往往局限在简单结构构型甚至单个构件上, 缺乏适用于多目标优化的针对复杂结构的高效参数化结构模型, 对于指导风力机叶片的结构设计乃至运用于工程设计还存在一定差距。本文探索性地将改进遗传算法 NSGA-II 与风力机叶片结构设计软件 FOUCS 相结合 [ 11 ] ,揭示主梁设计参数对帕累托前锋的影响。通过本文的研究,一方面验证了该优化设计仿真系统在实际工程应用中的可行性, 另一方面为复杂工程问题和叶片的设计优化提供了一定的理论指导。
本文将 NREL 开发的 IEA-15-240-RWT 叶片作为基准模型 [ 12 ] ,该叶片全长为 ${117}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,叶片外形基于 DTU FFA-W3 DTU FFA-W3 翼型族,叶片由两片壳体与两片腹板通过结构胶粘贴成一个整体。叶片壳体构件包括蒙皮、主梁、尾缘梁、芯材和叶根加强层等 (图 1)。各构件的厚度分布与定位是从 IEA-15-240-RWT 项目的 ANSYS 模型中提取出来, 详见表 1
在构造叶片参数化模型时, 本文充分考虑了叶片各构件的工艺特点和几何特性。根据各个构件的工艺特点和厚度分布特性, 厚度的参数化模型分为两类, 一类是厚度连续变化的构件, 如主梁、尾缘梁等,另一类是厚度阶跃突变的构件,如壳体芯材、腹板芯材等。这两类厚度分布归一化后如图 2 所示。
除了厚度参数化之外, 叶片的参数化模型还包含构件的定位参数化和宽度参数化。以主梁的宽度和定位为例, 主梁的宽度由主梁特征截面位置以及相应的宽度来定义, 每个截面两个参数。主梁的定位以主梁中心线为基准, 中心线由经过参考点的直线定义,传统设计方法一般采用 2~3 个截面的参考点定位主梁中心, 每个参考点包含截面位置定义和弧线定位两个参数。主梁的宽度和定位如图 3 所示。
本文采用改进的遗传算法 NSGA-II 获取帕累托前锋(Prato Front, PF),与传统遗传算法的区别在于, 获得下一代种群时采用了动态拥挤距离和精英策略(图 4)。精英策略对提高遗传算法的全局收敛能力起着重要的作用。文献[ 13 ]从理论上证明了经典的精英策略遗传算法是全局收敛的。同时,本文采用种群最大适应值、最小适应值、 平均适应值 3 个参数, 衡量种群个体的集中度, 自适应计算得到种群个体交叉率和变异率 [ 14 ]
为了维持种群多样性, 不仅需要个体间有一定的空间距离, 还需要非支配解集具有良好的一致性。本文采用了文献[ 15 ]提出的动态拥挤距离 (Dynamic Crowding Distance, ${D}_{\mathrm{{DC}}i}$ ) 方法。 ${D}_{\mathrm{{DC}}i}$ 的计算方法为
${D}_{\mathrm{{DC}}i} = \frac{{D}_{\mathrm{C}i}}{\log \frac{1}{{V}_{i}}}$
${V}_{i} = \frac{1}{{N}_{obj}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{N}{\left( \left| {f}_{i + 1}^{m} - {f}_{i - 1}^{m}\right| - {D}_{\mathrm{C}i}\right) }^{2}$
式中: ${D}_{\mathrm{C}i}$ 为拥挤距离; ${V}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个相邻个体的拥挤距离方差; ${N}_{obj}$ 为种群数量; ${f}_{i + 1}^{m},{f}_{i - 1}^{m}$ 分别为针对第 $m$ 个目标的第 $i - 1$ 代和 $i + 1$ 代的适应度值。
将精英策略和动态拥挤距离引入传统的遗传算法形成改进的遗传算法, 其优化方法与策略见图 4
为了对优化得到的最优解集进行评价, 引入超体积指标 ${I}_{\mathrm{{HV}}}$ [ 16 ] ,${I}_{\mathrm{{HV}}}$ 定义为包含最优解集 $S$ 和参考点 ${r}^{ * } = \left( {{r}_{1}^{ * },{r}_{2}^{ * },\cdots ,{r}_{m}^{ * }}\right)$ 中的目标空间超立方体的体积。 ${I}_{\mathrm{{HV}}}$ 是评估最优解集的收敛性和分布性的关键指标。
${I}_{\mathrm{{HV}}}\left( S\right) = \\ \operatorname{VOL}\left\{ {\underset{x \in S}{ \cup }\left\lbrack {{f}_{1}\left( x\right) ,{r}_{1}^{ * }}\right\rbrack \times \left\lbrack {{f}_{2}\left( x\right) ,{r}_{2}^{ * }}\right\rbrack \times \cdots \times \left\lbrack {{f}_{m}\left( x\right) ,{r}_{m}^{ * }}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
式中: $\operatorname{VOL}\left( \cdot \right)$ 为勒贝格测度。
叶片结构的数值计算方法多以薄壁梁理论和经典层合板理论为基础 [ 17 ] ,基于这些理论开发了不少设计计算工具,例如 Precomp [ 18 ] , Farob [ 11 ] 和 CROSTAB [ 19 ] 等。
本文采用风力机叶片结构分析商业软件 FOCUS 作为结构分析模块。该软件功能全面,同时预留了基于 Python 的二次开发接口。为了搭建优化仿真系统,首先,基于第 2 节的参数化模型, 利用 VBA 实现叶片模型的自动化生成; 然后, 利用 FOCUS 的二次开发接口, 实现对 Farob 的自启动、运算设置、批量并行计算、计算结果的自动提取和整理, 形成叶片结构全流程自动化; 最后, 根据改进的 NSGA-II 算法, 在 Python 环境中进行整合。整个系统的框架与运行流程如图 5 所示。
为了获得叶片的输入载荷, 首先, 利用 OpenFAST 建立完整的 IEA-15-240-RWT 风力机数值模型, 然后在 Turbsim 中生成风模型和风文件, 而机组运行的控制策略则是在 ROSCO 中调参并生成 DLL 文件 [ 20 ] ,获得的叶片载荷见文献 [ 21 ]
叶片的质量反映了所用材料的量, 在一定程度上也能反映叶片的材料成本。叶片的变形可以反映出叶片的整体刚度。因此, 本文将叶尖变形最小和叶片质量最小作为优化目标。
为了验证优化仿真系统的最优解集搜索能力和搜索效率,以叶尖变形量作为纵坐标,以叶片质量为横坐标建立坐标系, 种群的进化与最优解集的搜索过程如图 6 所示。
图 6 可知, 从第 5 代开始, 最优解集的轮廓曲线已基本显现。
为了评估优化结果的收敛性和分布性, 计算每一代的 ${I}_{\mathrm{{HV}}}$ 结果并绘制出曲线[图 7(a)],优化结果如图 7 所示。
图 7 可知, 第 5 代是一个明显的拐点, 5 代以前种群比较分散, 进化效率较高, 5 代之后进化效率下降, ${I}_{\mathrm{{HV}}}$ 结果趋于稳定。最终由所有非支配解组成帕累托前锋, 这条锋线对于叶片设计来说具有重要的参考价值, 意味着在给定的条件下设计的最优解集,设计人员可以根据侧重点,在锋线上找到最适合的设计结果; 另外, 这条锋线表明, 在同样的条件下, 无论设计变量如何取值, 都无法找到这条锋线左下区域的设计结果, 因此可以帮助设计者进行定量的、科学的决策。
通过对主梁变量的数量和种类进行扩展, 得到了主梁设计参数, 结果如图 8 所示。
叶根的主梁中心线定位通过占弦长百分比定义,参数在 0~1 取值。同时考虑到主梁宽度的占位限制,将中心线定位的取值设定为 0.3~0.7。主梁的宽度变量主要用来控制主梁宽度从叶根至叶尖保持不变的区域, 按照目前通用的主梁材料的幅宽,主梁宽度的参数设置为 ${600} \sim {1200}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
在考察主梁铺层参数对帕累托前锋的影响时,主梁定位和宽度采用参考模型原始设置并保持不变,主梁的厚度则分别采用3,5,7和 11 个参数进行模拟。其他仿真参数均与图 7 所示的仿真参数保持一致。仿真结果如图 9 所示。
图 9 可知, 参数数量不同的参数化模型的帕累托前锋几乎重合, 不同数量变量的优化结果之间没有明显的优劣。经过优化后, 同等质量下, 参考叶片的变形可减小 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,占参考叶片变形的 1.67%。在不断变形的情况下,质量可减少 190 $\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,为参考叶片质量的 ${0.3}\%$
图 9 给出的优化结果可以通过简单的定性分析加以解释。首先,如图 1 所示,将主梁与腹板组成的主承力构件简化为工字梁结构, 可得出梁的挠度变形 $w$ 与梁的刚度 ${EI}$ 成反比,与梁的载荷 $M$ 成正比。当工字梁翼板厚度远远小于腹板高度时,翼板的惯性矩 $I$ 可以利用翼板截面积 $A$ 与翼板间距 $H$ 表示为 $A{H}^{2}$$w$ 可以表示为
$w \propto M/\left( {EAH}\right)$
另一方面,梁的质量 $m$ 与材料密度 $\rho$ 、截面积 $A$ 和长度 $L$ 的乘积正相关。 $m$ 可以表示为
$m \propto {\rho AL}$
$m$$w$ 乘积可以表示为
$w \cdot m \propto \left( {M\rho L}\right) /\left( {E{H}^{2}}\right)$
$w \cdot m$$A$ 不相关,而当载荷、梁的长度、弹性模量、密度和翼板间距固定不变时, $m$$w$ 成反比。此结论与图 9(a)的计算结果相互验证。从工艺角度考虑, 参数越多的确能够使铺层材料厚度过渡越平顺, 对生产的友好性和可靠性具有积极的意义。
研究主梁中心线定位对帕累托前锋的影响时, 主梁的厚度参数选用 7 个, 宽度参数设置为 600~1 200 mm。分别对中心线定位为 0.3,0.4, 0.5,0.6和 0.7 时,得到的叶片主梁的最优解集如图 10(a) 所示。为了更清晰地展示曲线之间的相互关系,在帕累托前锋曲线上的 4 个叶片质量区域, 以中心线定位为横坐标, 以叶尖变形为纵坐标, 如图 10(b)所示。
图 10 可知: 每条曲线具有相同的变化趋势, 当中心线定位靠近前缘时, 叶片整体刚度较小; 在中心线逐渐向叶根移动的过程中, 叶片的整体刚度逐渐增大; 当中心线定位移动到距离弦长 50%左右时,叶片的挥舞刚度达到最大。当主梁中心线继续向叶根移动时, 挥舞刚度又会逐渐下降, 具体数据见表 2。该结果与按照传统设计方法获得的设计经验是一致的, 要尽可能地提高截面单位面积的抗弯截面系数,就要将主承力结构布置得互相远离。与传统方法不同的是, 多目标优化算法的加入使寻优工作一次进化迭代即可,大大降低了操作时间。
研究主梁宽度对帕累托前锋的影响时, 主梁宽度设定为 ${600} \sim {1200}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 内的固定宽度,厚度采用 7 参数进行描述, 中心线定位参数设置为 0.3~ 0.7。同样以叶片挥舞刚度最大和质量最小作为优化目标, 优化得到的帕累托前锋曲线如图 11(a) 所示, 每种固定宽度下的帕累托前锋曲线均可以由 5 次多项式进行拟合。同样选取 4 个叶片质量的区域, 以主梁宽度为横坐标, 叶尖变形为纵坐标,结果如图 11(b) 所示。
图 11 可知: 较窄的主梁宽度没有宽主梁的结构效率高,主梁宽度为 ${600}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时的叶尖变形均高于主梁宽度较宽时的变形; 每一条曲线均存在一个最低点, 即挥舞刚度最大的主梁宽度, 并且均为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 左右的主梁宽度。详细的数据如表 3 所示。
为了更加高效、科学地获得叶片设计的最优
解集,本文开发了一种将改进的 NSGA-II 与 FOCUS 相结合的设计系统。以 NREL 的 IEA-15- 240-RWT 型风力机及其叶片为参考模型,将叶片主梁做为研究对象。通过以最小质量和最大刚度为设计目标的多目标优化结果得到帕累托前锋, 并研究了主梁结构的厚度、宽度、中心线定位对帕累托前锋的影响规律,得到以下结论。
①将改进的遗传算法与 FOCUS 相结合,搭建了叶片结构多目标优化设计系统, 该系统对于大型风力机叶片的结构优化设计是可行且有效的。 与参考叶片相比,经过优化后,同等质量下,参考叶片的变形可减小 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,占参考叶片变形的 1.67%。在不断变形的情况下,质量可减少 190 $\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,为参考叶片质量的 ${0.3}\%$
②当叶片的设计条件,包括叶片外形、设计载荷、主梁宽度和定位、优化目标为挥舞刚度及叶片重量不变的情况下,叶片主梁的参数化模型中的厚度参数数量对最优解集的帕累托前锋曲线的影响可以忽略。
③对于 IEA-15-240-RWT 的叶片,主梁宽度设定为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,且主梁中心线定位在弦长 ${50}\%$ 时具有较高的结构效率。在叶片结构设计中,主梁的中心线定位和宽度设计存在最优解, 利用智能优化算法自动寻优能大幅提高设计效率, 降低对设计经验的依赖度,减少操作时间。
  • 辽宁省教育厅高等学校基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220486)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2023-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-18
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辽宁省教育厅高等学校基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220486)
作者信息
    1 无锡太湖学院 智能装备工程学院 江苏 无锡 214064
    2 厦门双瑞风电科技有限公司 福建 厦门 361000
    3 沈阳工业大学 建筑与土木工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110870

通讯作者:

李慧(1985-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为复合材料结构设计、损伤与修复。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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