Article(id=1152988708753101439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705420800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823529660, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823529660, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823529660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823529660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988708019098237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823529485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694474720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=468, endPage=475, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988709126394497, articleId=1152988708753101439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Effects of windshield on the convective heat loss of a cavity receiver, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to a large area of heat absorbing surfaces and effects of uncertain windy condition, both the convective heat loss and solarthermal conversion efficiency of cavity receivers were unsteady. In order to reduce effects of wind on the cavity receiver performance, a novel cavity receiver design which had a windshield on its opening was investigated in the present study. The windshield could reduce the fluid flow disturbance inside the cavity, so that the convective heat transfer between the heat absorbing surfaces and ambient air were weakened, and the convective heat loss of the cavity receiver would be reduced. A solarthermal coupling numerical model was established firstly, and then effects of windshield material and wind were studied. The results showed that the material of windshield had a big influence on the receiver convective heat loss, and the convective heat loss would increase with a solid wall windshield, while with a porous material windshield, the convective heat loss would decrease. The pressurejump coefficient and thickness of the porous material windshield were key factors affecting its performance. As the pressurejump coefficient increased, the optimal thickness decreased. For the optimal pressurejump coefficient and thickness, the convective heat loss could be reduced by about 53.0%. The results in the present study could provide theoretical and technical guidance for design of cavity receivers.

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腔式吸热器的內部高溫面积大,由于受环境风速、风向等因素的影响,吸热器的对流热损失会改变,光热效率不稳定。为了降低环境风导致吸热器的对流热损失和光热转换效率的变化,文章提出了一种带遮风挡板的腔式吸热器结构设计方案。在腔体开口面布置遮风挡板,降低腔体内部流场扰动强度,削弱吸热面与环境空气之间的对流传热,实现减少吸热器对流热损失的目的。建立光热耦合数值计算模型,研究了遮风挡板材料、风速、风向等因素对热损失和转换效率的影响规律。结果表明:遮风挡板材料会影响对流热损失大小,固体壁面遮风挡板会导致对流热损失增大,多孔材料遮风挡板可减少吸热器对流热损失;多孔材料的惯性阻力系数及厚度是影响遮风挡板性能的关键因素,随着惯性阻力系数的增大,最优厚度减小;惯性阻力系数和厚度最优时,多孔材料遮风挡板可以降低吸热器对流热损失约53.0%。文章研究结果可为设计高效光热转换的腔式接收器提供理论及技术指导。

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魏进家(1971-),男,博士,教授,主要从事太阳能光热/化学方面的研究。E-mail:
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language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=腔式吸热器), Keyword(id=1159145983172260683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988708753101439, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=对流热损失), Keyword(id=1159145983239369548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988708753101439, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=遮风挡板)], refs=[Reference(id=1159145985458156426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988708753101439, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王志峰, 何雅玲, 康重庆, journalName=华电技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王志峰, 何雅玲, 康重庆, 等. 明确太阳能热发电战略定位促进技术发展[J]. 华电技术, 2021, 43(11): 1-4., articleTitle=明确太阳能热发电战略定位促进技术发展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1159145985533653900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988708753101439, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, 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数值方法 设置
求解器 Pressure-based
湍流模型 Realizable $k - \varepsilon$ with Enhanced wall treatment
算法 Green-Gauss node based method
插值方法 SIMPLE
离散方法 方法 压力为标准格式,能量、动量及湍流量为二阶迎风格式
敛准则 能量方程残差 ${1.0} \times {10}^{-8}$ ,速度及湍流量残差 ${1.0} \times {10}^{-5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145985055503233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988708753101439, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=数值方法及设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数值方法 设置
求解器 Pressure-based
湍流模型 Realizable $k - \varepsilon$ with Enhanced wall treatment
算法 Green-Gauss node based method
插值方法 SIMPLE
离散方法 方法 压力为标准格式,能量、动量及湍流量为二阶迎风格式
敛准则 能量方程残差 ${1.0} \times {10}^{-8}$ ,速度及湍流量残差 ${1.0} \times {10}^{-5}$
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遮风挡板对腔式吸热器的对流热损失影响
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万振杰 1 , 魏进家 2, 3 , 方嘉宾 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(4): 468-475
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(4): 468-475
遮风挡板对腔式吸热器的对流热损失影响
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万振杰1, 魏进家2, 3 , 方嘉宾2
作者信息
  • 1 郑州轻工业大学 建筑环境工程学院 河南 郑州 450001
  • 2 西安交通大学 化学工程与技术学院 陕西 西安 710049
  • 3 西安交通大学 动力工程多相流国家重点实验室 陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

魏进家(1971-),男,博士,教授,主要从事太阳能光热/化学方面的研究。E-mail:
Effects of windshield on the convective heat loss of a cavity receiver
Zhenjie Wan1, Jinjia Wei2, 3 , Jiabin Fang2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Building Environmental Engineering Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450001 China
  • 2 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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腔式吸热器的內部高溫面积大,由于受环境风速、风向等因素的影响,吸热器的对流热损失会改变,光热效率不稳定。为了降低环境风导致吸热器的对流热损失和光热转换效率的变化,文章提出了一种带遮风挡板的腔式吸热器结构设计方案。在腔体开口面布置遮风挡板,降低腔体内部流场扰动强度,削弱吸热面与环境空气之间的对流传热,实现减少吸热器对流热损失的目的。建立光热耦合数值计算模型,研究了遮风挡板材料、风速、风向等因素对热损失和转换效率的影响规律。结果表明:遮风挡板材料会影响对流热损失大小,固体壁面遮风挡板会导致对流热损失增大,多孔材料遮风挡板可减少吸热器对流热损失;多孔材料的惯性阻力系数及厚度是影响遮风挡板性能的关键因素,随着惯性阻力系数的增大,最优厚度减小;惯性阻力系数和厚度最优时,多孔材料遮风挡板可以降低吸热器对流热损失约53.0%。文章研究结果可为设计高效光热转换的腔式接收器提供理论及技术指导。

塔式热发电  /  腔式吸热器  /  对流热损失  /  遮风挡板

Due to a large area of heat absorbing surfaces and effects of uncertain windy condition, both the convective heat loss and solarthermal conversion efficiency of cavity receivers were unsteady. In order to reduce effects of wind on the cavity receiver performance, a novel cavity receiver design which had a windshield on its opening was investigated in the present study. The windshield could reduce the fluid flow disturbance inside the cavity, so that the convective heat transfer between the heat absorbing surfaces and ambient air were weakened, and the convective heat loss of the cavity receiver would be reduced. A solarthermal coupling numerical model was established firstly, and then effects of windshield material and wind were studied. The results showed that the material of windshield had a big influence on the receiver convective heat loss, and the convective heat loss would increase with a solid wall windshield, while with a porous material windshield, the convective heat loss would decrease. The pressurejump coefficient and thickness of the porous material windshield were key factors affecting its performance. As the pressurejump coefficient increased, the optimal thickness decreased. For the optimal pressurejump coefficient and thickness, the convective heat loss could be reduced by about 53.0%. The results in the present study could provide theoretical and technical guidance for design of cavity receivers.

solar power tower  /  cavity receiver  /  convective heat loss  /  windshield
万振杰, 魏进家, 方嘉宾. 遮风挡板对腔式吸热器的对流热损失影响. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (4) : 468 -475 .
Zhenjie Wan, Jinjia Wei, Jiabin Fang. Effects of windshield on the convective heat loss of a cavity receiver[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (4) : 468 -475 .
光热发电(Concentrating Solar Power, CSP)技术通过聚光、集热、发电等过程将太阳能转换成电能, 有塔式、抛物槽式、抛物碟式及线性菲尼尔式 4 种形式, 其中塔式光热发电 (Solar Power Tower, SPT)是未来 700 ℃以上工作温度光热发电的主要形式 [ 1 - 5 ] 。吸热器是塔式光热发电实现光热转换的核心设备,有外置式和腔式两种形式。腔式吸热器吸热管布置在腔体内部,更适用于颗粒吸热器、热化学反应器等 700 ℃以上高温/超高温场景。但由于腔体内部存在非吸热面,总的高温面积大于外置式吸热器, 会形成更大的对流热损失 (2 倍以上) [ 6 ] 。同时受环境风速、风向等条件的影响,吸热器的对流热损失会发生变化,光热效率不稳定,导致传热面热负荷发生随机变化, 造成传热管的热疲劳。因此,研究腔式吸热器的对流传热机理, 进而提出减少对流热损失措施非常重要。
国内外学者对腔式吸热器的对流热损失开展了大量研究工作。Flesch R [ 8 ] 对腔式吸热器研究发现, 腔体内部滞止区的减小, 会造成对流热损失的增大。Fang J B [ 9 ] 研究了吸热器在 3 种不同启动方式下的热性能, 认为启动及稳定运行过程中吸热器对流热损失占主导地位。Hu T [ 10 ] 提出了包含倾角、风速及风向在内的对流热损失计算关联式。近年来, 如何减少吸热器对流热损失成为国内外研究的焦点。Mondal R [ 11 ] , Fang J B [ 12 ] , Wang Q L [ 13 ] 研究了空气帘幕对对流热损失的影响, 发现腔体内部滞止区面积增大,吸热器对流热损失减少。 SullivanSD [ 14 ] 和 Yue L [ 15 ] 发现吸热器开口布置石英玻璃管阵列会导致对流及辐射热损失增大, 而在吸热面附近布置石英管阵列可减少腔式吸热器热损失高达 33%。Ye K [ 16 ] 研究了气凝胶对吸热管对流热损失及光热转换性能的影响。
通过空气帘幕技术、石英玻璃、气凝胶等措施可以减少吸热器的对流热损失, 但应用于实际工程还面临一些问题: 例如空气帘幕须消耗额外电能,影响经济性,同时风速、风向复杂多变,射流空气角度等控制困难; 将石英玻璃管阵列布置在高温吸热面上很困难;气凝胶易碎,机械强度问题还没解决, 大尺寸气凝胶和石英玻璃的生产也是问题。因此, 要探索低成本、适用性强的技术减少吸热器的对流热损失。本文提出一种新型腔式吸热器结构,不须要消耗额外电能。在腔体开口设计遮风挡板,阻挡环境空气进入腔体内部,进而削弱吸热面与环境空气的对流传热,减少对流热损失。通过建立光-热耦合数值计算模型, 采用模拟的方法研究了遮风挡板材料、风速、风向等因素的影响规律, 本文研究结果可为设计高效光热转换的腔式接收器提供理论及技术指导。
腔式吸热器的结构和模型如图 1 所示。
图 1(a) 可见, 吸热器的形状是六面体盒型, 3 个蒸发受热面组成腔体 3 个侧面, 腔体底部及顶部绝热,除开口外,各壁面均经过绝热保温处理。腔体深度为${200}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,高度$H$${400}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,开口大小${L1} \times {L2}$${220}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {220}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
本文探索利用遮风挡板减少吸热器的对流热损失, 但遮风挡板会遮挡部分入射阳光。为了降低遮风挡板对光学效率的影响, 本文在腔体开口面方向加装的遮风挡板布置在吸热器外轮廓周边, 而不是直接布置在吸热器开口位置。挡板与腔体开口面成${60}^{ \circ }$角,挡板深度为${70}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
为了便于分析模拟计算结果, 从俯视方向选定了 3 个切面 (FT, FC 及 FB), 位置如图 1(b) 所示。模型包含腔式吸热器及其周围外部空气场,吸热器置于大小为${10}\mathrm{\;m} \times {10}\mathrm{\;m} \times {10}\mathrm{\;m}$的外部空气场之中。
对于吸热器内的流体流动和传热过程, 可以忽略粘性力和重力等的做功,其控制方程(连续性方程,动量方程及能量方程) [ 17 ]
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t} + \operatorname{div}\left( {\rho \mathbf{u}}\right) = 0$
$\frac{\partial \left( {\rho \mathbf{u}}\right) }{\partial t} + \operatorname{div}\left( {\rho \mathbf{u}\mathbf{u}}\right) = \operatorname{div}\left( {\mu \operatorname{grad}\mathbf{u}}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}$
$\frac{\partial \left( {\rho T}\right) }{\partial t} + \operatorname{div}\left( {\rho \mathbf{u}T}\right) = \operatorname{div}\left( {\frac{\lambda }{c}\operatorname{grad}T}\right)$
式中:$\rho$为空气密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};\mathbf{u}$为空气的速度矢量,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};\mu$为空气动力粘度,$\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s};p$为空气压力,$\mathrm{{Pa}};\lambda$为空气的导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;T$为空气的温度,$\mathrm{K};c$为空气的比热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
在风力作用下,吸热器流场复杂, Realizable$k - \varepsilon$湍流模型考虑了旋转和曲率,因此本文选用 Realizable$k - \varepsilon$湍流模型计算湍流流动,方程 [ 18 ]
$\frac{\partial \left( {\rho k}\right) }{t} + \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left( {{\rho k}{u}_{j}}\right) = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\left( {\mu + \frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{k}}}\right) \frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack + \\ {G}_{k} + {G}_{b} - {\rho \varepsilon } - {Y}_{M} + {S}_{k}$
$\frac{\partial \left( {\rho \varepsilon }\right) }{\partial t} + \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left( {{\rho \varepsilon }{u}_{j}}\right) = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\left( {\mu + \frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }}}\right) \frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack + \\ \rho {C}_{1}{S\varepsilon } - \rho {C}_{2}\frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k + \sqrt{\nu \varepsilon }} + {C}_{1\varepsilon }\frac{\varepsilon }{k}{C}_{3\varepsilon }{G}_{b} + {S}_{\varepsilon }$
式中:${u}_{j}$为坐标系下空气的速度分量,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{G}_{k}$为速度梯度产生的湍动能,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};{G}_{b}$为浮生力产生的湍动能,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};{S}_{k}$为自定义源项,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};{S}_{\varepsilon }$为自定义源项,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3};{C}_{1\varepsilon },{C}_{2},{C}_{3\varepsilon }$为常数;${\sigma }_{k},{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }$为普朗特常数;$k$为湍动能,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};\varepsilon$为湍流耗散率,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{-3};{Y}_{M}$为膨胀耗散,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};{C}_{1} = \max \left\lbrack {{0.43},\eta /\left( {\eta + 5}\right) }\right\rbrack ;\eta = {S}_{k}/\varepsilon$;$S = {\left( 2{\mathbf{S}}_{ij}{\mathbf{S}}_{ij}\right) }^{0.5};\nu$为运动粘度,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};{\mu }_{t}$为湍流粘度, Pa.s;${\mathbf{S}}_{ij}$为应变率张量,${\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$
腔体内部壁面为固定温度边界条件, 遮风挡板壁面取绝热边界条件。为了获得腔体内部固定壁面温度, 本文开发了包含光源的吸热器光-热耦合计算数值模型,模型耦合了光线发射、传播特性、腔体内部辐射换热特性、水/水蒸气流动沸腾换热特性、管壁导热特性及外部空气对流换热特性。其中腔体内部辐射换热特性、水/水蒸气流动沸腾换热特性、管壁导热特性及外部空气对流换热特性的计算过程见文献[ 9 ]。采用蒙特卡洛方法 (Monte Carlo Method, MCM)分析光源(太阳模拟器)光线发射传播特性及腔体内部辐射换热特性, 进而得到腔体内部接收阳光能流密度分布及接收辐射能流密度分布。
光线传播过程如图 2 所示。氙灯光源发射光线存在 5 种不同类型的光线传播行为:L1 光线是经聚光镜发射, 直接由聚光镜后部开口射出, 此部分光线不能再进入腔式吸热器; L2 光线是经聚光镜反射, 直接由聚光镜前部开口射出, 并进入腔式吸热器;L3 光线经聚光镜反射,但并未进入腔式吸热器; $\mathrm{L}4$ 光线是经聚光镜反射,直接由聚光镜前部开口射出, 未进入腔式吸热器; L5 光线经聚光镜反射,进入腔式吸热器。未进入吸热器光线,此部分能量称为溢出损失。
采用图 3 所示流程, 获得腔体内部固定壁面接收阳光能流密度分布及温度分布, 以此温度分布为边界条件, 研究遮风挡板对腔式吸热器的对流热损失影响规律。
通过改变风向角, 研究不同风向时对流热损失的变化, 风向角定义如图 4 所示, 风从吸热器腔口正面进入时,风向角为 ${0}^{ \circ }$ 。为了便于分析模拟结果, 从侧视方向选定了 3 个切面 (CR, CC 及 CL),位置如图 4 所示。在研究多孔材料遮风挡板的影响时, 将壁面定义为多孔材料, 改变壁面的惯性阻力系数(C)、孔隙率系数及厚度,获取不同参数的影响规律。本文采用对流热损失减少率来衡量多孔材料的参数对遮风挡板性能影响的大小, 其定义为
$\eta = \left( {Q - {Q}_{\mathrm{{cw}}}}\right) /Q$
式中: $\eta$ 为对流热损失减少率, $\% ;Q$ 为无遮风挡板时对流热损失的大小, $\mathrm{W};{Q}_{\mathrm{{cw}}}$ 为有多孔材料遮风挡板时对流热损失的大小, W。
本文采用 Fluent 进行模拟计算, 在腔体壁面附近存在粘性作用影响比较明显的区域(即粘性底层和过渡层), 采用 Enhanced wall treatment 壁面函数法处理。本文采用数值求解方法的设置如表 1 所示。
通过与文献[ 19 ]的实验数据对比, 来验证光- 热耦合计算模型的准确性。实验测得吸热器开口面上接收入射阳光的总能量为 ${12.01}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,模拟得到吸热器开口接收入射阳光的总能量为 11.80 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,模拟结果与实验结果之间误差为 ${1.78}\%$ 。对比中间蒸发面热电偶 I-1 及右侧蒸发面热电偶 I-4 实验结果与数值模拟计算结果, $\mathrm{I} - 1,\mathrm{I} - 4$ 实验测得温度分别为 ${205.7},{193.4}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,数值模拟计算得到 I-1, I-4位置温度分别为 ${215.3},{203.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,模拟结果与实验结果之间误差分别为-4.67%, -5.22%。
网格划分时, 在壁面附近增加边界层。从吸热器到远场的网格采用由密集到稀疏逐渐过渡转变的方法, 如图 5 所示。将对流热损失的相对误差作为网格无关性的判断准则,相对误差值小于 ${1.0}\%$ 时, 可以认为数值计算达到收敛。本文计算模型中网格总数量达到 121 万时, 计算结果与网格的数量无关。
图 6,7 分别是风向角为${90}^{ \circ }$(风从吸热器一侧吹来)时,遮风挡板对吸热器的流场影响。
图 6 中可以看到, 与无遮风挡板相比, 采用固体壁面挡板时, 吸热器开口面上进入腔体内部的空气速度分布的非均匀性增大, 速度分布为中间高, 上、下两侧低的尖角型分布, 这会造成吸热器腔体内部扰动更剧烈, 腔体内部出现两个旋转方向相反的对称涡, 同时腔体内部速度值增大, 如图 7(a)所示。因此,环境空气与腔体内部高温壁面的对流换热增强, 最终导致对流热损失增大。遮风挡板为多孔材料壁面时, 吸热器开口面上进入腔体内部的速度分布更为均匀, 吸热器腔体内部扰动减弱, 腔体内部的空气速度减小, 最终减少吸热器的对流热损失,如图 6(c)图 7(c)所示。
采用固体壁面遮风挡板、无遮风挡板以及多孔材料壁面遮风挡板时, 吸热器开口面上的平均速度分别为${1.222},{0.835},{0.232}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
图 8 为腔体内部壁面附近的速度分布。
图 8 可见, 布置多孔材料遮风挡板时, 速度减小,速度分布的非均匀性得到改善。
图 9,10 分别是风向角为${90}^{ \circ }$时,遮风挡板对吸热器的温度场影响。
图 9,10 中可以看到,与无遮风挡板相比, 采用固体壁面挡板时,在上述流场作用下,腔体内部高温滞止区域的面积减少,对流热损失增大。腔体顶部及底部非吸热面附近高温空气分布也发生变化,如图 9(a)图 9(b)所示,外界低温空气更容易进入腔体内部,与非吸热面发生对流换热。由于非吸热面温度高于吸热面(相差约${180}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$),会导致吸热器对流热损失增大, 对流热损失可增大约 68.50%。
遮风挡板为多孔材料壁面时,对比图 9(b)图 9(c), 尽管在中间截面位置, 多孔材料遮风挡板会使得腔体内部高温区域减小, 但是整体上来看, 高温区域面积增大。同时腔体内部壁面(蒸发面和非吸热面) 附近的空气温度升高且高温空气厚度增大,如图 9(c)图 10(c) 所示,这表明与腔体内部壁面换热的空气温度升高, 进而使得吸热器对流热损失减少, 与无遮风挡板时相比减少了 52.50%。
不同风力作用对遮风挡板性能的影响如图 11 所示。
图 11(a) 可知, 随风向角的变化, 吸热器热损失的变化呈“三峰”变化趋势,风向角在${45}^{ \circ }$,${85}^{ \circ }$${120}^{ \circ }$附近时,存在最大值,这种趋势可能与吸热器的非对称结构有关。布置遮风挡板后,吸热器开口位置结构对称, 对流热损失的变化趋势呈 “双峰”趋势,风向角在约${30}^{ \circ }$${120}^{ \circ }$附近时存在最大值。风向角大于 90° 后,进入腔体内部的空气是腔体背风侧的回流空气, 速度低于风从吸热器正面吹来时的速度, 腔体内部扰动减弱, 吸热器对流热损失相对较小。在不同风向角下, 多孔材料遮风挡板均能起到减少对流热损失的作用。
图 11(b) 可知, 风速大小对吸热器性能的影响趋势相同。随着风速的增大,吸热器对流热损失逐渐增大,对流热损失减少率先减小,后略微增大。不同风速时,多孔材料遮风挡板均能减少吸热器的对流热损失。
多孔材料的参数对遮风挡板性能的影响如图 12 所示。
图 12(a) 可以看到, 随着惯性阻力系数的增大, 吸热器对流热损失先减小后增大, 且无遮风挡板时(惯性阻力系数为零),吸热器对流热损失最大。惯性阻力系数为${20.0}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{-1}$时对流热损失最小,多孔材料遮风挡板效果最好。随着惯性阻力系数的增大, 腔式吸热器对流热损失减少率先增大后减小,惯性阻力系数为最优时,对流热损失减少率约为 52.5%, 表明多孔材料遮风挡板减少约 52.5%的对流热损失。
图 12(b)可以看到,随着多孔材料厚度的增大, 吸热器对流热损失先减小后增大, 且无遮风遮风挡板时(壁面厚度为 0 ),吸热器对流热损失最大,厚度为${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$时吸热器的对流热损失最小,遮风挡板效果最好。随着壁面厚度的增大, 对流热损失减少率先增大后减小,厚度为最优时,对流热损失减少率约为 53.1%。
图 12(c) 可知, 透过率系数对对流热损失几乎没有影响。
图 12(d) 可知, 不同惯性阻力系数时, 对流热损失和对流热损失减少率随壁面厚度的变化趋势与图 12(b)相同, 但随着惯性阻力系数的增大, 壁面最优厚度逐渐减小。惯性阻力系数为 60 时, 最优厚度为${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$
腔式吸热器对流热损失是吸热器效率低下的一个重要原因,本文采用计算流体力学方法,建立了腔式吸热器与外部环境的耦合换热模型, 提出了一种多孔材料遮风挡板腔式吸热器结构设计方案。数值模拟结果表明,该结构设计可以减少吸热器的对流热损失。主要结论如下。
①遮风挡板材料对吸热器的对流传热影响很大。固体壁面遮风挡板会导致吸热器流场更加复杂, 腔体开口面上空气速度大小及速度分布的不均匀性更大,进而造成腔体内部空气扰动更剧烈, 最终导致吸热器对流热损失增大。采用多孔材料遮风挡板后,进入腔体内部的空气速度值减小,速度分布的不均匀性减小,腔体内部空气扰动减弱, 吸热器内部高温区增大,减少了对流热损失。
②多孔材料透过率系数对遮风挡板性能影响不大,而多孔材料的惯性阻力系数及厚度是影响遮风挡板性能的关键因素。多孔材料厚度(或者惯性阻力系数)一定时, 吸热器对流热损失随着惯性阻力系数(或者厚度)的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势, 存在最优厚度(或者惯性阻力系数)。随着惯性阻力系数的增大, 最优厚度减小, 因此可以通过提高多孔材料惯性阻力系数的方法, 降低多孔材料遮风罩的壁面厚度, 进而设计结构合理的遮风挡板。
③惯性阻力系数及厚度最优时, 多孔材料遮风挡板可减少约 52.5%的对流热损失。在不同风力作用下,多孔材料遮风挡板均能减少腔式吸热器的对流热损失。
须要指出的是, 在腔体外加装遮风挡板, 会挡住入射太阳光,导致光学效率下降。对于加装挡板后光学效率与对流热损失的平衡,应从镜场布置、 镜场聚焦方式、挡板结构等方面开展深入的研究, 将作为未来进一步研究的内容。从本文研究结果来看,遮风挡板为多孔材料时,由于多孔材料可以改善流场,进而减少吸热器的对流热损失,假如加装挡板后对入射阳光及光学效率影响较大, 可以设计多孔玻璃板等可透光遮风板, 降低对光学效率的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金国际合作与交流项目(51961135102)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(222102320298)
  • 郑州轻工业大学博士启动金(2021BSJJ046)
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  • 接收时间:2024-01-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-17
基金
国家自然科学基金国际合作与交流项目(51961135102)
河南省科技攻关项目(222102320298)
郑州轻工业大学博士启动金(2021BSJJ046)
作者信息
    1 郑州轻工业大学 建筑环境工程学院 河南 郑州 450001
    2 西安交通大学 化学工程与技术学院 陕西 西安 710049
    3 西安交通大学 动力工程多相流国家重点实验室 陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

魏进家(1971-),男,博士,教授,主要从事太阳能光热/化学方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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