Article(id=1152988708442722942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715097600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823529586, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823529586, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823529586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823529586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988708019098237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823529485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694474720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=440, endPage=448, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988708816016000, articleId=1152988708442722942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Optimization study on hydrogen absorption performance of metal hydride hydrogen storage reactor based on cylindrical heat exchanger, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, a multiphysical field coupling model of metal hydride hydrogen storage reactor (MHHSR) based on cylindrical heat exchanger was established. The influence of the geometric shape and position of the cylindrical heat exchanger on the hydrogen absorption performance of the reactor was investigated, and the mathematical model was developed. The optimal position of the heat transfer structure was obtained, and the characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms of heat and mass transfer in the alloy bed during the hydrogen absorption process were explored. Additionally, based on the area of the temperature differential zones among different layers, the uniformity of heat transfer in multilayer beds was analyzed. The research results showed that when the embedded heat transfer ring was located at 0.62R of the alloy bed, the hydrogen storage reactor achieved 90% hydrogen capacity within the shortest time. By comparison to the central heat exchange tube structure and the external heat exchange jacket structure, there was a time reduction of 76.3% and 60.7%, respectively. Different types of heat exchanger structures caused differences in the thermal mass transfer characteristics of the alloy bed, which changed the evolution modes of the bed's reaction interface area and moving speed, ultimately affecting the reactor's hydrogen absorption performance. When multiple independent reaction bed layers existed in the reactor, a smaller temperature difference region area among different bed layers resulted in more uniform heat and mass transfer and higher energy efficiency of heat exchanger structures.

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文章建立了基于圆柱形换热结构的金属氢化物储氢反应器的多物理场耦合模型,研究了圆柱形换热结构的几何形状和位置对储氢反应器吸氢性能的影响规律并构建了数学模型,优化得出了换热结构的最佳位置,还探讨了吸氢过程中合金床层的热质传递特性及其内在作用机制,并基于床层之间温差区域的面积分析了多床层热量传递的均匀性。研究结果表明:当内嵌换热环处于合金床层的0.62R位置时,储氢反应器达到90%储氢量的吸氢时间最短,比中心换热管结构和外部换热套结构分别减少了76.3%和60.7%;不同形式的换热结构会导致合金床层的热质传递特性产生差异,进而改变床层反应界面面积和移动速度,最终影响反应器的吸氢性能;当反应器内存在多个独立反应床层时,不同床层之间的温差区域面积越小,则床层之间的热量传递越均匀,换热结构的能效越高。

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黄静(1991-),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事固态储氢装置换热优化的研究工作。E-mail:

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黄静(1991-),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事固态储氢装置换热优化的研究工作。E-mail:

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黄静(1991-),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事固态储氢装置换热优化的研究工作。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=E5oPcfd77Qinx1xTz/ncNg==, figureFileBig=G85iSEgA6AYRTAtwB5DNkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145965099004540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988708442722942, language=CN, label=图 10, caption=3 种换热结构储氢反应器达到不同储氢量时的吸氢时间对比, figureFileSmall=E5oPcfd77Qinx1xTz/ncNg==, figureFileBig=G85iSEgA6AYRTAtwB5DNkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145965166113405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988708442722942, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The major thermal physical properties of ${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
孔隙率 ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 0.5
未吸氢密度 ${\rho }_{\mathrm{{emp}}}/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 7164
吸氢饱和密度 ${\rho }_{\text{sat }}/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 7 259
渗透率 $\kappa /{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $1 \times {10}^{-8}$
反应焓 ${\Delta H}/\mathrm{J} \cdot {\mathrm{{kg}}}^{-1}$ ${1.537} \times {10}^{7}$
参考压力 ${P}_{\text{ref }}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 1
吸氢活化能 ${E}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mathrm{J} \cdot {\mathrm{{mol}}}^{-1}$ 21 179.6
吸氢速率常数 ${C}_{\mathrm{a}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 59.187
恒压热容 ${C}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{J} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 419
导热系数 ${k}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1159145965229027966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988708442722942, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$ 主要物性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
孔隙率 ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 0.5
未吸氢密度 ${\rho }_{\mathrm{{emp}}}/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 7164
吸氢饱和密度 ${\rho }_{\text{sat }}/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 7 259
渗透率 $\kappa /{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $1 \times {10}^{-8}$
反应焓 ${\Delta H}/\mathrm{J} \cdot {\mathrm{{kg}}}^{-1}$ ${1.537} \times {10}^{7}$
参考压力 ${P}_{\text{ref }}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 1
吸氢活化能 ${E}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mathrm{J} \cdot {\mathrm{{mol}}}^{-1}$ 21 179.6
吸氢速率常数 ${C}_{\mathrm{a}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 59.187
恒压热容 ${C}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{J} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 419
导热系数 ${k}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 2.4
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基于圆柱形换热结构的金属氢化物储氢反应器吸氢性能优化研究
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黄静 1 , 程腾飞 1 , 方王刚 1 , 李晓 1 , 何礼青 1 , 任兴海 1 , 徐义书 2 , 成晓北 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(4): 440-448
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(4): 440-448
基于圆柱形换热结构的金属氢化物储氢反应器吸氢性能优化研究
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黄静1 , 程腾飞1, 方王刚1, 李晓1, 何礼青1, 任兴海1, 徐义书2, 成晓北2
作者信息
  • 1 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司 安徽 合肥 230031
  • 2 华中科技大学 能源与动力工程学院 湖北 武汉 430074
  • 黄静(1991-),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事固态储氢装置换热优化的研究工作。E-mail:

Optimization study on hydrogen absorption performance of metal hydride hydrogen storage reactor based on cylindrical heat exchanger
Jing Huang1 , Tengfei Cheng1, Wanggang Fang1, Xiao Li1, Liqing He1, Xinghai Ren1, Yishu Xu2, Xiaobei Cheng2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd. Hefei 230031 China
  • 2 School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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文章建立了基于圆柱形换热结构的金属氢化物储氢反应器的多物理场耦合模型,研究了圆柱形换热结构的几何形状和位置对储氢反应器吸氢性能的影响规律并构建了数学模型,优化得出了换热结构的最佳位置,还探讨了吸氢过程中合金床层的热质传递特性及其内在作用机制,并基于床层之间温差区域的面积分析了多床层热量传递的均匀性。研究结果表明:当内嵌换热环处于合金床层的0.62R位置时,储氢反应器达到90%储氢量的吸氢时间最短,比中心换热管结构和外部换热套结构分别减少了76.3%和60.7%;不同形式的换热结构会导致合金床层的热质传递特性产生差异,进而改变床层反应界面面积和移动速度,最终影响反应器的吸氢性能;当反应器内存在多个独立反应床层时,不同床层之间的温差区域面积越小,则床层之间的热量传递越均匀,换热结构的能效越高。

金属氢化物储氢反应器  /  圆柱形换热结构  /  吸氢性能  /  热质传递  /  床层

In this study, a multiphysical field coupling model of metal hydride hydrogen storage reactor (MHHSR) based on cylindrical heat exchanger was established. The influence of the geometric shape and position of the cylindrical heat exchanger on the hydrogen absorption performance of the reactor was investigated, and the mathematical model was developed. The optimal position of the heat transfer structure was obtained, and the characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms of heat and mass transfer in the alloy bed during the hydrogen absorption process were explored. Additionally, based on the area of the temperature differential zones among different layers, the uniformity of heat transfer in multilayer beds was analyzed. The research results showed that when the embedded heat transfer ring was located at 0.62R of the alloy bed, the hydrogen storage reactor achieved 90% hydrogen capacity within the shortest time. By comparison to the central heat exchange tube structure and the external heat exchange jacket structure, there was a time reduction of 76.3% and 60.7%, respectively. Different types of heat exchanger structures caused differences in the thermal mass transfer characteristics of the alloy bed, which changed the evolution modes of the bed's reaction interface area and moving speed, ultimately affecting the reactor's hydrogen absorption performance. When multiple independent reaction bed layers existed in the reactor, a smaller temperature difference region area among different bed layers resulted in more uniform heat and mass transfer and higher energy efficiency of heat exchanger structures.

metal hydride hydrogen storage reactor  /  cylindrical heat exchange structure  /  hydrogen absorption performance  /  heat and mass transfer  /  bed layers
黄静, 程腾飞, 方王刚, 李晓, 何礼青, 任兴海, 徐义书, 成晓北. 基于圆柱形换热结构的金属氢化物储氢反应器吸氢性能优化研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (4) : 440 -448 .
Jing Huang, Tengfei Cheng, Wanggang Fang, Xiao Li, Liqing He, Xinghai Ren, Yishu Xu, Xiaobei Cheng. Optimization study on hydrogen absorption performance of metal hydride hydrogen storage reactor based on cylindrical heat exchanger[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (4) : 440 -448 .
氢能是公认的清洁能源, 被认为是未来清洁能源的关键载体 [ 1 , 2 ] ,其中,安全高效的氢储运技术仍是制约氢能产业链商业化的关键 [ 3 , 4 ] 。金属氢化物储氢具有体积储氢密度高、储氢压力低、稳定性和安全性高等优势, 是最具前景的储氢方式之一,受到学者们的广泛关注 [ 5 , 6 ] 。然而,在金属氢化物的氢化和脱氢过程中会伴随着强烈的热效应, 具体表现 [ 6 ] : 吸氢过程释放热量,如果这些热量不能及时移除, 会严重阻碍金属氢化物的吸氢速度, 甚至会导致金属氢化物的烧结; 放氢过程吸收热量, 为保证连续稳定的脱氢, 需要外部热量的及时供应。由此可见, 实现金属氢化物高效储氢的关键在于金属氢化物储氢反应器的热管理。
在金属氢化物储氢反应器中, 传热行为是影响传质行为的关键, 因此, 换热结构的优化可以极大改善反应器的吸、放氢性能,同时影响反应器的设计与吸、放氢能耗,从安全和成本层面推动固态储氢技术发展。因金属氢化物吸氢过程会产生大量热量,导致压力与温度升高,使得储氢反应器的设计工作压力与温度随之提高, 增加反应器制造成本, 同时降低安全性。未经优化的传热结构也会带来更多的外部能量消耗(用于吸氢过程冷却及放氢过程供热),增加设备的运维成本。所以,传热结构的优化对传质、反应器设计和吸、放氢能耗均具有重要意义。
近年来, 有很多学者采用不同的强化传热方法研究了金属氢化物储氢反应器的吸氢性能,包括对比不同的换热方式 [ 7 ] 、多种换热结构组合方案的优化 [ 8 - 11 ] 、设计新型换热结构 [ 12 , 13 ] 、增加翅片 [ 14 ] 和利用相变材料储热 [ 15 ] 等。但这些方式普遍结构复杂、制造困难,如螺旋管式和微通道式,不利于合金的高效装填; 而增加翅片则提高了材料成本, 也牺牲了储氢合金的装填空间;相变材料储热则大幅增加了反应器的体积, 降低了反应器的体积储氢密度,实际应用场景十分受限。
圆柱形换热结构因其设计简单、制造成本低廉而备受青睐, 这种结构不仅便于大规模生产, 还易于维护和保养, 同时适用于不同形式的储氢合金装填工艺, 无论是粉末状还是压块状, 都能实现有效地装填, 其在轴向及径向的传热性能均优异, 在实际应用中, 尤其是在需要快响应和高效率换热的应用场景下, 圆柱形换热结构能够更好的满足性能要求 [ 12 , 16 ] 。虽然已经有学者 [ 11 , 13 ] 研究了基于该类型换热结构的储氢反应器的吸氢性能, 但是缺少对圆柱形换热结构的几何形状和位置进行针对性优化分析, 尤其是在储氢反应器质量/体积储氢密度相同的前提条件下,缺少对反应器的吸氢性能与换热结构位置变化规律以及合金床层的热质传递特性进行深入研究。
鉴于此, 本文建立了基于圆柱形换热结构的金属氢化物储氢反应器的多物理场耦合数值模型, 在储氢合金装填量、换热结构体积占比和吸氢工艺参数等条件相同的前提下,研究了不同类型的圆柱形换热结构对储氢反应器吸氢性能的影响规律, 探讨了换热结构的形式与合金床层反应界面移动特性的关联, 并基于不同床层之间温差区域的面积分析了多床层热量传递的均匀性, 从而为圆柱形换热结构的优化设计提供了理论指导。
图 1 为基于圆柱形换热结构的储氢反应器示意图。圆柱形换热结构按其几何形状和位置可分为 3 种类型:中心换热管、外部换热套和内嵌换热环。其中,中心换热管结构储氢反应器的换热管位于反应器的中心; 外部换热套结构储氢反应器的换热套环绕在反应器外侧;内嵌换热环结构储氢反应器的换热环嵌入反应器合金床层中间位置。 设定储氢反应器长度$L$${400}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,半径$R$为 100$\mathrm{{mm}}$,换热结构的材质为${304}\mathrm{\;L}$不锈钢,厚度为 1.2$\mathrm{{mm}}$,采用水作为换热流体,反应器内部填充的合金材料为${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$与氢气的反应方程为
${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5} + 3{\mathrm{H}}_{2} \rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}{\mathrm{H}}_{6} + {\Delta H}$
式中:${\Delta H}$${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$反应焓,$\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}}$
${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$的主要物性参数见表 1 [ 17, 18 ]
${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$和氢气的物性参数恒定;
②氢气为理想气体,换热流体是不可压缩的;
③反应器中床层存在局部热平衡;
④反应器外壁是绝热的;
⑤忽略吸氢过程中${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$的膨胀。
金属氢化物储氢反应器的数学模型基于控制方程(包括质量、动量和能量守恒方程)、反应动力学方程、平衡压力状态方程。
氢气的质量守恒方程可表示为
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( {{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{b}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}}\right) + \nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}\overrightarrow{v}}\right) = {S}_{\mathrm{g}}$
式中:${\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}$为氢气的密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};\overrightarrow{v}$为达西速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$;${S}_{\mathrm{g}}$为氢气的质量源项。
达西速度$\overrightarrow{v}$可表示为
$\overrightarrow{v} = - \frac{\kappa }{\mu }\nabla p$
式中:$\mu$为氢气的动力粘度,$\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s};\nabla p$为压力梯度,$\mathrm{{Pa}}/{\mathrm{m}}_{ \circ }$
${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$的质量守恒方程可表示为
$\left( {1 - {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{b}}}\right) \frac{\partial {\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}}{\partial t} = {S}_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中:${\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}$${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$的密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};t$为时间,$\mathrm{s};{S}_{\mathrm{s}}$${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$的质量源项。
金属氢化物储氢反应器的能量守恒方程为
${\left( \rho {c}_{\mathrm{g}}\right) }_{\text{eff }}\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} + \rho {c}_{\mathrm{g}}\overrightarrow{v} \cdot \nabla T = \\ \nabla \left( {{k}_{\text{eff }}\nabla T}\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{s}}\left\lbrack {{\Delta H} + T\left( {{c}_{\mathrm{g}} - {c}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) }\right\rbrack$
式中:${\left( \rho {c}_{\mathrm{g}}\right) }_{\text{eff }}$为床层的有效热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;T$为反应床温度,$\mathrm{K};{c}_{\mathrm{g}}$为氢气的热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;\rho$为密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{k}_{\text{eff }}$为床层的有效热导率,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
${\left( \rho {c}_{\mathrm{g}}\right) }_{\mathrm{{eff}}} = {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{b}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}{c}_{\mathrm{g}} + \left( {1 - {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{b}}}\right) {\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}{c}_{\mathrm{s}}$
${k}_{\mathrm{{eff}}} = {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{b}}{k}_{\mathrm{g}} + \left( {1 - {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{b}}}\right) {k}_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中:${k}_{\mathrm{g}}$为氢气的热导率,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
储氢反应器内的吸氢反应动力学方程 [ 16 , 17 ]
${S}_{\mathrm{s}} = {C}_{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{E}_{\mathrm{a}}}{RT}}\ln \left( \frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}}{{p}_{\text{eqa }}}\right) \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{{sat}}} - {\rho }_{\mathrm{{emp}}}}\right)$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$为吸氢动力学常数,${\mathrm{s}}^{-1};{E}_{\mathrm{a}}$为吸氢活化能,$\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{mol}};R$为气体常数,取${8.314}\mathrm{\;J}/\left( {\mathrm{{mol}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{P}_{\text{eqa }}$为平衡压力, MPa。
${P}_{\text{eqa }}$采用 Van’t Hoff 方程进行计算。
$\ln \frac{{p}_{\text{eqa }}}{{p}_{\text{ref }}} = A - \frac{B}{T}$
式中:$A = {\Delta S}/R - \ln \left( {10}\right)$,取值为${10.7},{\Delta S}$为氢气的熵变,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{mol}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;B = {\Delta H}/R$,取值为${3704.6}{\mathrm{\;K}}^{-1}$
金属氢化物储氢反应器的质量储氢密度${\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}$
${\rho }_{\mathrm{w}} = \frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{s}} - {\rho }_{\text{emp }}}{{\rho }_{\text{emp }}} \times {100}\%$
初始条件:氢气初始速度和换热流体初始速度均为0;${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$床层初始温度、氢气初始温度、换热流体初始出、入口温度均为${293.15}\mathrm{\;K}$;氢气初始压力等于平衡压力; 金属氢化物储氢反应器的初始质量储氢密度为 0。
边界条件如下。
储氢反应器外壁设定为绝热:
$\frac{\partial T}{\partial \overrightarrow{n}} = \frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}}}{\partial \overrightarrow{n}} = \frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{g}}}{\partial \overrightarrow{n}} = 0$
式中:${T}_{\mathrm{f}}$为换热器内流体温度,$\mathrm{K};{T}_{\mathrm{g}}$为氢气温度,$\mathrm{K};\overrightarrow{n}$为外法线矢量。
反应器内床层与换热管进行换热:
${k}_{\text{eff }}\frac{\partial T}{\partial \overrightarrow{n}} = h\left( {T - {T}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)$
式中:$h$为床层与换热流体的换热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
换热流体入口边界:
${u}_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{x}} = {u}_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{y}} = 0,{u}_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{z}} = {u}_{\mathrm{{in}}},{T}_{\mathrm{f}} = {T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$
式中:${u}_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{x}},{u}_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{y}},{u}_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{z}}$分别为换热器内流体沿$x, y, z$轴的速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$${u}_{\text{in }}$为换热流体进入换热器的入口速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{T}_{\text{in }}$为换热流体进入换热器的入口温度,$\mathrm{K}$
换热流体出口边界:
${p}_{\mathrm{f}} = 0$
式中:${p}_{\mathrm{f}}$为换热流体压力,${\mathrm{{MPa}}}_{ \circ }$
基于以上控制方程, 采用 COMSOL 软件建立金属氢化物储氢反应器的二维轴对称多物理场耦合数值模型,求解器选择直接求解器 MUMPS。模型的网格单元无关性测试选用外部换热套结构储氢反应器进行测试,设置供氢压力为${1.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$、换热流体供液温度为${293.15}\mathrm{\;K}$,换热流体流速为 0.5$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$,以质量储氢密度作为评价指标,网格单元数为 7136~19464。不同网格单元数下的模拟结果如图 2 所示。由图 2 可知, 模拟结果的最大偏差小于${2.4} \times {10}^{-3}$,网格单元数量为 7136 和 10828 时的模拟结果几乎重合, 由于网格单元数越少, 计算速率越快,因此,确定网格数为 7136。
为了验证模型的正确性, 将模型的模拟结果与文献[ 19 ]中的实验数据进行对比(模型的参数和工况条件均与该文献相同), 比较储氢反应器在吸氢过程 3 个温度监测点(A, B, C)温度的变化情况, 对比结果如图 3 所示。
图 3 可知, 模拟数据与实验数据总体吻合良好, 出现较大偏差的区域主要是在吸氢的初始阶段和结束阶段,在吸氢主体阶段,模型数据与实验数据之间展现出良好的一致性。在吸氢初始阶段, 数值模拟的最高温度高于实验观察的结果, 主要原因在于数值模拟中假设${}^{a}{\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$和氢气的物性参数恒定”,认为${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$是理想的多孔介质且物性参数保持不变, 而在实验过程中, 由于合金装填的影响, 导致床层孔隙率不均匀; 同时, 在合金氢化过程中, 其微观结构会发生变化。这些因素均会影响氢气在合金床层中的流动, 在吸氢初始阶段减少合金床层释放的反应热, 进而使得实验观察到的最高温度低于数值模拟的结果。另外一个原因在于数值模拟中假设 “反应器外壁是绝热的”,忽略了罐体的热辐射,排除了外部温度的影响,而在实验过程中,无法做到反应器外壁完全绝热,导致合金床层的部分氢化反应热通过热辐射方式传递至外部环境。在吸氢结束阶段,出现数值模拟的温度下降速度快于实验结果的现象,其原因在于数值模拟中假设 “${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$和氢气的物性参数恒定” “忽略吸氢过程中${\mathrm{{LaNi}}}_{5}$的膨胀”,设定合金在吸氢过程中的体积、导热率、孔隙率等参数保持不变,而实际吸氢过程中,随着氢化反应的进行,合金会发生体积膨胀, 导致床层导热率降低, 床层热量的传递速度变慢, 从而出现在吸氢结束阶段床层的温度下降速度慢于数值模拟的现象。最后,需要指出的是, 这种偏差的产生不仅是由于数值模拟过程中所作假设的局限性造成的, 实际实验条件的复杂性也是导致偏差产生的原因。
综上分析, 本文所建模型存在的偏差对吸氢过程研究结论的准确性不产生影响, 误差在可接受范围之内。同时,这种类似的偏差并非仅见于本模型,而是在本领域相关文献 [ 20 ] 中普遍存在的。因此, 可以认为本文所建立的模型是可靠的、有效的, 足以支撑对储氢反应器的进一步优化研究。
为了研究吸氢过程中不同类型的圆柱形换热结构对储氢反应器吸氢性能的影响, 设定储氢反应器的合金装填量、换热结构体积占比和吸氢工艺参数等条件均相同, 对储氢反应器进行数值建模和分析。其中,换热结构的体积占比为 15%,合金床层的初始温度为 ${293.15}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,换热流体的供液流速为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,供液温度为 ${293.15}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,供氢压力为 ${1.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,供氢温度为 ${293.15}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,对流换热系数为 ${1652}\mathrm{\;W}/{\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }$ [ 19 ] ,以达到 ${90}\%$ 储氢量的吸氢时间和质量储氢密度作为评价指标对储氢反应器的吸氢性能进行分析。
中心换热管结构储氢反应器合金床层的平均温度、质量储氢密度的曲线和云图如图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出, 达到 90%储氢量的吸氢时间为${23400}\mathrm{\;s}$。由于氢气的供应,床层中的合金与氢气发生反应瞬时释放大量的热量,导致床层温度快速升高至${361.7}\mathrm{\;K}$左右,随着换热流体的持续换热,合金床层的热量逐渐被移除,床层温度开始缓慢下降。在中心换热管的热量逐渐向外扩散的过程中,床层反应界面的面积同步扩大,需要换热的氢化反应热量也随之增加,因此床层温度的下降速度以及反应界面的移动速度均逐步放缓, 而合金床层的氢化反应速度则在反应界面面积和移动速度的共同影响下保持相对恒定。大约在${25000}\mathrm{\;s}$之后,床层温度开始加速下降,这是因为此时未反应的储氢合金量已经大幅减少,氢化反应释放的热量也在减少,并且在该节点附近,换热管的温度已传递至床层边界, 床层内的热量传递方向从以径向传递为主转成轴向加径向传递, 换热面积进一步增大,传热速度加快。另外,由于换热流体出口的温度高于入口, 常温氢气的供应在一定程度上起到了降低床层温度的效果, 因此, 在换热流体入口和氢气流入侧,床层的氢化反应速度要快于换热流体出口处。
外部换热套结构储氢反应器合金床层的平均温度、质量储氢密度的曲线和云图如图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出, 达到 90%储氢量的吸氢时间为${14130}\mathrm{\;s}$,吸氢效率高于中心换热管结构储氢反应器。原因在于:该反应器床层的初始反应界面的面积最大, 完成氢化的合金量最多且释放的反应热可以迅速移除, 床层温度快速下降, 促使反应界面能够向内快速移动, 从而提高了吸氢效率; 而中心换热管结构储氢反应器则相反,其初始反应界面的面积最小,换热能力也弱,导致床层温度下降速度和反应界面的移动速度显著延缓。此外由于吸氢过程中,床层内的传热方向以径向为主, 反应界面的移动速度比较稳定, 而反应界面向内收缩性移动,其面积在逐步减小,所以合金床层的氢化反应速度呈现由快到慢的变化趋势。
与上述两种换热结构不同,内嵌换热环处于反应器合金床层内部, 将床层分成内、外两个独立反应的区域。为了研究该结构储氢反应器的吸氢性能,先假定换热环处于床层中间位置,即${0.5R}$, 通过数值模拟可得储氢反应器内、外侧合金床层的平均温度、质量储氢密度的变化曲线和云图如图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出,内、外侧床层达到 90%储氢量的吸氢时间分别为${3350}\mathrm{\;s}$${9945}\mathrm{\;s}$,总体吸氢效率优于前两种换热结构。同时发现,尽管换热环位于床层的中间位置, 但内、外侧床层的吸氢时间却不一致,床层的温度变化曲线也存在差异, 内、外侧床层的热量传递不均匀,这可从图 6(a) 中的阴影部分(两个床层平均温度曲线之间的区域)看出。
从上面的分析结果可以看出, 内嵌换热环结构比中心换热管结构和外部换热套结构的换热效率都高, 但由于该结构将储氢反应器划分为两个独立反应的床层,出现了内、外侧床层的吸氢时间不同、热量传递不均匀的现象,这不仅未能充分发挥换热结构的能力, 也影响了反应器的整体吸氢效率。因此,存在一个最优的换热结构位置,该位置可平衡内、外侧床层的热量传递和氢化反应,使储氢反应器的吸氢时间最短、热量传递最均匀。
在保持工艺条件一致的前提下, 分别设置换热环结构位于${0.3R} \sim {0.9R}$等位置,分析内、外侧床层达到 90%储氢量的吸氢时间的变化,研究结果如图 7 所示。
通过数据分析和拟合,建立内、外侧床层达到 90%储氢量所需的吸氢时间与换热结构位置之间的数学关系式,拟合决定系数${R}^{2}$分别为 0.9999 和 0.9998。结合换热环分别处于中心位置和外部位置,即中心换热管结构和外部换热套结构,可得内侧床层达到${90}\%$储氢量的吸氢时间${t}_{\mathrm{I}}$与换热结构位置$x$的数学模型如式 (15) 所示; 外侧床层达到${90}\%$储氢量的吸氢时间${t}_{0}$与换热结构位置$x$的数学模型如式 (16) 所示。通过计算可知,当$x$为 0.62R 时,内、外侧床层达到 90%储氢量的吸氢时间均为${5547}\mathrm{\;s}$,此时反应器的整体吸氢时间最短。
${t}_{\mathrm{I}}\left( x\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} 0,0 < x < {0.3R} \\ - {856.72} + {311.45x} + {16183.28}{x}^{2},{0.3R} \leq x \leq {0.9R} \\ {14130},{0.9R} < x < R \end{array}\right.$
${t}_{0}\left( x\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {23400},0 < x < {0.3R} \\ {41999.13} - {86488.61x} + {44580.61}{x}^{2},{0.3R} \leq x \leq {0.9R} \\ 0,{0.9R} < x < R \end{array}\right.$
不同位置处内、外侧床层温差区域面积的变化规律如图 8 所示。
图 8 可以看出,当换热环处于${0.62R}$位置时, 内、外侧床层之间温差区域面积最小, 为 10.02$\mathrm{K} \cdot \mathrm{h}$,此时反应器的热量传递相对最均匀,换热环的换热能效最高, 吸氢过程所消耗的外部辅机能耗也最低。
对换热环处于${0.62R}$位置的储氢反应器进行数值模拟, 可得合金床层的平均温度、质量储氢密度的变化曲线和云图如图 9 所示。
图 9 可以看出, 外侧床层的合金装填量多于内侧床层,但内、外侧床层能够同时达到 90% 储氢量。这是因为,虽然内侧床层温度的下降速度以及初始阶段的氢化反应速度都快于外侧床层, 但内侧床层的氢化反应速度随着反应界面的向内收缩性移动而逐渐变慢, 而外侧床层的氢化反应速度则保持相对恒定,因此两个床层在${5547}\mathrm{\;s}$同时达到 90%储氢量,此时储氢反应器整体吸氢时间最短。随着换热环的持续换热,外侧床层温度加速下降,降至${293.15}\mathrm{\;K}$的时间稍快于内侧床层, 原因在于优化目标为达到 90% 储氢量的吸氢时间, 而非全部吸氢过程。
图 9 还可以看出, 内、外侧床层的热质传递特性与外部换热套床层和中心换热管床层呈现相同的变化趋势, 这是由换热结构的形式决定的。内侧床层反应界面面积和移动速度的演化模式与外部换热套类似, 而外侧床层反应界面的特性则与中心换热管一致, 这更加说明了合金床层的热质传递与换热结构的几何形状和位置有显著的关联。因此, 通过优化换热结构的几何形状和位置来提高储氢反应器的吸氢性能是十分必要且可行的。
由于内嵌换热环结构储氢反应器被划分为内、外两个单独反应的床层,其吸氢时间是基于两个床层中吸氢较慢的床层来确定的。3 种换热结构储氢反应器的吸氢性能对比如图 10 所示。
图 10 可以看出:中心换热管结构储氢反应器达到储氢量为${10}\% ,{30}\% ,{50}\% ,{70}\% ,{90}\%$的吸氢时间分别为${60},{2440},{7730},{14700},{23400}\mathrm{\;s}$; 对于外部换热套结构储氢反应器, 达到相同储氢量所需的吸氢时间显著减少,分别为 55,705 ,${2700},{6630},{14130}\mathrm{\;s}$; 对于${0.62R}$位置的内嵌换热环结构储氢反应器,吸氢时间进一步缩短,相应的时间分别为${55},{530},{1653},{3295},{5547}\mathrm{\;s}$,相比于中心换热管结构和外部换热套结构,其 90%储氢量的吸氢时间分别减少了 76.3%和 60.7%。综上可知,${0.62R}$位置的内嵌换热环结构储氢反应器表现出最优的换热效率和吸氢性能, 其次是外部换热套结构,中心换热管结构相对较差。
本文建立和验证了基于圆柱形换热结构的金属氢化物储氢反应器的多物理场耦合数值模型, 对储氢反应器的吸氢性能进行了优化研究, 得到如下结论。
①3 类圆柱形换热结构的换热效率对比:内嵌换热环最优,其次是外部换热套,中心换热管最差。对于内嵌换热环结构,当其处于合金床层的 0.62R 位置时,反应器内、外侧床层达到 90%储氢量的吸氢时间均为 ${5547}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,比中心换热管结构和外部换热套结构分别减少了 76.3% 和 60.7%, 此时储氢反应器的整体吸氢性能最优。
②不同形式的换热结构会导致合金床层的热质传递特性产生差异, 进而改变床层反应界面面积和移动速度, 最终影响反应器的吸氢性能。中心换热管结构合金床层的反应界面为向外扩张性移动,反应界面面积逐渐增大,氢化反应的换热需求也随之增加,因此床层温度的下降速度以及反应界面的移动速度均逐步放缓,而氢化反应的速度保持相对恒定。外部换热套结构合金床层的反应界面为向内收缩性移动, 初始反应界面的面积最大, 完成氢化的合金量最多且释放的反应热可以迅速移除, 床层温度快速下降, 反应界面能够向内快速移动, 从而提高吸氢效率; 由于该床层的传热方向以径向为主,反应界面的移动速度变化不大, 但随着反应界面面积的逐步减小,合金床层的氢化反应速度逐渐变慢。
③针对多床层储氢反应器热量传递不均匀的问题,可基于不同床层之间温差区域的面积分析和优化床层热量传递的均匀性。当反应器内存在多个独立反应床层时, 如果不同床层之间的温差区域面积越小, 则表明反应器内的热量传递越均匀,换热结构的能效越高,吸氢过程所消耗外部辅机的能耗越低。该指标为分析和优化多床层储氢反应器的吸氢性能提供了参考。
本文的研究对象为单体式金属氢化物储氢反应器,当面向大规模储氢应用场景时,可通过多个单体储氢反应器的阵列布置, 进行模块化设计, 以满足大规模储氢的需求。同时,还可以通过增加内嵌换热环的数量或与其他类型换热结构组合的方式, 进一步提高储氢反应器的吸氢性能。
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2022YFB3306401)
  • 安徽省重大产业创新计划项目(AHZDCYCX-LSDT2023-07)
  • 中国机械工业集团有限公司科技项目(ZDZX2024-10,QNJJ-ZD-2022-01)
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-08
基金
国家重点研发计划课题(2022YFB3306401)
安徽省重大产业创新计划项目(AHZDCYCX-LSDT2023-07)
中国机械工业集团有限公司科技项目(ZDZX2024-10,QNJJ-ZD-2022-01)
作者信息
    1 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司 安徽 合肥 230031
    2 华中科技大学 能源与动力工程学院 湖北 武汉 430074
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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