Article(id=1152342295904350465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697299200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752669412827, onlineDateStr=2025-07-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752669412827, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752669412827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752669412827, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152342291831681269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='569', pageEnd='710', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752669411857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694458107, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641647501894486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641647501894487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=637, endPage=645, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152342296319586562, articleId=1152342295904350465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=The coupling mechanisms of offshore wind turbines with distributed spring boundaries under typical winds and waves, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Because of offshore wind turbine fully coupling calculation software FAST V8 can not simulate pile soil interaction, the updated FAST V8 is introduced by distributed linear spring boundary constraint condition and the coupled motion equation of substructure is derived. A coupled numerical simulation model of rotor nacelle –hub towerpile foundation structure with distributed linear spring boundary condition is established. The dynamic characteristics of the base fixed boundary and distributed linear coupled spring boundary model under the combined action of wind and wave are analyzed. The results show that the time history and frequency domain responses of the tower top displacement and the base bending moment change significantly, especially for the secondorder frequency of the structure. At the same time, it can be observed that the distribution spring boundary constraint condition has a more obvious effect on low wind speeds, while the fixed boundary constraint condition model has a more significant effect on high wind speeds.

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对于现有的海上风机计算工具 FAST V8 无法对桩土相互作用进行合理模拟的问题,文章通过对分布式线性弹簧边界约束条件下的海上风机结构耦合运动方程进行推导,并基于该方程对 FAST V8 进行二次开发,建立了采用分布式线性弹簧基础边界条件的转子—机舱组件塔筒−基础结构−桩基础耦合数值仿真模型。在风浪联合作用下,对固定边界与分布式线性耦合弹簧边界约束模型的动力特性进行分析。分析结果表明:在风浪联合作用下,考虑分布式线性弹簧边界约束条件后,风机塔顶位移和基底倾覆力矩时程、频域响应产生明显变化;分布式弹簧地基边界约束条件对低风速影响更加明显,而固定边界约束条件模型对高风速影响更显著。

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宋雨果(1996-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为海上风机桩土相互作用及结构振动控制。E-mail:
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language=CN, label=图 2, caption=分布弹簧边界条件模型, figureFileSmall=S5hqOBuLddyzsW+FYg08dA==, figureFileBig=q+d1iK6tdqPV38YOGdroYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145982752830268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Soil parameters, figureFileSmall=+oEWx2Iasj9mBAT3Uo4bxA==, figureFileBig=Hg+zo5pu2FJfm7jsZX24eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145982811550526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=土壤参数, figureFileSmall=+oEWx2Iasj9mBAT3Uo4bxA==, figureFileBig=Hg+zo5pu2FJfm7jsZX24eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145982861882175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Time-history and frequency domain diagram of free vibration, figureFileSmall=67Mmk9hWgodJ+fCweOe5WA==, figureFileBig=sBwjBLOz6sWjakrva40sEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145982924796739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=自由振动衰减时频, figureFileSmall=67Mmk9hWgodJ+fCweOe5WA==, figureFileBig=sBwjBLOz6sWjakrva40sEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145982991905604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Tower top displacement time history diagram, figureFileSmall=PMjFH7xhY/zekknUsUC8fw==, figureFileBig=QYDrsP4PxUUqvuSdwM/pow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983042237254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=塔顶位移时程, figureFileSmall=PMjFH7xhY/zekknUsUC8fw==, figureFileBig=QYDrsP4PxUUqvuSdwM/pow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983096763208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Fourier amplitudes of tower top displacement, figureFileSmall=hiBsyH7bKYsi5bUIDPi6cQ==, figureFileBig=a2YyTjWcrvEOTrlmQFz+ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983172260682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=塔顶位移频域, figureFileSmall=hiBsyH7bKYsi5bUIDPi6cQ==, figureFileBig=a2YyTjWcrvEOTrlmQFz+ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983251952461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Time histories of bending moment at mudline, figureFileSmall=v9PboalnRMvAhvIJemTnrw==, figureFileBig=VibVFsZcIClvU2QNORj1EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983335838542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=基底倾覆力矩时程, figureFileSmall=v9PboalnRMvAhvIJemTnrw==, figureFileBig=VibVFsZcIClvU2QNORj1EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983411336016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Fourier amplitudes of bending moment at mudline, figureFileSmall=1QjKNolX+/yaEt3DPH2+Rw==, figureFileBig=829ogaiw8NI9UCz2lm2YLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983470056274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=基底倾覆力矩频域, figureFileSmall=1QjKNolX+/yaEt3DPH2+Rw==, figureFileBig=829ogaiw8NI9UCz2lm2YLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145983541359445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=NREL 5 MW offshore wind turbine parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率/MW 5
转子布局 逆风,3 叶片
轮毂中心高度/m 90
转子直径/m 126
转子转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 12.1
转子质量/t 110
机舱质量/t 240
塔筒质量/t 346.46
切入、额定、切出风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 3,11.4,25
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983595885400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=NREL 5MW 风机基本参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率/MW 5
转子布局 逆风,3 叶片
轮毂中心高度/m 90
转子直径/m 126
转子转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 12.1
转子质量/t 110
机舱质量/t 240
塔筒质量/t 346.46
切入、额定、切出风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 3,11.4,25
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983658799963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Winds and waves conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 风速 编号 风速 m/s 波浪 编号 有效波高 特征周期
LC1 Wind1 8 Wave 1 0.75 4.5
LC2 Wind2 10 Wave2 1.25 5.5
LC3 Wind3 11.4 Wave3 1.75 6.5
LC4 Wind4 18 Wave4 2.25 7.5
LC5 Wind5 20 Wave5 3.25 8.5
LC6 Wind6 28 Wave6 5.25 12.5
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983730103134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=风、浪联合工况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 风速 编号 风速 m/s 波浪 编号 有效波高 特征周期
LC1 Wind1 8 Wave 1 0.75 4.5
LC2 Wind2 10 Wave2 1.25 5.5
LC3 Wind3 11.4 Wave3 1.75 6.5
LC4 Wind4 18 Wave4 2.25 7.5
LC5 Wind5 20 Wave5 3.25 8.5
LC6 Wind6 28 Wave6 5.25 12.5
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983780434785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The frequencies comparion of ANSYS and FAST V8, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 采用 软件 方向 一阶弯曲 模态 方向 一阶弯曲 模态 方向 二阶弯曲 模态 方向 二阶弯曲 模态
AF 模型 FAST V8 6.073 6.073 28.312 28.312
ANSYS 6.080 6.080 28.941 28.941
${\Delta }_{1}/\%$ 0.12 0.12 2.17 2.17
DS 模型 FAST CS 3.697 3.697 19.887 19.887
ANSYS 3.709 3.709 19.981 19.981
${\Delta }_{1}/\%$ 0.32 0.32 0.47 0.47
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983830766435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=ANSYS, FAST V8 频率对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 采用 软件 方向 一阶弯曲 模态 方向 一阶弯曲 模态 方向 二阶弯曲 模态 方向 二阶弯曲 模态
AF 模型 FAST V8 6.073 6.073 28.312 28.312
ANSYS 6.080 6.080 28.941 28.941
${\Delta }_{1}/\%$ 0.12 0.12 2.17 2.17
DS 模型 FAST CS 3.697 3.697 19.887 19.887
ANSYS 3.709 3.709 19.981 19.981
${\Delta }_{1}/\%$ 0.32 0.32 0.47 0.47
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983893680997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Statistics of tower top displacement, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计值 模型 LC1 LC2 LC3 LC4 LC5 LC6
平均值 AF 模型 0.195 62 0.336 72 0.342 11 0.205 06 0.192 78 0.168 29
DS 模型 0.196 62 0.338 33 0.343 71 0.206 08 0.193 69 0.169 04
相对误差 $/\%$ 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.45
标准差 AF 模型 0.053 51 0.055 96 0.056 25 0.042 80 0.044 11 0.053 68
DS 模型 0.056 32 0.058 29 0.058 62 0.045 15 0.045 26 0.053 87
相对误差 $/\%$ 5.25 4.16 4.21 5.49 2.61 0.35
95max AF 模型 0.298 51 0.428 38 0.435 06 0.296 30 0.287 18 0.281 80
DS 模型 0.314 88 0.434 18 0.443 79 0.300 43 0.289 85 0.282 72
相对误差 $/\%$ 5.48 1.35 2.01 1.39 0.93 0.33
), ArticleFig(id=1159145983952401256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同地基边界约束塔顶位移统计值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计值 模型 LC1 LC2 LC3 LC4 LC5 LC6
平均值 AF 模型 0.195 62 0.336 72 0.342 11 0.205 06 0.192 78 0.168 29
DS 模型 0.196 62 0.338 33 0.343 71 0.206 08 0.193 69 0.169 04
相对误差 $/\%$ 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.45
标准差 AF 模型 0.053 51 0.055 96 0.056 25 0.042 80 0.044 11 0.053 68
DS 模型 0.056 32 0.058 29 0.058 62 0.045 15 0.045 26 0.053 87
相对误差 $/\%$ 5.25 4.16 4.21 5.49 2.61 0.35
95max AF 模型 0.298 51 0.428 38 0.435 06 0.296 30 0.287 18 0.281 80
DS 模型 0.314 88 0.434 18 0.443 79 0.300 43 0.289 85 0.282 72
相对误差 $/\%$ 5.48 1.35 2.01 1.39 0.93 0.33
), ArticleFig(id=1159145984040481642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Statistics of bending moment at mudline, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计值 模型 LC1 LC2 LC3 LC4 LC5 LC6
平均值 AF 模型 41.363 33 68.881 26 69.547 53 41.589 75 37.727 63 33.165 93
DS 模型 41.539 94 69.169 77 69.832 96 41.772 72 37.887 17 33.295 80
相对误差 $/\%$ 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.44 0.42 0.39
标准差 AF 模型 11.279 67 12.138 93 12.911 09 10.878 68 11.913 87 14.483 70
DS 模型 12.018 39 12.261 61 13.008 70 11.458 40 12.396 02 15.362 77
相对误差 $/\%$ 6.55 1.01 0.76 5.33 4.05 6.07
${95}^{\mathrm{{th}}}\mathrm{{max}}$ AF 模型 63.081 57 90.853 71 93.369 76 64.403 67 63.144 66 63.038 02
DS 模型 67.911 74 91.737 43 93.590 59 65.546 97 64.462 09 64.244 93
相对误差 $/\%$ 7.66 0.97 0.24 1.78 2.09 1.91
), ArticleFig(id=1159145984120173419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342295904350465, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=不同地基边界约束基底倾覆力矩统计值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计值 模型 LC1 LC2 LC3 LC4 LC5 LC6
平均值 AF 模型 41.363 33 68.881 26 69.547 53 41.589 75 37.727 63 33.165 93
DS 模型 41.539 94 69.169 77 69.832 96 41.772 72 37.887 17 33.295 80
相对误差 $/\%$ 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.44 0.42 0.39
标准差 AF 模型 11.279 67 12.138 93 12.911 09 10.878 68 11.913 87 14.483 70
DS 模型 12.018 39 12.261 61 13.008 70 11.458 40 12.396 02 15.362 77
相对误差 $/\%$ 6.55 1.01 0.76 5.33 4.05 6.07
${95}^{\mathrm{{th}}}\mathrm{{max}}$ AF 模型 63.081 57 90.853 71 93.369 76 64.403 67 63.144 66 63.038 02
DS 模型 67.911 74 91.737 43 93.590 59 65.546 97 64.462 09 64.244 93
相对误差 $/\%$ 7.66 0.97 0.24 1.78 2.09 1.91
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典型风浪作用下基于分布式弹簧边界的海上风机耦合响应机理
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王春波 1 , 齐磊 1 , 齐博 1 , 曹柏寒 1 , 宋雨果 2 , 王文华 2 , 李昕 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(5): 637-645
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(5): 637-645
典型风浪作用下基于分布式弹簧边界的海上风机耦合响应机理
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王春波1, 齐磊1, 齐博1, 曹柏寒1, 宋雨果2 , 王文华2, 李昕2
作者信息
  • 1 中海油能源发展股份有限公司 清洁能源分公司 天津 300451
  • 2 大连理工大学 辽宁 大连 116024

通讯作者:

宋雨果(1996-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为海上风机桩土相互作用及结构振动控制。E-mail:
The coupling mechanisms of offshore wind turbines with distributed spring boundaries under typical winds and waves
Chunbo Wang1, Lei Qi1, Bo Qi1, Baihan Cao1, Yuguo Song2 , Wenhua Wang2, Xin Li2
Affiliations
  • 1 Clean Energy Branch CNOOC Energy Technology & Services Limited Tianjin 300451 China
  • 2 Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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对于现有的海上风机计算工具 FAST V8 无法对桩土相互作用进行合理模拟的问题,文章通过对分布式线性弹簧边界约束条件下的海上风机结构耦合运动方程进行推导,并基于该方程对 FAST V8 进行二次开发,建立了采用分布式线性弹簧基础边界条件的转子—机舱组件塔筒−基础结构−桩基础耦合数值仿真模型。在风浪联合作用下,对固定边界与分布式线性耦合弹簧边界约束模型的动力特性进行分析。分析结果表明:在风浪联合作用下,考虑分布式线性弹簧边界约束条件后,风机塔顶位移和基底倾覆力矩时程、频域响应产生明显变化;分布式弹簧地基边界约束条件对低风速影响更加明显,而固定边界约束条件模型对高风速影响更显著。

海上风机  /  分布弹簧  /  动力响应  /  耦合机理

Because of offshore wind turbine fully coupling calculation software FAST V8 can not simulate pile soil interaction, the updated FAST V8 is introduced by distributed linear spring boundary constraint condition and the coupled motion equation of substructure is derived. A coupled numerical simulation model of rotor nacelle –hub towerpile foundation structure with distributed linear spring boundary condition is established. The dynamic characteristics of the base fixed boundary and distributed linear coupled spring boundary model under the combined action of wind and wave are analyzed. The results show that the time history and frequency domain responses of the tower top displacement and the base bending moment change significantly, especially for the secondorder frequency of the structure. At the same time, it can be observed that the distribution spring boundary constraint condition has a more obvious effect on low wind speeds, while the fixed boundary constraint condition model has a more significant effect on high wind speeds.

offshore wind turbines  /  distributed spring  /  dynamic response  /  coupling mechanism
王春波, 齐磊, 齐博, 曹柏寒, 宋雨果, 王文华, 李昕. 典型风浪作用下基于分布式弹簧边界的海上风机耦合响应机理. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (5) : 637 -645 .
Chunbo Wang, Lei Qi, Bo Qi, Baihan Cao, Yuguo Song, Wenhua Wang, Xin Li. The coupling mechanisms of offshore wind turbines with distributed spring boundaries under typical winds and waves[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (5) : 637 -645 .
作为一种清洁能源, 海上风电越来越受到重视。海上风电机组长期处于复杂的海洋环境中, 为保证结构安全, 须要对基础结构进行合理的安全分析, 因此, 对海床下的桩土相互作用进行模拟成为基础结构分析的重中之重。
目前,模拟桩土相互作用最常用的方法是采用等效土弹簧模拟桩土相互作用边界条件, 而土弹簧又可细分为集中式耦合弹簧和分布式弹簧。 对于使用土弹簧模拟桩土相互作用, 最早由文献[1,2]依据海洋油气平台设计的经验,提出采用$p -y$曲线法对弹簧刚度进行计算,随后该方法被文献[3,4]所采用,后来该方法被不同学者进一步推广使用到海上风机结构中。对于集中式耦合弹簧, 文献[5]认为采用泥面处的弹簧刚度矩阵模拟桩土相互作用能有效解决迭代计算效率问题。文献[6]对 FAST V8 进行二次开发,在桩基泥面处采用耦合弹簧进行边界约束,最后指出在整体耦合分析中不能忽略桩土相互作用。文献[7]提出了一种模拟桩土相互作用的宏单元模型, 该模型能够很好地对土壤的阻尼、刚度进行表述,同时考虑$p - y$曲线法中土壤的侧向和横向剪切。文献[8]指出, 与耦合弹簧边界模型相比, 采用分布弹簧边界条件模拟桩土相互作用时, 结果更加准确。文献[9] 基于文克尔地基梁模型,通过$p - y, t - z, q - z$曲线模拟土弹簧,研究了包含桩土相互作用单桩、导管架基础结构的风机叶片摆阵对基础结构的影响。 文献[10]基于 FAST V7, 沿着桩长方向建立了一种非线性弹簧模型, 探讨了桩土非线性对于风机结构的影响。文献[11]基于 FAST V7 开发了一个 QuakeDyn 模块, 海上风电基础底部采用分布弹簧约束,该方法对基础泥面处倾覆力矩产生较大影响。
尽管已有文献对海上风机桩土相互作用进行了详细的分析, 但仍有不足之处, 无法采用整体耦合模型探讨不同边界条件对风机结构耦合响应机理的影响。因此,本文基于 FAST V8 实现基础的分布弹簧边界约束, 并建立整体耦合模型, 进行了风浪联合作用下风机的整体耦合响应机理研究。
文献[12]在保留叶片展向前 2 阶模态、弦向 1 阶模态及塔筒前 4 阶模态的前提下, 基于多体动力学理论建立了叶片和塔筒结构的 Kane’s 动力学方程[13]
${F}_{i} + {F}_{i}^{ * } = 0\left( {i = 1,2,\cdots , P}\right)$
${F}_{i} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{r = 1}}^{W}{}^{E}{\mathbf{v}}_{i}^{{X}_{r}} \cdot {\mathbf{F}}^{{X}_{r}} + {}^{E}{\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}^{{N}_{r}} \cdot {\mathbf{M}}^{{N}_{r}}\left( {i = 1,2,\cdots , P}\right)$
$ {F}_{i}^{ * } = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{r = 1}}^{W}{}^{E}{\mathbf{v}}_{i}^{{X}_{r}} \cdot \left( {-{m}_{\mathrm{r}}^{E}{\mathbf{a}}^{{X}_{r}}}\right) + {}^{E}{\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}^{{N}_{r}} \cdot \left( {-{}^{E}{\dot{\mathbf{H}}}^{{X}_{r}}}\right) \\ \left( {i = 1,2,\cdots , P}\right) $
式中:${F}_{i},{F}_{i}^{ * }$分别为生成的主动力和惯性力;${N}_{\mathrm{r}}$为刚体;$E$为惯性系;$W$为一组刚体;${\mathbf{F}}^{{X}_{r}},{\mathbf{M}}^{{N}_{r}}$分别为 3 分量主动力和力矩向量;${X}_{\mathrm{r}}$为质心点位置;${}^{E}{\mathbf{a}}^{{X}_{\mathrm{r}}}$为质心点的 3 分量加速度向量;${}^{E}{\dot{\mathbf{H}}}^{{X}_{\mathrm{r}}}$为${N}_{\mathrm{r}}$在惯性系下关于${X}_{\mathrm{r}}$点的角动量一阶导数 3 分量向量;${}^{E}{\mathbf{v}}_{i}^{{X}_{i}},{}^{E}{\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}^{{N}_{i}}$分别为刚体在惯性系下关于${X}_{\mathrm{r}}$点的线速度 3 分量向量和角速度 3 分量向量。
$ \left\lbrack \mathbf{M}\right\rbrack \{ \ddot{U}\left( t\right) \} + \left\lbrack \mathbf{C}\right\rbrack \{ \dot{U}\left( t\right) \} + \left\lbrack \mathbf{K}\right\rbrack \{ U\left( t\right) \} = \\ \left\{ {F}_{\text{HydroDyn }}\right\} + \left\{ {F}_{\text{ElastDyn }}\right\} + \left\{ {F}_{G}\right\} $
式中:$\left\lbrack M\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack C\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack K\right\rbrack$分别为基础结构的质量、阻尼、 刚度矩阵;$\{ \ddot{U}\left( t\right) \} ,\{ \dot{U}\left( t\right) \} ,\{ U\left( t\right) \}$分别为基础结构的加速度、速度、位移;$\left\{ {F}_{\text{HydroDyn }}\right\} ,\left\{ {F}_{\text{ElastDyn }}\right\}$,$\left\{ {F}_{\mathrm{G}}\right\}$分别为作用于基础结构的水动力荷载、动力荷载和重力荷载。
FAST V8 对基础结构节点进行了分类, 主要包括过渡节点(TN)、内部节点(IN)和泥面位置桩基节点(Mud)(图 1)。
按上述分类,基础结构边界位移约束为
$ \{ U\} = {\left\{ {U}_{\mathrm{{TN}}},{U}_{\mathrm{{IN}}},{U}_{\text{Mud }}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} $
由于桩基础固定于泥面位置, 泥面位置桩基节点的边界约束位移、速度、加速度分别为
$ \left\{ {U}_{\text{Mud }}\right\} = 0;\left\{ {\dot{U}}_{\text{Mud }}\right\} = 0;\left\{ {\ddot{U}}_{\text{Mud }}\right\} = 0 $
将式(5),(6)带入式(4)可得固定边界的海上风机基础结构运动方程。
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}} & {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{TN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}} \\ {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{TN}}} & {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\{ \begin{matrix} {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}} \\ {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} \end{matrix}\right\} + \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}} & {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{TN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}} \\ {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{TN}}} & {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\{ \begin{matrix} {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}} \\ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} \end{matrix}\right\} + \\ \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{TN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}} \\ {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{TN}}} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {U}_{\mathrm{{TN}}} \\ {U}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} \end{array}\right\} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{\mathrm{{TN}}} \\ {F}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} \end{array}\right\}$
式中:${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}},{\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}},{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}}$分别为基础结构过渡节点的刚度、质量和阻尼矩阵;${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}},{\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}},{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}$分别为基础结构内部节点的刚度、质量和阻尼矩阵;${F}_{\mathrm{{TN}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}$分别为作用于基础结构过渡节点和内部节点的荷载;${U}_{\mathrm{{TN}}},{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}},{\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{TN}}}$分别为边界节点的位移、速度和加速度;${U}_{\mathrm{{IN}}},{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}},{\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}$分别为内部节点的位移、速度和加速度。
为实现分布式弹簧边界条件, 在第 1.1 节所述节点分类基础之上, 额外定义了桩基础节点 UMN(图 2)。
桩基础节点 UMN 包括了沿桩长分布桩基节点 UBN 和底部桩节点 UHN。沿桩长分布桩基节点 UBN 包括了泥面位置桩基节点 Mud 和桩节点 UN。根据上述节点分类, 可将内部节点位移、速度和加速度进一步改写为
$ \{ U\} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {U}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {U}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} {U}_{\mathrm{{BN}}} & {U}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} & {U}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} $
$\left\{ {U}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}}\right\} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {U}_{\mathrm{{UBN}}} & {U}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} {U}_{\mathrm{{Mud}}} & {U}_{\mathrm{{UN}}} & {U}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}}\left( 9\right) \\ \{ \dot{U}\} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}} & {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} & {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}}\text{ ( } \\ \left\{ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}}\right\} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UBN}}} & {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{Mud}}} & {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UN}}} & {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} \\ \{ \ddot{U}\} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}} & {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} & {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} \\ \left\{ {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}}\right\} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UBN}}} & {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}} = {\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{Mud}}} & {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UN}}} & {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}} \end{array}\right\} }^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * },{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * },{\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * }$分别为重新分类后的边界节点的位移、速度和加速度;${U}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * },{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * },{\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * }$分别为重新分类后的内部节点所对应的位移、速度和加速度; 下角标 TN, IN, UMN, UBN, UHN, UN, Mud 分别为相对应的节点的位移、速度和加速度。
依据上述节点分类, 可将基础结构运动方程改写为式(14),对应的刚度矩阵改写为式(15)。
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \\ {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } \\ {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack + \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \\ {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } \\ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack + \\ \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \\ {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\{ \begin{matrix} {U}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } \\ {U}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {F}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } \\ {F}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\} \\ \left\lbrack {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * }\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}},\mathrm{{UMN}}} \\ {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}},\mathrm{{IN}}} & {K}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack ; \\ \left\lbrack {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{UMN }}\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{UBN }} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{UBN, UHN }} \\ {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{UHN, UBN }} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{UHN }} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack ; \\ \left\lbrack {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{UBN }}\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{Mud }} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{Mud, UN }} \\ {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{UN, Mud }} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\text{UN }} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack$
式中:${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * },{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * },{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * }$分别为重新分类后内部节点所对应的质量、刚度和阻尼矩阵;${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * },{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * },{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * }$分别为重新分类后边界节点所对应的质量、刚度和阻尼矩阵;${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * },{\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * },{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * },{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * },{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * }$,${\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * }$分别为新节点分类后副对角线所对应的质量、刚度和阻尼矩阵;${F}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * },{F}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * }$分别为新节点分类后内部节点和边界节点所对应的荷载;${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}}$为 UMN 点对应的刚度矩阵, 分为 UBN 节点对应的${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UBN}}},\mathrm{{UHN}}$节点对应的${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}}$刚度矩阵,同理可将刚度矩阵${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UBN}}}$分为 Mud 节点所对应的${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{Mud}}},\mathrm{{UN}}$节点对应的${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UN}}}$刚度矩阵。
依据文献[14,15],基于式(16)~(18)计算得到线性化的分布式桩基础弹簧刚度。
$ {K}_{\mathrm{s}} = {1.2}{E}_{\mathrm{s}} $
$ {E}_{\mathrm{s}} = m{B}_{0}h $
$ {B}_{0} = {0.9}\left( {D + 1}\right) $
式中:${K}_{\mathrm{s}}$为线性土弹簧刚度;${E}_{\mathrm{s}}$为土体弹性模量;$D$为桩直径;${B}_{0}$为桩的计算宽度;$h$为桩的入土深度;$m$为土反力模量随深度变化比例系数。
对刚度矩阵$\left\lbrack {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}}\right\rbrack$进行修正,如式 (19)~(22)所示。
$ \left\lbrack {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}}^{+ + }\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UBN}}}^{+ + } & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UBN}},\mathrm{{UHN}}} \\ {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UHN}},\mathrm{{UBN}}} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}}^{+ + } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
$ \left\lbrack {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UBN}}, i}^{ + }\right\rbrack = \\ \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {K}_{x, i} + {k}_{\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{{UBN}}, i} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - {K}_{{x\vartheta }, i} & 0 \\ 0 & {K}_{y, i} + {k}_{\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{{UBN}}, i} & 0 & {K}_{{y\phi }, i} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & {K}_{z, i} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & {K}_{{y\phi }, i} & 0 & {K}_{\phi , i} & 0 & 0 \\ - {K}_{{x\vartheta }, i} & 0 & 0 & 0 & {K}_{\vartheta , i} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & {K}_{{\vartheta \phi }, i} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
$ \left\lbrack {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UHN}}, j}^{ + }\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {K}_{x, j} + {k}_{\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{{UHN}}, j} & 0 & 0 & - {K}_{{x\vartheta }, j} \\ 0 & {K}_{y, j} + {k}_{\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{{UHN}}, j} & {K}_{{y\phi }, j} & 0 \\ 0 & {K}_{{y\phi }, j} & {K}_{\phi , j} & 0 \\ - {K}_{{x\vartheta }, j} & 0 & 0 & {K}_{\vartheta , j} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
$ \left\lbrack {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{+ + }\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}},\mathrm{{UMN}}} \\ {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}},\mathrm{{IN}}} & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{UMN}}}^{+ + } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中:“++”表示基础泥面及泥面以下节点已施加完分布弹簧约束。
对于 UHN 节点仅考虑$x, y$方向约束,对$z$方向约束未考虑。
将式(16)代入式(14),可得采用线性化的分布式桩基础弹簧边界的基础结构运动方程。
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \\ {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } \\ {\ddot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack + \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \\ {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } \\ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack + \\ \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{BN}} - \mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \\ {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}} - \mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } & {\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{+ + } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\{ \begin{matrix} {U}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } \\ {U}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {F}_{\mathrm{{BN}}}^{ * } \\ {F}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}^{ * } \end{matrix}\right\}$
FAST V8 是由美国国家能源实验室开发的海上风机时域耦合数值仿真计算软件[12],本文以底部固定模型为基础,修改基础底部边界约束条件, 开发出分布弹簧约束边界条件模型, 实现不同桩土相互作用边界条件模拟, 开展不同基础边界条件的海上风机结构耦合响应机理对比研究, 揭示出不同地基边界约束条件对风机结构的影响规律。
选取 NREL OC3 单桩基础海上风机为研究对象[16],该风机参数如表 1 所示。
计算桩长为36 m,直径为6 m,壁厚为 0.06 m,土壤参数如图 3 所示。
风机设计工况参数依据 IEC-61400-3 规范选取[17],如表 2 所示。
风、浪作同向,沿$x$方向选取作用于轮毂中心的脉动风(采用 Turbsim 生成[18]),随机波生成依 JONSWAP 谱[19]
为验证分布弹簧地基边界模型的正确性, 在 ANSYS 中建立相同地基边界模型进行模态分析, 对比考虑桩土相互作用的海上风机整体耦合模型 (DS 模型) 与基础底部固定于泥面处的海上风机模型 (AF 模型), ANSYS 计算结果与 FAST V8 中计算结果如表 3 所示。
相对误差${\Delta }_{1}$为
${\Delta }_{1} = \frac{\left| {f}_{i,\text{ ANSYS }} - {f}_{i,\text{ FAST }}\right| }{{f}_{i,\text{ ANSYS }}}, i = 1,2$
式中:${f}_{i,\text{ ANSYS }}$为 ANSYS 计算的频率;${f}_{i,\text{ FAST }}$为 FAST 计算的频率。
表 3 可知, 采用 ANSYS 有限元和 FAST V8 计算出的不同地基边界的基础前两阶的弯曲模态基本一致。
不同地基边界模型的自由振动衰减时程、频域如图 4 所示。
图 4 可知: 不同边界模型的基频分别为${0.270},{0.246}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,与固定边界模型相比,分布弹簧模型基频相对误差为 9.75%; 基础结构边界不同, 会对单桩基础海上风机结构模态产生显著影响, 因此, 须进一步探讨不同地基边界对随机环境荷载激励下风机结构耦合响应的影响。
图 5,6 分别为基于包含不同桩土相互作用等效边界的海上风机整体耦合模型得到的风、浪联合作用下单桩风机结构塔顶位移时程及相应傅立叶谱。
为去除瞬态的影响,去除前${50}\mathrm{\;s}$的计算结果, 最后随机风浪作用下塔顶位移标准差、${95}^{\mathrm{{th}}}\mathrm{{max}}$、平均值的统计值见表 4。整个数值仿真时长为${630}\mathrm{\;s}$,积分步长为${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$。
图 5表 4 可知: 地基边界约束条件对塔顶位移平均值影响较小, 其相对误差基本在 1% 以内;对于塔顶位移标准差统计值,考虑地基边界分布弹簧约束的统计值明显大于地基固定边界约束条件的统计值; 对于低风速条件下, 标准差相对误差基本在 4%~5%,随着风速的增大,塔顶位移标准差相对误差呈现出减小的趋势, 当到达停机工况 (LC6)时,两种模型的塔顶位移标准差仅为 0.35%。因此,分布弹簧地基边界约束条件模型对低风速工况影响更加显著,上述变化规律在${95}^{\mathrm{{th}}}\mathrm{{max}}$统计值同样能观察到。
图 6 可知: AF 模型与 DS 模型主要受风频、浪频,基频,二阶频率的影响,部分工况下可见 3 倍转子频率的影响;由于地基边界约束条件的不同,对风机基频和二阶频率产生明显的影响, AF 模型和 DS 模型的基频分别为 0.273,0.252$\mathrm{{Hz}}$,两种不同地基边界约束模型的基频相对误差为${8.33}\%$,二阶频率分别为${1.246},{1.02}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,相对误差为 22.16%。
随机风、浪联合作用下单桩基础海上风机基底倾覆力矩时程响应、傅里叶频域响应如图 7,8 所示, 统计值见表 5
表 5 可知: 对于正常运行工况下的标准差统计值, 随着风速的增大, 统计值逐渐增大, 当到达额定风速后,统计值达到最大,而相对误差却最小,仅为${0.76}\%$;对于${95}^{\mathrm{{th}}}\mathrm{{max}}$统计值,两种模型同样在额定工况下达到最大, 但两种模型却在该工况下产生最小的相对误差,仅为 0.24%; 在停机工况下,标准差统计值明显增大,同时两种模型的相对误差也同时变大,相对误差达到${6.07}\%$。由上述对比可知, 风机的发电效率会严重影响基底倾覆力矩动力响应,在额定工况下,风机处于满效率运行,桩土边界约束条件对结构产生的影响较小,基本可忽略不计,而在停机工况下,地基分布弹簧边界约束对基底倾覆力矩的标准差影响较显著。
图 8 可知: 对于两种不同地基边界约束条件, 傅立叶频谱幅值均随着风速的增大而逐渐变大;对于二阶频率,除了频率值产生明显差异外, 频率傅立叶谱幅值同样产生明显区别; 当风速小于额定风速时, DS 模型的二阶傅立叶谱幅值大于 AF 模型,随着风速越低,产生的效应越明显;当风速大于额定风速后, AF 模型的二阶频率谱幅值大于 DS 模型。因此, DS 模型二阶频率对低风速条件更加敏感, 而 AF 模型则对高风速条件更加敏感。
本文基于 FAST V8 , 通过理论推导, 对现有固定地基边界约束条件进行修改, 开发出地基边界分布弹簧约束,建立了包含转子机舱组件-塔筒- 基础结构-桩土结构的海上风机整体耦合计算模型,并对比考虑桩土相互作用的$\mathrm{{DS}}$模型与基础底部固定于泥面处的$\mathrm{{AF}}$模型,探讨了风、浪联合作用下两种海上风机整体耦合模型的动力特性及动力响应,得到以下结论。
①考虑地基分布弹簧弹性约束后,基础结构的频率和振型会产生明显差异,对于一阶振型,其变化规律趋向于一致, 但二阶振型则产生不同, 两种模型变化规律相似, 但最大振型位移所在高度明显不同。
②两种不同地基边界约束条件模型均受到基频、二阶频率、风频、浪频、3 倍转子频率的影响。 相比较而言,地基边界约束条件主要对基频、二阶频率产生影响, 对风、浪频率、3 倍转子频率的影响可忽略不计。
③地基边界约束条件对于二阶频率的影响更加显著。对于二阶频率,地基边界分布弹簧约束模型对低风速条件影响更加明显,而固定边界约束条件模型对高风速条件影响更显著。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(51939002)
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  • 接收时间:2023-10-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-15
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(51939002)
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    1 中海油能源发展股份有限公司 清洁能源分公司 天津 300451
    2 大连理工大学 辽宁 大连 116024

通讯作者:

宋雨果(1996-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为海上风机桩土相互作用及结构振动控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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