Article(id=1152342294218240253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699372800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752669412426, onlineDateStr=2025-07-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752669412426, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752669412426, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752669412426, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152342291831681269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='569', pageEnd='710', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752669411857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694458107, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641647501894486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641647501894487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=629, endPage=636, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152342294511841534, articleId=1152342294218240253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Integrated optimization study of aerodynamic shape and internal topology of wind turbine airfoils, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to achieve good aerodynamic and structural performance of wind turbine airfoils simultaneously, an integrated optimization method for aerodynamic shape and internal topology of airfoils is proposed. The airfoil aerodynamic shape is represented using the Hicks Henne type function, and its aerodynamic performance is calculated by using XFOIL. A finite element model of the airfoil is established by using ANSYS, and the structural topology performance is computed. Based on this, a MATLAB program is developed by using a genetic algorithm with the objectives of maximizing the lifttodrag ratio and minimizing the compliance. Five basic airfoils of a 1.5 MW wind turbine blade are optimized under 3 objective weight factors, and the results showed that compared to the initial airfoils, all optimized airfoils exhibit increase in maximum lifttodrag ratio and decrease in structural compliance. At the same time, basically consistent internal structural conceptual design solutions are obtained with the spar caps on the upper and lower surfaces offset towards the leading and trailing edges, respectively. A comparison is made between the new blade using the optimized airfoils and the original blade, and the results indicate that the application of optimized airfoils combined with minor main spar caps offset, the aerodynamic and structural performance of the blades could be effectively improved.

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为使风力机翼型同时具有较好的气动与结构性能,文章提出了一种翼型气动外形与内部拓扑结构一体化优化方法。采用HicksHenne 型函数表征翼型气动外形,利用XFOIL 计算其气动性能;通过ANSYS 建立翼型有限元模型并计算其拓扑结构性能。在此基础上,采用MATLAB 编写基于遗传算法且以升阻比最大以及结构柔顺度最小为目标的优化程序。对某1.5MW风力机叶片的5种基本翼型进行3种目标权重因子下的优化设计,结果表明,相比于初始翼型,各优化翼型的最大升阻比均有提升,且结构柔顺度均有减小,并获得了基本一致的上、下表面主梁帽分别向前缘及后缘偏移的内部结构概念设计方案。与原叶片相比,采用优化翼型的新叶片结合微小的主梁帽偏移量可令叶片的气动与结构性能得到有效提升。

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朱杰(1985-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为土木工程及新能源结构体系设计理论与方法应用。E-mail:
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orderNo=3, keyword=拓扑结构), Keyword(id=1159146006735867981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=一体化优化)], refs=[Reference(id=1159146008841408621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=930, pageEnd=934, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=刘华威, 吴永忠, 张朋杨, journalName=可再生能源, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘华威, 吴永忠, 张朋杨, 等. 基于自适应模拟退火遗传算法的风力机翼型优化设计[J]. 可再生能源, 2018, 36(6): 930-934., articleTitle=基于自适应模拟退火遗传算法的风力机翼型优化设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1159146008904323182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=37, issue=11, pageStart=176, pageEnd=184, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=鞠浩, 王旭东, 陆佳红, journalName=热能动力工程, 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Renewable Energy, 2020, 150: 523-537., articleTitle=Multi-objective aerodynamic and structural integrated optimization design of wind turbines at the system level through a coupled blade-tower model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1159146008652664939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, awardId=51905214, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51905214), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1159146008719773804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, awardId=202003N4156, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市自然科学基金项目(202003N4156), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1159146004995231773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159146005003620382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, companyId=1159146004995231773, 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翼型 最大 相对 厚度 % 马赫数 所处 位置 %R 对应 弦长 m 对应 扭角 (°) 气动 中心
NACA_ 64_618 18 6.9 0.1 77~ 100 1.72~ 0.90 -0.1~ -0.3 (0.355,0)
DU98_ W_210 21 6.0 0.1 55 2.05 1.7 (0.351,0)
DU91_ W2_250 25 5.0 0.1 36 2.51 4.4 (0.325,0)
DU300EU 30 4.5 0.1 25.5 2.96 8.2 (0.292,0)
DU350EU 35 4.0 0.1 20 3.08 8.9 (0.303,0)
), ArticleFig(id=1159146008103211108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=基本翼型相关信息, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
翼型 最大 相对 厚度 % 马赫数 所处 位置 %R 对应 弦长 m 对应 扭角 (°) 气动 中心
NACA_ 64_618 18 6.9 0.1 77~ 100 1.72~ 0.90 -0.1~ -0.3 (0.355,0)
DU98_ W_210 21 6.0 0.1 55 2.05 1.7 (0.351,0)
DU91_ W2_250 25 5.0 0.1 36 2.51 4.4 (0.325,0)
DU300EU 30 4.5 0.1 25.5 2.96 8.2 (0.292,0)
DU350EU 35 4.0 0.1 20 3.08 8.9 (0.303,0)
), ArticleFig(id=1159146008157737061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of airfoil geometric parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
翼型 最大相对厚度 弦向位置 最大弯度/% 弦向位置
初始翼型 18.00 0.358 3.04 0.528
优化翼型 1 18.12 0.383 3.30 0.503
优化翼型 2 18.01 0.358 3.23 0.503
优化翼型 3 18.11 0.391 3.09 0.523
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翼型 最大相对厚度 弦向位置 最大弯度/% 弦向位置
初始翼型 18.00 0.358 3.04 0.528
优化翼型 1 18.12 0.383 3.30 0.503
优化翼型 2 18.01 0.358 3.23 0.503
优化翼型 3 18.11 0.391 3.09 0.523
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翼型
DU98_W_210 初始翼型 1.859 165.8 3385.0 618.0
DU98_W_210 优化翼型 1 1.815 184.8 3433.2 620.0
DU98_W_210 优化翼型 2 1.816 177.7 3414.9 619.7
DU98_W_210 优化翼型 3 1.827 174.7 3 364.4 615.6
DU91_W2_250 初始翼型 1.685 134.2 2081.9 589.4
DU91_W2_250 优化翼型 1 1.667 155.9 2070.5 578.5
DU91_W2_250 优化翼型 2 1.693 147.9 2044.4 579.4
DU91_W2_250 优化翼型 3 1.667 144.8 2036.3 576.0
DU300EU 初始翼型 1.737 131.2 1403.4 562.1
DU300EU 优化翼型 1 1.786 148.3 1 345.8 536.4
DU300EU 优化翼型 2 1.791 141.9 1 310.9 524.5
DU300EU 优化翼型 3 1.745 138.2 1312.1 526.1
DU350EU 初始翼型 1.929 127.6 1081.9 436.1
DU350EU 优化翼型 1 2.034 141.8 1 053.9 445.6
DU350EU 优化翼型 2 1.950 136.0 1029.8 461.3
DU350EU 优化翼型 3 1.961 131.9 1004.9 448.4
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翼型
DU98_W_210 初始翼型 1.859 165.8 3385.0 618.0
DU98_W_210 优化翼型 1 1.815 184.8 3433.2 620.0
DU98_W_210 优化翼型 2 1.816 177.7 3414.9 619.7
DU98_W_210 优化翼型 3 1.827 174.7 3 364.4 615.6
DU91_W2_250 初始翼型 1.685 134.2 2081.9 589.4
DU91_W2_250 优化翼型 1 1.667 155.9 2070.5 578.5
DU91_W2_250 优化翼型 2 1.693 147.9 2044.4 579.4
DU91_W2_250 优化翼型 3 1.667 144.8 2036.3 576.0
DU300EU 初始翼型 1.737 131.2 1403.4 562.1
DU300EU 优化翼型 1 1.786 148.3 1 345.8 536.4
DU300EU 优化翼型 2 1.791 141.9 1 310.9 524.5
DU300EU 优化翼型 3 1.745 138.2 1312.1 526.1
DU350EU 初始翼型 1.929 127.6 1081.9 436.1
DU350EU 优化翼型 1 2.034 141.8 1 053.9 445.6
DU350EU 优化翼型 2 1.950 136.0 1029.8 461.3
DU350EU 优化翼型 3 1.961 131.9 1004.9 448.4
), ArticleFig(id=1159146008455532649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison of blade mass and structural performance, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主梁帽偏移量/m 叶片方案 叶片质量/kg 最大叶尖挥舞位移/m 最大等效应变/μ 一阶自振频率/Hz
0.02 新叶片 1 6 548.6 2.81 2497.8 1.039
新叶片 2 6 547.0 2.77 2 476.5 1.039
新叶片 3 6 549.2 2.69 2407.7 1.039
0.04 新叶片 1 6550.2 2.83 2 605.7 1.042
新叶片 2 6 548.6 2.79 2 482.2 1.042
新叶片 3 6550.8 2.71 2486.7 1.042
0.06 新叶片 1 6 554.2 2.87 3 059.9 1.037
新叶片 2 6 552.6 2.83 3014.4 1.037
新叶片 3 6 554.8 2.74 2919.4 1.037
0.08 新叶片 1 6 558.9 2.92 3 559.6 1.025
新叶片 2 6 557.3 2.88 3 506.2 1.025
新叶片 3 6 559.5 2.79 3 395.5 1.025
0.10 新叶片 1 6 564.5 3.01 4 372.1 1.002
新叶片 2 6 562.9 2.96 4 266.8 1.002
新叶片 3 6 565.1 2.86 4 173.9 1.002
), ArticleFig(id=1159146008514252906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342294218240253, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=叶片质量以及结构性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主梁帽偏移量/m 叶片方案 叶片质量/kg 最大叶尖挥舞位移/m 最大等效应变/μ 一阶自振频率/Hz
0.02 新叶片 1 6 548.6 2.81 2497.8 1.039
新叶片 2 6 547.0 2.77 2 476.5 1.039
新叶片 3 6 549.2 2.69 2407.7 1.039
0.04 新叶片 1 6550.2 2.83 2 605.7 1.042
新叶片 2 6 548.6 2.79 2 482.2 1.042
新叶片 3 6550.8 2.71 2486.7 1.042
0.06 新叶片 1 6 554.2 2.87 3 059.9 1.037
新叶片 2 6 552.6 2.83 3014.4 1.037
新叶片 3 6 554.8 2.74 2919.4 1.037
0.08 新叶片 1 6 558.9 2.92 3 559.6 1.025
新叶片 2 6 557.3 2.88 3 506.2 1.025
新叶片 3 6 559.5 2.79 3 395.5 1.025
0.10 新叶片 1 6 564.5 3.01 4 372.1 1.002
新叶片 2 6 562.9 2.96 4 266.8 1.002
新叶片 3 6 565.1 2.86 4 173.9 1.002
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风力机翼型气动外形与内部拓扑结构一体化优化
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张帆 1 , 朱杰 1, 2 , 蔡新 3 , 杨帆 1 , 黄文婷 1 , 戴天师 1
可再生能源 | 2025,43(5): 629-636
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(5): 629-636
风力机翼型气动外形与内部拓扑结构一体化优化
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张帆1, 朱杰1, 2 , 蔡新3, 杨帆1, 黄文婷1, 戴天师1
作者信息
  • 1 宁波大学 科学技术学院 建筑工程学院 浙江 宁波 315300
  • 2 嘉兴学院 建筑工程学院 浙江 嘉兴 314001
  • 3 河海大学 江苏省风电机组结构工程研究中心 江苏 南京 210098

通讯作者:

朱杰(1985-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为土木工程及新能源结构体系设计理论与方法应用。E-mail:
Integrated optimization study of aerodynamic shape and internal topology of wind turbine airfoils
Fan Zhang1, Jie Zhu1, 2 , Xin Cai3, Fan Yang1, Wenting Huang1, Tianshi Dai1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, College of Science & Technology Ningbo University Ningbo 315300 China
  • 2 College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
  • 3 Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Wind Turbine Structures Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China
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为使风力机翼型同时具有较好的气动与结构性能,文章提出了一种翼型气动外形与内部拓扑结构一体化优化方法。采用HicksHenne 型函数表征翼型气动外形,利用XFOIL 计算其气动性能;通过ANSYS 建立翼型有限元模型并计算其拓扑结构性能。在此基础上,采用MATLAB 编写基于遗传算法且以升阻比最大以及结构柔顺度最小为目标的优化程序。对某1.5MW风力机叶片的5种基本翼型进行3种目标权重因子下的优化设计,结果表明,相比于初始翼型,各优化翼型的最大升阻比均有提升,且结构柔顺度均有减小,并获得了基本一致的上、下表面主梁帽分别向前缘及后缘偏移的内部结构概念设计方案。与原叶片相比,采用优化翼型的新叶片结合微小的主梁帽偏移量可令叶片的气动与结构性能得到有效提升。

风力机翼型  /  气动外形  /  拓扑结构  /  一体化优化

In order to achieve good aerodynamic and structural performance of wind turbine airfoils simultaneously, an integrated optimization method for aerodynamic shape and internal topology of airfoils is proposed. The airfoil aerodynamic shape is represented using the Hicks Henne type function, and its aerodynamic performance is calculated by using XFOIL. A finite element model of the airfoil is established by using ANSYS, and the structural topology performance is computed. Based on this, a MATLAB program is developed by using a genetic algorithm with the objectives of maximizing the lifttodrag ratio and minimizing the compliance. Five basic airfoils of a 1.5 MW wind turbine blade are optimized under 3 objective weight factors, and the results showed that compared to the initial airfoils, all optimized airfoils exhibit increase in maximum lifttodrag ratio and decrease in structural compliance. At the same time, basically consistent internal structural conceptual design solutions are obtained with the spar caps on the upper and lower surfaces offset towards the leading and trailing edges, respectively. A comparison is made between the new blade using the optimized airfoils and the original blade, and the results indicate that the application of optimized airfoils combined with minor main spar caps offset, the aerodynamic and structural performance of the blades could be effectively improved.

wind turbine airfoil  /  aerodynamic shape  /  topology structure  /  integrated optimization
张帆, 朱杰, 蔡新, 杨帆, 黄文婷, 戴天师. 风力机翼型气动外形与内部拓扑结构一体化优化. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (5) : 629 -636 .
Fan Zhang, Jie Zhu, Xin Cai, Fan Yang, Wenting Huang, Tianshi Dai. Integrated optimization study of aerodynamic shape and internal topology of wind turbine airfoils[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (5) : 629 -636 .
作为构成风力机叶片的基本要素之一, 翼型对叶片以及风力机整机的性能起着关键作用[1,2]。合理的翼型设计不仅可以使叶片高效地捕获风能,还能减少叶片的材料用量并提高强度和耐久性, 因此优化技术在翼型设计中具有十分重要的地位。
研究人员采用不同的翼型参数化表征方法与优化算法, 进行了大量关于翼型优化设计的研究, 其中又以改善翼型气动性能为主[3,4]。随着研究的深入, 有学者提出, 翼型优化不应片面追求气动性能,还需兼顾结构性能。文献[5]基于保角变换理论, 设计了一种翼型气动结构一体化方法, 以 DU93-W-210 翼型为例实现了升阻比与截面惯性矩的同时提升。文献[6]结合翼型泛函集成理论与考虑材料铺层参数的截面刚度矩阵计算模型, 针对中等厚度翼型提出了一种同时考虑气动性能与刚度特性的一体化优化方法, 较好地改善了 DU97-W-300 翼型的气动性能与叶片截面刚度特性。文献[7]以升阻比最大与截面二次惯性矩及扭转惯性矩最大为目标对 NACA64618 翼型进行优化, 得到了气动性能与结构性能更优的结果。文献[8]基于多目标博弈思想的全信息协同博弈方法对 DU25 翼型进行优化,在提高升阻比的同时增大了极惯性矩, 较好地平衡了气动和抗颤振性能的问题。
开展翼型气动与结构一体化优化可有效实现两者性能的同时提升,但目前该领域的研究仍偏少,且结构性能优化目标较为单一,多以截面惯性矩体现。基于此, 本文提出了一种翼型气动外形与内部拓扑结构一体化优化方法, 通过建立气动性能计算模型与内部拓扑结构性能计算模型, 分别以升阻比最大及结构柔顺度最小作为气动与结构目标, 利用遗传算法进行寻优, 并将优化结果应用于实际叶片开展气动与结构性能分析, 以验证所提方法及优化方案的合理性、有效性。
风力机专用翼型大多已具备较好的气动性能, 为继承专用翼型的总体特征并以此为基础进行改进, 本文选用 Hicks-Henne 型函数来表征新翼型的气动外形[9,10]
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{\mathrm{{un}}}\left( i\right) = {x}_{\mathrm{{uo}}}\left( i\right) \\ {y}_{\mathrm{{un}}}\left( i\right) = {y}_{\mathrm{{uo}}}\left( i\right) + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}{f}_{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( k\right) {p}_{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( {k, i}\right) \end{array}\right. $
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{\mathrm{{ln}}}\left( i\right) = {x}_{\mathrm{{lo}}}\left( i\right) \\ {y}_{\mathrm{{ln}}}\left( i\right) = {y}_{\mathrm{{lo}}}\left( i\right) + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}{f}_{\mathrm{{low}}}\left( k\right) {p}_{\mathrm{{low}}}\left( {k, i}\right) \end{array}\right. $
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {p}_{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( {k, i}\right) = {\sin }^{\xi }\left\lbrack {\pi {x}_{\mathrm{{uo}}}{\left( i\right) }^{g\left( k\right) }}\right\rbrack \\ {p}_{\mathrm{{low}}}\left( {k, i}\right) = {\sin }^{\eta }\left\lbrack {\pi {x}_{\mathrm{{lo}}}{\left( i\right) }^{g\left( k\right) }}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right. $
式中:${x}_{\mathrm{{uo}}},{x}_{\mathrm{{lo}}}$分别为原有翼型上、下表面横坐标;${y}_{\mathrm{{uo}}}\left( i\right) ,{y}_{\mathrm{{lo}}}\left( i\right)$分别为原有翼型上、下表面纵坐标;${x}_{\mathrm{{un}}}\left( i\right) ,{x}_{\mathrm{{ln}}}\left( i\right)$分别为新翼型上、下表面横坐标;${y}_{\mathrm{{un}}}\left( i\right)$,${y}_{\mathrm{{ln}}}\left( i\right)$分别为新翼型上、下表面纵坐标;${f}_{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( k\right) ,{f}_{\mathrm{{low}}}\left( k\right)$分别为翼型上、下表面幅值参数;$i$为翼型型值点索引;$k$为形状模式索引;$\xi ,\eta$为指数因子;$\mathbf{g}\left( k\right)$为给定矢量,依照文献[9]取 g(k)=[0.1,0.2,0.3,0.5,1,3,5,8],n = 8。
在表征新翼型气动外形之后,采用 XFOIL 软件计算升力系数${C}_{1}$、阻力系数${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$等气动性能参数。
在获得新翼型坐标$\left( {{x}_{n},{y}_{n}}\right)$的基础上,结合翼型在实际叶片中对应的弦长$c$、扭角$\beta$及气动中心位置$\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{{ac}}},{y}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right)$,对其进行平移、缩放以及旋转操作,得到该翼型的实际坐标(x, y)。
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} x = \left( {{x}_{n} - {x}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right) \cdot c \cdot \cos \beta - \left( {{y}_{n} - {y}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right) \cdot c \cdot \sin \beta \\ y = \left( {{x}_{n} - {x}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right) \cdot c \cdot \sin \beta + \left( {{y}_{n} - {y}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right) \cdot c \cdot \cos \beta \end{array}\right. $
为探寻翼型内部结构材料最佳分布形式, 建立翼型实体结构拓扑优化有限元模型。将翼型实际坐标分成上、下表面以及后缘 3 组, 导入 AN-SYS 软件创建关键点, 采用样条曲线功能将 3 组关键点连成 3 条曲线,以获得实际翼型的轮廓线。 由 3 条曲线生成翼型截面,并将该截面沿翼展方向拉伸$1\mathrm{\;m}$以建立翼型 3 维实体模型 [图 1(a)]。 定义材料参数(以实际叶片铺层材料中的单向层合板为例, 并假定材料为各向同性), 选择可进行拓扑优化的 SOLID95 单元并确定单元尺寸,对实体模型进行自由网格划分, 即可得到翼型有限元模型[图 1(b)]。
在此基础上, 根据动量叶素理论计算翼型截面在额定风速工况下的法向力${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$与切向力${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$[11]。 以面荷载的形式将${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$与${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$施加到翼型有限元模型的上、下表面,并将模型视为悬臂梁,即对翼型段一端施加固定端约束, 进而可开展翼型内部结构拓扑优化, 以得到柔顺度、体积等内部拓扑结构性能参数。
在翼型设计领域,升阻比是一项至关重要的气动性能指标, 它直接影响着风轮的风能利用效率。翼型的截面刚度是一项关键的结构性能指标, 通过提升翼型的截面刚度,可有效减轻叶片质量、 降低成本。综合考虑翼型的气动与结构性能,将最大升阻比以及最小结构柔顺度(刚度倒数)作为优化目标,具体表示为
$ F\left( X\right) = \min \left\lbrack {w \cdot \frac{{\bar{R}}_{\mathrm{{LD}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{LD}}}} + \left( {1 - w}\right) \cdot \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{\bar{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}}}\right\rbrack $
式中:$w$为权重因子,$w \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack ;{R}_{\mathrm{{LD}}}$为翼型升阻比;${U}_{\mathrm{C}}$为翼型结构柔顺度;${\bar{R}}_{\mathrm{{LD}}},{\bar{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}$分别为初始的升阻比和柔顺度。
气动设计方面,选取式(1),(2)中的幅值参数${f}_{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( k\right)$与${f}_{\mathrm{{low}}}\left( k\right)$以及式 (3) 中的$\xi$与$\eta$作为翼型气动外形设计变量,由于$n = 8$,因此共有 18 个气动外形设计变量。结构设计方面,选取翼型有限元模型的单元相对密度${\rho }_{j}$作为翼型内部结构设计变量。设计变量表达式为
$X = \left\lbrack {{f}_{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( 1\right) ,{f}_{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( 2\right) ,\cdots {f}_{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( 8\right) ,{f}_{\mathrm{{low}}}\left( 1\right) ,{f}_{\mathrm{{low}}}\left( 2\right) ,\cdots }\right. \text{,} \\ {f}_{\text{low }}\left( 8\right) ,\xi ,\eta ,{\rho }_{j}\rbrack$
首先, 须对翼型气动外形设计变量的取值范围进行限定, 以确保生成的轮廓线具有翼型特征。 16 个幅值参数取值下限均为 -0.004 、上限均为 0.004,2个指数因子取值下限均为 0 、上限均为 10。
其次,翼型最大相对厚度${t}_{\max }$以及其所处的弦向位置${l}_{\max }$对翼型气动和结构性能有重要影响, 对其进行如下约束:
$ {t}_{\max } - {0.003} \leq {t}_{\max } \leq {t}_{\max } + {0.003} $
$ {0.24} \leq {l}_{\max } \leq {0.40} $
此外,${\rho }_{j}$与结构体积保留率$V$应满足相应的约束条件:
$ 0 \leq {\rho }_{j} \leq 1 $
$ V \leq {20}\% $
基于遗传算法结合动量叶素理论与有限元方法, 采用 MATLAB, XFOIL 与 ANSYS 软件编制优化程序,优化流程如图 2 所示。
主要步骤包括:
①输入基本参数,并由此生成初始种群;
②利用 XFOIL 与 ANSYS 拓扑优化模块,分别计算气动与结构目标函数以进行适应度值评估;
③通过遗传算法的选择、交叉和变异操作更新种群;
④判断是否满足算法收敛条件,若否,转至步骤②,若是,则输出最优翼型。
本文选取某 1.5 MW 风力机叶片 20%~100% 长度内的 5 种基本翼型进行优化。该风力机叶片长度为 37 m,5$种基本翼型相关信息见表 1
为了研究不同权重因子对优化结果的影响, 将$w$分别设定为 0.75 (目标偏向气动性能)、0.5 (无目标偏好)和 0.25(目标偏向结构性能)。遗传算法的参数设置:种群大小为 30 , 最大迭代次数为 50 , 交差概率为 0.8 , 变异概率为 0.05 。
图 3 为 NACA_64_618 初始翼型与 3 个权重因子下优化翼型的外形轮廓线(该翼型所处位置取为 77%R)。
表 2 列出了 NACA_64_618 翼型优化前后的最大相对厚度与最大弯度相关参数。
图 3表 2 可知: 3 个优化翼型在上、下表面中段至后缘具有更饱满的外形轮廓; 优化翼型 2 与初始翼型的最大相对厚度及其弦向位置基本相同, 优化翼型 1 与优化翼型 3 的最大相对厚度及其弦向位置则略有增大; 所有优化翼型的最大弯度均有所增大,其所在弦向位置均向前缘偏移, 这有利于提高翼型的最大升阻比[12]
图 4,5 分别为 NACA_64_618 翼型优化前后的${C}_{1}$与升阻比曲线。
图 4,5 可知:3 个优化翼型的最大升力系数${C}_{l\max }$由初始的 1.920 分别降低为1.836,1.898 和 1.764; 由于各优化翼型的${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$也随之降低,最大升阻比${R}_{\text{LDmax }}$反而有所提升,由初始的 172.1 分别提升至 185.8,178.1 和 173.1 。此外, 3 个优化翼型的${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$由初始的${4908.4}\mathrm{\;N}/\mathrm{m}$分别减小至${4870.7},{4826.2}\mathrm{\;N}/\mathrm{m}$和${4656.2}\mathrm{\;N}/\mathrm{m}$,优化翼型 1 与优化翼型3的${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$由初始的${615.9}\mathrm{\;N}/\mathrm{m}$分别减小至${613.4}\mathrm{\;N}/\mathrm{m}$和${610.6}\mathrm{\;N}/\mathrm{m}$,而优化翼型 2 的${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$则增大至${619.9}\mathrm{\;N}/\mathrm{m}$,但增幅极小。
翼型内部结构拓扑优化结果以靠近固定端处的二维截面形式进行呈现。3 个优化翼型内部材料密度分布如图 6 所示。
图 6 可知: 不同权重因子下的翼型结构拓扑优化结果基本一致; 受较大${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$的影响,优化后材料主要分布在翼型上、下表面靠近前缘侧与中部, 表明该区域是翼型及叶片的主要承载区域, 这与传统结构形式叶片的主梁帽相对应。由于该翼型截面位置处的扭角为$- {0.1}^{ \circ }$,意味着${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$与翼型弦线方向基本重合,因此材料在上、下表面基本呈对称分布。由于轮廓线及荷载的变化,3 个优化翼型的结构柔顺度与初始值相比,降幅分别为 3.34%, 6.12%和 13.01%。
因篇幅限制,其余 4 种翼型优化前后结果除内部拓扑结构密度分布以外均以表格形式给出。 优化翼型 1 至优化翼型 3 的$w$分别为0.75,0.5 和 0.25。
表 3 为各翼型气动参数与荷载情况。
表 3 可知: 与初始翼型相比, 不同权重因子下各优化翼型的最大升阻比均得到了提升;除了 DU98_W_210 优化翼型 1 与优化翼型 2 的${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$与${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$以及 DU350EU 3 个优化翼型的${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$略有增大之外, 其余各优化翼型的荷载均有不同程度地减小, 整体荷载的减小将更有利于改善结构性能。
对比初始翼型,拓扑优化后剩余 4 种翼型各优化结果的结构柔顺度均有所降低, 按照翼型相对厚度由小到大的顺序,$w$为 0.75 时分别降低了${0.48}\% ,{2.42}\% ,{6.84}\%$和${2.21}\% , w$为 0.5 时分别降低了${2.53}\% ,{5.65}\% ,{11.73}\%$和${3.67}\% , w$为 0.25 时分别降低了${3.71}\% ,{6.89}\% ,{14.66}\%$和${10.29}\%$。图 7 为各优化翼型结构拓扑优化内部材料密度分布结果。
图 7 可知: 不同权重因子下各翼型 3 个优化方案的结构拓扑优化结果基本一致, 材料主要分布在上、下表面靠近前缘侧与中部, NACA_64_ 618 优化翼型结果相似; 由于 4 种翼型截面所处位置的扭角不为零,${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$与翼型弦线方向没有重合, 受其影响, 材料在上、下表面的分布发生了微小的偏移,其中在上表面略向前缘偏移,在下表面则略向后缘偏移;随着扭角逐渐增大,上、下表面材料的偏移量呈现逐渐变大的趋势; 在翼型前中部出现了一些用以连接上、下表面的材料, 类似于传统叶片结构形式中的腹板, 且随着翼型相对厚度的增大,腹板材料分布愈发明显。
相比于初始翼型,上述 5 种翼型各优化方案的最大升阻比均有提升,结构柔顺度均有减小,较好地实现了预定目标。不同权重因子下同一类型翼型 3 个优化方案的气动外形有一定差别, 但内部拓扑结构形式基本一致。随着权重因子逐渐减小, 5 种翼型各优化方案总体上呈现出最大升阻比逐渐降低、柔顺度逐渐减小、气动荷载也逐渐减小的规律。对比拓扑优化结果与传统结构形式, 可以发现两者的内部材料分布有相似之处, 但也存在着一些区别。这验证了传统结构形式的合理性, 并提供了进一步改进结构性能的可行性。由此, 本文提出了改进翼型概念设计方案,即在对初始翼型气动外形进行有效微调的基础上, 将翼型应用于实际叶片时, 对主梁帽位置进行微小的偏移, 其中上表面向前缘偏移、下表面向后缘偏移, 以期进一步改善叶片结构性能。
为了验证本文翼型一体化优化结果的合理性,对采用优化翼型的${1.5}\mathrm{{MW}}$风力机叶片进行气动与结构性能分析。
将原叶片中的 5 种初始翼型分别替换成同一权重因子下相应的优化翼型,20%~100%叶片长度内的其余翼型通过以翼型相对厚度为参数,对厚度相邻的两个基本翼型进行插值的方式获得。 基于动量叶素理论计算叶片气动荷载、功率、风能利用率等气动性能, 并结合 Weibull 风速概率分布计算年发电量。
图 8 为原叶片与采用优化翼型的叶片的风能利用系数曲线。其中新叶片1,2,3代表$w$分别为 0.75,0.5 和 0.25 。
图 8 可知, 新叶片 1 在额定风速之前的风能利用系数均略低于原叶片, 而新叶片 2 和 3 在额定风速之前的风能利用系数均高于原叶片,且新叶片 2 的增长幅度较大。风能利用系数的减小或增大意味着叶片捕风能力的降低或提升,因此,与原叶片的年发电量$\left( {{3.175}\mathrm{{GW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$相比,新叶片 1 的年发电量$\left( {{3.144}\mathrm{{GW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$降低了${0.98}\%$,而新叶片 2,3 的年发电量$\left( {{3.241},{3.197}\mathrm{{GW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$分别提升了 2.08%和 0.69%。这表明适当提升翼型的最大升阻比可在一定程度上改善叶片的气动性能, 但一味追求翼型的升阻比最大,反而可能导致叶片气动性能变差。
原叶片与新叶片的${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$与${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$对比结果如图 9 所示。
图 9 可知,与原叶片相比,3 个新叶片的${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$基本保持不变,新叶片 1 的${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$基本保持不变,新叶片 2 和 3 的${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$总体上有所减小,其中新叶片 3 的减小程度较大。
为计算等效应变、叶尖位移、自振频率等结构性能参数, 在 ANSYS 中建立叶片参数化有限元壳体模型(图 10)。本文研究的 1.5 MW 风力机叶片内部为双腹板结构,而本文各翼型拓扑优化结果内部则以单腹板结构为主。由于双腹板结构可对主梁帽提供更多的支撑, 并较好地承担弯曲与剪切荷载, 故所建立的叶片有限元壳体模型内部仍采用双腹板形式。叶片各部分铺层材料的性能参数及铺层厚度分布详见文献[13]。
对叶片有限元模型根部采用固定端约束, 并将${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$与${F}_{\mathrm{t}}$以面荷载的形式施加于模型上、下表面。 由于新叶片 1 的气动荷载与原叶片基本一致, 因此其最大叶尖挥舞位移(2.81 m)以及最大等效应变$\left( {2649.9\mu }\right)$几乎与原叶片$({2.81}\mathrm{\;m}$与${2649.1\mu }$) 相同。新叶片 2,3 的最大叶尖挥舞位移 (2.77,${2.68}\mathrm{\;m}$) 以及最大等效应变$\left( {{2627.4\mu },{2553.8\mu }}\right)$与原叶片相比均有所减小,结构性能得到了一定的改善。与原叶片${6540.6}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$的质量相比,新叶片 1,2,3分别增重${2.7},{1.1},{3.3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$,但增幅均极小,可忽略不计。此外, 4 个叶片的一阶自振频率均为${1.029}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$。
在上述气动与结构性能分析的基础上, 依照本文改进翼型概念设计方案进一步研究主梁帽布置位置的偏移(假定上、下主梁帽偏移量相同)对叶片结构性能的影响。由于拓扑优化结果中主梁帽偏移量很小,故此处设定最大偏移量为${0.10}\mathrm{\;m}$。 在 5 个主梁帽偏移量下, 3 个新叶片的质量以及结构性能对比结果见表 4
表 4 可知:随着主梁帽偏移量的逐渐增大, 叶片质量逐渐增加,但增幅极小;最大叶尖挥舞位移呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,且增长幅度越来越大; 最大等效应变呈现出先减小后增大的趋势, 当主梁帽偏移量相对较大时(0.06,0.08,0.10m),最大等效应变值快速增大; 一阶自振频率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势; 由于新叶片 1,2,3 的荷载逐渐减小,在同一主梁帽偏移量下,相应的最大叶尖挥舞位移与最大等效应变均呈现逐渐减小的规律; 当主梁帽发生微小偏移时(0.02,0.04m),新叶片 2,3 的最大叶尖挥舞位移以及 3 个新叶片的最大等效应变均有所减小,最大等效应变减小幅度分别为${5.73}\% ,{6.51}\%$和${9.13}\%$。
综上所述, 将 3 个权重因子下所得的改进翼型概念设计方案应用于实际叶片, 均能在一定程度上改善叶片的气动和结构性能, 其中应用无目标偏好与目标偏向结构性能的翼型概念设计方案时, 可同时改善气动与结构性能, 表明所提方案合理可行。
为兼顾翼型的气动性能与结构性能, 本文在建立气动性能计算模型的同时构建了基于拓扑优化的内部结构性能计算模型, 结合遗传算法提出了翼型气动外形与内部拓扑结构一体化优化设计方法, 对 5 种翼型进行 3 个不同目标权重因子下的优化设计,得到以下结论。
①不同权重因子下,同一类型翼型各优化方案的气动外形有所不同, 但内部拓扑结构形式基本一致。与初始翼型相比,各优化翼型在最大升阻比均有所提升的同时结构柔顺度均有所减小,且翼型整体所受荷载也有一定程度的降低。根据拓扑优化结果发现了翼型内部结构与传统结构的区别, 即主梁帽布置位置发生了偏移, 并由此提出了改进翼型概念设计方案。
②将改进翼型概念设计方案应用于实际叶片,气动性能分析结果表明,适当提升翼型最大升阻比可使叶片在额定风速之前的风能利用系数以及年发电量均得到提升, 但一味追求翼型升阻比最大,反而可能使叶片气动性能变差。结构性能计算结果表明,微小的主梁帽偏移量能令叶片的最大叶尖挥舞位移与最大等效应变均有所减小。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51905214)
  • 宁波市自然科学基金项目(202003N4156)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2023-11-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51905214)
宁波市自然科学基金项目(202003N4156)
作者信息
    1 宁波大学 科学技术学院 建筑工程学院 浙江 宁波 315300
    2 嘉兴学院 建筑工程学院 浙江 嘉兴 314001
    3 河海大学 江苏省风电机组结构工程研究中心 江苏 南京 210098

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朱杰(1985-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为土木工程及新能源结构体系设计理论与方法应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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