Article(id=1152342293509402873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704211200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752669412257, onlineDateStr=2025-07-16, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752669412257, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752669412257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752669412257, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152342291831681269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='569', pageEnd='710', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752669411857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694458107, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641647501894486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641647501894487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152342291831681269, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=602, endPage=609, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152342293798809850, articleId=1152342293509402873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Experimental study of hydrophobic coating on dust suppression of flat plate collector, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dust accumulation in the cover plate of flatpanel solar collector will reduce the heat collection performance, but there are few studies on selfcleaning of the cover plate. The mechanism of particle deposition was analyzed, and superhydrophobic and hydrophobic coatings were selected for dust suppression in flat plate collector. In order to verify the feasibility and quantify the dust suppression effect of the selected coating, natural dust accumulation experiments were carried out on three sets of collectors using superhydrophobic coating, hydrophobic coating and uncoated glass cover plate in Urumqi city, and the performance parameters of each system were analyzed. The results show that the superhydrophobic coating can effectively improve the heat collection performance of the plate collector under the condition of natural dust accumulation, but the effect of the hydrophobic coated glass plate is inferior to that of the bare glass plate. After 16 days of natural dust accumulation,compared with the bare glass cover collector, the transmission ratio of the superhydrophobic coating cover collector is increased by 3.6%, the heat collector temperature is increased by 3.96%, and the heat collection efficiency is increased by 2.94%. In the 16 d overall comparison, compared with the bare glass cover collector, the transmission ratio of the superhydrophobic coating cover collector is increased by 1.66%, the heat collector temperature is increased by 4.09%, and the heat collection efficiency is increased by 2.90%.

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针对太阳能集热器盖板积尘会导致集热性能降低的问题,文章对颗粒沉积机理进行了分析,选择超疏水和疏水涂层用于平板集热器抑尘。为验证所选涂层抑尘的可行性及量化其抑尘效果,在乌鲁木齐市对使用超疏水涂层、疏水涂层和无涂层玻璃盖板的3组集热器进行了自然积尘实验,分析了各系统性能参数的变化。结果表明,在自然积尘情况下,超疏水涂层能有效提升平板集热器的集热性能,而疏水涂层玻璃盖板效果不如裸玻璃盖板。经过16d的自然积尘,和裸玻璃盖板集热器相比,超疏水涂层盖板集热器的透光率提升了3.6%,集热板温度提升了3.96%,集热效率提升了2.94%。从16d的整体情况来看,和裸玻璃盖板集热器相比,超疏水涂层盖板集热器的透光率提升了1.66%,集热板温度提升了4.09%,集热效率提升了2.90%。

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齐典伟(1979-),男,博士研究生,正高级实验师,研究方向为建筑节能与可再生能源。E-mail:
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表面类别 裸玻璃(亲水) 疏水 超疏水
粘附力/nN ${98.2} \pm {0.8}$ ${30} \pm {0.8}$ ${6.5} \pm {0.4}$
泊松比 0.2 0.28 0.28
杨氏模量/GPa 72 ${81.5} \pm {0.7}$ 97.2±1.2
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表面类别 裸玻璃(亲水) 疏水 超疏水
粘附力/nN ${98.2} \pm {0.8}$ ${30} \pm {0.8}$ ${6.5} \pm {0.4}$
泊松比 0.2 0.28 0.28
杨氏模量/GPa 72 ${81.5} \pm {0.7}$ 97.2±1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145991959335767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342293509402873, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Component parameters of three experimental systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 材质 规格 数量
集热板 镀蓝钛膜铝板 ${300}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {300}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 3 块
导热管 ${\Phi 7}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 11 m
循环水泵 扬程: $6\mathrm{\;m}$ 3 台
流量:180 L/h
蓄换热水箱 亚克力水箱 $+ {10}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 厚保温板 ${30}\mathrm{\;{cm}} \times {50}\mathrm{\;{cm}} \times {50}\mathrm{\;{cm}}\;3$ 个
), ArticleFig(id=1159145992005473112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342293509402873, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=3 组实验系统的组件参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 材质 规格 数量
集热板 镀蓝钛膜铝板 ${300}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {300}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 3 块
导热管 ${\Phi 7}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 11 m
循环水泵 扬程: $6\mathrm{\;m}$ 3 台
流量:180 L/h
蓄换热水箱 亚克力水箱 $+ {10}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 厚保温板 ${30}\mathrm{\;{cm}} \times {50}\mathrm{\;{cm}} \times {50}\mathrm{\;{cm}}\;3$ 个
), ArticleFig(id=1159145992173245273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342293509402873, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Parameters of measuring instruments in the experiment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 型号 量程 精度 数量
热电偶 T $- {40} \sim {125}\mathrm{C}$ $\pm {0.5}\mathrm{C}$ 31 只
转子流量计 LZB-10 16~160 L/h $\pm {2.5}\%$ 3 只
太阳辐射传感器 LDX-JTTS $0 \sim {200}\;\mathrm{O}\;\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $\pm 5\%$ 1 只
辐照表 FZ-A $0 \sim {199.9}\mathrm{\;{mW}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ $\pm 5\%$ 1 只
温度数据采集仪 Agilent 34972A $\pm {0.1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 1 台
), ArticleFig(id=1159145992219382618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342293509402873, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=实验所用测量仪器仪表的参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 型号 量程 精度 数量
热电偶 T $- {40} \sim {125}\mathrm{C}$ $\pm {0.5}\mathrm{C}$ 31 只
转子流量计 LZB-10 16~160 L/h $\pm {2.5}\%$ 3 只
太阳辐射传感器 LDX-JTTS $0 \sim {200}\;\mathrm{O}\;\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $\pm 5\%$ 1 只
辐照表 FZ-A $0 \sim {199.9}\mathrm{\;{mW}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ $\pm 5\%$ 1 只
温度数据采集仪 Agilent 34972A $\pm {0.1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 1 台
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疏水涂层对平板集热器抑尘的实验研究
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张莉 , 齐典伟 , 千能 , 周敬公 , 葛冰彬
可再生能源 | 2025,43(5): 602-609
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(5): 602-609
疏水涂层对平板集热器抑尘的实验研究
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张莉, 齐典伟 , 千能, 周敬公, 葛冰彬
作者信息
  • 1 新疆大学 建筑工程学院 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

通讯作者:

齐典伟(1979-),男,博士研究生,正高级实验师,研究方向为建筑节能与可再生能源。E-mail:
Experimental study of hydrophobic coating on dust suppression of flat plate collector
Li Zhang, Dianwei Qi , Neng Qian, Jinggong Zhou, Bingbin Ge
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Xinjiang University Urumqi 830017 China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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针对太阳能集热器盖板积尘会导致集热性能降低的问题,文章对颗粒沉积机理进行了分析,选择超疏水和疏水涂层用于平板集热器抑尘。为验证所选涂层抑尘的可行性及量化其抑尘效果,在乌鲁木齐市对使用超疏水涂层、疏水涂层和无涂层玻璃盖板的3组集热器进行了自然积尘实验,分析了各系统性能参数的变化。结果表明,在自然积尘情况下,超疏水涂层能有效提升平板集热器的集热性能,而疏水涂层玻璃盖板效果不如裸玻璃盖板。经过16d的自然积尘,和裸玻璃盖板集热器相比,超疏水涂层盖板集热器的透光率提升了3.6%,集热板温度提升了3.96%,集热效率提升了2.94%。从16d的整体情况来看,和裸玻璃盖板集热器相比,超疏水涂层盖板集热器的透光率提升了1.66%,集热板温度提升了4.09%,集热效率提升了2.90%。

平板太阳能集热器  /  抑尘  /  超疏水涂层  /  疏水涂层  /  集热性能

Dust accumulation in the cover plate of flatpanel solar collector will reduce the heat collection performance, but there are few studies on selfcleaning of the cover plate. The mechanism of particle deposition was analyzed, and superhydrophobic and hydrophobic coatings were selected for dust suppression in flat plate collector. In order to verify the feasibility and quantify the dust suppression effect of the selected coating, natural dust accumulation experiments were carried out on three sets of collectors using superhydrophobic coating, hydrophobic coating and uncoated glass cover plate in Urumqi city, and the performance parameters of each system were analyzed. The results show that the superhydrophobic coating can effectively improve the heat collection performance of the plate collector under the condition of natural dust accumulation, but the effect of the hydrophobic coated glass plate is inferior to that of the bare glass plate. After 16 days of natural dust accumulation,compared with the bare glass cover collector, the transmission ratio of the superhydrophobic coating cover collector is increased by 3.6%, the heat collector temperature is increased by 3.96%, and the heat collection efficiency is increased by 2.94%. In the 16 d overall comparison, compared with the bare glass cover collector, the transmission ratio of the superhydrophobic coating cover collector is increased by 1.66%, the heat collector temperature is increased by 4.09%, and the heat collection efficiency is increased by 2.90%.

flat plate solar collector  /  dust suppression  /  superhydrophobic coating  /  hydrophobic coating  /  heat collection performance
张莉, 齐典伟, 千能, 周敬公, 葛冰彬. 疏水涂层对平板集热器抑尘的实验研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (5) : 602 -609 .
Li Zhang, Dianwei Qi, Neng Qian, Jinggong Zhou, Bingbin Ge. Experimental study of hydrophobic coating on dust suppression of flat plate collector[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (5) : 602 -609 .
平板太阳能集热器的性能受多因素影响, 如集热器结构和外部环境等。而在众多的不利因素中,玻璃盖板表面积尘带来的影响是直接且相当严重的, 因为积尘直接降低了玻璃盖板的透光率, 减少了到达集热板的太阳辐射能。
关于积尘对光热组件性能的影响, 国内外学者进行了大量研究。Gholami A[1]的实验显示,连续${70}\mathrm{\;d}$的灰尘堆积导致玻璃盖板的透射率下降了 25%。李安桂[2]发现当集热器表面积尘量为 11.58$\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$时,系统得热量显著下降,集热效率下降了 17.40%。张星晨[3] 在自然积尘和清洁条件下,对两组光伏/光热系统进行实验测试的结果表明,积尘系统的光热/光电效率均有明显下降,且粘结形态的积尘对系统性能的影响大于松散形态的积尘。 积尘对集热器性能的影响应该引起重视。
利用清洁手段可以减少积尘对集热器性能的负面影响。集热器的清洁方式[4]主要有自然清洁、 人工清洁和机械清洁 3 种。自然清洁又包括降雨清洁和风力清洁, Zorrilla-Casanova J[5]发现少于$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的降水量也能减少${4.40}\%$的集热器日效率损失, 但降雨清洁对旱季积尘带来的效率损失效果甚微。风力清洁需要在风向与集热器朝向相同时才能起到积极作用,同时风力对粒径小于$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的积尘颗粒清洁能力有限[6]。人工清洁包括软刷清扫、气压除尘和清水冲洗, 人工清洁容易损坏盖板表面且费用较高。机械清洁的研究和应用也越来越广, 龚俊[7]设计了一种自适应调节的清洁刷设备, 清洁效果好; 但机械清洁初投资大且更适用于大规模的盖板清洁。除了上述 3 种清洁方式以外, 平板集热器盖板自清洁也是一种有效的途径, 目前该方向的研究较少。
通过理论分析, 本文选择具有低粘附力的超疏水和疏水涂层用于平板集热器抑尘。通过对比实验, 得到不同表面在自然条件下的积尘情况和透光率、系统集热量、系统集热效率变化趋势,计算出平板集热器性能提升量,确定了涂层用于抑尘的可行性。这对保持平板集热器在较高效率下运行具有积极意义, 为自清洁表面用于平板集热器抑尘提供了参考。
在自然环境中, 大气中的颗粒在各种力的作用下, 向平板集热器表面移动并与之碰撞后沉积, 形成积尘, 降低盖板的透光率, 从而降低集热效率。因此, 了解颗粒在运动和碰撞粘附过程中的受力情况是探索减少颗粒沉积方法的前提。
当颗粒在空气中移动时,主要受到重力${F}_{\mathrm{g}}$、 流体阻力${F}_{\mathrm{d}}$和空气浮力${F}_{\mathrm{b}}$的影响。计算方程[8] 如下:
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{\mathrm{g}} = \pi {d}^{3}{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}g/6 \\ {F}_{\mathrm{b}} = \pi {d}^{3}{\rho g}/6 \\ {F}_{\mathrm{d}} = m\left( {u - v}\right) /{\tau }_{\mathrm{p}} \\ {\tau }_{\mathrm{p}} = 2{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}{d}^{2}/{9\mu }{C}_{\mathrm{D}}R{e}_{\mathrm{r}} \\ {C}_{\mathrm{D}} = {24}\left( {1 + {0.15R}{e}_{\mathrm{r}}^{0.663}}\right) /R{e}_{\mathrm{r}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:$d$为颗粒直径,$\mathrm{m};{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}},\rho$分别为颗粒和空气的密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};m$为颗粒质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};v, u$分别为颗粒和流场的速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{\tau }_{\mathrm{p}}$为颗粒在流场中的速度响应时间,$\mathrm{s};\mu$为空气动力粘性,$\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s};{C}_{\mathrm{D}}$为颗粒周围空气流动的阻力系数;$R{e}_{\mathrm{r}}$为雷诺数。
当颗粒移动到盖板表面并与盖板碰撞时,除了上述力之外,颗粒受到的摩擦力${F}_{\mathrm{f}}$和碰撞力${F}_{\mathrm{p}}$也不能忽略。${F}_{\mathrm{p}}$的大小主要与碰撞过程所产生的压缩位移有关, 可由下式求得[9] :
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{y} = \beta {S}^{32} \\ \left( {1 - \frac{1}{2} - {a}_{1}^{2}}\right) {d}^{2} - \gamma \left( \frac{1}{r + R}\right) \\ {d}_{1} = \frac{1 - {v}_{1}^{2}}{r{E}_{1}} \\ {z}_{2} = \frac{1 - {v}_{2}^{2}}{\pi {E}_{2}} \\ {S}_{\max } = {\left( \frac{{5\pi }{m}^{ * }}{48}{v}^{2}\right) }^{0.4} \\ {z}_{3} = \frac{1}{8}{\int }_{0}^{\pi }\mathop{\int }\limits_{{r = 0}}{k}_{\max }\ln r\mathrm{d}r \\ {z}_{4} = 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中:$S$为压缩位移,$\mathrm{m};{S}_{\max }$和${S}_{\text{av }}$分别为压缩位移的最大值和平均值,$\mathrm{m};\beta$为颗粒与盖板表面的碰撞系数;$t$为压缩变形周期;$r$和$R$分别为颗粒与盖板表面的碰撞半径,对于盖板,$R \rightarrow \infty ,\mathrm{m};{\partial }_{1},{v}_{1}$,${E}_{1}$分别为颗粒的弹性变形系数、泊松比和杨氏弹性模量, GPa$;{\partial }_{2},{v}_{2},{E}_{2}$分别为盖板的弹性变形系数、泊松比和杨氏弹性模量,$\mathrm{{GPa}};{m}^{ * }$为等效质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};M$为盖板质量,$\mathrm{{kg}}$。
在大气中,31%颗粒带正电,26%带负电,43% 不带电荷。平均电荷量为${6.3} \times {10}^{-6} \sim {7.0} \times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{g}$。 相对于盖板表面,污染颗粒可视为点电荷,考虑静电力对颗粒沉积的影响,计算方程[10]
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{\mathrm{e}} = \frac{{Q}^{2}}{{4e}{e}_{0}{\left( 2r + a\right) }^{2}} \\ Q = \xi \frac{4 \times {10}^{3}\pi {\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}{r}^{3}}{3} \end{array}\right.$
式中:$e$为空气相对介电常数,为1;${e}_{0}$为空气绝对介电常数,${e}_{0} = {8.85} \times {10}^{-{12}}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{m}$;$Q$为粒子电荷量,$\mathrm{C}$;$a$为接触的两个物体表面之间的距离,$\mathrm{{nm}};\xi$为比电荷,对于微米颗粒,该值通常为$- 7 \times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{g}$。
除上述力外, 颗粒在碰撞、粘附过程中还受到粘附力${F}_{\mathrm{a}}$的影响。在低湿度的干燥环境中,粘附力主要是范德华力${F}_{\mathrm{w}}$; 但在湿度较大的潮湿环境中,面板表面会吸收一定厚度的水膜,增加颗粒与盖板的接触面积,此时毛细力${F}_{\mathrm{c}}$是不能忽略的。 计算方程[11]
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{\mathrm{a}} = {F}_{\mathrm{c}} + {F}_{\mathrm{w}} \\ {F}_{\mathrm{c}} = - {8\pi r}\frac{h{R}_{\mathrm{g}}T\ln \mathrm{{RH}}}{{V}_{0}} \\ {F}_{\mathrm{w}} = \frac{{H}_{2}r}{6{a}^{2}} + \frac{\left( {{H}_{1} - {H}_{2}}\right) r}{6{\left( 2h + a\right) }^{2}} \\ h = \frac{{e}_{w}{C}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{{RH}}}{\left( {1 - \mathrm{{RH}}}\right) \left( {1 + {e}^{2} - 1}\right) \mathrm{{RH}}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:$h$为水膜厚度,$\mathrm{{nm}};\mathrm{{RH}}$为空气相对湿度;$T$为室内温度,$\mathrm{K};{V}_{0}$为室温下水的摩尔体积,${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{mol}}$;${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$为摩尔气体常数,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{mol}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{H}_{1},{H}_{2}$分别为两个物体在空气和水中的 Hamaker 常数;${e}_{\mathrm{m}}$为单层水分子饱和吸附的等效厚度,$\mathrm{{nm}};{C}_{\mathrm{B}}$为$\mathrm{{BET}}$系数。
颗粒的受力决定了运动和沉积。以颗粒与面板表面碰撞的接触点为原点,以$z$轴为接触面的法线方向,建立笛卡尔坐标系[8],在碰撞、粘附过程中作用在颗粒上的力如图 1 所示。
$n : {F}_{\mathrm{c}}{l}_{\mathrm{c}} + {F}_{\mathrm{w}}{l}_{\mathrm{w}} + {F}_{\mathrm{e}}{l}_{\mathrm{e}} + {F}_{\mathrm{g}}{l}_{\mathrm{g}}\cos \delta + {E}_{\mathrm{p}}{\cos }^{2}\theta - {F}_{\mathrm{p}}{l}_{\mathrm{p}} - \\ {F}_{\mathrm{b}}{l}_{\mathrm{b}}\cos \delta - {F}_{\mathrm{d}}{l}_{\mathrm{d}}\cos \theta \geq 0 \\ t : \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{\mathrm{g}}{l}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \delta + {F}_{\mathrm{d}}{l}_{\mathrm{d}}\sin \theta \sin \varphi - {F}_{\mathrm{b}}{l}_{\mathrm{b}}\sin \delta + {E}_{\mathrm{p}}{\sin }^{2}\theta {\sin }^{2}\varphi : \\ {F}_{\mathrm{f}}{l}_{\mathrm{f}}\sin \theta \sin \varphi \\ {F}_{\mathrm{d}}{l}_{\mathrm{d}}\sin \theta \cos \varphi + {E}_{\mathrm{p}}{\sin }^{2}\theta {\cos }^{2}\theta \leq {F}_{\mathrm{f}}{l}_{\mathrm{f}}\sin \theta \cos \varphi \end{array}\right.$
式中:$\theta$为粒子速度方向与$z$轴之间夹角,${}^{ \circ };\delta$为面板的倾斜角,${}^{ \circ };\varphi$为粒子速度$v$在${xoy}$平面上的投影与$y$轴之间的夹角,${}^{ \circ };{l}_{\mathrm{c}},{l}_{\mathrm{w}},{l}_{\mathrm{e}},{l}_{\mathrm{g}},{l}_{\mathrm{p}},{l}_{\mathrm{b}},{l}_{\mathrm{d}},{l}_{\mathrm{f}}$分别为毛细力${F}_{\mathrm{c}}$、范德华力${F}_{\mathrm{w}}$、静电力${F}_{\mathrm{e}}$、重力${F}_{\mathrm{g}}$、 碰撞力${F}_{\mathrm{p}}$、空气浮力${F}_{\mathrm{b}}$、流体阻力${F}_{\mathrm{d}}$和摩擦力${F}_{\mathrm{f}}$的作用距离,$\mathrm{m};{E}_{\mathrm{p}}$为粒子碰撞前动能,$\mathrm{J}$。
如果希望灰尘颗粒落下后反弹离开模块表面, 则法向$n$和切向$t$分别满足式(5)、式(6)。其中颗粒所受的静电力${F}_{\mathrm{c}}$、重力${F}_{\mathrm{g}}$、空气浮力${F}_{\mathrm{b}}$、流体阻力${F}_{\mathrm{d}}$均由颗粒本身性质和环境条件决定, 难以改变, 要减少颗粒沉积则只能降低面板的粘附力或增加颗粒与面板的碰撞力。超疏水和疏水表面的微结构和低表面能特性恰好使其具有较低的粘附力和较大的弹力[12]。因此,本研究制备了疏水和超疏水涂层玻璃用于平板集热器抑尘。
超疏水和疏水涂层溶液均购置于东莞市某材料公司, 喷涂前先将涂层溶液利用超声波处理分散, 再利用气泵机和雾化喷瓶均匀地喷涂在玻璃表面,最后,在室温的无尘环境中静置${24}\mathrm{\;h}$,即制备完成。共制备了 2 张超疏水涂层玻璃和 2 张疏水涂层玻璃,涂层厚度分别为${0.3},{0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$和0.2,${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,最终选择厚度均为${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的超疏水和疏水涂层玻璃用于后续参数测定及实验研究。
微观结构对颗粒在盖板的受力情况和盖板的自清洁性均有决定性作用。因此本研究利用 Gemini SIGMA 300 扫描电子显微镜拍摄了涂层样品表面的微观形貌, 如图 2 所示。超疏水样品表面的纳米颗粒排列紧密, 但从微米尺度来看又分布着许多大小相似的孔洞, 视觉上类似于“火龙果”, 属于微纳米结构。疏水样品表面纳米颗粒排布较为松散, 属于纳米结构, 图中较大圆点为瑕疵点。
水接触角(Water Contact Angle, WCA)是衡量固体表面自清洁性的重要参数。本文采用 DSA25S 接触角测量仪和 JY-PHb 接触角测量仪分别对超疏水和疏水涂层玻璃样品的 WCA 进行了测定。结果如图 3 所示, 超疏水样品的水接触角为${159.3}^{ \circ }$,疏水样品的水接触角为${101.6}^{ \circ }$。
平板太阳能集热器主要依靠集热板吸收透过玻璃盖板的太阳辐射能, 集热板升温后将热量传递给介质。当玻璃上覆盖涂层时, 透光率会发生变化, 可以用辐照计测定涂层玻璃的透光率。结果表明,涂覆超疏水涂层后,玻璃的透光率由 95.6%下降至 93.1%,下降了 2.5%;而涂覆疏水涂层后,玻璃的透光率几乎没有变化。
采用德国 LAUDA LSA100 粘附力测量仪测定样品的粘附力,采用英国 NanoTest vantage 纳米压痕仪测定样品的泊松比和杨氏模量。测试均在T= 25℃,RH= 50%条件的环境下进行,分别测试了 30 个点的粘附力,6 个点的泊松比和杨氏模量,最后取平均值,各样品的测试结果如表 1 所示。
表 1 可知, 超疏水样品和疏水样品表面的粘附力确实小于裸玻璃。此外,式(2)中的碰撞系数是对盖板与颗粒间碰撞力大小进行衡量的指标。由式 (2)的第二个公式可知, 弹性变形系数越小,盖板与相同颗粒的碰撞系数越大。将表 1 中的泊松比和杨氏模量带入式(2)计算出裸玻璃样品、 疏水样品和超疏水样品的弹性变形系数分别为 0.004 2,0.003 6,0.003 0,依次减小,表明三者的碰撞系数是依次增大的。因此, 超疏水涂层和疏水涂层理论上可以抑尘。
图 4 为实验系统图, 其中①为温度测点的位置。实验采用 3 组除盖板外完全相同的简易版太阳能集热系统。
(b)实验系统照片
系统由集热装置(包括集热板、导热铜管和外保温)、循环水泵、蓄热水箱、排气补水装置等组成, 由经过外保温处理的塑胶水管相连。3 组实验系统的设备参数如表 2 所示。
实验共设置 31 个温度测点,分别在每个系统的集热板上设置 3 个,集热器的工质进、出口各设置 1 个,水箱内分两层共设置 4 个, 4 个环境温度测点;转子流量计设置在循环管道上,测定工质流量;太阳辐射传感器自动记录环境辐照度;盖板上、下设置辐照表测定太阳辐射通量。测量仪器、 仪表的参数如表 3 所示。
实验地点位于乌鲁木齐市水磨沟区新疆大学博达校区$\left( {{87.74}^{ \circ }\mathrm{E},{43.85}^{ \circ }\mathrm{N}}\right)$,集热器朝向为正南,倾角为${43}^{ \circ }$。实验历时${18}\mathrm{\;d}$,为上一次强降雨到 2023 年 06 月 22 日强降雨彻底清洁 3 块盖板的间隔时间。前$2\mathrm{\;d}$为 3 组实验系统的性能校核实验。3 组集热器均覆盖清洁状态的 PVC 膜, 目的是校核 3 组系统的性能, 性能高度相似才能用于后续对比实验[13]。后${16}\mathrm{\;d}$为 3 组系统在自然积尘状态下的对比实验, 3 组系统分别使用超疏水涂层玻璃、疏水涂层玻璃和裸玻璃作为盖板。实验期间逐时记录各测点温度; 每天中午 12:00 在每个玻璃盖板上测定 6 个点透光率(因为研究重点是自然积尘情况下各集热系统的性能参数变化, 而不同的自然条件会改变灰尘在板上的分布或形态, 即便盖板的积尘量相似, 透光率也可能相差较大,故不称量积尘量,直接测定各盖板每天的透光率);记录每天的辐照强度和天气情况;实验期间每天向各水箱内加入体积为${30}\mathrm{\;{cm}} \times {50}\mathrm{\;{cm}} \times {30}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$相同温度的水,循环工质流速为${40}\mathrm{\;L}/\mathrm{h}$。
① 平均温度$\bar{T}$
$ \bar{T} = \frac{1}{b}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{b}{T}_{m} $
式中:$b$为某待测量(水箱温度、集热板温度、环境温度) 所含测点的个数;${T}_{m}$为某待测量第$m$个测点的温度,${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$。
②系统瞬时集热效率$\eta$
$ \eta = \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{w}}{m}_{\mathrm{w}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{i}} - {T}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right) }{{A}_{\mathrm{a}}{G\alpha \tau }} $
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{w}}$为水的比热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right) ;{m}_{\mathrm{w}}$为水的质量流量,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{T}_{\mathrm{i}}$为工质进口温度,${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{o}}$为工质出口温度,${}^{c}\mathrm{C};{A}_{\mathrm{a}}$为集热板面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};G$为太阳辐照强度,$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};\alpha$为吸热板的吸收率;$\tau$为吸热板的透过率。
③性能相对提升百分比$\Phi$
$ \Phi = \frac{{\eta }_{\text{超 }} - {\eta }_{\text{裸 }}}{{\eta }_{\text{裸 }}} \times {100}\% $
式中:${\eta }_{\text{超 }}$为超疏水盖板系统的某性能指标(透光率、集热板温度、集热效率)的值;${\eta }_{\text{裸 }}$为裸玻璃系统的某性能指标的值。
2023 年 06 月 03-04 日进行了 3 组系统的性能校核实验。06 月 03 日性能校核结束后,对设备做了进一步调整。06 月 04 日的实验结果显示:3 组系统集热板温度变化趋势基本一致, 达到的最高温度分别为${45.7},{46.8},{46.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$。经计算,3 组集热器表面温度两两的比值平均值分别为 1.002 , 1.006, 1.009 。从集热板温度分析, 3 组系统的性能具有较高的相似性。3 组系统的循环工质温度变化趋势也基本一致,在 16:40 左右工质达到最高温度,分别为${36.8},{36.9},{37.2}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$。计算测得数据发现, 3 组系统工质进、出口温差平均值分别为 1.1,${1.2},{1.1}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$。从循环工质的进、出口温度分析,3 组系统具有较高的相似性。综上所述, 3 组系统可用于对比试验。
3 种玻璃盖板${16}\mathrm{\;d}$的透光率变化趋势如图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出, 最初超疏水涂层玻璃的透光率比疏水涂层玻璃和裸玻璃低 2.5%左右,但经过$4\mathrm{\;d}$的自然积尘,超疏水涂层玻璃的透光率就超过其他两者, 证明超疏水涂层在无降雨时具有较好的抑尘特性。13 日 3 组玻璃透光率均有下降, 是因为 12 日下午有短暂的降雨, 且降雨量很小,不足以冲刷掉玻璃上的灰尘,反而使超疏水、 疏水涂层玻璃上的灰尘粘结成泥点, 裸玻璃上的灰尘均匀粘结, 且疏水涂层玻璃形成的泥点比超疏水涂层玻璃大得多,如图 6 所示。14 日下午的大风导致 15 日 3 组玻璃透光率均有上升,但裸玻璃的透光率不如超疏水、疏水涂层玻璃上升明显, 这是因为裸玻璃表面粘附力较大, 气流更难带走颗粒。 17 日的变化原因与 13 日相似。虽然 3 组玻璃的透光率波动较大, 但可以看出超疏水涂层玻璃的透光率是最稳定、最高的。经计算,这16 d 内, 超疏水涂层玻璃的平均透光率是 91.17%,疏水涂层玻璃的平均透光率是${80.05}\%$,裸玻璃的平均透光率是 89.68%,且在实验最后一天,相对于裸玻璃,超疏水涂层玻璃的透光率提升了 3.6%。 总体来看, 超疏水涂层能有效减轻自然积尘对盖板透光率的不利影响, 而疏水涂层的抑尘效果不如裸玻璃。
选取 06 月 06 日、11 日、13 日、15 日、21 日作为典型日, 分析不同天气和自然积尘时长条件下蓄换热水箱内水温的变化,结果如图 7所示。
图 7 可见: 典型日 3 组集热器的蓄换热水箱温度变化趋势都是一致的, 即水箱温度变化趋势几乎与积尘量无关; 然而随着透光率差距越来越大, 3 组系统的水箱温度差值也越来越大。06月 11 日超疏水盖板系统水箱平均温度比疏水盖板、 裸玻璃盖板系统分别高${1.7},{4.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$。同时,影响温度差值的因素还有辐照强度, 比如 06 月 15 日超疏水盖板的透光率是${16}\mathrm{\;d}$内与其他两组差值最大的, 但水箱温度差距却不明显, 因为当天的辐照强度较小,最大值和平均值分别只有 757.8,433.2$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$。因此,超疏水涂层能明显缓解平板集热器的积尘问题,但更适用于辐照强度大的地区。
计算对比实验期间 3 组系统集热板温度发现, 3 组系统集热板温度的平均值从高到低依次是超疏水盖板系统$\left( {{43.6}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right) >$裸玻璃盖板系统 (42.9 °C)>疏水盖板系统(41.2 °C),3 组系统集热板温度的中位值从高到低依次是超疏水盖板系统 (44.8 °C)>裸玻璃盖板系统(44.2 °C)>疏水盖板系统$\left( {{42.2}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$。且在对比实验最后一天,超疏水盖板系统的集热板温度相对于裸玻璃系统提升了 3.96%,与上述结论一致。
图 8 为 3 组系统实验期间瞬时集热效率的平均值。与图 5 对比发现, 集热效率最低的两天是 12 日和 15 日, 并不是透光率最低的 20 日和 21 日, 这是因为 12 日下午有小雨,辐照强度在 16:00 骤降到${400}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,短暂降雨后雨水蒸发造成了较大的热量损失;而 15 日的辐照强度很小,最大值和平均值分别只有${757.8},{433.2}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$。由此可见,自然积尘条件下, 集热器的集热效率不仅由透光率决定,还取决于环境条件,这与前面蓄换热水箱水温的分析结论是一致的。
横向比较同一天 3 组系统的集热效率,结果表明透光率高的玻璃盖板集热效率更高。${16}\mathrm{\;d}$内 3 组系统的平均集热效率从高到低为超疏水盖板系统(59.97%)>裸玻璃盖板系统(58.28%)>疏水盖板系统 (56.90%),且在对比实验结束时,超疏水盖板系统的集热效率比裸玻璃盖板系统提升了 2.94%。再次证明在自然积尘情况下, 使用超疏水涂层能有效地提升平板集热器的集热效果, 而疏水涂层的使用效果不如裸玻璃。
针对平板集热器盖板积尘导致的集热器性能降低, 以及现有清洁方法均存在缺陷的问题, 选择了超疏水、疏水涂层用于集热器抑尘,并以裸玻璃盖板集热器为对照组进行了自然积尘对比实验, 结论如下。
①通过理论分析,选择超疏水和疏水涂层玻璃用于平板集热器抑尘, 是利用其微纳米结构和低表面能特性, 实验结果说明了选择思路的正确性。
②对比实验结果表明,超疏水涂层能有效抑尘,提升自然积尘情况下平板集热器的集热效果; 而疏水涂层反而不如裸玻璃效果好。
③经过${16}\mathrm{\;d}$自然积尘,和裸玻璃盖板系统相比,超疏水盖板系统的透光率提升了${3.6}\%$,集热板温度提升了 3.96%,集热效率提升了 2.94%。从${16}\mathrm{\;d}$平均数据看出,和裸玻璃盖板系统相比,超疏水盖板系统的透光率提升了 1.66%,集热板温度提升了 4.09%,集热效率提升了 2.90%。
  • 2022年新疆维吾尔自治区第二批科技计划项目-面上项目(2022D01C413)
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  • 接收时间:2024-01-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-16
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-03
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2022年新疆维吾尔自治区第二批科技计划项目-面上项目(2022D01C413)
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    1 新疆大学 建筑工程学院 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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齐典伟(1979-),男,博士研究生,正高级实验师,研究方向为建筑节能与可再生能源。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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