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The structure of flow channel is a critical factor affecting the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Optimizing the structure of the flow channel is essential for enhancing the performance and service life of PEMFC. Compared to straight channels, channels with varying shapes can improve reactant gas transport, thereby improving the output performance of the cell. In this study, a serrated channel with periodic crosssectional contraction is proposed. To analyze the transport characteristics and performance of this design, a three dimensional, Multiphysics coupled PEMFC model was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in COMSOL Multiphysics. The effects of the width and cycle length of the flow channel crosssection on the performance of the fuel cell was investigated. The results show that under high current density, the maximum net power of the serrated channel is increased by 6.12% compared to the straight channel, along with enhanced oxygen transport and liquid water removal. For the serrated flow channel, under the same flow rate conditions, moderate narrowing of the periodic contraction's minimum width improves oxygen distribution uniformity and drainage efficiency. Additionally, moderately reducing the contraction periodicity promotes gas flow velocity uniformity. The serrated channel with a narrowest width of 0.8 mm and a periodicity of 10 mm exhibits the highest net power improvement. However, excessive reduction in the narrowest width and shape variation period increases inlet pressure losses, ultimately degrading system net power.

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文章构建了一种截面周期性收缩的锯齿形流道,建立了具有锯齿形流道的质子交换膜燃料电池单电池三维模型,在COMSOL 软件中基于多物理场耦合与计算流体动力学(CFD)方法探究流道截面收缩的尺寸和变化周期对燃料电池性能的影响。研究结果表明:在高电流密度下,相比直流道,锯齿形流道的最大净功率提高了6.12%,氧气传输能力和冲扫液态水的能力均有所提升;对于锯齿形流道,在流量相同的条件下,适度减小截面最窄处宽度有利于提高氧气分布的均匀性、提高排水性能;适度减小流道形状变化的周期能够提高气体流速的均匀性,最窄处宽度减小到0.8mm,形状变化周期减小到10mm的锯齿形流道的净功率提高最多;继续减小最窄处宽度和截面变化周期会造成进气压力的增大,导致燃料电池系统净功率下降。

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赵奕凡(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车能源系统。E-mail:

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赵奕凡(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车能源系统。E-mail:

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赵奕凡(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车能源系统。E-mail:

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模型序号 流道形状 最窄处宽度/mm 形状变化周期/mm
1 直流道 1.0 -
2 锯齿形流道 0.6 10
3 锯齿形流道 0.8 10
4 锯齿形流道 0.4 10
5 锯齿形流道 0.6 5
6 锯齿形流道 0.6 16
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模型序号 流道形状 最窄处宽度/mm 形状变化周期/mm
1 直流道 1.0 -
2 锯齿形流道 0.6 10
3 锯齿形流道 0.8 10
4 锯齿形流道 0.4 10
5 锯齿形流道 0.6 5
6 锯齿形流道 0.6 16
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质子交换膜燃料电池锯齿形流道性能数值模拟研究
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赵奕凡 1 , 邱鹏 1 , 邵杰 1 , 梁月明 2 , 吴友华 3 , 郑灏 3
可再生能源 | 2025,43(5): 593-601
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(5): 593-601
质子交换膜燃料电池锯齿形流道性能数值模拟研究
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赵奕凡1 , 邱鹏1, 邵杰1, 梁月明2, 吴友华3, 郑灏3
作者信息
  • 1 上汽通用五菱汽车股份有限公司 广西 柳州 545000
  • 2 新能源与智能网联汽车湖北省工程技术研究中心(武汉理工大学) 湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3 先进能源科学与技术广东省实验室佛山分中心(佛山仙湖实验室) 广东 佛山 528000
  • 赵奕凡(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车能源系统。E-mail:

Performance numerical simulation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with serrated flow channel
Yifan Zhao1 , Peng Qiu1, Jie Shao1, Yueming Liang2, Youhua Wu3, Hao Zheng3
Affiliations
  • 1 SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd. Liuzhou 545000 China
  • 2 Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle (Wuhan University of Technology) Wuhan 430070 China
  • 3 Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory Foshan 528000 China
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文章构建了一种截面周期性收缩的锯齿形流道,建立了具有锯齿形流道的质子交换膜燃料电池单电池三维模型,在COMSOL 软件中基于多物理场耦合与计算流体动力学(CFD)方法探究流道截面收缩的尺寸和变化周期对燃料电池性能的影响。研究结果表明:在高电流密度下,相比直流道,锯齿形流道的最大净功率提高了6.12%,氧气传输能力和冲扫液态水的能力均有所提升;对于锯齿形流道,在流量相同的条件下,适度减小截面最窄处宽度有利于提高氧气分布的均匀性、提高排水性能;适度减小流道形状变化的周期能够提高气体流速的均匀性,最窄处宽度减小到0.8mm,形状变化周期减小到10mm的锯齿形流道的净功率提高最多;继续减小最窄处宽度和截面变化周期会造成进气压力的增大,导致燃料电池系统净功率下降。

质子交换膜燃料电池  /  锯齿形流道  /  计算流体动力学仿真  /  多物理场耦合

The structure of flow channel is a critical factor affecting the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Optimizing the structure of the flow channel is essential for enhancing the performance and service life of PEMFC. Compared to straight channels, channels with varying shapes can improve reactant gas transport, thereby improving the output performance of the cell. In this study, a serrated channel with periodic crosssectional contraction is proposed. To analyze the transport characteristics and performance of this design, a three dimensional, Multiphysics coupled PEMFC model was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in COMSOL Multiphysics. The effects of the width and cycle length of the flow channel crosssection on the performance of the fuel cell was investigated. The results show that under high current density, the maximum net power of the serrated channel is increased by 6.12% compared to the straight channel, along with enhanced oxygen transport and liquid water removal. For the serrated flow channel, under the same flow rate conditions, moderate narrowing of the periodic contraction's minimum width improves oxygen distribution uniformity and drainage efficiency. Additionally, moderately reducing the contraction periodicity promotes gas flow velocity uniformity. The serrated channel with a narrowest width of 0.8 mm and a periodicity of 10 mm exhibits the highest net power improvement. However, excessive reduction in the narrowest width and shape variation period increases inlet pressure losses, ultimately degrading system net power.

proton exchange membrane fuel cells  /  serrated flow channel  /  computational fluid dynamics simulation  /  multiple physical field coupling
赵奕凡, 邱鹏, 邵杰, 梁月明, 吴友华, 郑灏. 质子交换膜燃料电池锯齿形流道性能数值模拟研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (5) : 593 -601 .
Yifan Zhao, Peng Qiu, Jie Shao, Yueming Liang, Youhua Wu, Hao Zheng. Performance numerical simulation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with serrated flow channel[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (5) : 593 -601 .
目前,能源危机与环境污染问题日益严重,人们亟需寻求新的清洁能源替代传统能源, 进行能源结构转型。作为一种可以持续制备、排放无污染的清洁能源,氢能得到广泛关注和迅速发展。质子交换膜燃料电池(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, PEMFC) 是实现氢能转变成电能的重要装置,具有可在常温、常压下工作、功率密度和能量转换率高等优点[1]
PEMFC 由双极板、流道、气体扩散层(Gas Diffusion Layer, GDL)、催化剂层 (Catalyst Layer, CL) 和质子交换膜(Proton Exchange Membrane, PEM) 组成。其中,流道的作用是传输参与反应的氢气和空气并且排出生成的水, 流道结构设计的目标是改善反应物的分布情况、提高浓度、降低压差和提高排水性能, 从而提高电池的传质能力和电化学特性[2]。近年来,许多研究对 PEMFC 的传统直流道进行了改进, 研究了流道形状变化对电池性能的影响[3,4]。Gu M[5]提出了纵向波浪结构的阳极流道,研究了流道进、出口边长比、振幅和波长对 PEMFC 性能的影响。Xu C[6]研究了波浪状流道和GDL中的沟槽对 PEMFC 净功率密度的影响。Zhou Y[7]优化了对向正弦波流道的尺寸比。丰田第二代 mirai 燃料电池电堆采用了阳极波形流道的设计[8],减少了零件数量和成本, 降低了压力损失, 同时 GDL 中的氧浓度可以达到普通直流道的 2.3 倍。
PEMFC 流道有结构复杂、生产成本高的特点。利用多物理场耦合模型的仿真分析, 可以节省实验成本, 获得和实验相近的数据, 进行流道结构和工作条件的改进。叶可 (9)建立了三维氢燃料电池的多物理场耦合模型, 仿真分析了外界供给参数对电池性能的影响规律。石磊[10]利用 COMSOL 软件建立了 8 通道蛇形流场质子交换膜燃料电池模型, 分析了流道尺寸 (宽度-深度) 对气体分布特性和电化学特性影响。
从以上研究可以看出, 优化流道结构可以提高 PEMFC 的传质能力和输出性能, 流道的形状能够影响氧气输送、流速、排水能力[11],从而影响燃料电池的电化学反应速率、输出电流密度和功率密度。目前,对变截面流道的研究主要考虑纵向波浪形状的振幅和波周期数的影响[12],对水平方向上流道截面形状变化的研究较少。在水平方向上周期变化的锯齿形流道, 通过其独特的几何形状,能够有效地扰动气流,改变气体流速,增强排水和提高气体在流道内的流动效率, 从而改善氧气在电极表面的分布, 提高反应物的供应均匀性, 是优化流道结构的一个重要方向。但由于锯齿形流道加工难度较大,成本较高,在商业化应用中还较为少见。因此, 本文主要研究水平方向上截面变化的锯齿形流道对 PEMFC 性能的影响[13],利用 COMSOL 软件建立了多物理场耦合的单流道 PEMFC 模型, 通过仿真研究锯齿形流场最窄处宽度和周期长度对 PEMFC 性能(主要包括流道内流速、氧气分布、水分布[14] 、压降的表现以及输出的电流密度和功率密度)的影响规律。通过引入等效空压机的概念计算空压机的寄生功率, 将锯齿形流道尺寸对功率密度和进气压力的影响转化成对系统净功率提高的影响, 从设计的几组不同尺寸的流道中选出了最佳的锯齿形流道方案,使得燃料电池输出的净功率达到最大。
燃料电池流道模型由流道、气体扩散层、催化层和质子交换膜构成。本文采用形状周期变化的锯齿形流道, 主要研究锯齿形状最窄处宽度和形状变化周期对燃料电池特性的影响。流道形状如图 1 所示。流道尺寸(除最窄处宽度和形状变化周期两个变量外,其他尺寸完全相同) 如表 1 所示。 其中模型 1 是普通直流道模型,模型2,3,4是最窄处宽度不同的锯齿形对照模型,模型2,5,6是变化周期不同的锯齿形对照模型。在 COMSOL 软件中使用燃料电池与多孔介质流动的耦合物理场对模型进行仿真。
①燃料电池在运行过程中处于稳态。
②所有多孔介质的孔隙率为常数且各向同性。
③所有反应物气体的扩散系数为常数。
④反应气体是不可压缩的理想气体。
⑤不考虑重力因素。
⑥电池进、出气口温度不变[15],不考虑温度变化带来的影响。
①与双极板接触的气体扩散层边界设置为接地电位和电池工作电位,其他外部边界绝缘。
②所有内部边界是连续的。
③设定气体入口处的初始值参数,包括流速、 气体成分的摩尔分数和加湿湿度,出口处无背压。
④将气体扩散电极(Gas Diffusion Electrode, GDE) 和 GDL 沿长度方向的壁设置为对称边界条件,其他壁边界为无滑移边界条件。
使用氢燃料电池接口、两个自由和多孔介质流动接口构成的多物理场建模。氢燃料电池接口基于欧姆定律对电化学电流建模;质量传递方面, 氢燃料电池接口采用 Maxwell-Stefan 方程求解流道、GDL 和 GDE 中的物质质量分数; 动量传递方面,使用两个自由和多孔介质接口,通过 Navier-Stokes 方程对流道中的速度和压力建模, 通过 Brinkman 方程对 GDL 和 GDE 建模。
质量守恒方程为
$ \nabla \cdot \rho \mathbf{u} = - \frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t} $
式中:$\rho$为流体密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};\mathbf{u}$为流体速度向量,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$。
流动被看作是不可压缩流动,因此,密度是一个常数, 式 (1) 可改写为
$ \rho \cdot \nabla u = 0 $
动量守恒方程为
$ \rho \left( {\mathbf{u} \cdot \nabla }\right) \mathbf{u} - \nabla \left\{ {\mu \left\lbrack {\nabla \mathbf{u} + {\left( \nabla \mathbf{u}\right) }^{\mathrm{T}}}\right\rbrack }\right\} + \nabla p = 0 $
式中:$\mu$为流体动力粘度系数,$\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s};p$为流体压力, Pa。
能量守恒方程为
$ \frac{\partial \left( {{\varepsilon \rho }{c}_{p}T}\right) }{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \left( {{\varepsilon \rho }{c}_{p}\mathbf{u}T}\right) = \nabla \cdot \left( {{k}_{\text{eff }}\nabla T}\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{E}} $
式中:$\varepsilon$为孔隙率;${c}_{p}$为比热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;T$为温度,$\mathrm{K};{k}_{\mathrm{{eff}}}$为有效导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{K};{S}_{\mathrm{E}}$为能量源项。
使用“反应流”多物理场节点, 将密度、粘度、 速度、压力及质量耦合到“氢燃料电池”接口。气体的扩散使用 Maxwell-Stefan 多组分运输理论描述,能够同时考虑气体的扩散和对流现象,以及多种气体质量分数和物质的量分数的变化。以阴极侧的氧气为例, 其运输方程为
$\nabla \cdot \left\{ {-\rho {\omega }_{i}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}^{3}{\widetilde{D}}_{{ik},\text{ eff }}\left( {\nabla {x}_{k} + \frac{1}{{p}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left\lbrack {\left( {{x}_{k} - {\omega }_{k}}\right) p}\right\rbrack }\right) }\right\} + \\ \rho \left( {u \cdot \nabla }\right) {\omega }_{i} = 0 \\ {x}_{k} = {\omega }_{k}\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{n}}}{{M}_{k}} \\ {M}_{\mathrm{n}} = {\left( \mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}\frac{{\omega }_{i}}{{M}_{i}}\right) }^{-1}$
式中:$i$为气体种类;$k$为气体传输方向;${p}_{\mathrm{A}}$为空气压力,$\mathrm{{Pa}};{\widetilde{D}}_{{ik},\text{ eff }}$为扩散系数;${x}_{k}$为氧气摩尔分数;${\omega }_{k}$为氧气质量分数;${M}_{\mathrm{n}}$为阴极气体摩尔质量,$\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mol}}$;${M}_{k}$为氧气摩尔质量,$\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mol}}$。
电流连续性方程为
$ \nabla \cdot \left( {-\sigma \nabla \phi }\right) = - {i}_{\mathrm{v},\text{ total }} $
$ {i}_{\mathrm{v},\text{ total }} = \sum {i}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{m}} + {i}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{{dl}}} $
式中:${i}_{\mathrm{v},\text{total }}$为气体扩散电极域的总体积电流密度,$\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3};{i}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{m}},{i}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{{dl}}}$分别为催化剂层和气体扩散层的体积电流密度,$\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3};\sigma$为电导率,$\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{m};\phi$为电位,$\mathrm{V}$。
对单流道燃料电池模型进行网格划分, 表面为规则四边形的部分进行结构化网格划分; 表面为不规则形状的部分采用自由六面体网格划分; 对气体扩散层、催化剂层和质子交换膜在竖直方向上进行层数加密。
为验证网格无关性, 建立了 5 个不同网格数的直流道 PEMFC 模型。仿真计算了输出电压为${0.6}\mathrm{\;V}$时,各个模型的电流密度,结果如图 2 所示。
图 2 可以看出,与网格数为 245760 的模型相比,网格数为 36320,72640,501760 和 768000 的模型的电流密度误差分别为${0.8}\% ,{0.88}\%$, 0.09%和 0.12%, 因此选择网格数为 245760 的模型进行仿真。该模型的网格数不会对仿真结果产生影响, 对其他的锯齿形模型也按照相同的方法和数量级划分网格。
为了验证仿真方法的准确性, 进行了模型验证。对一台直流道燃料电池电堆(功率为${150}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$, 电池片数为 310 片)进行了极化曲线拉载实验。设置与实验电堆相同的电池参数、流道尺寸和实验条件, 对建立的直流道模型进行各电流密度下的稳态仿真, 模型仿真得到的极化曲线和实验数据的对比如图 3 所示。从图 3 可以看出, 仿真结果与实验数据吻合较好, 证明了使用模型进行仿真的准确性和可靠性。
对所有模型进行电压的参数化扫描 (扫描电压为${0.50} \sim {0.95}\mathrm{\;V}$),得到不同形状流道的极化曲线和功率密度曲线如图 4 所示。
图 4(a), (b) 可以看出: 当电流密度较低时$\left( { < 1\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$,使用锯齿形流道对燃料电池性能的影响较小;当电流密度较大时$\left( { > 1\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$,相比直流道的燃料电池, 采用锯齿形流道的燃料电池的输出电压和功率密度有较大提升,模型4,2,3的最大功率密度分别提升了${6.39}\% ,{6.24}\%$和${4.80}\%$, 这说明在适当的范围内, 减小最窄处的宽度可以增大功率密度。在仿真结果中, 锯齿形流道在高电流密度下的电压、功率密度提升也证明了流道截面形状的周期性变化能够有效增强氧气的传输效果和排水效果, 促进反应的进行。流道的最窄处过小会导致进气阻力增大,空压机的寄生功率增加, 使系统输出的净功率减小。
图4(c),(d)可以看出:在较高电流密度$\left( { > 1\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$下,改变锯齿形流道变化的周期会对燃料电池性能产生影响;相比于直流道模型,模型 5,2,6 的最大功率密度分别提升了 6.97%,6.24% 和 5.98%;锯齿形流道变化的周期长度越长,流道形状越接近于直流道, 流道形状对燃料电池性能的影响越小;锯齿形流道变化的周期长度越短,收窄的频率越高,燃料电池的最大功率密度越高,但提高的幅度较小。流道变化周期长度的缩短也会引起进气阻力的小幅增大,造成空压机寄生功率的增大。
当单片电压为${0.6}\mathrm{\;V}$时,阴极流道的氧气摩尔分数分布如图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出, 从流道的进口处到出口处, 氧气摩尔分数逐渐降低, 在使用锯齿形流道的燃料电池中, 这一现象得到了缓解, 相比于直流道, 锯齿形流道末端的氧气摩尔分数均有所提高, 流道内氧气的分布更加均匀。
阴极流道进、出口之间的氧气摩尔分数差值如图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出:阴极流道进、出口之间的氧气摩尔分数差值随着流道最窄处宽度的减小而减小;流道形状变化周期对阴极流道进、出口之间的氧气摩尔分数差值的影响较小。
阴极流道内的平均氧气摩尔分数如图 7 所示。
图 7 可以看出:氧气摩尔分数平均值随着流道最窄处宽度的减小而增大, 说明氧气的浓度和在流道中的均匀性随着流道最窄处宽度的减小而提高, 即氧气的传输性能得到提高; 流道形状变化周期对氧气摩尔分数平均值的影响较小。
图 8 展示了燃料电池${yz}$平面 (纵剖面) 内水的摩尔分数分布情况。
图 8 可以看出, 从进气侧到出气侧 (从左向右),水的摩尔分数逐渐增大, 最大值出现在阴极末端, 这是由于阴极侧电化学反应生成的水聚集到了阴极的出口处,需要足够的气体压力和流速将水及时排出, 否则, 发生水淹会影响质子交换膜上电化学反应的进行,导致电流密度的下降[16]
阴极流道末端水的摩尔分数与流道形状的关系如图 9 所示。从图 9 可以看出:相比于直流道, 锯齿形阴极流道末端水的摩尔分数明显下降,排水的效果随着最窄处的宽度的减小而增大, 且在低电压、大功率时的改善效果更好; 变化周期长度对水传输的影响较小。
图 10 展示了燃料电池${xy}$平面内水通量的
分布情况。从图 10 可以看出:从进气侧到出气侧, 水通量逐渐增大;锯齿形流道水通量的最大值出现在流道收窄处, 随流道形状变化周期长度的变化而变化,流道最窄处宽度越小,水通量越大。
流道内$y$方向水通量的平均值如图 11 所示。 从图 11 可以看出:水通量的平均值随着流道最窄处宽度的减小而增大,锯齿形流道水通量最大值比直流道增大了 19.7%,表明锯齿形流道可以提高排水能力; 改变流道形状的变化周期长度对排水效果的影响不大。
高气体流速的流场具有更好的排水和传质能力,有利于获得更高的综合性能[16]。燃料电池${yz}$平面内$y$方向的气体流速分布情况如图 12 所示。 从图 12 可以看出, 流道内的气体流速分布与流道的形状有关,随着流道截面变窄,气体流速增大,最大流速出现在流道宽度最窄处。
图 13 为阴极流道$y$方向的平均气体流速。
图 13 可以看出:相比于直流道,模型 4,2, 3 的平均气体流速分别提高了${61}\% ,{40}\%$和${20}\%$, 这表明流道的平均气体流速和流道最窄处宽度成反比;流道形状的变化周期长度对平均气体流速的影响较小。更高的气体流速可以提高流道末端的氧气浓度, 使氧气的分布更均匀, 提高气体运输效率, 同时也提高了排水能力, 将反应生成的液态水从流道中吹扫出去, 但是气体流速过快可能会使膜的湿度下降,造成燃料电池的性能下降。
流道内绝对压力的最大值和最小值分别出现在气体进口处和出口处, 压强随着气体的流动逐渐降低。阴极流道内的压降如图 14 所示。
图 14(a) 可以看出, 流道最窄处的宽度越小,流道的压降越大,所需要的进气压力越高,相比于直流道,模型4,2,3的压降分别增大了${289}\% ,{89}\% ,{22}\%$。这是因为锯齿形流道增大了气流与流道侧壁的摩擦,且气体流速越高,与流道之间的摩擦和碰撞越严重,压降越大。较大的压降会造成更多的寄生功率损失, 使得泵送功率的损失变大。
图 14(b)可以看出, 阴极流道的压降受流道形状变化周期的影响较小, 随着变化周期长度增大,压降轻微减小,相比于直流道,模型5,2,6的压降分别增大了 111%, 89%, 89%。
对于最佳流道形状的选择, 须要综合考虑其对燃料电池功率和空压机寄生功率两个方面的影响。本文通过仿真实验得到了燃料电池的输出功率和进气压力。进气压力由等效空压机提供,空压机功率的计算式为
$ {P}_{\mathrm{c}} = {C}_{p}\frac{T}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}}\left\lbrack {{\left( \frac{{P}_{2}}{{P}_{1}}\right) }^{\frac{\gamma - 1}{\gamma }} - 1}\right\rbrack \dot{m} $
式中:${P}_{\mathrm{c}}$为空压机功率,$\mathrm{W};{C}_{p}$为空气恒压比热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;T$为空压机进气温度,$\mathrm{K};{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}$为空压机效率;${P}_{1}$为空压机进气侧压力,$\mathrm{{Pa}};{P}_{2}$为空压机出气侧压力,$\mathrm{{Pa}};\gamma$为气体的恒压与恒容比热容之比;$m$为质量流量, g/s。
用仿真结果中的输出功率减去空压机功率, 可计算得到单流道燃料电池的净功率。相比于直流道燃料电池, 锯齿形流道燃料电池的净功率增长率如图 15 所示。
图 15 可以看出:在低电流密度下($< {0.6}$ $\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$),锯齿形流道宽度过窄会造成燃料电池的净功率下降, 主要是由于进气压力的增大增加了空压机的功率损耗; 在中高电流密度下 (>0.6$\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$),锯齿形流道燃料电池的净功率增长率随着电流密度的提高而增加, 此时的锯齿形流道提高了气体传输能力和排水能力, 输出功率的提升量大于空压机寄生功率的增长量,因此,净功率增长率为正值。在仿真的 5 组锯齿形流道模型中, 模型 3 的净功率增长率最高,是 5 组锯齿形流道中性能最佳的流道。模型 3 在电流密度小于 0.25$\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$时,出现净功率的下降,幅度小于 1.3%,而在电流密度大于${0.25}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$时,保持净功率的增长,最高净功率比直流道增大了 6.12%。
本文对 5 组不同尺寸的锯齿形流道燃料电池和直流道燃料电池进行了稳态工况的仿真实验, 得到了极化曲线、流速、压力分布和氧气、水传输情况, 分析了最窄处宽度和周期变化长度两个尺寸参数对燃料电池性能的影响规律, 得到如下结论。
①相比于同尺寸的直流道燃料电池, 锯齿形流道燃料电池的反应物分布均匀程度和排水性能均有明显提升,净功率在电流密度大于${0.25}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$时有明显提升,最大提高了 6.12%。
②对于锯齿形流道,适当减小流道最窄处宽度, 有助于提高流道内氧气分布的均匀性, 相比于直流道,进、出口之间的氧气摩尔分数差最大降低了 31.4%。减小流道最窄处宽度还能够改善排水性能, 阴极流道内的水通量最大提高了 19.7%。最窄处宽度减小到${0.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的锯齿形流道的净功率提高最多, 过度减小最窄处宽度会导致进气压力的增加, 造成系统净功率下降。
③对于锯齿形流道,流速随流道宽度的减小而增大, 最高流速出现在流道宽度最窄处, 与流道变形周期的长度无关, 适当减小周期长度可以提高流速分布的均匀性,变形周期为${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的锯齿形流道的净功率提高最多。
  • 广西重点研发计划项目(桂科AB22362)
  • 柳州市科技攻关与新产品试制项目(2022ABA0103)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
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广西重点研发计划项目(桂科AB22362)
柳州市科技攻关与新产品试制项目(2022ABA0103)
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    1 上汽通用五菱汽车股份有限公司 广西 柳州 545000
    2 新能源与智能网联汽车湖北省工程技术研究中心(武汉理工大学) 湖北 武汉 430070
    3 先进能源科学与技术广东省实验室佛山分中心(佛山仙湖实验室) 广东 佛山 528000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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