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This study provides an indepth analysis of the distribution characteristics, combustion characteristics, and energy utilization potential of wheat root stubble resources in Henan Province through comprehensive research, experimental testing, and statistical analysis. The results showed that the total theoretical amount of wheat root stubble resources in Henan Province was 54.304 million tons, and the total amount that could be collected was 39.642 million tons, which could be converted to 23.911 million tons of standard coal, among which the root stubble resources in the four cities of Zhumadian, Shangqiu, Zhoukou, and Nanyang were more abundant, accounting for about 1/2 of the total theoretical amount of root stubble resources in Henan Province; The industrial analysis of wheat stubble samples from different areas in Henan Province showed that the ash content was 10.3%~16.3%, the volatile content was 62.8%~69.1%, the fixed carbon content was 8.50%~14.74%, and the calorific value was 17.10~18.31 MJ/kg, and the total heat of wheat stubble fuel for possible resource utilization was 6.99×10¹¹ MJ. The preliminary analysis of the distribution and energy utilization potential of wheat root stubble resources can provide an important reference and basis for the rational development and utilization of wheat root stubble resources.

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文章通过综合调研、实验测试和统计分析,对河南省小麦根茬资源的分布特征、燃烧特性以及能源化利用潜力进行了深入分析。研究结果显示:河南省小麦根茬理论资源量为5430.4万t,可收集资源量为3964.2万t,可折算为2391.1万t标准煤,其中驻马店、商丘、周口和南阳4市的根茬资源较为丰富,约占河南省根茬资源理论总量的1/2;对河南省不同地区的小麦根茬样品进行工业分析,得到其灰分含量为10.30%~16.30%,挥发分含量为62.78%~69.10%,固定碳含量为8.50%~14.74%,热值为17.10~18.31 MJ/kg,可能源化利用的小麦根茬资源的总热量为6.99×10¹¹ MJ。小麦根茬资源的分布情况和能源化利用潜力的初步分析可为小麦根茬资源的合理开发和利用提供重要的参考和依据。

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潘晓慧(1987-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为农业生物环境与能源工程。E-mail:

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3 河南省低碳农业智能装备工程技术研究中心 河南 郑州 450002, bio={"content":"

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潘晓慧(1987-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为农业生物环境与能源工程。E-mail:

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authorNames=郭应军, 熊康宁, 颜佳旺, journalName=太阳能学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭应军, 熊康宁, 颜佳旺, 等. 中国西南石漠化地区秸秆资源分布及全量化利用潜力分析——以贵州省为例[J]. 太阳能学报, 2022, 43(3): 474-482., articleTitle=中国西南石漠化地区秸秆资源分布及全量化利用潜力分析——以贵州省为例, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1160539426217087143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342292385329397, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=73, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=关金菊, 潘思睿, 曹宝群, journalName=中国沼气, refType=null, unstructuredReference=关金菊, 潘思睿, 曹宝群, 等. 湖北省“三夏”秸秆收储利用概况及典型案例分析[J]. 中国沼气, 2023, 41(5): 73-80., articleTitle=湖北省“三夏”秸秆收储利用概况及典型案例分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1160539426271613096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342292385329397, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=16, pageStart=270, pageEnd=283, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=刘文政, 平凤姣, 白雪冰, journalName=农业工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘文政, 平凤姣, 白雪冰, 等. 葡萄枝条资源化利用研究现状及进展[J]. 农业工程学报, 2022, 38(16): 270-283., articleTitle=葡萄枝条资源化利用研究现状及进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1160539426326139049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342292385329397, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=7, pageStart=54, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=于万里, 夏雪梅, 董合干, journalName=中国资源综合利用, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于万里, 夏雪梅, 董合干, 等. 新疆棉花秸秆燃料化利用分析——基于农作物秸秆燃料化利用现状[J]. 中国资源综合利用, 2023, 41(7): 54-56., articleTitle=新疆棉花秸秆燃料化利用分析——基于农作物秸秆燃料化利用现状, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1160539426384859306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342292385329397, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=53, issue=7, pageStart=39, pageEnd=45, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=李星河, 柳善建, 张广娜, journalName=南方农机, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李星河, 柳善建, 张广娜. 临沂市农作物秸秆资源分布现状及利用路径分析[J]. 南方农机, 2022, 53(7): 39-45., articleTitle=临沂市农作物秸秆资源分布现状及利用路径分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1160539426443579563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342292385329397, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=64, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=丛国政, journalName=农机使用与维修, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丛国政. 秸秆综合利用技术及机械设备发展情况分析[J]. 农机使用与维修, 2023(12): 64-66., articleTitle=秸秆综合利用技术及机械设备发展情况分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1160539426506494124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342292385329397, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=138, pageEnd=140, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=董晓芳, journalName=农业开发与装备, refType=null, unstructuredReference=董晓芳. 农作物秸秆综合利用的机械化技术探究[J]. 农业开发与装备, 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地区 城市 地块数/个
豫东地区 开封、商丘、周口 29
豫西地区 洛阳、三门峡 16
豫南地区 南阳市、驻马店市、信阳市 47
豫北地区 濮阳、安阳、鹤壁、新乡、济源、焦作 43
豫中地区 郑州、漯河、许昌、平顶山 36
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地区 城市 地块数/个
豫东地区 开封、商丘、周口 29
豫西地区 洛阳、三门峡 16
豫南地区 南阳市、驻马店市、信阳市 47
豫北地区 濮阳、安阳、鹤壁、新乡、济源、焦作 43
豫中地区 郑州、漯河、许昌、平顶山 36
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城市 产量/万 t 播种面积/103 hm3 单株秸秆质量/g 根茬与秸秆质量比 整株质量/g 单株根茬质量/g
郑州 70.63 136.09 1.052 0.907 4.990 0.954
开封 197.14 302.67 0.765 1.020 3.961 0.780
洛阳 122.56 232.07 0.785 0.962 3.986 0.755
平顶山 121.92 220.57 0.764 0.861 3.576 0.658
安阳 211.26 290.63 0.815 0.966 4.288 0.787
鹤壁 69.41 90.07 0.674 1.055 3.800 0.711
新乡 280.73 387.76 0.760 0.942 4.47 0.716
焦作 117.35 150.01 0.851 0.875 4.323 0.745
濮阳 171.63 231.60 0.779 0.941 4.521 0.733
许昌 171.17 230.49 0.921 0.901 4.257 0.830
漯河 113.23 147.25 0.802 0.885 4.000 0.710
三门峡 35.97 75.17 0.992 0.957 4.628 0.949
南阳 431.37 728.37 0.904 0.888 4.013 0.803
商丘 453.39 605.58 0.914 1.163 4.881 1.063
信阳 150.78 312.80 0.808 1.019 3.366 0.823
周口 554.02 734.61 0.860 0.952 4.169 0.819
驻马店 517.12 793.16 0.825 1.045 4.312 0.862
济源 13.17 21.82 0.820 0.951 4.580 0.780
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城市 产量/万 t 播种面积/103 hm3 单株秸秆质量/g 根茬与秸秆质量比 整株质量/g 单株根茬质量/g
郑州 70.63 136.09 1.052 0.907 4.990 0.954
开封 197.14 302.67 0.765 1.020 3.961 0.780
洛阳 122.56 232.07 0.785 0.962 3.986 0.755
平顶山 121.92 220.57 0.764 0.861 3.576 0.658
安阳 211.26 290.63 0.815 0.966 4.288 0.787
鹤壁 69.41 90.07 0.674 1.055 3.800 0.711
新乡 280.73 387.76 0.760 0.942 4.47 0.716
焦作 117.35 150.01 0.851 0.875 4.323 0.745
濮阳 171.63 231.60 0.779 0.941 4.521 0.733
许昌 171.17 230.49 0.921 0.901 4.257 0.830
漯河 113.23 147.25 0.802 0.885 4.000 0.710
三门峡 35.97 75.17 0.992 0.957 4.628 0.949
南阳 431.37 728.37 0.904 0.888 4.013 0.803
商丘 453.39 605.58 0.914 1.163 4.881 1.063
信阳 150.78 312.80 0.808 1.019 3.366 0.823
周口 554.02 734.61 0.860 0.952 4.169 0.819
驻马店 517.12 793.16 0.825 1.045 4.312 0.862
济源 13.17 21.82 0.820 0.951 4.580 0.780
), ArticleFig(id=1160539423763419265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342292385329397, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Industrial analysis of wheat stubble, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 灰分/% 挥发分1% 固定碳/% 热值/MJ·kg-1
郑州 15.30 65.30 11.20 17.596
开封 16.20 65.44 11.96 17.652
洛阳 12.15 64.82 14.21 17.711
平顶山 13.50 66.44 10.11 17.522
安阳 11.20 67.21 14.74 18.091
鹤壁 15.30 65.63 10.99 17.702
新乡 12.78 67.74 11.58 17.652
焦作 16.30 65.05 9.10 17.209
濮阳 12.10 65.97 14.33 17.854
许昌 14.50 67.30 10.70 17.513
漯河 10.30 69.11 14.59 18.308
三门峡 16.30 65.10 8.50 17.129
南阳 11.90 68.63 12.69 17.903
商丘 15.61 62.78 12.09 17.095
信阳 14.50 65.30 11.97 17.247
周口 14.76 64.39 12.21 17.254
驻马店 13.91 65.30 10.89 17.314
济源 15.50 64.92 11.08 17.586
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地区 灰分/% 挥发分1% 固定碳/% 热值/MJ·kg-1
郑州 15.30 65.30 11.20 17.596
开封 16.20 65.44 11.96 17.652
洛阳 12.15 64.82 14.21 17.711
平顶山 13.50 66.44 10.11 17.522
安阳 11.20 67.21 14.74 18.091
鹤壁 15.30 65.63 10.99 17.702
新乡 12.78 67.74 11.58 17.652
焦作 16.30 65.05 9.10 17.209
濮阳 12.10 65.97 14.33 17.854
许昌 14.50 67.30 10.70 17.513
漯河 10.30 69.11 14.59 18.308
三门峡 16.30 65.10 8.50 17.129
南阳 11.90 68.63 12.69 17.903
商丘 15.61 62.78 12.09 17.095
信阳 14.50 65.30 11.97 17.247
周口 14.76 64.39 12.21 17.254
驻马店 13.91 65.30 10.89 17.314
济源 15.50 64.92 11.08 17.586
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样品 含量 % 起始温度 ℃ 终止温度 ℃ 可燃特性指数 10-5 着火特性指数 10-2 燃尽特性指数 10-2 综合燃烧特性指数 10-7
含水 小麦根茬 10 301.55 403.52 2.44 1.82 1.59 1.55
20 307.67 411.61 2.38 1.68 1.52 1.52
30 314.6 423.44 2.13 1.46 1.21 1.49
40 326.54 434.01 1.99 1.39 1.02 1.34
50 347.86 449.05 1.73 1.24 0.88 0.84
含土 小麦根茬 0 279.10 376.77 2.19 0.77 1.37 1.21
10 283.18 378.72 1.87 0.77 0.74 1.19
20 283.23 384.78 1.57 0.67 0.63 1.03
30 284.04 390.56 1.34 0.43 0.56 0.91
40 284.52 412.41 1.02 0.16 0.35 0.41
), ArticleFig(id=1160539423973134468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152342292385329397, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同工况下小麦根茬的燃烧特性, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 含量 % 起始温度 ℃ 终止温度 ℃ 可燃特性指数 10-5 着火特性指数 10-2 燃尽特性指数 10-2 综合燃烧特性指数 10-7
含水 小麦根茬 10 301.55 403.52 2.44 1.82 1.59 1.55
20 307.67 411.61 2.38 1.68 1.52 1.52
30 314.6 423.44 2.13 1.46 1.21 1.49
40 326.54 434.01 1.99 1.39 1.02 1.34
50 347.86 449.05 1.73 1.24 0.88 0.84
含土 小麦根茬 0 279.10 376.77 2.19 0.77 1.37 1.21
10 283.18 378.72 1.87 0.77 0.74 1.19
20 283.23 384.78 1.57 0.67 0.63 1.03
30 284.04 390.56 1.34 0.43 0.56 0.91
40 284.52 412.41 1.02 0.16 0.35 0.41
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河南省小麦根茬资源分布及能源化利用潜力分析
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潘晓慧 1, 2, 3 , 杨乐 1, 2 , 李耀东 1, 2 , 李刚 1, 2, 3 , 刘新新 1, 2, 3 , 贺超 1, 2, 3 , 焦有宙 2, 3, 4
可再生能源 | 2025,43(5): 577-584
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(5): 577-584
河南省小麦根茬资源分布及能源化利用潜力分析
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潘晓慧1, 2, 3 , 杨乐1, 2, 李耀东1, 2, 李刚1, 2, 3, 刘新新1, 2, 3, 贺超1, 2, 3, 焦有宙2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 河南农业大学 机电工程学院 河南 郑州 450002
  • 2 农业农村部农村可再生能源新材料与装备重点实验室 河南 郑州 450002
  • 3 河南省低碳农业智能装备工程技术研究中心 河南 郑州 450002
  • 4 河南工程学院 机械工程学院 河南 郑州 451191
  • 潘晓慧(1987-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为农业生物环境与能源工程。E-mail:

Analysis of wheat root stubble resource distribution and energy utilization potential in Henan Province
Xiaohui Pan1, 2, 3 , Le Yang1, 2, Yaodong Li1, 2, Gang Li1, 2, 3, Xinxin Liu1, 2, 3, Chao He1, 2, 3, Youzhou Jiao2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of New Materials and Equipment for Rural Renewable Energy Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhengzhou 450002 China
  • 3 Henan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Low-carbon Agricultural Intelligent Equipment Zhengzhou 450002 China
  • 4 Mechanical Engineering College Henan University of Engineering Zhengzhou 451191 China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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文章通过综合调研、实验测试和统计分析,对河南省小麦根茬资源的分布特征、燃烧特性以及能源化利用潜力进行了深入分析。研究结果显示:河南省小麦根茬理论资源量为5430.4万t,可收集资源量为3964.2万t,可折算为2391.1万t标准煤,其中驻马店、商丘、周口和南阳4市的根茬资源较为丰富,约占河南省根茬资源理论总量的1/2;对河南省不同地区的小麦根茬样品进行工业分析,得到其灰分含量为10.30%~16.30%,挥发分含量为62.78%~69.10%,固定碳含量为8.50%~14.74%,热值为17.10~18.31 MJ/kg,可能源化利用的小麦根茬资源的总热量为6.99×10¹¹ MJ。小麦根茬资源的分布情况和能源化利用潜力的初步分析可为小麦根茬资源的合理开发和利用提供重要的参考和依据。

河南省  /  小麦根茬  /  资源分布  /  工业分析  /  燃烧特性  /  能源化

This study provides an indepth analysis of the distribution characteristics, combustion characteristics, and energy utilization potential of wheat root stubble resources in Henan Province through comprehensive research, experimental testing, and statistical analysis. The results showed that the total theoretical amount of wheat root stubble resources in Henan Province was 54.304 million tons, and the total amount that could be collected was 39.642 million tons, which could be converted to 23.911 million tons of standard coal, among which the root stubble resources in the four cities of Zhumadian, Shangqiu, Zhoukou, and Nanyang were more abundant, accounting for about 1/2 of the total theoretical amount of root stubble resources in Henan Province; The industrial analysis of wheat stubble samples from different areas in Henan Province showed that the ash content was 10.3%~16.3%, the volatile content was 62.8%~69.1%, the fixed carbon content was 8.50%~14.74%, and the calorific value was 17.10~18.31 MJ/kg, and the total heat of wheat stubble fuel for possible resource utilization was 6.99×10¹¹ MJ. The preliminary analysis of the distribution and energy utilization potential of wheat root stubble resources can provide an important reference and basis for the rational development and utilization of wheat root stubble resources.

Henan Province  /  wheat stubble  /  resource distribution  /  industrial analysis  /  combustion characteristics  /  energy utilization
潘晓慧, 杨乐, 李耀东, 李刚, 刘新新, 贺超, 焦有宙. 河南省小麦根茬资源分布及能源化利用潜力分析. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (5) : 577 -584 .
Xiaohui Pan, Le Yang, Yaodong Li, Gang Li, Xinxin Liu, Chao He, Youzhou Jiao. Analysis of wheat root stubble resource distribution and energy utilization potential in Henan Province[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (5) : 577 -584 .
河南省每年的农作物秸秆产量约为 0.9 亿t[1], 随着秸秆禁烧政策实施以及秸秆资源化利用技术的进步,农作物茎、叶、秆等易转化利用部位在“五化”方面的利用水平不断提升[2],而作物根茬由于收取困难、高含土量等不适宜直接进行“五化”利用。河南地处暖温带,四季分明、雨热同期,黄淮地区粮食生产主要为一年两熟的夏秋连作,茬间窗口期较短,收获后的根茬来不及完全腐熟即与浅层土壤混合,成为土传病虫害的温床,在缺乏深耕、休耕腐熟时,病虫害将会加速传播[3],不仅造成防控成本增加, 粮食减产, 更严重危害国家粮食安全。
目前, 最常见的根茬处理方式是直接还田和直接露天焚烧。还田处理虽然有利于改善土壤理化性状、提高土壤碳汇能力, 但也会增加病菌的初侵染源菌量, 使作物发病率提高, 生根和发芽率下降[4-6]。根茬由于其含土量高、含水量高的特点,在直接露天焚烧的过程中燃料的损耗量大, 能量转换效率低,同时会释放${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5},\mathrm{{CO}},\mathrm{{VOCs}}$等污染物,对区域环境质量产生一定程度的影响[7-9]。能源化利用可以有效解决根茬不当处理所引起的作物病虫害、土壤结构破坏和环境污染等问题,对于农业耕作、生物质资源的开发与应用具有重要意义。明确根茬资源分布以及利用潜能是推动农作物根茬能源化利用的基础[10]
小麦根茬的收集和利用存在多方面的限制, 导致相关研究相对较少。Wang B[11]对我国西南地区的农作物秸秆分布特征及资源化利用进行了评价,为小麦根茬的能源化利用提供了参考。 Wuliyasu B[12]分析了秸秆产量的空间分布及作物秸秆能源化利用模式, 为小麦根茬的能源化利用提供了基础。Ren J[13]总结了秸秆综合利用以及面临的挑战, 为增加小麦根茬利用率和减少小麦根茬露天焚烧提供了指导。霍丽丽[14] 预测了秸秆的资源化潜力, 为小麦根茬的合理规划和利用提供了方向。卢秉林[15] 研究发现,将一定量的毛叶苕子根茬施用于玉米地,可以替代 20%的化学氮肥用量。石含之[16] 研究发现,水稻根茬还田可以提高土壤肥力且会对土壤及作物中的 Cd 离子含量产生影响。刘春雨[17] 研究发现,玉米根茬能够提升土壤的氮含量,降低土壤碱性,促进土壤中矿物质及养分的释放。有效地开发和利用农作物根茬资源有助于实现废弃资源的高效利用, 为农业的可持续发展提供新的途径。
根茬资源高效开发的基础是对根茬资源量和利用潜力的进一步了解[18],而相关的研究尚未见报道。因此, 本文以河南省不同地区的小麦根茬资源为研究对象, 基于河南省各市的农业统计数据和调研的小麦根茬相关数据, 分析了河南省根茬资源的总量和空间分布特征,并对不同含水量和含土量的根茬进行了燃烧特性分析, 为优化根茬资源综合利用结构和实现其全量化利用提供了数据支持和科学参考。
根据河南省小麦区域发展战略研究报告,将小麦根茬取样区划分为豫东、豫西、豫中、豫南与豫北地区。对不同地区进行了取样, 样品分布及取样地块数量如表 1 所示。
取样地块的种植面积$\geq {500}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$,种植密度$\geq$21 万$\sim {23}$万株$/{667}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$,每个地块采用五点法选点采集 5 个平行样本,共取样 171 个地块。取样时间为 2023 年 05 月 25 日-06 月 30 日。小麦留茬高度受机械和人工收割方式的影响[19] ,在实地根茬高度的测量中,须遵循以下具体要求:根茬取样高度的测量以种植地块的地面水平高度为基准, 采用取样尺垂直测量从地面到根茬截面处高度, 记录为 1 个根茬高度, 每个地块内采用五点法选点采集平行样本数据。河南省各个地区的根茬高度为${10} \sim {30}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$,平均高度约为${20}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$,因此,后续的实验将以${20}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$根茬为研究对象进行相关研究。
为进行工业分析以及燃烧特性分析, 需对获得的样品进行预处理。首先,用蒸馏水将小麦样品根部土壤冲洗去除, 充分晾晒后, 切割为秸秆部分和根茬部分,切割线为根上${20}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$,采用$\mathrm{{CN}} -$LQC6002 型电子天平分别测量各部分的重量并记录。然后,采用 JW-1A 型粉碎机将小麦根茬和秸秆样品进行粉碎处理。最后,采用 101-2 型电热鼓风干燥箱对粉碎后的样品进行烘干处理,烘干温度为 105 ℃。
以经过清洗、晾晒、切割、粉碎、干燥等预处理后的样品为研究对象, 分别采用 JXL-620 型马弗炉和 SDT-650 型热重分析仪进行工业分析和燃烧特性分析, 在燃烧特性分析实验中, 可根据实际条件,配置不同含水量和含土量的实验样品。
小麦理论秸秆资源量是指在理论条件下, 每年在某地区产生的最大秸秆量, 其计算是基于小麦产量与其草谷比之间的关系[20]
$ {Q}_{\mathrm{J}} = {Q}_{\mathrm{N}}R $
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{J}}$为理论秸秆资源量,万$\mathrm{t};{Q}_{\mathrm{N}}$为农作物产量,万$\mathrm{t};R$为草谷比,小麦草谷比取值为1.34[21]
小麦理论根茬资源量是指在小麦成熟收割后, 田地中留下的小麦根茬量, 可由干燥后的单株小麦根茬与小麦秸秆的重量比值计算得出。
$ {Q}_{\mathrm{G}} = {Q}_{\mathrm{J}}\left( {{M}_{\mathrm{G}}/{M}_{\mathrm{J}}}\right) $
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{G}}$为理论根茬资源量,万$\mathrm{t};{M}_{\mathrm{G}}$为单株小麦根茬重量,$\mathrm{g};{M}_{\mathrm{J}}$为单株小麦秸秆重量,$\mathrm{g}$。
实际可收集根茬资源量是指利用机械收集方式将根茬从地里刨出后, 去除土壤导致的根茬损失占比(约为 14%)和运输、收集等过程中损失的根茬量占比(约为 13%),剩余可获得的实际根茬资源量占比约为 73%,即根茬可收集系数可记为 0.73。由可收集系数可估算出实际可收集根茬资源量。
$ {Q}_{\mathrm{K}} = {Q}_{\mathrm{G}}K $
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{K}}$为实际可收集根茬资源量,万$\mathrm{t};K$为可收集系数。
根茬资源密度与小麦种植面积有关[22],其计算式为
$ Z = {Q}_{\mathrm{G}}/\mathrm{S} $
式中:$Z$为根茬资源密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};S$为农作物种植面积,${10}^{3}{\mathrm{\;{hm}}}^{2}$。
根据 2022 年河南省统计年鉴以及实验室测量数据, 可获得河南省各地区的小麦数据如表 2 所示。由表 2 可知, 小麦秸秆在整株小麦质量中的占比为 17.07%~24.00%,而小麦根茬的占比为 16.08%~24.45%。此外,小麦根茬与秸秆的质量比为 0.861~1.163。
基于 2022 年河南省统计年鉴、小麦草谷比以及小麦根茬与秸秆的质量比,分析河南省 18 个地市的根茬资源分布的特征, 并对河南省小麦根茬资源量进行了估算,结果如图 1 所示。
图 1 可以看出:河南省小麦根茬理论资源量和可收集资源量分别为5430.4万$\mathrm{t}$和 3 964.2 万$\mathrm{t}$; 不同地市可收集的小麦根茬资源量为 10.6 万~572.6 万$\mathrm{t}$;豫南和豫东地区的小麦根茬资源量远高于豫北、豫中和豫西地区;郑州、三门峡、济源、鹤壁四地的可收集根茬资源量均低于 80 万 t,而商丘、周口、驻马店三地的可收集根茬资源量均超过了 500 万$\mathrm{t}$,分别占全省根茬资源量的${13.40}\% ,{14.38}\%$和${14.44}\%$。河南省地理分布的特点为朝北向南,西高东低[23],豫南和豫东地区以平原地带为主,而豫北和豫西地区为山地和丘陵地形,豫中地区则主要发展工业经济。豫南和豫东地区的可用耕地面积大于其他地区, 这是导致小麦根茬资源量差异的主要原因。
小麦根茬资源密度主要与小麦种植面积和种植密度相关联, 根据河南省各地市小麦种植面积计算其根茬资源密度, 结果如图 2 所示。
图 2 可以看出, 河南省小麦根茬资源密度为${0.67} \sim {1.20}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,平均值为${0.91}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$。在豫南地区, 驻马店的小麦根茬资源密度高于河南省平均水平;在豫东地区,开封、商丘、周口 3 市的小麦根茬资源密度均超过了平均水平, 其中商丘的小麦根茬资源密度达到最高值${1.20}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$; 在豫西地区,由于山地较多,洛阳和三门峡两市的小麦根茬资源密度未达到平均水平, 且三门峡的小麦根茬资源密度最低,为${0.67}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$;在豫北地区,由于济源市面积较小, 小麦根茬资源密度未达到平均值, 而其他五市的小麦根茬资源密度平均值为 1.03$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$; 在豫中地区,郑州和平顶山的小麦根茬资源密度远低于漯河和许昌。
对河南省的理论根茬资源量进行标准煤折算[24],结果如图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出, 河南省根茬资源量理论上可折算为 2 391.1 万$\mathrm{t}$标准煤,各市平均折标煤量为 132.8 万${\mathrm{t}}$。在豫南地区,折算标准煤量为 108.0 万~353.9 万$\mathrm{t}$,驻马店为河南省的最高值;在豫东地区, 开封的折算标准煤量低于河南省平均值, 而另外两市的折算标准煤量均超过了 300 万$\mathrm{t}$; 豫西地区的折算标准煤量为 20.2 万~86.6 万$\mathrm{t}$,远低于河南省的平均水平; 在豫北地区, 新乡的折算标准煤量最高,为 170.7 万$\mathrm{t}$,而其他五市均低于平均值,其中济源仅为 6.3 万$\mathrm{t}$,是河南省最低值; 豫中地区的平均可折算标准煤量仅为 69.3 万$\mathrm{t}$。
鉴于根茬本身的含水和含土特性, 实际的能源化应用过程与常规秸秆存在差异,因此,本文进一步分析了根茬的燃烧特性,旨在为根茬能源化应用提供理论基础。小麦根茬的工业分析包括灰分、挥发分、固定碳[25] 。河南省各地市小麦根茬的工业分析如表 3 所示。
表 3 可知,小麦根茬的灰分含量为 10.30%~ 16.30%, 挥发分含量为 62.78%~69.11%, 固定碳含量为 8.50%~14.74%。通过对不同地区小麦根茬进行工业分析, 可进一步预测根茬在燃烧过程中的效果及废弃物产生情况, 进而为不同地区制定合理的节能减排规划提供重要的参考依据。
小麦根茬的燃烧特性受多种因素影响, 其中最主要的影响因素是实际条件下的含水量和含土量[26] 。本文以不同含水量和含土量作为工况条件, 对小麦根茬进行了热重分析实验,探究小麦根茬的可燃特性指数、着火特性指数、燃尽特性指数[27] 及综合燃烧特性指数[28] ,分析小麦根茬在不同工况下的燃烧特性(表 4)。综合燃烧特性指数是衡量生物质燃烧着火和燃尽的综合性能指标,数值较大代表燃烧特性较好。
表 4 可知, 随着小麦根茬含水量和含土量的增加, 其起始温度和终止温度逐渐提高, 综合燃烧特性指数呈下降趋势。根茬中的水分和土壤会延缓燃烧反应,延长燃烧反应时间,从而影响了燃烧效果和燃尽能力。因此, 在实际燃烧条件下, 需要结合经济性考虑最佳的根茬含水量和含土量, 以达到最佳的燃烧效果。
基于实际可收集的根茬资源量和根茬热值, 推算河南省各地市的根茬燃料理论总热量, 结果如图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出, 河南省各地市的根茬燃料理论总热量相当可观,可达到${0.19} \times {10}^{10} \sim {10.36} \times$ ${10}^{10}\mathrm{{MJ}}$,平均值为${3.88} \times {10}^{10}\mathrm{{MJ}}$。在豫南地区,驻马店的根茬燃料理论总热量最高,达到${10.36} \times {10}^{10}$MJ,南阳的根茬燃料理论总热量也远超过了河南省的平均水平,而信阳略低于平均值;在豫东地区, 商丘和周口的根茬燃料理论总热量位居河南省的领先地位, 开封的根茬燃料理论总热量为${3.60} \times {10}^{10}\mathrm{{MJ}}$; 在豫北地区,除了新乡的根茬燃料理论总热量为${5.00} \times {10}^{10}\mathrm{{MJ}}$外,其他五市均低于河南省的平均水平;而在豫西和豫中地区,六市的根茬燃料理论总热量均低于河南省的平均水平。
河南省农作物秸秆产量约占全国的 1/10 ,其秸秆综合利用率高达 88%, 但整体利用技术水平相对落后,主要采用的处理方法为直接还田[29]。河南省不同地区的根茬资源量存在显著差异, 在可持续发展的视角下,根茬资源量具有巨大潜力[30]。能源产业发展的基本趋势是朝着生物质清洁能源化利用方向发展[31]。根茬能源化利用应结合区域社会经济发展规划、能源发展规划以及能源政策等, 发展全面链条化和多样化的根茬利用方式, 提高根茬资源的利用效率[32]
关金菊[33] 的研究表明,秸秆的利用主要以能源化利用为主,能源化利用对秸秆质量要求较低, 即使腐烂和发霉的秸秆也可制成燃料并出售。对于根茬而言,能源化无疑是最佳选择。能源化利用是缓解当前化石能源燃料短缺的有效途径之一[34], 根茬整体表现出良好的燃料特性, 在生物质燃料方面具有较高的发展潜力, 可作为规模供热、供电等方面的理想替代燃料。目前,常见的生物质能源化利用方式是固化成型。固化成型是指在一定条件下(温度、湿度和压力)将生物质压缩成一定形状的成型燃料。固化成型后的生物质燃料体积可减小至原来的 1/18~1/15,热效率可提高 50%~ 70%。这些成型燃料不仅可用于炊事、取暖和锅炉供热,还有助于提升生物质的运输和储存能力[35]。针对河南省根茬资源丰富的地区, 地方政府可以鼓励企业建设根茬收储、压块工厂,将根茬压块后就近运输至生物质发电企业[36],有助于减少根茬资源的损耗。
目前,根茬综合利用相关机械设备的技术相对落后, 机械的自动化程度低下, 仍需依靠人力资源才能完成根茬的收集和处理。同时,许多机械产品投入市场时间较短, 整体可靠性和使用性能较差,导致推广普及进展缓慢 [37]。河南省各地区由于地理位置与气候条件不同,小麦种植密度、种植面积等有所差异, 须要根据当地的实际情况, 确定最佳的作业方式。企业须加强对根茬处理机械的技术研究, 选取科学和高效的技术方法, 投入充足资金以推动技术的实践和应用[38]。地方政府可加强对农民宣传根茬能源化利用的优势, 加大对企业处理根茬的补贴力度, 并增加创新人才引进和科研创新技术奖励的力度。同时, 应针对各地区根茬资源量的不同,制定合适的利用方案。根茬能源化利用的研究能够推动创新和新技术的发展, 涵盖生物质能源技术、土壤改良方法、废物处理技术等领域的创新。因此, 根茬能源化利用将在实现可持续发展目标的过程中发挥关键作用[39]
①河南省小麦根茬资源丰富, 根茬理论资源量为 5430.4 万$\mathrm{t}$,实际可收集资源量为 3964.2 万$\mathrm{t}$, 可折算为 2 391.1 万$\mathrm{t}$标准煤。各地区地形差距较大,导致根茬资源分布呈现明显差异,其中东南部地区所占比重远高于豫中和豫西地区, 可占全省的 62.4%。
②河南省不同地区的小麦根茬工业分析结果存在差异, 灰分、挥发分含量及热值的平均值分别为${14.0}\% ,{65.9}\% ,{17.6}\mathrm{{MJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$。
③河南省小麦根茬燃料理论总热量较为可观,总量为${6.99} \times {10}^{11}\mathrm{{MJ}}$,各地区根茬燃料理论总热量差异性明显,最高值是最低值的 54.5 倍。合理规划和充分利用根茬资源有望减少对化石燃料的依赖,对推动生物质能源产业发展、防治大气污染以及促进乡村振兴具有重要意义。
  • 河南省级科技研发计划联合基金项目(222103810027)
  • 河南省中原创新科技领军人才项目(234200510029)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2023-12-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-16
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-22
基金
河南省级科技研发计划联合基金项目(222103810027)
河南省中原创新科技领军人才项目(234200510029)
作者信息
    1 河南农业大学 机电工程学院 河南 郑州 450002
    2 农业农村部农村可再生能源新材料与装备重点实验室 河南 郑州 450002
    3 河南省低碳农业智能装备工程技术研究中心 河南 郑州 450002
    4 河南工程学院 机械工程学院 河南 郑州 451191
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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