Article(id=1318321489066181303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1318316496934261092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=1759161600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792241936222, onlineDateStr=2026-10-17, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792241936222, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792241936222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792241936222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1318316496934261092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792240746004, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792240746004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1557, endPage=1568, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1318321489275896504, articleId=1318321489066181303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Policy effects and spillover of China’s “double first-class” initiative——Empirical evidence from DID analysis, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The “Double First-Class” initiative represents a major strategic endeavor in the reform of higher education in China. Central and local governments have provided substantial resources to support the selected universities, making it as a policy shock that is exogenous to universities. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DID) model, this study exams the “Double First-Class” impact on the quantity and quality of scientific research output of universities. The results indicate that the “Double First-Class” policy has achieved significant outcomes in both increasing the quantity and enhancing the quality of research output. Specifically, the “First-Class Discipline” policy during the first phase of the initiative demonstrated notable spatial spillover effects. In particular, regarding quality dimensions such as highly cited papers, top 1% leading papers, and Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI), non-selected universities surpassed the construction universities, thereby driving an overall improvement in the quality of scientific research output across the higher education system. Based on these findings, the study discusses issues such as the balance between construction-oriented and development-oriented thinking in the “Double First-Class” policy, the focus on institutions versus disciplines, and the tensions between homogenization and diversification. Looking ahead, it is recommended to better leverage the systemic driving role of “Double First-Class” in national higher education, and to vigorously advance the strategy of building a strong education system through mechanisms such as dynamic adjustment and categorized development.

, authors=Liang WANG1, Wei ZHANG2, Fei LI2, Jin CHEN3, authorsList=Liang WANG, Wei ZHANG, Fei LI, Jin CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1318321491947668167, articleId=1318321489066181303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=“双一流”建设的政策干预效应及其溢出效果——基于DID的实证检验, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

“双一流”建设是我国高等教育改革的重大战略部署,中央和地方政府为入选高校提供了大量资源支持,可被视为一项外生于高校的政策冲击。运用双重差分(DID)模型,从数量与质量两个维度探究第一轮“双一流”建设对高校科研产出的影响。结果表明,“双一流”政策在促进高校科研产出数量与提升高校科研产出质量双重维度都取得显著建设成效,其中“一流学科”在首轮建设周期中出现了显著的政策溢出效果,特别是在高被引论文、前1%顶尖论文、学科规范化引文影响力等科研质量维度上,非入选高校的追赶速度反超建设高校,实现了高等教育科研产出的整体质量跃升。基于上述发现,对“双一流”政策中的建设思维与发展思维、高校面向与学科面向、趋同化与多样化等问题进行了讨论。面向未来,建议更好发挥“一流学科”政策对高等教育质量提升的系统性带动作用,通过动态调整与分类发展等机制,高质量推动实现高等教育强国战略。

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王良(1995-),男,助理教授。

张炜(1974-),男,研究员。

陈劲(1968-),男,教授。

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李飞(1984-),男,副研究员,E-mail:。
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王良(1995-),男,助理教授。

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张炜(1974-),男,研究员。

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陈劲(1968-),男,教授。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main variables and descriptions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 维度 变量 缩写 类型 来源
干预变量 政策干预 是否是“双一流”建设高校 Treatment 虚拟变量 教育部建设名单
结果
变量
高校科研产出数量指标 WOS论文数量(篇) WOS 连续变量 Web of Science数据库
SCI论文数量(篇) SCI 连续变量
SSCI论文数量(篇) SSCI 连续变量
高校科研产出质量指标 高被引论文(篇) Hcite 连续变量
前1%论文(篇) Percent 连续变量
学科规范化引文影响力 CNCI 连续变量
控制变量 高校科研产出其他影响因素 高校科技活动经费(万元) fee 连续变量 青塔数据库
高校全时当量科研人员数(人) human 连续变量
), ArticleFig(id=1318321498050380542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要变量及其说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 维度 变量 缩写 类型 来源
干预变量 政策干预 是否是“双一流”建设高校 Treatment 虚拟变量 教育部建设名单
结果
变量
高校科研产出数量指标 WOS论文数量(篇) WOS 连续变量 Web of Science数据库
SCI论文数量(篇) SCI 连续变量
SSCI论文数量(篇) SSCI 连续变量
高校科研产出质量指标 高被引论文(篇) Hcite 连续变量
前1%论文(篇) Percent 连续变量
学科规范化引文影响力 CNCI 连续变量
控制变量 高校科研产出其他影响因素 高校科技活动经费(万元) fee 连续变量 青塔数据库
高校全时当量科研人员数(人) human 连续变量
), ArticleFig(id=1318321498121683711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive comparison between treatment and control group universities before and after the “double first-class” policy (full sample)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策实施前 政策实施后 二阶差分
(6)-(3)
实验组
(1)
控制组
(2)
一阶差分
(3)=(1)-(2)
实验组
(4)
控制组
(5)
一阶差分
(6)=(4)-(5)
WOS 2649.25 804.12 1845.13 4923.49 1821.23 3102.26 1257.13
SCI 2087.35 485.08 1602.27 4402.84 1421.36 2981.48 1379.21
SSCI 73.64 8.80 64.84 287.75 68.46 219.29 154.45
Hcite 25.49 5.26 20.23 76.19 30.45 45.74 25.51
Percent 37.55 8.05 29.5 99.51 36.89 62.62 33.12
CNCI 0.95 0.80 0.15 1.20 1.16 0.04 -0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1318321498197181184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

“双一流”政策前后实验组与控制组高校描述性比较(全样本)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策实施前 政策实施后 二阶差分
(6)-(3)
实验组
(1)
控制组
(2)
一阶差分
(3)=(1)-(2)
实验组
(4)
控制组
(5)
一阶差分
(6)=(4)-(5)
WOS 2649.25 804.12 1845.13 4923.49 1821.23 3102.26 1257.13
SCI 2087.35 485.08 1602.27 4402.84 1421.36 2981.48 1379.21
SSCI 73.64 8.80 64.84 287.75 68.46 219.29 154.45
Hcite 25.49 5.26 20.23 76.19 30.45 45.74 25.51
Percent 37.55 8.05 29.5 99.51 36.89 62.62 33.12
CNCI 0.95 0.80 0.15 1.20 1.16 0.04 -0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1318321498264290049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regression outcome of DID analysis (full sample)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果变量 科研产出数量 科研产出质量
WOS SCI SSCI Hcite Percent CNCI
模型 OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE
Treatment 0.418***
(0.082)
0.415***
(0.034)
0.519***
(0.080)
0.510***
(0.036)
0.729***
(0.089)
0.730***
(0.052)
0.492***
(0.088)
0.493***
(0.052)
0.486***
(0.088)
0.486***
(0.048)
-0.388***
(0.092)
-0.387***
(0.070)
human 0.024
(0.020)
0.022*
(0.010)
0.0542**
(0.020)
0.031**
(0.011)
0.0591**
(0.022)
0.064***
(0.014)
0.010
(0.022)
0.040*
(0.019)
0.006
(0.022)
0.031
(0.017)
0.006
(0.023)
0.102***
(0.030)
fee 0.099***
(0.020)
0.090***
(0.013)
0.084***
(0.020)
0.082***
(0.013)
0.069**
(0.022)
0.077***
(0.018)
0.106***
(0.022)
0.066**
(0.021)
0.114***
(0.022)
0.077***
(0.019)
0.104***
(0.023)
-0.046
(0.025)
固定效应 N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y
_cons -0.605***
(0.044)
-0.120***
(0.012)
-0.636***
(0.043)
-0.147***
(0.013)
-0.501***
(0.048)
-0.211***
(0.018)
-0.560***
(0.048)
-0.142***
(0.019)
-0.555***
(0.047)
-0.140***
(0.017)
-0.839***
(0.049)
0.112***
(0.027)
N 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177
adj. R-sq 0.553 0.906 0.576 0.887 0.468 0.768 0.476 0.779 0.484 0.806 0.436 0.742
), ArticleFig(id=1318321498356564738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

DID回归结果(全样本)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果变量 科研产出数量 科研产出质量
WOS SCI SSCI Hcite Percent CNCI
模型 OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE
Treatment 0.418***
(0.082)
0.415***
(0.034)
0.519***
(0.080)
0.510***
(0.036)
0.729***
(0.089)
0.730***
(0.052)
0.492***
(0.088)
0.493***
(0.052)
0.486***
(0.088)
0.486***
(0.048)
-0.388***
(0.092)
-0.387***
(0.070)
human 0.024
(0.020)
0.022*
(0.010)
0.0542**
(0.020)
0.031**
(0.011)
0.0591**
(0.022)
0.064***
(0.014)
0.010
(0.022)
0.040*
(0.019)
0.006
(0.022)
0.031
(0.017)
0.006
(0.023)
0.102***
(0.030)
fee 0.099***
(0.020)
0.090***
(0.013)
0.084***
(0.020)
0.082***
(0.013)
0.069**
(0.022)
0.077***
(0.018)
0.106***
(0.022)
0.066**
(0.021)
0.114***
(0.022)
0.077***
(0.019)
0.104***
(0.023)
-0.046
(0.025)
固定效应 N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y
_cons -0.605***
(0.044)
-0.120***
(0.012)
-0.636***
(0.043)
-0.147***
(0.013)
-0.501***
(0.048)
-0.211***
(0.018)
-0.560***
(0.048)
-0.142***
(0.019)
-0.555***
(0.047)
-0.140***
(0.017)
-0.839***
(0.049)
0.112***
(0.027)
N 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177 1177
adj. R-sq 0.553 0.906 0.576 0.887 0.468 0.768 0.476 0.779 0.484 0.806 0.436 0.742
), ArticleFig(id=1318321500000731907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Descriptive comparison between treatment and control group universities before and after the “world-class discipline” policy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策实施前 政策实施后 二阶差分
(6)-(3)
实验组
(1)
控制组
(2)
一阶差分
(3)=(1)-(2)
实验组
(4)
控制组
(5)
一阶差分
(6)=(4)-(5)
WOS 1020.11 804.12 215.99 2049.69 1821.23 228.46 12.47
SCI 741.56 485.08 256.48 1805.67 1421.36 384.31 127.83
SSCI 13.64 8.80 4.84 86.34 68.46 17.88 13.04
Hcite 7.52 5.26 2.26 27.26 30.45 -3.19 -5.45
Percent 11.49 8.05 3.44 34.73 36.89 -2.16 -5.6
CNCI 0.86 .80 0.06 1.12 1.16 -0.04 -0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1318321500101395204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

“一流学科”政策前后实验组与控制组高校描述性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策实施前 政策实施后 二阶差分
(6)-(3)
实验组
(1)
控制组
(2)
一阶差分
(3)=(1)-(2)
实验组
(4)
控制组
(5)
一阶差分
(6)=(4)-(5)
WOS 1020.11 804.12 215.99 2049.69 1821.23 228.46 12.47
SCI 741.56 485.08 256.48 1805.67 1421.36 384.31 127.83
SSCI 13.64 8.80 4.84 86.34 68.46 17.88 13.04
Hcite 7.52 5.26 2.26 27.26 30.45 -3.19 -5.45
Percent 11.49 8.05 3.44 34.73 36.89 -2.16 -5.6
CNCI 0.86 .80 0.06 1.12 1.16 -0.04 -0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1318321500172698373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Regression outcome of DID (subsample)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果变量 科研产出数量 科研产出质量
WOS SCI SSCI Hcite Percent CNCI
模型 OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE
Treatment 0.076
(0.126)
0.043
(0.055)
0.229*
(0.108)
0.188***
(0.057)
0.261*
(0.120)
0.240**
(0.078)
-0.184
(0.122)
-0.198*
(0.078)
-0.15
(0.122)
-0.162*
(0.076)
-0.346**
(0.114)
-0.353***
(0.079)
human 0.115***
(0.032)
0.078***
(0.018)
0.180***
(0.027)
0.126***
(0.023)
0.137***
(0.030)
0.168***
(0.031)
0.107***
(0.031)
0.151***
(0.033)
0.106***
(0.031)
0.147***
(0.032)
0.040
(0.029)
0.130***
(0.035)
fee 0.208***
(0.032)
0.083***
(0.020)
0.235***
(0.028)
0.086***
(0.023)
0.154***
(0.031)
0.023
(0.035)
0.167***
(0.031)
0.059
(0.030)
0.178***
(0.031)
0.082**
(0.030)
0.097***
(0.029)
-0.019
(0.031)
固定效应 N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y
_cons -0.376***
(0.058)
-0.009
(0.019)
-0.553***
(0.050)
-0.039*
(0.020)
-0.433***
(0.056)
-0.050
(0.029)
-0.433***
(0.056)
0.041
(0.029)
-0.430***
(0.057)
0.034
(0.028)
-0.606***
(0.053)
0.074*
(0.029)
N 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792
adj. R-sq 0.231 0.840 0.435 0.833 0.303 0.657 0.284 0.672 0.273 0.689 0.369 0.688
), ArticleFig(id=1318321500248195846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318321489066181303, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

DID回归结果(部分样本)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果变量 科研产出数量 科研产出质量
WOS SCI SSCI Hcite Percent CNCI
模型 OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE
Treatment 0.076
(0.126)
0.043
(0.055)
0.229*
(0.108)
0.188***
(0.057)
0.261*
(0.120)
0.240**
(0.078)
-0.184
(0.122)
-0.198*
(0.078)
-0.15
(0.122)
-0.162*
(0.076)
-0.346**
(0.114)
-0.353***
(0.079)
human 0.115***
(0.032)
0.078***
(0.018)
0.180***
(0.027)
0.126***
(0.023)
0.137***
(0.030)
0.168***
(0.031)
0.107***
(0.031)
0.151***
(0.033)
0.106***
(0.031)
0.147***
(0.032)
0.040
(0.029)
0.130***
(0.035)
fee 0.208***
(0.032)
0.083***
(0.020)
0.235***
(0.028)
0.086***
(0.023)
0.154***
(0.031)
0.023
(0.035)
0.167***
(0.031)
0.059
(0.030)
0.178***
(0.031)
0.082**
(0.030)
0.097***
(0.029)
-0.019
(0.031)
固定效应 N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y
_cons -0.376***
(0.058)
-0.009
(0.019)
-0.553***
(0.050)
-0.039*
(0.020)
-0.433***
(0.056)
-0.050
(0.029)
-0.433***
(0.056)
0.041
(0.029)
-0.430***
(0.057)
0.034
(0.028)
-0.606***
(0.053)
0.074*
(0.029)
N 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792 792
adj. R-sq 0.231 0.840 0.435 0.833 0.303 0.657 0.284 0.672 0.273 0.689 0.369 0.688
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“双一流”建设的政策干预效应及其溢出效果——基于DID的实证检验
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王良 1 , 张炜 2 , 李飞 2 , 陈劲 3
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(7): 1557-1568
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (7) : 1557 -1568
“双一流”建设的政策干预效应及其溢出效果——基于DID的实证检验
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王良1, 张炜2, 李飞2 , 陈劲3
作者信息
  • 1 大连理工大学高等教育研究院, 辽宁大连 116024
  • 2 浙江大学中国科教战略研究院, 浙江杭州 310058
  • 3 清华大学经济管理学院, 北京 10084
通讯作者:
李飞(1984-),男,副研究员,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王良(1995-),男,助理教授。

张炜(1974-),男,研究员。

陈劲(1968-),男,教授。

Policy effects and spillover of China’s “double first-class” initiative——Empirical evidence from DID analysis
Liang WANG1, Wei ZHANG2, Fei LI2 , Jin CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 Graduate School of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2 Institute of China Science Technology and Education Policy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 3 School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15
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“双一流”建设是我国高等教育改革的重大战略部署,中央和地方政府为入选高校提供了大量资源支持,可被视为一项外生于高校的政策冲击。运用双重差分(DID)模型,从数量与质量两个维度探究第一轮“双一流”建设对高校科研产出的影响。结果表明,“双一流”政策在促进高校科研产出数量与提升高校科研产出质量双重维度都取得显著建设成效,其中“一流学科”在首轮建设周期中出现了显著的政策溢出效果,特别是在高被引论文、前1%顶尖论文、学科规范化引文影响力等科研质量维度上,非入选高校的追赶速度反超建设高校,实现了高等教育科研产出的整体质量跃升。基于上述发现,对“双一流”政策中的建设思维与发展思维、高校面向与学科面向、趋同化与多样化等问题进行了讨论。面向未来,建议更好发挥“一流学科”政策对高等教育质量提升的系统性带动作用,通过动态调整与分类发展等机制,高质量推动实现高等教育强国战略。

“双一流”  /  政策效应  /  溢出效果  /  双重差分

The “Double First-Class” initiative represents a major strategic endeavor in the reform of higher education in China. Central and local governments have provided substantial resources to support the selected universities, making it as a policy shock that is exogenous to universities. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DID) model, this study exams the “Double First-Class” impact on the quantity and quality of scientific research output of universities. The results indicate that the “Double First-Class” policy has achieved significant outcomes in both increasing the quantity and enhancing the quality of research output. Specifically, the “First-Class Discipline” policy during the first phase of the initiative demonstrated notable spatial spillover effects. In particular, regarding quality dimensions such as highly cited papers, top 1% leading papers, and Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI), non-selected universities surpassed the construction universities, thereby driving an overall improvement in the quality of scientific research output across the higher education system. Based on these findings, the study discusses issues such as the balance between construction-oriented and development-oriented thinking in the “Double First-Class” policy, the focus on institutions versus disciplines, and the tensions between homogenization and diversification. Looking ahead, it is recommended to better leverage the systemic driving role of “Double First-Class” in national higher education, and to vigorously advance the strategy of building a strong education system through mechanisms such as dynamic adjustment and categorized development.

double first-class  /  policy effect  /  spillover mechanisms  /  difference-in-differences (DID)
王良, 张炜, 李飞, 陈劲. “双一流”建设的政策干预效应及其溢出效果——基于DID的实证检验. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1557 -1568 .
Liang WANG, Wei ZHANG, Fei LI, Jin CHEN. Policy effects and spillover of China’s “double first-class” initiative——Empirical evidence from DID analysis[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1557 -1568 .
建设世界一流大学和一流学科(简称“双一流”建设)是我国高等教育改革的重大战略部署,也是新时代高等教育强国建设的引领性和标志性工程。自2017年首轮建设启动以来,遵循“统筹推进、分类建设”原则,中央和地方政府统筹安排各类财政性资金,不断加大高等教育投入力度,持续稳定地保障“双一流”建设,推动各级各类高校在改革科研体制机制、搭建跨学科研究平台、建设国家重点科研基地和智库、加强产学研平台建设等方面不断创新发展[1]。
2022年2月,中央深改委审议通过《关于深入推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设的若干意见》(简称《意见》),国务院批准“双一流”建设高校及学科名单更新,标志着新一轮建设正式启动。第二轮“双一流”建设的重要变化是不再区分一流大学和一流学科建设高校,进一步淡化高校身份色彩,学科成为“双一流”的重点。在上述背景下,社会各界普遍期待了解首轮“双一流”建设的实施成效,是有效推动了高校发展,还是会像某些重点建设工程一样异化为资源分配方式”[2]?基于此,本研究使用2011-2021年相关高校的科研产出数据,从科研规模与质量双重维度构造了基于双重差分的准自然实验,探讨首个政策周期内“一流大学”和“一流学科”的建设成效,为高质量推进新一轮“双一流”建设提供参考。
自洪堡以降,科学研究便成为高校传递深奥知识、分析批判现存知识以及探索新的学问领域的基础[3]。在“双一流”建设背景下,提升高校科学研究实力并持续产出具有理论和实践价值的科研成果是高校的重要任务[4],“提升科学研究水平”是“双一流”建设的重中之重[5],也是“培养一流人才、服务国家战略需求、争创世界一流”的基础。《统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案》和《统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设实施办法(暂行)》等文件也指出,“双一流”建设的重要目标是“汇聚优质资源,产生一流成果,加快走向世界一流”。由此可见,虽然不能反映高校发展全貌,但科研产出在一定程度上依然是“双一流”建设成效的良好测度标准,特别是其具有良好的横向可比性等特征,成为已有研究中评价“双一流”建设成效的首选策略[6]。
一方面,科研产出数量是高校“双一流”建设成效的直接体现。关于高校科研产出数量影响因素的研究一般建立在“投入-产出”经济学模型基础上,其核心影响因素包括物质资本投入与人力资本投入等。早在20世纪80年代Husman等就建立了R&D人员和经费投入与高校专利产出之间的计量模型并验证其中的显著影响关系[7];国内吴杨等利用1991-2008年数据验证了科研经费投入、人均科研经费投入、科研人员以及科研时间投入等对我国高校科技论文和专利产出的影响[8];鲍威等同样发现高校总经费支出与研究人员规模对论文产出具有显著正向影响[9]。此外,基础设施、科研平台[10]、评价方式[11]等因素也会影响高校科研产出。由此来看,“双一流”建设代表着显著的政策优势与资金、人才、平台等多重支持,从理论上讲势必会促进高校科研产出数量的增长。
另一方面,科研成果数量的增加并不必然意味着科研质量的同步提升。与国外一流大学相比,“量大质劣”是社会公众对中国高校科学研究的习惯性印象[12],宗晓华等利用DEA模型对教育部直属高校科研效率及其影响因素进行分析后发现,样本高校的科研效率进步缓慢且内涵式发展效果不够显著[13],李康与范跃进指出我国一流大学的整体科研效率存在虚高现象[14],这些研究一定程度上说明了我国高校存在重视科研数量规模增长而忽视科研质量内涵提升的问题。考虑到“双一流”作为高等教育改革的重大战略部署,“提升科学研究水平”与“产出一流成果”意味着需要同步提升高校科研产出的数量与质量。为此,本研究同时考虑数量与质量指标,对“双一流”建设高校的科研产出成效进行评估。
“双一流”可被视为外生于高校科研行为的政策冲击,这为采用双重差分研究设计(difference-in-difference)提供了良好的准自然实验条件。在样本选择方面,考虑到不同类型高校在科研产出方面存在较大差异,本研究按照软科大学排名中的高校分类标准,仅保留综合类高校和理工科高校,剔除了财经类、师范类、医学类和政法类高校,提高实验组高校与控制组高校在政策干预发生开始之前的同质性,最终共选择107所高校进入研究样本列表。之后,开展两个阶段的准实验设计:(1)全样本准实验。样本包含全部107所高校,其中68所是“双一流”建设高校,其他39所为非“双一流”建设高校;(2)部分样本准实验。为具体探究“一流学科”建设的影响效应,第二阶段研究在实验组中仅保留33所“一流学科”建设高校,控制组依然是39所非“双一流”建设高校(图1)。
根据高校是否进入“双一流”建设名单,设置干预变量treatment,即高校在进入名单之前treatment=0,进入名单之后treatment=1。构造双向固定效应计量模型来实现双重差分,以检验“双一流”政策对高校科研产出的净效应。研究模型设定为:
Yit = β0+ β1treatmentit+ αXit + γt+ μi+ εit
其中,Yit是结果变量,即高校的科研产出,下标i和t分别代表第i个高校和第t年;γt和μi分别表示时间固定效应和个体固定效应;Xit是其他控制变量;系数β1度量的是“双一流”政策对高校科研产出的净影响,如果政策干预确实促进了高校的科研产出,那么β1应该显著为正。
(1)干预变量。使用虚拟变量来表示高校是否受到“双一流”政策的影响,即如果一所高校进入到“双一流”建设名单,则赋值为1(实验组),其他则赋值为0(控制组)。在前期调研中了解到,尽管建设名单于2017年9月21日公布,但大部分高校的“双一流”专项经费在2016年初就已下拨到账,因此2016年可被视为“双一流”建设元年。考虑到科研产出的时滞效应,研究选择滞后一年(即2017年)作为政策效应的开始年,即将2017年及之后实验组高校的干预变量赋值为1,2017年之前实验组高校以及全部年份控制组高校的干预变量都赋值为0。
(2)结果变量。论文不能完全等同于高校科研产出,但与专利或著作等其他科研成果相比,论文的适用范围更广,更具有横向比较性[5]。参考已有研究的变量设置[15,16],使用WOS数据库中论文发表总数(WOS)、SCI论文发表数量(SCI)、SSCI论文发表数量(SSCI)分别表示高校科研产出总量、自然科学与社会科学领域科研产出数量。在科研产出质量方面,选择高被引论文数量(Hcite)、前1%论文数量(Percent)以及学科规范化论文影响力(CNCI①(①学科标准化引文影响力(CNCI)是指一篇文献实际被引次数除以同类型、同出版年份、同学科领域文献的期望被引次数,如果CNCI=1,则说明该篇论文的被引表现与全球平均水平相当,如果CNCI>1,则说明该篇论文的被引表现高于全球平均水平,反之则低于全球平均水平。))作为表征指标。
(3)控制变量。考虑到物质投入与人力投入是高校科研产出的核心影响因素,本研究加入了高校科技活动经费(fee)与高校全时当量科研人员(human)作为控制变量。
表2比较了“双一流”政策前后实验组高校和控制组高校的科研产出特征。在本研究选定的时间区间内,实验组高校各个结果变量均高于控制组高校,即政策实施前后的一阶差分均为正;在增长幅度上,除学科规范化引文影响力(CNCI)外,其他结果变量的二阶差分均为正,表明实验组高校的科研产出数量和质量的提升速度要快于控制组高校,但学科规范化引文影响力(CNCI)的二阶差分为负,说明在政策实施后,“双一流”建设高校的引文影响力增长速度低于非“双一流”建设高校。初步证据表明,“双一流”政策在提高高校科研产出数量和提升科研产出质量方面取得了显著成效,但是在提高论文影响力方面可能存在不确定性。
为更加直观地反映各个结果变量的时间变化趋势,研究绘制了实验组和控制组高校各个结果变量年度期望值的变化趋势图(图2)。依据该图可以做出几点直观判断:(1)在2017年之前,各结果变量的期望值在实验组高校和控制组高校之间的年度变化趋势基本平行,均为实验组高于控制组,直观上表明基本符合平行趋势条件;(2)所有结果变量在选定的时间周期内均呈现逐步上升态势,说明我国高校科研产出数量与质量在过去十年间得到了快速发展,这是我国高等教育快速发展的一个缩影;(3)表征科研产出数量的变量(WOS、SCI、SSCI)与表征科研产出质量的变量(Hcite、Percent)都呈现出政策干预后实验组和控制组之间差距扩大的现象,这说明“双一流”政策促进了高校的科研产出数量与质量的提升,但在学科规范化引文影响力(CNCI)维度,出现了差距逐渐缩小的趋势,说明“双一流”建设对实验组高校的论文影响力提升有限。
为避免变量数据绝对值过大对估计结果准确性的影响,本研究在回归分析部分对结果变量与控制变量均进行标准化处理。表3回归结果的第一列为OLS回归模型,第二列是考虑了个体与时间差异的双重固定效应回归模型(FE)。回归结果显示了以下信息:“双一流”政策干预显著提升了实验组高校的科研产出数量(WOS、SCI和SSCI)与科研产出质量(Hcite、Percent),特别是对社会科学论文产出(SSCI)的影响系数最大,初步说明“双一流”政策整体上显著促进了高校科研产出的数量与质量,对高校科学研究发展起到了良好的促进作用。但是,“双一流”政策对高校学科规范化引文影响力(CNCI)的回归系数显著为负,说明在选定的研究周期内,非“双一流”建设高校的学科规范化引文影响力提升速度快于“双一流”建设高校,这意味着“双一流”政策在对高校科研产出质量提升方面存在不确定性。
考虑到DID回归结果只能反映政策实施对实验组和控制组高校结果变量的平均影响效应,无法准确反映试点政策在不同年份的影响效果,使用事件研究方法(Event Study Approach)[17]对不同年份试点政策的动态效应进行估计并绘制了90%置信区间下各年度政策干预效应图。从图3来看,除WOS论文数量(WOS)与前1%论文数量(Percent)外,其他结果变量的回归系数在政策冲击发生前(2010-2016年之间)均不显著,这说明实验组高校和控制组高校在“双一流”政策实施之前不存在明显的差异,满足DID所要求的平行趋势假设。“双一流”建设政策对WOS论文数量(WOS)与前1%论文(Percent)两个变量的干预效果在2016年出现显著,是因为建设经费在2016年下达后对上述两个变量产生了比较直接与快速的干预效果。
为进一步检验研究结果是否受到高校和年份层面不可观察结果的影响,借鉴已有研究[18],通过随机分配实验组高校的方式进行安慰剂检验[19]。具体而言,从107所样本高校中随机抽取60所作为虚拟的实验组,假设其受到了“双一流”政策干预,其他高校为控制组。随机抽样的方式能够确保本文构建的干预变量对各个结果变量没有影响,如果有显著结果的发现,则说明本文的预期假设和回归结果存在偏差。图4汇报了1000次随机抽样的安慰剂检验结果。可以看出,所有随机抽样中干预变量估计系数β的均值接近为0且呈正态分布,大多数估计系数的p值大于0.1,同时本研究的真实估计值(纵向虚线)在安慰剂测试中是明显异常值,表明对上述结果变量的估计结果不太可能是由高校或年份中的不可观察因素所导致的,进一步验证了研究结论的稳健性。
学科是大学的基本单元,也是建设世界一流大学的基础。建设一流学科是我国高等教育发展中抓“关键少数”的重要策略,目标是以一流学科建设带动全学科生态体系[20]。2022年新一轮的“双一流”建设名单不再区分一流大学和一流学科,意味着未来“双一流”将以学科建设为主要着力点。为探究第一轮“双一流”建设中“一流学科”政策的干预效果,本研究在实验组中仅保留33所“一流学科”建设高校(简称为部分样本实验),通过双重差分方法探讨其政策效应。
表4和图5表明,在部分样本实验中,“一流学科”政策干预前后高校科研产出数量(WOS、SCI、SSCI)在实验组和控制组之间差距逐渐变大,但是变化幅度较图2更小,变化趋势线基本上呈平行趋势。在科研产出质量方面的Hcite、Percent与CNCI变量中,二阶差分值为负数,且出现了在政策干预后控制组高校逐渐赶超实验组高校的情况。初步说明,“一流学科”建设政策对实验组高校科研产出质量的影响效果不够明显,具体效应量通过基于双重差分的回归检验来说明。
在部分样本实验中,实验组高校仅包括“一流学科”建设高校,回归系数表示“一流学科”政策干预的效果,其他结果意义与表3相同。表5显示:(1)在科研产出数量方面,干预变量对实验组高校SCI和SSCI论文产出具有显著的正向影响,但其回归系数要低于全样本回归系数,对WOS论文发表数量的影响效果为正但不显著;(2)在科研产出质量方面,干预变量对实验组高校的高被引论文数量(Hcite)、前1%论文数量(Percent)和学科规范化引文影响力(CNCI)的回归系数均为负,说明相关政策发挥了较好的溢出效应,有效带动了非“双一流”建设高校科研质量的提升,这解释了描述性分析中发现的政策冲击发生后控制组高校在科研产出质量方面逐渐赶超实验组高校的情况。
从图6部分样本回归的动态效应图中可以看出,所有结果变量回归系数在2010-2016年之间均不显著,这说明实验组高校和控制组高校在政策实施之前不存在显著差异,满足平行趋势假设。此外,无论是科研产出数量指标还是质量指标,“一流学科”政策干预在2017年之后均未能通过90%置信区间的显著性检验,说明其回归系数并不显著,这与DID回归结果基本一致,说明了“一流学科”建设在高校科研产出数量和质量等方面未能取得预期效果,而是在高校科研产出质量方面出现了控制组高校赶超实验组高校的情况。随机分配实验组高校安慰剂检验结果与全样本实验类似,本部分不再展示。
在教育强国建设背景下,“双一流”政策实施效果成为学术界关注的焦点问题,已有研究实证检验了“双一流”政策对高校科研产出[21]、高校综合竞争力[22]、区域创新能力[23]、城市创新能力[24]、区域创新效率[25]等的影响效应。本研究从科研产出数量与质量两个维度,设计了准实验研究,分别探究了“双一流”和“一流学科”政策对高校科研产出的具体影响效应。研究发现包括:
(1)“双一流”建设在促进高校科研产出数量与提升高校科研产出质量双重维度都取得了显著成效。本研究发现,在第一轮“双一流”建设周期内,实验组高校的论文产出有比较快速的增长,在高被引论文数量和前1%论文数量等科研产出质量方面也呈现出强劲增长趋势,这些成绩显示出“双一流”建设推动高校科研能力的有效提升。该结论与以省域“双一流”政策为对象的研究发现具有相似性[26],反映出了重点建设政策对入选高校科研产出的积极促进效果。值得注意的是,尽管政策干预对学科标准化引文影响力(CNCI)的影响系数为负,但政策实施后,实验组和控制组高校的学科标准化引文影响力均实现了大幅度增长,从低于全球平均水平上升到高于全球水平(其中实验组是从0.95到1.20,控制组是从0.80到1.16)。上述结果表明,在“双一流”建设期间,我国高校在科研产出数量与质量方面实现了整体性水平跃升,反映出“双一流”建设在推动高等教育发展中的重要作用。
(2)“一流学科”建设具有明显的政策溢出效应,对非“双一流”建设高校科研产出质量提升具有带动效果。研究发现,“一流学科”建设政策带动了非“双一流”建设高校在高被引论文数量、前1%论文数量及学科规范化引文影响力方面的提升,其幅度甚至超过了实验组高校,这意味着“一流学科”政策在实施过程中出现了显著的溢出效应与带动效果。可能的原因在于,政策实施之前“一流学科”建设高校与非“双一流”高校之间差距并不明显,但是否进入政策试点意味着能否获得巨量的发展资源和声誉优势,因此在对未来政策调整的整体性期待下,未入选第一轮建设名单的高校倾向更加关注科研产出,力争通过科研质量的提升来获得新一轮“双一流”建设“入场券”。地方政府通常也积极配合本地区高校采取更突破常规的方式在科研产出方面争创一流,例如设置地方性“双一流”支持措施来促进相关高校的发展。奋力追赶与合力发展最终造成“落榜者”赶超“上榜者”的情况,体现出高等教育试点建设政策在整体带动各层次高校科研质量提升方面的潜力。
(1)“双一流”政策的建设思维与发展思维。早在“双一流”政策实施之初,便有学者提醒应警惕以学科建设为代表的政策话语对学科知识积累与科学进步的影响[27],并呼吁将宏观的“学科建设”政策转换成微观的“学科治理”实践[28]。从本研究结论来看,“双一流”政策不仅具有重点建设功能,其中的“一流学科”相关政策还发挥了示范与引领等作用。这意味着,可能需要更加全面地看待“双一流”政策中蕴含的建设思维与发展思维,前者是重点突破,后者是整体提升,继续沿用“建设思维”及过度关注“建设功能”或许隐含着诸多可能的风险。作为一项以资源投入为基础、以试点型重点建设为举措、兼具示范性与引领性功能的政策设计,新一轮“双一流”应当逐步探索超越建设话语和建设思维,更多采用发展思维,特别是要打破大学对政府的整体性依从和形式化自主,实现“内生性制度创新”[29],不仅致力于推动入选高校或学科的进步,更要发挥其示范引领与带动提升的内涵发展功能。
(2)“双一流”政策在高校层面与学科层面的不同侧重。本研究发现,“一流学科”建设存在显著的政策溢出效应,而“一流大学”建设政策却未能展现出此种特征。从基本逻辑来看,高校参与“双一流”建设的驱动因素是对“一流”资源的竞逐,由此引致重点建设政策的双重影响:一方面,试点高校容易因资源集聚形成“马太效应”,加剧了发展差距,这与高等教育强国建设和高质量发展的内涵不相符;另一方面,政策通过示范引领作用激励了一批水平相当的高校积极发展,这种效果应当是符合政策制定者的初衷。为了更好地引导与发挥“双一流”政策的示范引领效果,突出试点建设政策的实施效能,或许在新的发展周期中,将“双一流”政策更多地侧重于学科层面,将一流学科作为一流大学生成与发展的根本逻辑,这无疑与2022年新一轮“双一流”建设《意见》精神不谋而合。基于学科面向的重点建设政策,通过重点支持真正具备潜力的学科,助推其迈向世界一流,不仅能够发挥一流学科对高等教育生态系统的促进作用,也有助于缓解因资源不均而可能加剧的校际“马太效应”风险。
(3)统一建设标准下学科的趋同化与多样化。本研究所阐释的“双一流”政策的溢出效应,本质上可以被理解为高校对学科建设资源的竞争。良性竞争是实现整体发展的必要基础,“双一流”建设基本原则便是“统筹推进、分类建设”。但在实践中,重点建设政策带有极为重要的资源分配属性与项目管理特征,叠加以统一标准为特征的学科评估手段,极有可能会引导高校为争取建设资源而不断效仿与跟进“典型”,最终出现高校学科布局与发展目标“千篇一律”的趋同问题,其中的无序和非理性现象也不鲜见。然而,多样化是高等教育高质量发展的重要特征,诸如美国通过高度分层的高等教育系统形成了“完美的混乱”与“不寻常的崛起”[30]。趋同化与多样化是新周期“双一流”政策部署中应当考虑的重要内容,“一流学科”应当构建健康有活力的学科生态系统,其良性运转须以学科多样性和特色化为基础。因此,未来“双一流”政策部署中需要更加突出多样性导向,引导自主科学确定“双一流”标准,适度扩大优势学科建设范围,将促进学科的内涵化、差异化和特色化作为一流学科建设的重要目标。
在新一轮“双一流”建设淡化高校身份色彩、注重一流学科特色发展的背景下,本研究提出以下启示建议:首先,“双一流”政策需要“破立并举”“先立后破”。探索自主科学确定“双一流”建设标准,既要避免“双一流”建设高校过度追求科研数量的“硬着陆”,也要避免“一流学科”建设高校出现科研懈怠现象,政府主管部门要以发展思维与治理思维持续关注“双一流”建设,推动高等教育整体持续性高质量与内涵式发展;其次,高度重视发挥“双一流”建设政策的示范与引领作用。进一步推动制度创新,淡化高校身份色彩,引导鼓励高校之间的良性竞争与分类发展,充分调动地方政府与非入选高校积极性,发挥好“双一流”建设以点带面效果,最终实现高等教育整体实力和水平的提升;最后,完善动态调整与分类发展机制。结合区域产业发展优势、地区间平衡发展等视角布局“双一流”,探索建立分类发展、分类支持、分类评价建设体系,推动实现“双一流”学科建设资源的精准投入,不断提升学科建设水平,以一流学科的特色优势发展带动一流高校的内涵式发展,加速推进高等教育强国建设。
  • 国家社会科学基金资助项目(23BGL111)
  • 辽宁省社会科学规划基金青年项目(L24CGL014)
  • 辽宁省社会科学规划基金青年项目(067)
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2026年第44卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-17
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
  • 修回日期:2025-09-30
基金
国家社会科学基金资助项目(23BGL111)
辽宁省社会科学规划基金青年项目(L24CGL014)
辽宁省社会科学规划基金青年项目(067)
作者信息
    1 大连理工大学高等教育研究院, 辽宁大连 116024
    2 浙江大学中国科教战略研究院, 浙江杭州 310058
    3 清华大学经济管理学院, 北京 10084

通讯作者:

李飞(1984-),男,副研究员,E-mail:。
参考文献
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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