Article(id=1318316560956117887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1318316496934261092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744732800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-16, revisedDate=1746633600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792240761268, onlineDateStr=2026-10-17, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792240761268, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792240761268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792240761268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1318316496934261092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792240746004, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792240746004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1478, endPage=1489, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1318316561140667264, articleId=1318316560956117887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The impact of heterogeneous knowledge sources on breakthrough innovation value, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With intensifying global technological competition and the emergence of a new wave of industrial revolution, breakthrough innovation has become a critical engine driving national development. Understanding the mechanisms behind breakthrough innovation is therefore an urgent research priority. Innovation entails novel combinations of production factors, and the introduction of new elements such as knowledge and data has enriched this notion of "new combinations." As a core production factor, scientific knowledge plays a pivotal role in breakthrough innovation. Investigating its connection to innovation value carries significant theoretical and policy implications.

Drawing on knowledge recombination theory and using a Tobit model, this study analyzes biotechnology patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from 2010 to 2021, along with the scientific literature cited therein, to explore the influence of heterogeneous knowledge sources on the value of breakthrough innovation. The main findings are as follows: (1) From the perspective of organizational boundaries, the paper distinguishes the effects of internal and external sources of scientific knowledge. Internal scientific knowledge positively contributes to the value of breakthrough innovation. External scientific knowledge exhibits a U-shaped relationship with innovation value—while diversity in external sources can be beneficial, it also increases integration complexity, necessitating strong absorptive and transformative capacities within the organization. Once an organization’s internal knowledge accumulation surpasses a certain threshold, it is more capable of capitalizing on open innovation, thereby enhancing the value of its breakthrough innovations. This mechanism helps explain why knowledge-intensive organizations often emerge as leaders in open innovation. (2) From the structural perspective of knowledge sources, the study finds that the layered structure of knowledge within university-industry-government collaborations—ranging from basic research to applied development—is conducive to generating breakthrough innovations. This provides micro-level support for the "Triple Helix" model of innovation. (3) From the perspective of knowledge characteristics, the study reveals differentiated impacts of scientific and technological knowledge on innovation value. While greater cognitive distance in technological knowledge tends to enhance breakthrough innovation, an increase in cognitive distance in scientific knowledge may raise the risk and uncertainty of innovation. This diverges from prior literature that suggests broad search and distant recombination of technological knowledge enhance breakthrough innovation. By distinguishing between scientific and technological knowledge, the study deepens the theoretical framework of knowledge recombination.

This research makes three primary contributions: (1) It refines the understanding of how internal versus external scientific knowledge affects breakthrough innovation, clarifying the distinct roles of internal innovation and inter-organizational collaboration; (2) it elucidates the role of scientific knowledge generated through university-industry-government collaborations, shedding light on the deeper value of such partnerships; (3) it reveals the differential mechanisms by which scientific versus technological knowledge contribute to innovation value, thereby enriching knowledge recombination theory.

Based on the above discussion, this paper proposes the following two policy recommendations: First, innovation policies—especially in science-driven industries—should prioritize incentives for internal knowledge accumulation. Second, knowledge exchange and integration across academia, industry, and government should be strengthened by removing institutional barriers and encouraging deeper cross-domain knowledge construction in collaborative innovation.

, authors=Fang WANG1, 2, Hui MA1, 2, Lan-xiang ZHAO1, 2, Zhen-ting XIAO3, authorsList=Fang WANG, Hui MA, Lan-xiang ZHAO, Zhen-ting XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lan-xiang ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1318316563393008515, articleId=1318316560956117887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=多元异构知识来源对突破性创新价值的影响, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

创新本质上是生产要素的新组合,知识等新生产要素的引入进一步丰富了该“新组合”内涵。科学知识作为创新驱动的关键生产要素,探究其与创新价值的关联机制具有重要理论意义。本文通过分析2010年至2021年间美国专利和商标局授予的生物技术专利数据及其引用的科学文献数据,发现:(1)组织内科学知识来源对突破性创新的价值具有正向作用,而组织外科学知识来源对突破性创新价值的影响呈现U型关系;(2)产学研合作形成的科学知识层次性结构,有利于提升突破性创新的价值;(3)科学知识与技术知识对突破性创新价值的影响存在差异化,科学知识的远距离组合可能会增加创新的风险和不确定性。通过对科学知识来源的细化研究,探讨不同科学知识来源对突破性创新价值的影响,丰富了知识重组理论,为创新政策提供了理论参考。

, authors=王芳1, 2, 马惠1, 2, 赵兰香1, 2, 肖震霆3, authorsList=王芳, 马惠, 赵兰香, 肖震霆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵兰香, authorNote=

王芳(1979-),女,创新研究员。

马惠(1999-),女,回族,硕士研究生。

肖震霆(1993-),男,博士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵兰香(1966-),女,研究员,E-mail: 。
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Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung[M]. Duncker und Humblot, 1912., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316571769033657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, doi=10.1287/mnsc.47.1.117.10671, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=47, issue=1, pageStart=117, pageEnd=132, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.47.1.117.10671, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Fleming L, journalName=Management Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fleming L. Recombinant uncertainty in technological search[J]. Management Science, 2001, 47(1): 117-132., articleTitle=Recombinant uncertainty in technological search, refAbstract=While the course of technological change is widely accepted to be highly uncertain and unpredictable, little work has identified or studied the ultimate sources and causes of that uncertainty. This paper proposes that purely technological uncertainty derives from inventors' search processes with unfamiliar components and component combinations. Experimentation with new components and new combinations leads to less useful inventions on average, but it also implies an increase in the variability that can result in both failure and breakthrough. Negative binomial count and dispersion models with patent citation data demonstrate that new combinations are indeed more variable. In contrast to predictions, however, the reuse of components has a nonmonotonic and eventually positive effect on variability.), Reference(id=1318316571840336826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=123, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=于英杰, 曾德明, 赵胜超, journalName=科学学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于英杰, 曾德明, 赵胜超, 等. 跨领域科学搜索、网络位置与企业发明质量[J]. 科学学研究, 2023, 41(1):123-133., articleTitle=跨领域科学搜索、网络位置与企业发明质量, refAbstract=发明是企业技术创新活动重要组成部分,如何提升发明质量是创新领域关注的热点话题。本文从企业发明专利层面研究跨领域科学搜索、网络位置与企业发明质量之间的关系,并在此基础上探讨网络位置在科学搜索的领域多样性和企业发明质量之间的调节作用。以1999-2006年USPTO授权的燃料电池专利中企业专利为样本进行实证检验,结果表明:科学搜索的领域多样性和差异性正向影响发明质量,领域集聚性负向影响发明质量;科学领域的网络中心性负向影响发明质量,结构洞正向影响发明质量;科学领域的网络中心性和结构洞削弱了领域多样性对发明质量的正向影响。研究结果丰富了科学搜索、科学知识网络和企业发明质量相关研究,同时为“基于科学”的企业实现高质量发明创新提供实践启示。), Reference(id=1318316571915834299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=123, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Yu Y J, Zeng D M, Zhao S C, journalName=Studies in Science of Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu Y J, Zeng D M, Zhao S C, et al. 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We contribute to this debate by studying trends in the scientific publishing activities of firms located in Germany. Our results indicate that the firms’ aggregate volume of scientific publications stayed constant between 2008 and 2016. However, the number and share of publishing firms declined, and publication activities became more concentrated among publishing firms. Beyond that, we observe positive trends in publishing in basic research journals compared to journals focused on applied research, and publishing in collaboration with academic partners compared to publishing alone. Thus, our results paint an ambiguous picture. While they do not confirm a decrease in firms’ basic research engagement in the aggregate, the figures document a concentration of publishing activities on fewer firms. We argue that this concentration of basic research activities in firms may pose a threat to the longer-term innovativeness of the German economy.), Reference(id=1318316573572584402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, doi=10.1007/s10961-019-09738-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=4, pageStart=1232, pageEnd=1255, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Wang L L, Li Z X, journalName=Journal of Technology Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang L L, Li Z X. Knowledge flows from public science to industrial technologies[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2021, 46(4): 1232-1255., articleTitle=Knowledge flows from public science to industrial technologies, refAbstract=Scientific research has been acknowledged as an important knowledge resource for developing technologies. However, little is known about the heterogeneous nature of scientific knowledge and the associated contribution to technological advancement. Using nano technology as a case study, this paper investigates what types of scientific research can help improve the quality of technologies. This study uses backward and forward citation analysis, extracted from the Derwent World Patents Index. Non-patent citations from each patent are further connected with records indexed in Web of Science, and the forward citations for the cited articles are collected. On the one hand, our results confirm that there is an important contribution from science to technology. High-quality academic research has significantly contributed to the development of high-quality patents. On the other hand, this study also reveals the heterogeneous pattern of patents citing scientific publications, depending on the organizational type, country, and knowledge origin. Compared to those in the U.S., patents developed by Chinese inventors tend to reply on more recent science but with a narrower scientific scope.), Reference(id=1318316573631304659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, doi=10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00013-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=26, issue=3, pageStart=317, pageEnd=330, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733397000139, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Narin F, Hamilton K S, Olivastro D, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Narin F, Hamilton K S, Olivastro D. The increasing linkage between U.S. technology and public science[J]. 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Research Policy, 2017, 46(10): 1801-1809., articleTitle=Horizon problem and firm innovation: The influence of ceo career horizon, exploitation and exploration on breakthrough innovations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316574340142045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, doi=10.1080/13662716.2014.919762, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=215, pageEnd=242, url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13662716.2014.919762, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Krafft J, Quatraro F, Saviotti P P, journalName=Industry and Innovation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Krafft J, Quatraro F, Saviotti P P. The dynamics of knowledge-intensive sectors' knowledge base: Evidence from biotechnology and telecommunications[J]. Industry and Innovation, 2014, 21(3): 215-242., articleTitle=The dynamics of knowledge-intensive sectors' knowledge base: Evidence from biotechnology and telecommunications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316574407250910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=708, pageEnd=717, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=38, authorNames=李梦柯, 王芳, 赵兰香, journalName=科学学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李梦柯, 王芳, 赵兰香. 科学知识特征对基于科学的创新绩效的影响——基于仪器产业的分析[J]. 科学学研究, 2023, 41(4):708-717., articleTitle=科学知识特征对基于科学的创新绩效的影响——基于仪器产业的分析, refAbstract=追踪和探讨科学研究如何有效的促进技术创新是创新管理与政策研究领域的重要问题。本文利用美国专利及商标局2005-2019年的专利数据与引用科学文献的数据,研究仪器产业科学知识的异质性特征对创新绩效的影响。研究发现科学关联度与科学质量均对专利质量表现出倒U型影响;仪器领域的技术创新对近期科学知识的依赖显著强于远期科学知识;知识来源多样性对专利质量表现出负向的影响,专利权人与科学文献作者来源的一致性对技术创新起到积极的促进作用,仪器创新呈现出高度的知识—技术区域集聚性特征。这些结论可为促进我国仪器产业自主创新提供一定的政策启示。), Reference(id=1318316574491136991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=708, pageEnd=717, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Li M K, Wang F, Zhao L X, journalName=Studies in Science of Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li M K, Wang F, Zhao L X. The impact of scientific knowledge properties on science-based innovation performance——An analysis on the instrument industry[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2023, 41(4):708-717., articleTitle=The impact of scientific knowledge properties on science-based innovation performance——An analysis on the instrument industry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1318316570007425974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, awardId=72274191, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(72274191), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1318316570078729143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, awardId=24&ZD051, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重大项目(24&ZD051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316563627889540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316563636278149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, companyId=1318316563627889540, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316563644666758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, companyId=1318316563627889540, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316563720164231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316563728552840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, companyId=1318316563720164231, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Public Policy and Management, UCAS, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316563736941449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, companyId=1318316563720164231, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316563825021834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316563833410443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, companyId=1318316563825021834, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316563841799052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, companyId=1318316563825021834, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 大连理工大学经济管理学院, 辽宁大连 116024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1318316569030153132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Marginal effects of external scientific knowledge search on the value of breakthrough innovation, figureFileSmall=E2yuWMjfx2UIpTL9jWPI8A==, figureFileBig=1c7NWyuBmrqp4I2B6AAFqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316569114039213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=CN, label=图1, caption=外部科学知识搜索的边际效应图, figureFileSmall=E2yuWMjfx2UIpTL9jWPI8A==, figureFileBig=1c7NWyuBmrqp4I2B6AAFqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316569290199982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 观测值 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
value 4851 6.62 5.53 3.54 104.70
intref 4851 0.10 0.30 0.00 1.00
extref 4851 0.49 0.56 0.00 9.01
collab 4851 3.97 6.28 0.00 82.00
scidis 4851 0.49 0.09 0.18 0.86
tecdis 4851 0.59 0.18 0.10 0.94
scigeo 4851 0.35 0.26 0.03 4.00
tecvar 4851 0.78 0.22 0.09 1.55
lagyear 4851 10.76 4.90 0.00 56.00
sumapp 4851 2.45 2.38 1.00 20.00
sumipc 4851 6.77 6.16 1.00 107.00
patfam 4851 33.31 37.25 1.00 391.00
patage 4851 6.40 3.36 1.00 12.00
), ArticleFig(id=1318316569361503151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 观测值 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
value 4851 6.62 5.53 3.54 104.70
intref 4851 0.10 0.30 0.00 1.00
extref 4851 0.49 0.56 0.00 9.01
collab 4851 3.97 6.28 0.00 82.00
scidis 4851 0.49 0.09 0.18 0.86
tecdis 4851 0.59 0.18 0.10 0.94
scigeo 4851 0.35 0.26 0.03 4.00
tecvar 4851 0.78 0.22 0.09 1.55
lagyear 4851 10.76 4.90 0.00 56.00
sumapp 4851 2.45 2.38 1.00 20.00
sumipc 4851 6.77 6.16 1.00 107.00
patfam 4851 33.31 37.25 1.00 391.00
patage 4851 6.40 3.36 1.00 12.00
), ArticleFig(id=1318316569437000624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Empirical results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
value value value value value value value
intref 0.681* 0.682** 0.666* 0.658* 0.657* 0.649*
(0.348) (0.348) (0.347) (0.348) (0.347) (0.347)
extref -0.246* -0.485** -0.585*** -1.217*** -0.586***
(0.148) (0.217) (0.213) (0.350) (0.215)
collab 0.026* 0.026* 0.032** 0.025
(0.015) (0.015) (0.016) (0.015)
scidis -5.362*** -5.516*** -0.495
(1.124) (1.118) (9.426)
extref2 0.159***
(0.052)
scidis2 -4.744
(8.501)
tecdis 0.118 0.199 0.322 0.352 1.854** 1.944** 1.866**
(0.619) (0.628) (0.645) (0.643) (0.760) (0.761) (0.758)
scigeo -0.221 -0.149 -0.406 -0.414 -0.176 -0.483 -0.138
(0.416) (0.417) (0.513) (0.515) (0.535) (0.583) (0.491)
tecvar -0.049 -0.075 -0.065 -0.019 -0.203 -0.125 -0.176
(0.528) (0.530) (0.529) (0.534) (0.539) (0.538) (0.546)
lagyear -0.033** -0.033** -0.033** -0.031** -0.035** -0.034** -0.035**
(0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016)
sumapp 0.120* 0.125* 0.124* 0.127** 0.120* 0.120* 0.119*
(0.063) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064)
sumipc -0.086*** -0.085*** -0.084*** -0.084*** -0.084*** -0.083*** -0.084***
(0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
patfam 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.010*** 0.010*** 0.010***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
patage 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
patown 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
country 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
constant 5.640*** 5.531*** 5.702*** 5.628*** 7.500*** 7.762*** 6.270***
(0.503) (0.515) (0.539) (0.541) (0.510) (0.517) (2.289)
var(e.value) 29.904*** 29.864*** 29.851*** 29.843*** 29.687*** 29.654*** 29.685***
(3.964) (3.958) (3.954) (3.953) (3.933) (3.927) (3.932)
N 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851
), ArticleFig(id=1318316569525081009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实证分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
value value value value value value value
intref 0.681* 0.682** 0.666* 0.658* 0.657* 0.649*
(0.348) (0.348) (0.347) (0.348) (0.347) (0.347)
extref -0.246* -0.485** -0.585*** -1.217*** -0.586***
(0.148) (0.217) (0.213) (0.350) (0.215)
collab 0.026* 0.026* 0.032** 0.025
(0.015) (0.015) (0.016) (0.015)
scidis -5.362*** -5.516*** -0.495
(1.124) (1.118) (9.426)
extref2 0.159***
(0.052)
scidis2 -4.744
(8.501)
tecdis 0.118 0.199 0.322 0.352 1.854** 1.944** 1.866**
(0.619) (0.628) (0.645) (0.643) (0.760) (0.761) (0.758)
scigeo -0.221 -0.149 -0.406 -0.414 -0.176 -0.483 -0.138
(0.416) (0.417) (0.513) (0.515) (0.535) (0.583) (0.491)
tecvar -0.049 -0.075 -0.065 -0.019 -0.203 -0.125 -0.176
(0.528) (0.530) (0.529) (0.534) (0.539) (0.538) (0.546)
lagyear -0.033** -0.033** -0.033** -0.031** -0.035** -0.034** -0.035**
(0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016)
sumapp 0.120* 0.125* 0.124* 0.127** 0.120* 0.120* 0.119*
(0.063) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064)
sumipc -0.086*** -0.085*** -0.084*** -0.084*** -0.084*** -0.083*** -0.084***
(0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
patfam 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.011*** 0.010*** 0.010*** 0.010***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
patage 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
patown 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
country 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
constant 5.640*** 5.531*** 5.702*** 5.628*** 7.500*** 7.762*** 6.270***
(0.503) (0.515) (0.539) (0.541) (0.510) (0.517) (2.289)
var(e.value) 29.904*** 29.864*** 29.851*** 29.843*** 29.687*** 29.654*** 29.685***
(3.964) (3.958) (3.954) (3.953) (3.933) (3.927) (3.932)
N 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851
), ArticleFig(id=1318316569613161394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Marginal effects analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
intref 0.471** 0.472** 0.461* 0.455* 0.455* 0.449*
(0.239) (0.239) (0.239) (0.239) (0.239) (0.239)
extref -0.170* -0.335** -0.405*** -0.736*** -0.406***
(0.101) (0.148) (0.145) (0.208) (0.146)
collab 0.018* 0.018* 0.022** 0.017*
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
scidis -3.712*** -3.819*** -3.562***
(0.754) (0.748) (0.942)
tecdis 0.081 0.138 0.223 0.243 1.283** 1.346*** 1.292**
(0.427) (0.433) (0.443) (0.442) (0.510) (0.511) (0.509)
scigeo -0.153 -0.103 -0.281 -0.286 -0.122 -0.334 -0.095
(0.289) (0.289) (0.356) (0.357) (0.371) (0.404) (0.340)
tecvar -0.034 -0.052 -0.045 -0.013 -0.141 -0.087 -0.122
(0.365) (0.366) (0.366) (0.369) (0.372) (0.371) (0.377)
lagyear -0.023** -0.023** -0.023** -0.022* -0.024** -0.024** -0.024**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
sumapp 0.083* 0.086** 0.086** 0.088** 0.083* 0.083* 0.082*
(0.043) (0.044) (0.043) (0.044) (0.044) (0.044) (0.044)
sumipc -0.059*** -0.059*** -0.058*** -0.058*** -0.058*** -0.057*** -0.058***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
patfam 0.008*** 0.008*** 0.008*** 0.008*** 0.007*** 0.007*** 0.007***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
patage 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
patown 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
country 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
N 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851
), ArticleFig(id=1318316569709630387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

边际效应分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
intref 0.471** 0.472** 0.461* 0.455* 0.455* 0.449*
(0.239) (0.239) (0.239) (0.239) (0.239) (0.239)
extref -0.170* -0.335** -0.405*** -0.736*** -0.406***
(0.101) (0.148) (0.145) (0.208) (0.146)
collab 0.018* 0.018* 0.022** 0.017*
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
scidis -3.712*** -3.819*** -3.562***
(0.754) (0.748) (0.942)
tecdis 0.081 0.138 0.223 0.243 1.283** 1.346*** 1.292**
(0.427) (0.433) (0.443) (0.442) (0.510) (0.511) (0.509)
scigeo -0.153 -0.103 -0.281 -0.286 -0.122 -0.334 -0.095
(0.289) (0.289) (0.356) (0.357) (0.371) (0.404) (0.340)
tecvar -0.034 -0.052 -0.045 -0.013 -0.141 -0.087 -0.122
(0.365) (0.366) (0.366) (0.369) (0.372) (0.371) (0.377)
lagyear -0.023** -0.023** -0.023** -0.022* -0.024** -0.024** -0.024**
(0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
sumapp 0.083* 0.086** 0.086** 0.088** 0.083* 0.083* 0.082*
(0.043) (0.044) (0.043) (0.044) (0.044) (0.044) (0.044)
sumipc -0.059*** -0.059*** -0.058*** -0.058*** -0.058*** -0.057*** -0.058***
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
patfam 0.008*** 0.008*** 0.008*** 0.008*** 0.007*** 0.007*** 0.007***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
patage 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
patown 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
country 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制 控制
N 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851 4851
), ArticleFig(id=1318316569806099380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Robustness checks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OLS回归 Tobit模型
(替换变量)
Tobit模型
边际效应
(1) (2) (3)
intref 0.657*
(0.348)
incitei 2.577* 1.778*
(1.527) (1.046)
extref -1.216*** -1.011*** -0.612***
(0.351) (0.273) (0.161)
extref2 0.159*** 0.127***
(0.052) (0.041)
collab 0.032** 0.034** 0.023**
(0.016) (0.016) (0.011)
scidis -5.515*** -5.604*** -3.867***
(1.121) (1.070) (0.710)
tecdis 1.943** 1.991** 1.374***
(0.763) (0.791) (0.529)
meandis -0.000** -0.000**
(0.000) (0.000)
scigeo -0.483
(0.585)
tecvar -0.125 -0.164 -0.113
(0.539) (0.561) (0.386)
lagyear -0.034** -0.027 -0.018
(0.016) (0.017) (0.012)
sumapp 0.120* 0.133** 0.092**
(0.064) (0.065) (0.045)
sumipc -0.083*** -0.086*** -0.059***
(0.013) (0.013) (0.008)
patfam 0.010*** 0.011*** 0.007***
(0.003) (0.002) (0.002)
patage 控制
time 控制 控制
patown 控制 控制 控制
country 控制 控制 控制
constant 7.762*** 9.021***
(0.519) (0.705)
N 4851 4718 4718
), ArticleFig(id=1318316569894179765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316560956117887, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

稳健性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OLS回归 Tobit模型
(替换变量)
Tobit模型
边际效应
(1) (2) (3)
intref 0.657*
(0.348)
incitei 2.577* 1.778*
(1.527) (1.046)
extref -1.216*** -1.011*** -0.612***
(0.351) (0.273) (0.161)
extref2 0.159*** 0.127***
(0.052) (0.041)
collab 0.032** 0.034** 0.023**
(0.016) (0.016) (0.011)
scidis -5.515*** -5.604*** -3.867***
(1.121) (1.070) (0.710)
tecdis 1.943** 1.991** 1.374***
(0.763) (0.791) (0.529)
meandis -0.000** -0.000**
(0.000) (0.000)
scigeo -0.483
(0.585)
tecvar -0.125 -0.164 -0.113
(0.539) (0.561) (0.386)
lagyear -0.034** -0.027 -0.018
(0.016) (0.017) (0.012)
sumapp 0.120* 0.133** 0.092**
(0.064) (0.065) (0.045)
sumipc -0.083*** -0.086*** -0.059***
(0.013) (0.013) (0.008)
patfam 0.010*** 0.011*** 0.007***
(0.003) (0.002) (0.002)
patage 控制
time 控制 控制
patown 控制 控制 控制
country 控制 控制 控制
constant 7.762*** 9.021***
(0.519) (0.705)
N 4851 4718 4718
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多元异构知识来源对突破性创新价值的影响
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王芳 1, 2 , 马惠 1, 2 , 赵兰香 1, 2 , 肖震霆 3
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(7): 1478-1489
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (7) : 1478 -1489
多元异构知识来源对突破性创新价值的影响
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王芳1, 2, 马惠1, 2, 赵兰香1, 2 , 肖震霆3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190
  • 2 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049
  • 3 大连理工大学经济管理学院, 辽宁大连 116024
通讯作者:
赵兰香(1966-),女,研究员,E-mail: 。
作者简介:

王芳(1979-),女,创新研究员。

马惠(1999-),女,回族,硕士研究生。

肖震霆(1993-),男,博士研究生。

The impact of heterogeneous knowledge sources on breakthrough innovation value
Fang WANG1, 2, Hui MA1, 2, Lan-xiang ZHAO1, 2 , Zhen-ting XIAO3
Affiliations
  • 1 Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2 School of Public Policy and Management, UCAS, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15
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创新本质上是生产要素的新组合,知识等新生产要素的引入进一步丰富了该“新组合”内涵。科学知识作为创新驱动的关键生产要素,探究其与创新价值的关联机制具有重要理论意义。本文通过分析2010年至2021年间美国专利和商标局授予的生物技术专利数据及其引用的科学文献数据,发现:(1)组织内科学知识来源对突破性创新的价值具有正向作用,而组织外科学知识来源对突破性创新价值的影响呈现U型关系;(2)产学研合作形成的科学知识层次性结构,有利于提升突破性创新的价值;(3)科学知识与技术知识对突破性创新价值的影响存在差异化,科学知识的远距离组合可能会增加创新的风险和不确定性。通过对科学知识来源的细化研究,探讨不同科学知识来源对突破性创新价值的影响,丰富了知识重组理论,为创新政策提供了理论参考。

知识重组  /  突破性创新  /  知识来源  /  科学知识

With intensifying global technological competition and the emergence of a new wave of industrial revolution, breakthrough innovation has become a critical engine driving national development. Understanding the mechanisms behind breakthrough innovation is therefore an urgent research priority. Innovation entails novel combinations of production factors, and the introduction of new elements such as knowledge and data has enriched this notion of "new combinations." As a core production factor, scientific knowledge plays a pivotal role in breakthrough innovation. Investigating its connection to innovation value carries significant theoretical and policy implications.

Drawing on knowledge recombination theory and using a Tobit model, this study analyzes biotechnology patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from 2010 to 2021, along with the scientific literature cited therein, to explore the influence of heterogeneous knowledge sources on the value of breakthrough innovation. The main findings are as follows: (1) From the perspective of organizational boundaries, the paper distinguishes the effects of internal and external sources of scientific knowledge. Internal scientific knowledge positively contributes to the value of breakthrough innovation. External scientific knowledge exhibits a U-shaped relationship with innovation value—while diversity in external sources can be beneficial, it also increases integration complexity, necessitating strong absorptive and transformative capacities within the organization. Once an organization’s internal knowledge accumulation surpasses a certain threshold, it is more capable of capitalizing on open innovation, thereby enhancing the value of its breakthrough innovations. This mechanism helps explain why knowledge-intensive organizations often emerge as leaders in open innovation. (2) From the structural perspective of knowledge sources, the study finds that the layered structure of knowledge within university-industry-government collaborations—ranging from basic research to applied development—is conducive to generating breakthrough innovations. This provides micro-level support for the "Triple Helix" model of innovation. (3) From the perspective of knowledge characteristics, the study reveals differentiated impacts of scientific and technological knowledge on innovation value. While greater cognitive distance in technological knowledge tends to enhance breakthrough innovation, an increase in cognitive distance in scientific knowledge may raise the risk and uncertainty of innovation. This diverges from prior literature that suggests broad search and distant recombination of technological knowledge enhance breakthrough innovation. By distinguishing between scientific and technological knowledge, the study deepens the theoretical framework of knowledge recombination.

This research makes three primary contributions: (1) It refines the understanding of how internal versus external scientific knowledge affects breakthrough innovation, clarifying the distinct roles of internal innovation and inter-organizational collaboration; (2) it elucidates the role of scientific knowledge generated through university-industry-government collaborations, shedding light on the deeper value of such partnerships; (3) it reveals the differential mechanisms by which scientific versus technological knowledge contribute to innovation value, thereby enriching knowledge recombination theory.

Based on the above discussion, this paper proposes the following two policy recommendations: First, innovation policies—especially in science-driven industries—should prioritize incentives for internal knowledge accumulation. Second, knowledge exchange and integration across academia, industry, and government should be strengthened by removing institutional barriers and encouraging deeper cross-domain knowledge construction in collaborative innovation.

knowledge recombination  /  breakthrough innovation  /  knowledge source  /  scientific knowledge
王芳, 马惠, 赵兰香, 肖震霆. 多元异构知识来源对突破性创新价值的影响. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1478 -1489 .
Fang WANG, Hui MA, Lan-xiang ZHAO, Zhen-ting XIAO. The impact of heterogeneous knowledge sources on breakthrough innovation value[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1478 -1489 .
党的二十届三中全会明确提出要“加强关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新,加强新领域新赛道制度供给”,更加明确未来科技创新发展的方向,显现出突破性创新的重要性,突破性创新的实现机制研究越发紧迫。创新是生产要素的新组合这一观点已得到广泛认同[1],值得关注的是“生产要素”正发生新变化,涌现出知识、数据、技术等新生产要素,赋予生产要素组合研究新议题,即这些新生产要素如何实现更有效的组合?知识重组理论为新要素组合研究提供有益视角。该理论强调通过系统性整合、改造与重构知识组件,形成具有逻辑性和层次性的知识体系,其本质是对知识的重新组合,建立创新性关联。从知识组件的搜索、获取和整合的过程,探讨创新的本质,有助于理解特定的知识基础对创新成果的影响机制,解释知识被创新性地重新利用和扩展的机制[4]。其中,知识组件(knowledge component)被视为知识系统的基本构成单位,其自身特性、组合的结构与方式关系到创新绩效[2,5]。
“跨界”是实现知识新组合的重要路径[4]。知识来源范围和边界会影响知识组件的质量和性质及其整合的成效,这种边界包括技术边界、组织边界和地理边界等多个维度。本文的主要贡献是:第一,细化了组织内、外部科学知识来源对突破性创新的影响,有助于明确组织内创新目标、组织间合作在推进创新中的不同作用;第二,细化了不同性质科学知识来源,即产学研合作科学知识来源对突破性创新的作用,有助于更深刻理解产学研合作的要义;第三,细化了科学知识和技术知识影响创新价值的差异化作用,有助于丰富知识重组理论,即区别科学知识与技术知识对创新的不同作用机制。
本文以生物技术领域为研究对象,该领域具有创新密集度高、依赖科学知识与技术知识的深度融合等特征。例如,在基因编辑技术的发展过程中,既涉及对基因组学、细胞生物学等基础科学知识的理解,也需要结合生物化学、工程学等技术手段的应用。因而,基于科学的企业(science-based firms)在生物技术领域逐渐兴起,这些企业注重通过内部科学研究驱动创新过程,改变了科学知识的商业化模式。同时,生物技术领域的创新成果普遍倾向于通过专利的形式寻求法律保护,这一趋势为追踪突破性创新提供了可观测的研究场景。
现有知识重组视角的研究主要从创新过程使用的知识组件的特征和组合结构关系两方面分析突破性创新的产出和影响机制。部分研究指出在发明和创新过程整合全新的知识组件,有可能带来全新的技术范式[6],从而产出突破性创新。这些组件可能源于跨边界搜索、探索未知的领域。但是,基础观(foundational view)学者指出领域知识的专业化和深入理解是产生突破性创新的重要基础,因而组织需要对现有熟悉的知识组件深入挖掘和创造性重组再利用。
沿着这一思路,学者指出整合的知识组件在认知维度的差异性对创新成效具有重要影响,这种认知上的差异代表了知识基础的认知距离[9]。早期研究认为组织整合认知距离较远的知识组件,可以克服技术锁定和路径依赖[10],更有助于提升创新价值。但现有关于认知距离的实证研究多集中在技术空间,并未形成一致的结论。科学知识作为远距离的知识组件,在技术搜索中提供“地图”的作用,帮助发明者更好理解技术组件间的关系,从而提高创新的影响力和价值[11]。但是,近期研究指出随着知识认知距离的增加,组织需投入大量的时间、精力和资源,搜索、吸收和整合远距离知识,并在获得市场认可方面存在较高的不确定性,提升了创新成本和风险,因而对创新价值的影响存在较大的不确定性[12]。Wang发现科学认知距离与创新绩效之间呈现倒U型关系[4],适度的认知距离能更好平衡知识整合的新颖性与风险,带来更高的创新绩效。
同时,创新管理中的关键决策之一是实现内外部知识的整合优化。从知识基础视角看,开放式创新是解决组织创新需求与内部资源约束的有效手段。外部搜索强调跨越组织边界搜索和利用其他主体产出的知识资源,实现途径包括购买知识产权、与上下游企业合作、技术外包、嵌入外部知识网络等。通过外部搜索吸收外部互补性知识组件,可以弥补内部创新资源的不足,增加知识基础以扩展或重塑技术发展轨迹,降低内部研发投入的不确定性,提升新产品开发速度,但同时也会带来外部依赖度较高和创新滞后的风险[13]。
组织内外部知识搜索的战略具有差异性,需根据内外部知识的获取在成本和潜在收益的平衡部署相关决策,包括是否开放、开放程度、如何开放等方面。这对于组织科学知识的获取策略尤其重要,因为科学研究成果具有更高的外部性和不确定性,通常需要投入更多的高技能人力资源和研发成本,并且可能需要长周期的投入和转化努力才能产出创新成果[14]。而由于科学知识的开放体制,外部科学知识成果通常可以通过较低成本获取,所以众多企业倾向于采取外部搜索的模式而非内部研发,尤其是后发企业资源有限技术相对落后。早期研究认为,行业中大企业倾向于从事科学研究,因为它们的多样化技术基础使得这些研究更容易转化为实际应用[16]。
但是在科学密集型产业,特别是在生物技术和纳米技术等前沿领域,突破性创新与科学研究的关系日趋紧密,企业从事科学研究的趋势增加,改变了科学知识的商业化模式。这些研究使企业率先掌握前沿科学知识,进而领先于竞争对手开发新产品或取得技术的优势[17]。但这些知识也易带来溢出效应,竞争对手能以较低成本快速获取和利用组织的科学成果[18]。组织通过外部科学知识搜索,以相对较低的成本获取多元化的知识资源,这些知识产出机构包括高校、研究机构和产业界等,其知识特征和对技术创新的作用也有所不同[19]。现有研究对组织如何有效地整合跨组织边界和跨认知边界的科学知识以提升突破性创新价值的机制仍缺乏理解。
内部科学研究通常致力于解决基础性的问题,短期内的商业应用前景不明朗。这种研发活动具有高外部性、高成本和高不确定性的特征,所以一般产业中仅有较少企业从事科学研究。但是,随着科学密集型产业的兴起,组织内部科学研究的策略和科学知识商业化模式的变更近年来得到学术界的关注。内部科学研究的知识成果可以在三方面影响突破性创新的价值。
首先,组织从事科学研究获得的知识作为创新的直接知识来源[20],有助于产出突破性创新。这种研究是探索式的知识学习过程,通过深化对科学原理的理解,节省技术搜索时间,取得技术上的领先地位,获得先发优势。随着在特定领域知识的不断积累,组织在判断行业的前景时更具前瞻性,增加了提前发现技术轨迹变化的可能性,准确识别出高潜力的领域,从而更易产生突破性创新[11]。Jung发现搜索并整合原创性知识使得局部搜索比远距离搜索更易产生高价值的技术突破[21]。
其次,组织从事科学研究可以增强对外部科学知识的吸收能力,促进更广泛领域科学知识的组合[20]。从事科学研究有助于与公共部门的科学家建立信息交流与合作,融入科学知识社区与网络,同时持续跟进最新的科学研究进展,有利于组织更快速地识别出可利用的科学知识组件,提高科学知识转化为技术创新的效率。另外,组织知识深度与创新能力显著正相关,在领域内持续深度挖掘有助于攻克复杂或不寻常的问题,进而提升创新价值。
最后,组织从事科学研究有利于获取外部资源、吸引和留住高技能的研究人员、建立公司的声誉[22]。高技能研究人员是提升突破性创新价值的关键要素,自由选择研究任务并匹配相应的资源对吸引高技能研究人员具有重要作用[23]。此外,科学研究成果以学术论文的形式发表,可以进一步吸引风险投资和政府资助资源,有利于产出突破性创新。
综上所述,本文提出以下假设。
假设1:组织内部科学研究成果对突破性创新价值有正向影响。
外部科学知识搜索通过跨组织边界搜索将外部科学知识整合转化为技术解决方案。较高的科学知识搜索强度表明创新者吸收运用的外部科学知识数量较多。由于科学知识具有开放性和外部性特征,与内部科学研究相比,外部科学知识搜索可在一定程度上降低组织获取科学知识的成本与风险[24]。组合大量的外部科学知识可利用多重科学原理和方法,有助于拓宽知识基础和总量,提出新的技术解决方案,进而提高组织的创新价值。研究表明组合数量较多的科学知识的发明往往具有更高的新颖性、质量和技术影响力[25]。
不同主体产生的科学知识属性有所差异。早期研究认为大学和科研机构在科学知识创造中占据主导地位,是产业界技术创新的主要来源[26]。但学术界的研究往往偏向于理论探索和知识积累,与实际应用存在一定差距。同时,产业界具有对市场需求的敏锐洞察和技术转化的高效能力。产学合作产生的科学知识在推动突破性创新方面显示出独特的优势。在生物医学和生命科学领域,科学论文和发明互相促进,显示出科学与技术知识的交互发展。大学与产业界的合作研究日益增加,不仅提升了学术生产力,也增强了科研成果的技术影响力。
在生物医学领域尤其强调“转化科学”的重要作用,将基础科学发现“转化”为临床应用,打破了学术界的传统孤岛和工业界的壁垒,使科学家能够在诊断、治疗和医疗技术等医疗领域无缝、创造性地合作[27]。这类知识构建了基础研究和应用研究之间的桥梁,有助于形成独特的先进技术[28]。因此,提出以下假设:
假设2:外部科学知识搜索与突破性创新价值之间存在正相关关系。
假设2a:产学合作产生的科学知识对突破性创新价值具有正向影响。
科学知识认知距离指创新组合采用的科学知识组件的差异程度,这些知识之间相似度越低,它们之间的认知距离越大[29]。组合远距离科学知识带来多元的思维方式和视野,克服领域内知识造成的知识锁定以及搜索可能带来的路径依赖问题[10]。此外,组合先前未关联的科学知识元素,可能为技术问题提供新的解决方案和路径,进而提高了突破性创新成果的产生的可能性[30]。
组合过远距离的科学知识也会给创新过程带来风险和不确定性,影响创新绩效[4]。一方面,组织在自身学习利用科学知识方面的能力限制,会增加知识搜索和识别成本,导致科学知识的冗余,并增加人力、资金和时间投入。另一方面,认知距离较远的科学知识组合所形成的创新可能难以被市场接受,影响其在技术发展中的扩散效应。这意味着,虽然科学知识认知距离的增加有助于产出突破性创新,但在超过某一最优点后,认知距离的增加可能会降低创新的扩散和价值。基于以上分析,本文提出以下假设:
假设3:科学知识认知距离与突破性创新价值存在倒U型关系。
本文数据主要来自美国专利和商标局(USPTO)。根据世界知识产权组织的技术部门分类表,生物技术领域专利的国际专利分类(IPC)代码包括C07G、C07K、C12M、C12N、C12P、C12Q、C12R、C12S。本文据此提取2010年至2021年上述类别授权的专利数据与引用的科学文献信息。这些数据详细记录了每项专利的授予日期、后向引用专利与非专利文献信息、专利所属技术类别、专利族数和国家(地区)等关键信息。本文依据非专利文献与科学研究的关联程度,将期刊文献、书籍与会议文献等归为科学文献,代表专利发明依赖的科学知识。
专利数据被认为是衡量发明和创新绩效的关键指标,专利的前向引用数量反映了专利对后续技术发展的影响力,较高的前向引用次数通常表明专利在技术领域取得重大突破,代表了专利的创新价值。因此,在实证研究中,多根据专利的前向引用数据识别突破性创新[32]。本文将授权发明专利前向引用数量前5%的专利纳入“突破性创新”范围。生物技术领域的全数据集中共有119596条授权专利,在对专利前向引用次数进行标准化处理之后保留了前5%的数据,共5980条专利作为实证分析的样本数据。
本文将专利引用的其他专利作为“技术”知识基础,而专利引用的科学文献视为“科学”知识基础。其中,5669项专利引用了科学出版物,占授权专利的94.80%。这些专利共引用103761篇科学文献,引用科学文献393293次。生物领域授权专利引用科学文献数量呈现逐年递增趋势,一定程度上表明该领域的突破性创新对科学知识的依赖性增强。
(1)因变量
创新价值(value)。采用标准化的前向引用数量衡量,由于专利前向引用次数本身存在右端截断问题,并且不同技术类别的专利前向引用次数存在差异性,借鉴Cho和Kim [33]的处理方法,对前向引用次数进行标准化处理,如公式(1)所示:
$valu{e}_{p}=\frac{{C}_{p}}{\overline{{C}_{{i}_{p}}}}$
其中,valuep是专利的标准化的前向引用次数;Cp是专利p的前向引用次数,$\overline{{C}_{{i}_{p}}}$是同一年和IPC代码下专利p的平均被引次数。
(2)自变量
科学知识的认知距离(scidis)。借鉴Wang[4]的研究,采用专利引用的科学文献的关键词和研究领域代表科学知识组件。科学知识的认知距离采用科学知识组件之间相似度的互补值测算,这一相似度基于科学知识组件共现向量的余弦值估计,测算方法见公式(2)-(4)。该方法与文献中测算技术距离的思想一致[34]。首先计算两个不同科学领域间的相似度,其公式如下:
${S}_{lj}=\frac{{\sum }_{m=1}^{n}{V}_{lm}{V}_{jm}}{\sqrt{{\sum }_{m=1}^{n}{V}_{lm}^{2}}\sqrt{{\sum }_{m=1}^{n}{V}_{jm}^{2}}}$
其中,Slj表示科学领域l和j之间的相似度,Vlm和Vjm代表了科学领域l和j的向量。进而,某两个科学领域间的认知距离:
${d}_{lj}=1-{S}_{lj}$
t时期专利层面的科学认知距离指数计算公式如下:
$scidi{s}_{t}={\sum }_{l}WA{D}_{lt}\times \frac{{P}_{lt}}{{\sum }_{l}{P}_{lt}}$
其中,$WA{D}_{lt}=\frac{{\sum }_{j\ne l}{d}_{lj}{P}_{jt}}{{\sum }_{j\ne l}{P}_{jt}}$,为科学领域l与其他所有科学领域之间的加权平均距离。该数值越大,代表两个科学知识组件间共现组合的可能性越小,二者的认知距离越大。
组织内部科学研究成果(intref)。借鉴Chen等人[17]的思路,该变量采用组织授权的专利引用组织自身发表的科学出版物的二分变量衡量。数值1代表组织获得授权的专利引用的科学出版物中的作者机构信息包括了组织自身。
外部科学知识搜索(extref)。采用专利引用组织外部科学文献数量除以100衡量[4],反映专利与外部科学知识的关联紧密程度。
产学合作科学知识(collab)。通过专利引文中由学术界和产业界合著的文献的数量衡量。科学出版物的作者机构信息中包括university, institute或academy等词语定义为学术界,而包括企业后缀词的机构定义为产业界。该变量反映了企业在研发过程中对外部产学合作产生的科学知识的利用程度。
(3)控制变量
本文纳入以下控制变量,以控制专利层面的不同特征对突破性创新价值的影响。
科学知识的地理分布(scigeo)采用专利引用科学文献的作者所属国家总数除以引用科学出版物的总数衡量,反映了专利引用的科学知识的地理分布情况。
科学知识转移时滞(lagyear)采用专利授予的年份与引用科学文献发表年份的差值衡量。
技术知识认知距离(tecdis)采用余弦相似度的方法测算,测算公式与科学知识认知距离类似,但是采用专利的IPC代码作为技术领域的划分依据。
技术广度(sumipc)采用授予专利所属的IPC代码数量来衡量。
技术多样性(tecvar)反映了专利在发明过程中引用技术知识基础的广泛性和多样性。采用如下信息熵指数进行测算:
$tecvar=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{P}_{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\left(\frac{1}{{P}_{i}}\right)$
其中,n是IPC代码(前四位)类别的总数,Pi是第i个IPC代码类别在专利引证中出现的频率与所有引证的总数之比。
专利合作情况(sumapp)采用专利申请人的数量来衡量,团队合作产出的专利往往获得更高的关注和广泛的检索引用。
专利族数(patfam)指专利家族中包含的专利数量。
专利年龄(patage)为数据下载年份与专利出版年份的差值。
专利权人(patown)为分类变量,包括企业专利、学术界(学校/研究机构专利)、企校合作研发的专利及其他四类。
国家类别(country)包括美国、欧盟和其他三类。
表1为以上变量的描述性统计结果,去掉关键变量有缺失值的样本,共得到4851个突破性专利样本。
本部分采用Tobit模型分析USPTO生物技术领域的授权专利验证科学知识的跨边界搜索对突破性创新价值的影响。由于专利的前向引用数量存在右端截问题,只能观测到收集数据时的下限值,因此,本文运用Tobit模型避免OLS估计产生的偏误。为修正模型异方差问题,使用稳健标准误进行估计。此外,采用方差膨胀系数(VIF)进行多重共线性检验,显示所有变量的VIF皆小于5,表明模型假定不存在显著的多重共线性问题。Tobit估计结果如表2所示。模型1是包含全部的控制变量的基准模型,逐步将所有自变量加入到回归模型中,如列(2)至列(5)所示,列(6)和式(7)则分析外部科学知识搜索和科学知识距离的U型关系。由于Tobit模型的系数无法直接解释,测算的边际效应分析结果如表3所示。结果表明:
其一,组织内的知识来源显著提高突破性创新价值。该影响可从表2第(2)至(5)列组织自引科学知识的系数显著为正获得。表3列(5)中的边际效应分析表明,组织自引科学知识每增加一单位,专利创新价值相应提高0.455,表明采用组织内的科学研究成果显著提高创新价值,假设1得以验证。该发现深化了对于组织科学研究作用的认识,揭示出组织内科学研究对创新价值的重要作用。
其二,外部知识来源与突破性创新价值呈现U型关系。在线性模型设定中,外部科学知识搜索与突破性创新价值的关系均为负向显著,如表2第(3)列至第(5)列。但在模型6中外部科学知识搜索的平方项系数为正向显著,并且U检验拒绝单调性原假设,表明二者存在U型关系。该U型关系极值点为3.83,结合图1外部科学知识搜索边际效应分析,表明引用外部科学文献数量在极值点之前,增加外部科学知识搜索会降低专利创新价值,在超过阈值之后,外部科学知识搜索与专利创新价值正相关。这与假设2相悖。这反映了外部科学知识搜索从“认知负担”向“认知增益”的转变过程,强调了知识投入强度与吸收整合能力之间的匹配性。只有当外部科学知识的引入达到一定规模并被有效吸收时,才能充分发挥其在提升创新质量与影响力方面的作用。
其三,产学研合作知识来源对突破性创新的价值有显著的正向影响。如表2第(4)-(6)列所示,collab系数为正。同时,表3中collab的边际效应也显著为正,假设2.1得以验证,表明产学研合作产生的科学成果对推动突破性创新具有重要作用,能促进科学研究知识转化为实际技术应用。这些链接产业和学术界组织边界的科学知识对突破性创新具有重要作用。
其四,“科学”知识认知距离与突破性创新价值呈负向相关,“技术”知识认知距离对其价值有显著正向作用。在科学知识认知距离的非线性设定中,二次项scidis2的系数不显著,如表2列(7)所示,即科学知识认知距离与突破性创新的价值未表现出倒U型关系,而线性设定中,科学知识的认识距离与突破性创新的价值显著负相关,表3列(6)的边际分析显示,科学知识认知距离的增加,降低了突破性创新的价值,假设3未得到验证。表明整合远距离科学知识可能带来更高的风险,影响发明的扩散,这在一定程度上与Wang [4]的结论一致,该研究指出科学知识距离与专利的发明价值呈现倒U型的关系,在超过距离阈值后,科学知识认知距离与专利技术价值即专利的前向引用数量负相关。但技术知识认知距离与生物领域突破性创新在所有模型中都为显著的正相关关系,表明整合远距离技术知识有助于提升突破性创新的价值。
此外,科学知识转移时滞与突破性创新价值显著负相关,表明近期科学发现更有益于突破性创新。而突破性创新价值与专利申请人数量、专利族数显著正相关,但与专利涉及的技术领域数量显著负相关。科学知识地理分布和技术多样性对突破性创新价值没有显著影响。
为验证以上结果的稳健性,本文采用改变估计方法和替换变量两种方法重新测算。首先,采用普通最小二乘法(OLS)估计方法替换Tobit方法测算模型,结果如表4列(1)所示。其次,以组织引用自身科学文献数量占引用科学文献总数的比例(incite)替换组织应用自身科学研究成果的二分变量;以专利所属国与引用科学出版物所属国之间的平均距离(meandis)替换科学知识地理分布变量;以专利出版年份(time)替换专利年龄控制时间固定效应,估计结果如表4所示。这两种稳健性分析结果都与主要回归分析结果一致,组织内部科学研究、产学研合作科学知识与创新价值显著正相关,科学知识认知距离与创新价值显著负相关,外部科学知识搜索呈现显著U型关系,其他关键变量显著性与主回归一致,说明前文的主要结论具有较高稳健性。
本文基于对科学知识来源的解构,探讨异质性知识来源对突破性创新价值的作用,通过分析生物技术领域2010-2021年USPTO授权专利及其引用的科学出版物数据,发现如下主要结论:
第一,从“组织”边界视角揭示了组织内、外部科学知识来源对突破性创新价值差异化的影响。组织内科学知识对突破性创新的价值具有正向作用;而组织外科学知识对突破性创新价值的影响呈现U型关系,表明在外部科学知识利用程度较低的阶段,组织面临的知识隔阂与协调成本占据主导,导致其对突破性创新的贡献度受限;随着外部知识引用水平跨越特定“门槛”,异质性知识间的协同效应与重组潜力带来的知识溢出红利将有效抵消整合成本,从而显著驱动突破性创新价值的提升。因此,组织的科学知识积累超过一定阈值后,会随着开放式创新程度的增加而获益更多,提升突破性创新价值,这一机制解释了为何知识积累程度较高的组织往往成为开放式创新主导者。
第二,从知识来源结构角度,揭示了产学研合作中“基础研究-应用开发”的层次性知识结构对突破性创新价值具有促进作用。该结论从微观知识层面,对“大学-行业-政府”关系的三螺旋创新机制进行了诠释。
第三,从知识特质角度,揭示了科学知识与技术知识影响突破性创新价值的差异化作用。已有文献在“技术”知识层面的研究结论认为,广泛搜索和远距离知识重组会提升突破性创新价值。而本文则从“科学”知识层面发现,知识的远距离组合可能会增加创新的风险和不确定性,呈现出与技术知识不同的作用机制。本文通过区分科学与技术知识在创新中的异质性作用,进一步拓展了知识重组理论的内涵与实证边界。
一是,需要更加激励创新主体的内部知识积累。缺乏内部知识积累,过度依赖外部知识来源,难以产出高价值的突破性创新。因此,政策上需要更加扶持创新主体内部知识积累,尤其在科学驱动型产业,将其作为创新政策的核心导向。
二是,增强产学研之间的知识流动性和交叉性。产学研合作不仅仅是成果转化,更需要在知识互补性上做出努力,打破封闭的圈子,让学术界与企业有更多的知识交流,在政策上降低产学研跨界知识交流障碍,推进产学研合作走向更深的知识建构层面。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72274191)
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(24&ZD051)
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  • 接收时间:2025-04-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-17
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16
  • 修回日期:2025-05-08
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(72274191)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(24&ZD051)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190
    2 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049
    3 大连理工大学经济管理学院, 辽宁大连 116024

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赵兰香(1966-),女,研究员,E-mail: 。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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