Article(id=1318316552592675649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1318316496934261092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=1753200000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792240759275, onlineDateStr=2026-10-17, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792240759275, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792240759275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792240759275, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1318316496934261092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792240746004, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792240746004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1422, endPage=1431, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1318316553385399106, articleId=1318316552592675649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The construction of twin peaks regulatory system for financial technology in China, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the deep integration of information technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence algorithms into the financial services industry, the rapid rise of financial technology has been promoted. From a technical perspective, financial technology can optimise the allocation of financial resources and improve financial efficiency, thereby promoting innovation and development in the financial services industry. However, everything has a two-way nature. When financial technology is deeply embedded in the financial services industry, it also reshapes the traditional financial equilateral trilemma. At this time, financial regulation is difficult to achieve the triple goals of financial innovation, market integrity, and rule simplicity at the same time, forming the asymmetrical trilemma of financial technology. That is, financial technology regulation is difficult to achieve the triple goals of financial technology innovation, risk prevention, and rule simplicity at the same time, and the triple goals have unequal value attributes. In the context of the asymmetrical trilemma of financial technology, through theoretical analysis, it is found that overly strict or complex financial technology regulation suppresses the innovation and development of financial technology, leading to a decrease in the benefits of financial technology innovation; while overly loose or simplistic regulation of financial technology is not conducive to preventing financial technology risks, leading to increased regulatory costs for financial technology. Only by adopting moderate financial technology regulation (such as twin peaks regulation) can the innovation and development of financial technology and the prevention of financial technology risks be achieved. By using the comparative analysis method, it is found that most countries (such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, etc.) explore the twin peaks regulatory system from the perspective of financial technology regulatory concepts, goals, and means, achieving the dual peak goal of optimizing financial technology regulatory effectiveness (achieving innovation and development of financial technology, and preventing financial technology risks), and optimizing the simplicity of financial technology rules: transforming regulatory concepts and adopting moderate regulatory concepts; building a twin peaks regulatory system to achieve the dual peak regulatory goals; enriching regulatory measures and adopting legal regulation and technological regulation. In order to solve the asymmetrical trilemma of financial technology and achieve the dual regulatory goals of promoting financial technology innovation and preventing financial technology risks under the constraint of financial technology regulatory resources, China can combine the local financial technology regulatory situation and foreign regulatory experience, and start from the perspective of financial technology regulatory concepts, goals, and means to construct a dual regulatory system in the financial technology scenario, optimize the simplicity of financial technology rules: Firstly, in terms of regulatory philosophy, there has been a shift from segmented regulation to a twin peaks regulatory approach; Secondly, in terms of regulatory objectives, achieving twin peaks regulatory goals through regulatory sandboxes; Thirdly, in terms of regulatory measures, strengthening the dual approach of legal and technological regulation.

, authors=Xue-jun CHENG, authorsList=Xue-jun CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1318316554232648519, articleId=1318316552592675649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=我国金融科技双峰监管体系的构建, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大数据与人工智能算法等信息技术深度嵌入金融服务行业,促进了金融科技的快速崛起。从技术原理看,金融科技可以优化金融资源配置与提升金融效率,从而促进金融服务行业的创新发展。然而,任何事物都有双向性,金融科技在深度嵌入金融服务行业时,同时重塑了传统金融等边三元悖论,此时金融监管难以同时实现金融创新、市场诚信和规则简单性的三元目标,形成了金融科技不等边三元悖论,即金融科技监管难以同时实现金融科技创新、防范金融科技风险与金融科技规则简单性的三元目标,而且三元目标具有不等边的价值属性。在金融科技不等边三元悖论下,通过采用理论分析法,发现过于严格或复杂的金融科技监管压抑金融科技创新发展,导致金融科技创新收益降低;过于宽松或简单的金融科技监管不利于金融科技风险防范,导致金融科技监管成本提升。唯有采取适度的金融科技监管(比如双峰监管),方可实现金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险。通过采用比较分析法,发现多数国家(英国、美国、澳大利亚等)从金融科技监管理念、目标与手段层面探索双峰监管体系,实现金融科技监管效果最优化的双峰目标(实现金融科技创新、防范金融科技风险),优化金融科技规则简单性:转变监管理念,采取适度监管理念;构建双峰监管体系,实现双峰监管目标;丰富监管手段,采取法律监管与科技监管。对此,为破解金融科技不等边三元悖论,在金融科技监管资源约束下实现双峰监管目标(促进金融科技创新发展与防范金融科技风险),我国可以结合本土化金融科技监管境况以及域外监管经验,从金融科技监管理念、目标与手段层面切入,构建金融科技场景下的双峰监管体系,优化金融科技规则简单性:其一,在监管理念上,从分业监管转变为双峰监管理念;其二,在监管目标上,通过监管沙盒实现双峰监管目标;其三,在监管手段上,加强法律与科技监管的双元手段。

, authors=程雪军, authorsList=程雪军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

程雪军(1988-),男,副教授,E-mail: 。

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程雪军(1988-),男,副教授,E-mail: 。

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程雪军(1988-),男,副教授,E-mail: 。

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From the traditional financial trilemma to the unequal trilemma of fintech

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 传统金融三元目标 金融科技三元目标 价值体现
金融创新 ** *** 金融自由
市场诚信 *** ** 金融正义
规则简单性 * * 金融秩序
), ArticleFig(id=1318316556199777119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316552592675649, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

从传统金融三元悖论到金融科技不等边三元悖论

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 传统金融三元目标 金融科技三元目标 价值体现
金融创新 ** *** 金融自由
市场诚信 *** ** 金融正义
规则简单性 * * 金融秩序
), ArticleFig(id=1318316556279468896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316552592675649, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks for the asymmetric trilemma in fintech

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金融科技监管体系 典型国家 主要内容
分业监管 波兰、中国等 在银行、保险、证券等金融科技领域分别设置独立的金融科技监管机构,专司本领域的监管
集中监管 日本、韩国、新加坡 设立单一的金融监管机构,如新加坡的金融管理局(MAS),全面负责金融机构、金融市场和金融业务的监管
不完全
集中监管
牵头监管 巴西 设有专门的牵头机构协调各分业监管机构的工作
双峰监管 标准双峰监管 澳大利亚 澳大利亚审慎监管局+澳大利亚证券和投资委员会
准双峰监管 英国 英格兰银行+金融行为监管局
伞形+双峰监管 美国 美联储(伞形监管机构)+金融稳定监督委员会+消费者金融保护局(双峰监管机构)
), ArticleFig(id=1318316556354966369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316552592675649, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金融科技不等边三元悖论的监管体系比较分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金融科技监管体系 典型国家 主要内容
分业监管 波兰、中国等 在银行、保险、证券等金融科技领域分别设置独立的金融科技监管机构,专司本领域的监管
集中监管 日本、韩国、新加坡 设立单一的金融监管机构,如新加坡的金融管理局(MAS),全面负责金融机构、金融市场和金融业务的监管
不完全
集中监管
牵头监管 巴西 设有专门的牵头机构协调各分业监管机构的工作
双峰监管 标准双峰监管 澳大利亚 澳大利亚审慎监管局+澳大利亚证券和投资委员会
准双峰监管 英国 英格兰银行+金融行为监管局
伞形+双峰监管 美国 美联储(伞形监管机构)+金融稳定监督委员会+消费者金融保护局(双峰监管机构)
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程雪军
作者信息
  • 同济大学法学院, 上海 200092
作者简介:

程雪军(1988-),男,副教授,E-mail: 。

The construction of twin peaks regulatory system for financial technology in China
Xue-jun CHENG
Affiliations
  • Law School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15
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大数据与人工智能算法等信息技术深度嵌入金融服务行业,促进了金融科技的快速崛起。从技术原理看,金融科技可以优化金融资源配置与提升金融效率,从而促进金融服务行业的创新发展。然而,任何事物都有双向性,金融科技在深度嵌入金融服务行业时,同时重塑了传统金融等边三元悖论,此时金融监管难以同时实现金融创新、市场诚信和规则简单性的三元目标,形成了金融科技不等边三元悖论,即金融科技监管难以同时实现金融科技创新、防范金融科技风险与金融科技规则简单性的三元目标,而且三元目标具有不等边的价值属性。在金融科技不等边三元悖论下,通过采用理论分析法,发现过于严格或复杂的金融科技监管压抑金融科技创新发展,导致金融科技创新收益降低;过于宽松或简单的金融科技监管不利于金融科技风险防范,导致金融科技监管成本提升。唯有采取适度的金融科技监管(比如双峰监管),方可实现金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险。通过采用比较分析法,发现多数国家(英国、美国、澳大利亚等)从金融科技监管理念、目标与手段层面探索双峰监管体系,实现金融科技监管效果最优化的双峰目标(实现金融科技创新、防范金融科技风险),优化金融科技规则简单性:转变监管理念,采取适度监管理念;构建双峰监管体系,实现双峰监管目标;丰富监管手段,采取法律监管与科技监管。对此,为破解金融科技不等边三元悖论,在金融科技监管资源约束下实现双峰监管目标(促进金融科技创新发展与防范金融科技风险),我国可以结合本土化金融科技监管境况以及域外监管经验,从金融科技监管理念、目标与手段层面切入,构建金融科技场景下的双峰监管体系,优化金融科技规则简单性:其一,在监管理念上,从分业监管转变为双峰监管理念;其二,在监管目标上,通过监管沙盒实现双峰监管目标;其三,在监管手段上,加强法律与科技监管的双元手段。

金融科技创新  /  金融科技风险  /  规则简单性  /  不等边三元悖论  /  双峰监管体系

With the deep integration of information technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence algorithms into the financial services industry, the rapid rise of financial technology has been promoted. From a technical perspective, financial technology can optimise the allocation of financial resources and improve financial efficiency, thereby promoting innovation and development in the financial services industry. However, everything has a two-way nature. When financial technology is deeply embedded in the financial services industry, it also reshapes the traditional financial equilateral trilemma. At this time, financial regulation is difficult to achieve the triple goals of financial innovation, market integrity, and rule simplicity at the same time, forming the asymmetrical trilemma of financial technology. That is, financial technology regulation is difficult to achieve the triple goals of financial technology innovation, risk prevention, and rule simplicity at the same time, and the triple goals have unequal value attributes. In the context of the asymmetrical trilemma of financial technology, through theoretical analysis, it is found that overly strict or complex financial technology regulation suppresses the innovation and development of financial technology, leading to a decrease in the benefits of financial technology innovation; while overly loose or simplistic regulation of financial technology is not conducive to preventing financial technology risks, leading to increased regulatory costs for financial technology. Only by adopting moderate financial technology regulation (such as twin peaks regulation) can the innovation and development of financial technology and the prevention of financial technology risks be achieved. By using the comparative analysis method, it is found that most countries (such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, etc.) explore the twin peaks regulatory system from the perspective of financial technology regulatory concepts, goals, and means, achieving the dual peak goal of optimizing financial technology regulatory effectiveness (achieving innovation and development of financial technology, and preventing financial technology risks), and optimizing the simplicity of financial technology rules: transforming regulatory concepts and adopting moderate regulatory concepts; building a twin peaks regulatory system to achieve the dual peak regulatory goals; enriching regulatory measures and adopting legal regulation and technological regulation. In order to solve the asymmetrical trilemma of financial technology and achieve the dual regulatory goals of promoting financial technology innovation and preventing financial technology risks under the constraint of financial technology regulatory resources, China can combine the local financial technology regulatory situation and foreign regulatory experience, and start from the perspective of financial technology regulatory concepts, goals, and means to construct a dual regulatory system in the financial technology scenario, optimize the simplicity of financial technology rules: Firstly, in terms of regulatory philosophy, there has been a shift from segmented regulation to a twin peaks regulatory approach; Secondly, in terms of regulatory objectives, achieving twin peaks regulatory goals through regulatory sandboxes; Thirdly, in terms of regulatory measures, strengthening the dual approach of legal and technological regulation.

financial technology innovation  /  financial technology risk  /  rule simplicity  /  asymmetrical trilemma  /  twin peaks regulationsystem
程雪军. 我国金融科技双峰监管体系的构建. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1422 -1431 .
Xue-jun CHENG. The construction of twin peaks regulatory system for financial technology in China[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1422 -1431 .
虽然金融科技模式起源于英美国家,但是中国金融科技在市场规模、发展速度、发展影响等层面快速发展,对传统金融监管体系带来重大挑战。国外学术界深入研究时间较早。金融稳定理事会(FSB)提出金融科技是通过技术方式推动金融创新[1],国际证监会组织(IOSCO)认为金融科技是拥有众多创新模式的创新技术[2],此后金融科技概念才逐步清晰。William Magnuson发现金融科技带来不可预期的金融风险,亟须金融监管予以回应[3]。Buckley等研究认为应该深化监管科技,其是诱发金融科技和监管变革的关键变量[4]。Greg Buchak等认为金融科技创新可能诱发金融风险与金融监管套利[5]。Chris Brummer等认为金融科技监管与创新具有三元悖论,即金融科技监管难以同时实现三元目标(金融创新、规则简单性与市场诚信),提出非正式指引、试点、许可证与监管沙盒等金融监管手段[6]。Kerl Alexander认为金融科技监管应注重比例原则的时机性,在留有金融创新窗口与防范金融风险的前提下,金融科技监管机构才适当介入[7]。Stephen Breyer提出风险规制理论,强调完善政府在金融科技监管中的信息来源[8]。Robert Ellickson认为应当构建全面社会控制体系[9],对金融科技实施全方位的社会共治,从而促进金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险。
在金融科技尚未爆发前,中国学者主要从传统金融、互联网金融视角分析防范金融风险与金融监管体系化的问题:在传统金融环境下,有些学者提出金融法“三足定理”,即金融法无法同时实现金融安全、金融效率与消费者保护的三足目标,探索金融监管的体系化建[10]。在互联网金融环境下,有些学者认为互联网金融发展具有风险问题,这造成金融安全隐患[11];有些学者认为互联网金融竞争规则尚不健全,隐藏着大量竞争问题[12]。但是,随着金融科技的崛起,学术研究视角逐步转向金融科技。金融科技作为信息技术驱动下的新兴金融,主要面临技术风险、金融风险与法律风险等[13];金融科技在应用过程中可能面临的风险包括技术风险、业务风险、监管风险与系统性风险[14]。因此,有些学者指出为实现金融创新与金融稳定,破解金融科技创新三元悖论,需要构建法律与技治主义方案[15]。由此可见,在金融科技场景下,构建契合我国国情的金融科技监管体系具有必要性。
综上,大多数文献主要从主观视角划分金融科技风险与制度构建,较少从“金融科技创新—防范金融科技风险—构建金融监管体系”逻辑推进,缺乏扎实的理论研究。对此,本文通过原创金融科技不等边三元悖论,对比分析域外金融科技监管体系经验,从而构建我国金融科技双峰监管体系,促进金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险。
随着金融服务行业从传统金融发展至互联网金融及金融科技阶段。传统金融所面临的等边三元悖论,逐步演变为金融科技不等边三元悖论,即金融科技监管难以同时实现不等边的金融科技创新、防范金融科技风险与金融科技规则简单性的三元目标。在金融科技监管资源约束下,有必要采取适度的金融监管(如双峰监管),实现监管效果最优化。
在传统工业化时代场景,金融三元悖论是指金融监管机构最多可以同时实现两个而非三个金融监管目标(金融创新、市场诚信和规则简单性)。质言之,如果金融监管机构优先考虑市场安全和制定简单规则,那么它会通过广泛禁令实现金融监管目标,可能抑制金融创新;如果金融监管机构优先考虑金融创新与简单规则,那么它会采用简单金融监管框架,可能增加市场诚信问题;如果金融监管机构希冀促进金融创新并促进市场诚信,那么它会实施复杂规则和豁免矩阵,可能提高金融合规成本并增加中小企业经营压力。
在金融科技时代场景,传统金融三元悖论演变为金融科技不等边三元悖论:其一,金融科技不等边三元悖论具有传统金融三元悖论的属性,其本质是三元悖论。传统金融三元悖论是传统金融监管无法同时实现金融创新、市场诚信和规则简单性。在金融科技场景下,传统金融创新演变为金融科技创新,体现为金融自由价值;传统市场诚信的关键在于防范金融科技风险,体现为金融正义价值;传统金融规则简单性演变为金融科技规则简单性,集中体现为金融秩序价值。此时,金融科技三元悖论是指金融科技监管无法同时实现三元监管目标(金融科技创新、防范金融科技风险、金融科技规则简单性)。其二,不同于传统金融三元悖论,金融科技三元悖论是不等边三元悖论,即金融科技监管所欲实现的三元监管目标具有不等边价值。从法经济学原理看,金融法价值具有明显的位阶性,即金融自由价值、金融正义价值高于金融秩序价值,因此金融科技形成不等边三元悖论,即金融科技监管无法同时实现三元目标且三元目标具有不等边价值,此时金融科技创新目标高于防范金融科技风险目标,并高于金融科技规则简单性。然而,过于简单的金融科技规则可能导致金融市场漏洞或不足,因此各类经济体普遍选择优化金融科技规则简单性,重构金融科技监管体系。
金融科技监管具有不等边三元悖论性,难以同时实现金融科技创新、防范金融风险与规则简单性。从法律经济学视角看,金融科技创新所带来的收益与成本大多是隐性的,难以直接计量,可以通过金融科技监管强度(X)间接分析金融科技创新收益(R)与金融科技监管成本(C)。参见图1,坐标原点O为无金融科技监管规则,即不存在金融科技监管成本及收益;横轴为金融科技监管强度X,代表金融科技监管规则的数量与严厉程度;纵轴分别为金融科技创新收益(R)与金融科技监管成本(C):一方面,金融科技创新收益(R)可视为金融科技监管强度(x)的函数,代表实施既定金融科技监管强度下金融科技创新收益的变化情况,形成金融科技创新收益曲线R(x),该收益函数具有一般收益函数的特征,此时金融科技创新收益对监管强度的一阶导数为正数、二阶导数均为负数,即dR(x)/dx>0,d2R(x)/dx2<0,因此可以把金融科技创新收益曲线R(x)视作上凸的曲线;另一方面,把金融科技监管成本(C)看作金融科技监管强度(x)的函数,代表实施既定金融科技监管强度下金融科技监管成本的变化情况,形成金融科技监管成本曲线C(x),该成本函数具有一般成本函数的特征,此时金融科技监管成本对监管强度的一阶导数与二阶导数均为正数,即dc(x)/dx>0,d2c(x)/dx2>0,因此可以把金融科技监管成本曲线C(x)视作上凹的曲线[16]。
如果金融科技创新的预期边际收益MR(x)与预期边际成本MC(x)相等时,那么金融科技监管的预期净收益NR(x)=MR(x)-MC(x)达到最大值,金融科技监管达到均衡状态,金融科技监管强度是均衡监管强度X*;不过均衡的金融科技监管强度往往是理论最优值,现实中只要金融科技监管强度处于以均衡强度为核心的金融科技监管区域范围内,就可以将金融科技监管视为有效的,该金融科技监管区域就可视为适度监管区域(BCGF区域)。当金融科技监管强度低于理想的均衡监管强度X*时,金融科技监管的预期净收益NR(x)随金融科技监管强度的提高而增加,该金融科技监管区域为ABFE区域。当金融科技监管强度高于理想的均衡监管强度X*时,金融科技监管的预期净收益NR(x)随金融科技监管强度的提高而减少,该金融科技监管区域为CDHG区域。此外,在纵轴与AE直线的区域范围内,金融科技监管及金融科技创新不足,由于金融科技监管强度很低,该区域内金融科技机构针对突破金融科技监管规则的创新很少;在DH直线之后的区域,金融科技创新的预期净收益NR(x)为负,集中表现为金融科技监管过度,抑制金融科技创新。
过于严格或复杂的金融科技监管压抑金融科技创新发展,导致金融科技创新收益降低;过于宽松或简单的金融科技监管不利于金融科技风险防范,导致金融科技监管成本提升。唯有适度的金融科技监管,方可实现金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险。一方面,双峰监管作为典型的适度监管模式,强调通过审慎监管防范金融科技风险,通过行为监管促进金融科技创新,可以成为应对金融科技不等边三元悖论的重要选择。另一方面,金融科技不等边三元悖论是指金融科技监管的三元目标(金融科技创新、防范金融科技风险、金融科技规则简单性)是不对等的,因为金融法价值具有明显的位阶性,一般认为金融自由价值、金融正义价值高于金融秩序价值,所以金融科技创新目标(体现金融自由价值)高于防范金融科技风险目标(体现金融正义价值),并高于金融科技规则简单性(体现金融秩序价值)。在金融科技监管资源约束下,有必要选择适度的金融监管体系(如双峰监管体系),优选双峰目标(促进金融科技创新、防范金融科技风险),实现监管效果最优化。
在金融科技场景下,传统金融三元悖论演变为金融科技不等边三元悖论。为破解不等边三元悖论,域外发达国家普遍采用双峰监管体系,促进金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险。
根据不同金融科技经营模式,各类经济体采取差异化监管体系。一般而言,金融科技业的经营模式有分业经营与混业经营,金融科技监管体系也有分业监管和集中监管体系。此外,某些经济体把介于完全分业监管和完全集中监管之间的过渡体系,称为不完全监管体系:其一,分业监管体系是在银行、证券和保险等金融科技领域内,分别设置独立金融科技监管机构专司本领域监管的体系。其中,全球范围内实行分业监管体系的代表性国家有波兰和中国等。其二,集中监管体系也称为混业监管体系,即由统一监管机构(如中央银行或专设金融监管机构)对金融科技领域实施全域统筹监管,通过整合传统分业监管职能,构建统一监管框架。此类监管体系代表国家有日本、韩国和新加坡等,它们通过制定标准化监管规则,实现对智能投顾、数字货币、量化交易等金融科技业态的全覆盖,有效规避因分业监管导致的监管重叠与真空风险。其三,不完全集中监管体系也称为不完全统一金融监管,包括“牵头式”监管体系(巴西等)、“双峰式”监管体系(英国、澳大利亚、荷兰等)、“伞形+双峰”监管体系(美国等)。由此可见,各类经济体逐步意识到金融科技不等边三元悖论,发现传统金融监管无法应对金融科技创新,因为传统金融监管偏重微观审慎监管而非宏观审慎监管,容易滋生宏观系统性金融风险;而且金融科技过度创新,严重侵害金融消费者合法权益。因此,大多数经济体对金融科技创新主要采用不完全集中监管,尤其是适度的金融科技监管体系(双峰监管体系),推进金融科技的稳健发展(参见表2)。
(1)转变监管理念,采取适度监管理念
海洋法系国家(英国、美国、澳大利亚等)高度重视判例实践,通过使用监管沙盒、双峰监管等模式,对金融科技实施不完全集中监管,即采取了一种双峰监管理念。
首先,英国采取准双峰监管理念,金融行为监管局(FCA)与审慎监管局(PRA)通过监管沙盒机制构建金融科技创新与风险防范的动态平衡体系[17],前者FCA主要承担创新激励职能,为新兴金融科技项目提供有限范围的测试许可;后者PRA着重履行审慎监管职责,对参与测试企业实施资本充足率等核心审慎指标的监测与评估。在监管沙盒运行中,英国采用分阶段测试模式,促进双峰监管目标实现:在沙盒测试初期,监管机构严格限制金融科技服务规模与业务范围,对技术成熟度进行动态评估;在沙盒测试中期,监管机构根据前期评估结果逐步放宽限制条件,同步引入算法审计工具识别与防控操作风险;在沙盒测试后期,监管机构根据综合评估结果向符合条件的机构发放有限业务牌照。其次,对于信息技术创新驱动下的金融科技业态,美国同样采用适度的金融科技监管理念,既不采取过于严格复杂的金融科技监管也不采取过于宽松简单的金融科技监管,因为前者不利于促进金融科技创新,后者不利于防范金融科技风险。在金融科技的场景下,美国采取不完全集中监管并适度调整立法,将金融科技业务按照功能纳入现有监管体系,旨在实现金融科技创新发展与防范金融科技风险的动态平衡。最后,澳大利亚对金融科技采取适度的不完全集中监管理念,即通过采取标准的双峰监管理念,在防范金融科技风险的前提下促进金融科技的稳健创新。
(2)构建双峰监管体系,实现双峰监管目标
为破解金融科技不等边三元悖论,海洋法系国家普遍构建适度的金融科技监管体系(双峰监管体系),优选双峰监管目标(金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险)并优化金融科技监管简单性。首先,英国采用双峰监管模式,构建准双峰监管体系,实现双元监管目标:英国将原金融服务局(FSA)改组为金融行为监管局(FCA),全面负责行为监管,强调防范金融科技风险与保护金融消费者权益;英格兰银行(Bank of England)作为审慎监管机构,负责宏观审慎监管,在保护金融科技创新的前提下防范金融科技创新。
其次,在次贷危机后,美国构筑“伞形+双峰”监管体系。一方面,美联储(Federal Reserve)的金融监管权限日益强化并成为“超级监管者”,成为“伞尖”监管者,协同各个功能型金融科技监管机构以防范风险;被协同的金融科技监管机构是“伞骨”监管者,包括联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)、证券交易委员会(SEC)和州保险署等,它们分别监管银行、证券、保险等机构。另一方面,美国采取双峰监管模式,即由金融稳定监督委员会(FSOC)负责审慎监管,消费者金融保护局(CFPB)负责行为监管,旨在促进双峰监管目标。
最后,澳大利亚依托标准双峰监管架构,将审慎监管与行为监管有机整合。其中,澳大利亚审慎监管局(APRA)以维护金融体系稳定为核心,重点监管金融科技企业的资本与流动性状况,对加密货币等高风险领域实施动态监测,旨在阻断机构经营风险向金融系统的蔓延;澳大利亚证券与投资委员会(ASIC)专注于市场行为监管,通过规范智能投顾等创新业务在产品推广、消费者权益保护等环节的操作标准,严厉查处误导性营销等违规行为。两大监管机构(APRA与ASIC)通过建立数据共享机制和联合开展监管沙盒实验,在防范金融科技创新时,为金融科技创新营造合规空间。
(3)丰富监管手段,采取法律监管与科技监管
在金融科技监管手段上,海外发达经济体普遍采取法律监管与科技监管相结合的手段。首先,强化法律监管手段。在次贷危机后,为促进金融科技的创新发展与风险监管,英美国家陆续加强法律监管。其中,2013年成立的英国金融行为监管局(FCA),依据《金融服务与市场法案》,负责金融科技创新监管,通过平衡金融科技创新与风险的关系,实现双峰监管的目标。美国2012年颁布《创新创业融资法案》,填补了股权众筹的监管空白。为加强金融消费者权益保护,美国于2010年与2016年分别成立消费者金融保护局(CFPB)以及制定《CFPB创新细则》,与货币监理署(OCC)共同发布关于评估与应对金融科技与监管科技产品的指引,旨在推进金融科技企业利用科技适应金融监管体系。
其次,大力发展科技监管。运用科技手段提升金融科技监管效能,这是各国金融科技监管机构应对金融科技创新风险挑战、促进金融科技实现经济社会价值的重要任务。在金融科技监管实践中,海外发达经济体通过加强顶层设计、优化科技监管应用、创新管理机制等方式,提升科技监管的效能:一是加强顶层设计。英国金融行为监管局(FCA)早在2015年就成立监管科技小组,发布监管科技征求意见文件。FCA一直与英格兰银行及从业机构等开展合作试验,探索通过技术手段改进公司监管报告方式。美国联邦储备系统于2019年提出2019-2022年信息技术战略计划,重点关注美联储信息技术系统的运行效率、简单性、问责制和安全性。二是优化科技监管应用,国际清算银行发布《金融监管中创新技术应用的早期经验》,提出监管科技的主要应用于监管数据收集与数据分析,其中监管数据收集主要用于自动化报告、数据管理与虚拟协助等;监管数据分析主要用于市场监测、不当行为分析、微观与宏观审慎监管。三是创新管理机制。英国金融行为监管局(FCA)将“黑客马拉松”视为推进监管科技的有效方式,已围绕消费者准入、监管报告、反洗钱等主题举办了多场“黑客马拉松”。美国联邦储备委员会设置研究与数据部门、信息技术部门,并在首席运营官办公室设置首席数据官职位,旨在提升金融科技监管的专业性与效率性。
为破解金融科技不等边三元悖论,促进金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险,我国可以从监管理念、目标与手段上优化金融科技规则简单性,构建金融科技双峰监管体系:从分业监管转变为双峰监管理念,通过监管沙盒实现双峰监管目标,加强法律与科技监管的双元手段。
海外经济体对金融科技普遍秉承集中监管与不完全集中监管理念,我国对金融科技秉承分业监管理念,在证券科技、银行科技、保险科技等领域具有专业化的金融科技监管机构,由其负责本领域的金融科技监管。然而,持续的科技突破与金融创新,金融科技混业经营成为常态,严重影响传统分业监管体系下金融科技的有效监管。因此,我国理应转变金融科技监管理念,将传统分业监管理念转变为双峰监管理念。
首先,从分业监管转变为双峰监管理念的必要性。我国金融科技以市场和商业模式为驱动,国内巨大的市场需求、尚不完善的金融服务体系、缺乏灵活性与时效性的法律法规,既给金融科技带来了创新发展空间,也留下了一定的创新灰色地带。短短数年时间,中国金融科技已经在第三方支付、网络借贷方向排在世界前列,孕育出蚂蚁集团、微信金融与京东金融等公司,但各类金融科技公司负面新闻频发,表明金融科技创新的巨大监管需求。然而,我国对金融科技依然采取以金融模块发展为主、以风险预防为辅的分业监管理念,难以契合快速的金融科技创新发展。其中,双峰监管理念作为一种适应金融科技创新而演变的监管理念,它不仅可以随金融科技发展而不断调整和完善,适应新的市场环境和技术变化;而且可以吸收分业监管与集中监管理念的优点,形成折中的不完全集中监管理念,从而高效适应全面创新的金融科技市场环境,破解金融科技不等边三元悖论。
其次,从分业监管转变为双峰监管理念的可行性。不同于传统分业监管理念,双峰监管理念是双峰的、渐进式的金融科技监管理念,可以更好地契合金融科技创新环境,破解金融科技不等边三元悖论:一方面,双峰监管理念是双峰的金融科技监管理念。传统分业监管过于强调对金融服务行业采取专业化的分工监管,即严格按照金融服务机构的类型划分监管职责,难以适应金融科技创新驱动下的混业经营。而且,双峰监管理念可以兼顾双峰目标(促进金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险),在金融科技创新与风险之间找到平衡,从而确保金融科技市场的稳健运行。另一方面,双峰监管理念是渐进式金融监管理念。与海外金融科技监管理念相比,我国长期采取的分业监管理念,比较契合我国传统法律监管体系。如果将分业金融科技监管理念发生“翻天覆地”的转变,将其直接改为完全集中式金融监管理念,可能难以契合我国传统法律规范及其金融监管体系,导致“休克”式的金融科技监管效果,此时我国采取渐进式的双峰监管理念,可以更好地契合金融科技创新发展。
在金融科技不等边三元悖论下,基于国内外金融科技监管理论与改革试点经验,通过监管沙盒实现双峰监管目标,具有可行性:其一,域外经济体经验证实监管沙盒可以促进金融科技创新发展与风险防范的动态平衡,即金融科技机构提前向金融科技监管机构报备与申请测试,让金融科技业务在金融监管框架内自主创新,并根据测试结果调整方案[18],可以实现双峰监管目标。其二,我国北京、上海等地已开始探索设计包容审慎、富有弹性的创新试错容错机制,打造契合我国国情与国际接轨的金融科技监管沙盒机制,具有本土区域可行性。
为实现金融科技创新发展以及防范金融科技风险的双元目标,我国可以在全国范围内适当引入监管沙盒,有效搭建金融科技的“风险隔离盒”,从金融科技监管沙盒的目标、管理机构与流程机制等方面构建中国版监管沙盒机制。首先,明确监管沙盒目标。欧盟《人工智能法》第五十七条规定了建立人工智能监管沙盒的目的,旨在提高法律确定性、支持分享最佳实践、促进创新和竞争力、促进循证的监管学习、促进和加快AI系统进入欧盟市场。同理,在金融科技场景下,我国需要明确金融科技监管沙盒的目标,即允许金融科技创新企业在沙盒空间中测试,旨在促进金融科技创新与防范金融科技风险。其次,优化监管沙盒流程机制,促进双峰监管目标实现。倘若监管沙盒流程机制太长,比如印度采取初步筛选、测试设计、应用评估、实际测试、最终评估的机制,那么不利于促进金融科技创新;倘若监管沙盒流程机制太短,比如英国采取申请、测试与评估的机制,那么创新企业通过申请与沙盒测试的周期短、通过率高,不利于金融科技风险防范。对此,我国可以将金融科技监管沙盒的流程机制分为申请、评估、测试、退出阶段,促进金融科技创新与监管。此时,金融科技监管沙盒通过设定可控的沙盒测试区域,为金融科技企业提供“试错空间”,在激励金融科技创新的同时,构建起全流程的金融科技风险防控体系。该监管沙盒的流程机制通过动态平衡金融科技创新激励与约束金融科技风险,将传统金融监管的“一刀切”模式转变为分层分类的精巧监管,进而形成具有中国特色的金融科技监管范式,促进双峰监管目标的实现。
在金融科技监管手段上,为防范金融科技风险以及保护金融科技创新,加强法律与科技监管的双元手段是当前金融监管体系发展的重要方向。
(1)补足金融科技监管的法律保障
为补足金融科技监管的简单性,我国可以从立法、执法与司法层面完善金融科技监管体系。首先,加强金融科技监管立法。针对金融科技的创新发展,我国应按照立法程序逐步完善法律规范,确保各类创新的金融科技活动有法可依:一方面,通过立法明晰金融科技监管的客体范畴,将智能投顾、数字货币、量化交易等新兴业态纳入监管框架,划定业务边界与禁止性条款;另一方面,细化金融科技监管的执行规范,同步配套监管合规指引与容错机制,通过对金融科技的具体形态制定详细的监管规则,确保金融科技监管措施具有可操作性。
其次,强化金融科技监管的执法力度。为有效防范金融科技创新活动所带来的金融科技风险以及损害消费者合法权益的问题,我国金融科技监管机构应当对金融科技活动严格执法,通过加大金融科技违法违规行为的查处力度以及处罚强度,对金融科技机构形成有效的震慑作用;此外,我国应当加强金融监管机构与其他执法部门(如公安机构、司法机构等)的协作配合,形成金融科技监管合力,共同打击金融科技领域的违法违规行为。
最后,完善金融科技监管的司法保护。作为法律监管的事后救济手段,司法保护可以防范金融科技风险及保护消费者权益:一是逐步完善金融科技的司法救济机制,优化司法实践以及强化监管措施,前者可通过加强案例指导(发布司法指导性案例,明确金融科技纠纷的司法处理标准和原则,提高司法裁判的精巧性)与强化司法救济(对于金融科技纠纷中的受害者,司法部门应提供充分的司法救济途径,包括赔偿损失、恢复名誉等,确保其合法权益得到保障)实现;后者可通过建立协同监管机制实现,即加强金融科技监管机构与司法部门之间的协同合作,形成金融科技司法上的合力,共同应对金融科技带来的风险和挑战。二是完善金融科技的监管技术,提高金融科技的司法效率。我国司法部门可以借助自然语言处理技术深度解析监管法规文本与司法判例,建立标准化的类案检索数据库;运用机器学习算法开发智能分案系统,多维匹配司法案件特征与法官专业领域,实现司法案件的精准分配;搭建证据链自动核验平台,利用深度学习对电子证据进行关联分析与真性验证,有效压低金融消费者的诉讼成本并提高金融消费者合法权益的司法保护力度。
(2)强化金融科技创新的科技监管
在金融科技场景下,为有效应对金融科技创新活动,我国可以通过推进科技监管应用等措施,优化金融科技的监管数据收集与监管数据分析,从而构建双峰金融科技监管体系,提升金融科技监管效能。首先,构建科技监管系统,对金融科技实施全方位的动态监管,优化监管数据收集:在自动化报告层面,开发基于标准化应用程序编程接口(API)的数据收集方式,从金融科技平台提取实时或周期性的数据,并通过预设数据校验规则保障数据的完整性;在数据管理层面,建立科学的分级分类存储架构,对相关数据资料分类收集与管理,通过科技监管手段将金融科技监管数据转换为相应的监管逻辑指标,旨在形成可视化的金融科技监管信号灯与仪表盘;在智能辅助监管方面,通过部署人工智能分析系统,深度挖掘与检测平台数据,为监管人员提供精准的违规行为线索以及互动协助。总之,科技监管系统不仅避免了准入式监管的高成本与低效率,而且避免了金融科技监管过度与不足问题,有助于金融科技监管机构实现精准式与适度化监管。
其次,强化金融科技创新的科技监管,提升监管数据的分析水平,全力消除金融科技监管生态体系内的“信息孤岛”:一是加强市场监测。基于跨平台数据聚合架构,建立金融科技行业的动态监测机制,高频次追踪用户规模、交易集中度等核心指标,实现对金融科技的市场监测和可疑交易监测。二是提升不当行为分析。通过计算机视觉、图像和视频处理等前沿技术,判别、抓取与分析金融科技监管对象的异常行为;通过人工智能技术分析异常的金融科技交易、关系与网络,从而提升金融科技市场的不当行为分析水平。三是微观与宏观审慎监管。在微观审慎监管维度,监管机构围绕金融科技机构的风险防范目标,构建包含资本充足率、流动性覆盖率等核心指标的动态监测体系;在宏观审慎监管维度,监管机构可以基于复杂网络理论构建系统性风险传导模型,通过整合跨行业数据资源,量化分析与评估金融科技的系统性风险。质言之,通过提高微观与宏观金融科技领域的监管科技水平及其监管效能,有效促进金融科技监管的精准度和效率。
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究项目(23YJC820005)
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  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-17
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
  • 修回日期:2025-07-23
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教育部人文社会科学研究项目(23YJC820005)
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    同济大学法学院, 上海 200092
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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