Article(id=1318316546775167669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1318316496934261092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748620800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-31, revisedDate=1758643200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792240757887, onlineDateStr=2026-10-17, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792240757887, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792240757887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792240757887, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1318316496934261092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792240746004, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792240746004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1442, endPage=1454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1318316547043603126, articleId=1318316546775167669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Inter-city technological complementarities and technological knowledge diffusion: Evidence from patent citation in Chinese cities, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The diffusion of technological knowledge across regions is fundamental for enhancing innovation capacity and achieving balanced regional development. While prior research has highlighted the role of technological proximity in facilitating knowledge spillovers, it often neglects the dual nature of inter-city linkages that encompass both competition and complementarity. This paper extends the discussion by introducing the concept of technological complementarity, defined as cities sharing a broad cognitive base but specializing in different sub-fields, thereby creating heterogeneous yet synergistic technological structures. Using patent application and citation data from 284 Chinese cities between 2003 and 2019, we construct a novel index of inter-city technological complementarities based on IPC categories and link it with patent citation flows. The resulting panel of 681,748 city-pair observations enables a systematic empirical assessment of how complementarities shape technological knowledge diffusion.

The empirical results show that technological complementarities significantly promote inter-city technological knowledge diffusion. Cities with higher complementarities are more likely to cite each other’s patents, indicating stronger knowledge flows. A one-unit increase in complementarity is associated with a substantial rise in both the intensity and probability of patent citation. Unlike excessive similarity, which often induces homogeneous competition and technological lock-in, complementarities provide non-redundant knowledge resources, enhancing opportunities for recombination and innovation. Thus, complementarities are revealed as a critical driver of regional knowledge dynamics, contributing to the resilience and efficiency of innovation networks.

Mechanism analyses further reveal that complementarities foster knowledge diffusion through three pathways: collaborative innovation, technology transfer, and talent mobility. Complementary cities are more likely to engage in joint R&D and co-patenting, lowering communication barriers and facilitating tacit knowledge exchange. They also promote technology transfer, which transforms potential externalities into tradable innovation elements and strengthens cross-regional application of knowledge. In addition, complementarities stimulate the mobility of skilled talent, who act as carriers of tacit knowledge and bridge otherwise disconnected networks. These mechanisms collectively establish a robust chain through which complementarities translate into knowledge diffusion.

Finally, contextual and heterogeneity analyses show that the impact of complementarities is contingent on environmental conditions. Cultural distance increases communication costs and reduces complementarities’ effectiveness, whereas institutional proximity enhances cooperation predictability and amplifies diffusion. Transportation connectivity, particularly high-speed rail, mitigates spatial decay and enables complementarities to function over long distances. Moreover, eastern and high-tier cities benefit more strongly from complementarities due to superior absorptive capacity and institutional support, while effects are weaker in central, western, and lower-tier cities.

Overall, this study contributes to innovation geography and regional innovation empirically validating the role of technological complementarities in shaping inter-city knowledge diffusion, extending the theoretical framework beyond technological proximity, and providing policy implications for fostering collaborative innovation platforms, reducing institutional frictions, and facilitating talent and technology flows across regions.

, authors=Zhen-kang FU1, Qi-ning PENG2, 3, Qing-hua ZHU1, authorsList=Zhen-kang FU, Qi-ning PENG, Qing-hua ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qi-ning PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1318316547765023417, articleId=1318316546775167669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=城市间技术互补与技术知识扩散——来自中国城市专利引用的证据, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在推动区域协调发展和创新驱动发展战略的背景下,技术知识在城市间的有效扩散成为提升区域协同创新能力与优化国家创新体系布局的关键。文章从城市间技术互补的视角出发,采用2003-2019年全国284个城市形成的40186个城市对所构造的面板数据,实证检验了城市间技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响及作用机制。研究发现,城市间技术互补显著促进城际技术知识扩散;技术互补能够通过推动城际协同创新、技术转移和创新人才流动进而促进城际技术知识扩散;随着文化距离和地理距离的增加,技术互补对城际技术知识流动的促进作用减弱,而随着制度邻近性和交通邻近性的提升,技术互补对城际技术知识流动的促进效应逐渐增强,同时交通邻近可以缓解地理距离带来的空间衰减效应;在区域资源禀赋和经济发展水平较高的城市之间,技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的促进作用更加明显。研究结论为推动区域协调发展进程中加强城际技术互补联系、优化区域创新资源配置、加强跨区域技术协同与提升国家创新体系整体效能提供了经验证据和政策启示。

, authors=付振康1, 彭启宁2, 3, 朱庆华1, authorsList=付振康, 彭启宁, 朱庆华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭启宁, authorNote=

付振康(1996-),男,博士研究生。

朱庆华(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

, correspAuthorsNote=
彭启宁(1998-),女,博士研究生,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pIrPY1Y7ylZ0GsTNCpteEg==, magXml=LCsVcHQpxxg7kY8G7kjFdA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5O0hv82wBUcWccP2hWTPbA==, pdfFileSize=1384188, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5zN6Gp/r4rhKhPEiGYKR3Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=g0V0oYkng1y4ih5vWEdjwg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1318316548247368388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548322865862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548247368388, language=EN, stringName=Zhen-kang FU, firstName=Zhen-kang, middleName=null, lastName=FU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548398363335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548247368388, language=CN, stringName=付振康, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023, bio={"content":"

付振康(1996-),男,博士研究生。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

付振康(1996-),男,博士研究生。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316548008293050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548016681659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548025070268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023)])]), Author(id=1318316548482249417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=pengqining24@mails.ucas.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548557746892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548482249417, language=EN, stringName=Qi-ning PENG, firstName=Qi-ning, middleName=null, lastName=PENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, address=2 National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
3 Department of Information Resources Management, School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548616467149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548482249417, language=CN, stringName=彭启宁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, address=2 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299
3 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316548079596221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548087984830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548079596221, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548096373439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548079596221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316548159288000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548167676609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548159288000, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Department of Information Resources Management, School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548171870914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548159288000, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190)])]), Author(id=1318316548687770319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548771656401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548687770319, language=EN, stringName=Qing-hua ZHU, firstName=Qing-hua, middleName=null, lastName=ZHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548834570962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548687770319, language=CN, stringName=朱庆华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023, bio={"content":"

朱庆华(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

朱庆华(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316548008293050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548016681659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548025070268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1318316548931039955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=technological complementarity), Keyword(id=1318316549014926036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=technological knowledge diffusion), Keyword(id=1318316549073646293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=collaborative innovation), Keyword(id=1318316549149143766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=technology transfer), Keyword(id=1318316549220446935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=innovation talent mobility), Keyword(id=1318316551149826777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=技术互补), Keyword(id=1318316551208547034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=技术知识扩散), Keyword(id=1318316551267267291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=协同创新), Keyword(id=1318316551330181852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=技术转移), Keyword(id=1318316551388902109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=创新人才流动)], refs=[Reference(id=1318316552693330669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1086/261725, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1990, volume=98, issue=2, pageStart=S71, pageEnd=S102, url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/261725, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Romer P M, journalName=Journal of Political Economy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Romer P M. Endogenous technological change[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(2): S71-S102., articleTitle=Endogenous technological change, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316552756245230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1257/aer.90.2.215, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=90, issue=2, pageStart=215, pageEnd=218, url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.90.2.215, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Jaffe A B, Trajtenberg M, Fogarty M S, journalName=The American Economic Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jaffe A B, Trajtenberg M, Fogarty M S. Knowledge spillovers and patent citations: Evidence from a survey of inventors[J]. The American Economic Review, 2000, 90(2): 215-218., articleTitle=Knowledge spillovers and patent citations: Evidence from a survey of inventors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316552827548399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=4, pageStart=78, pageEnd=95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=陈露, 刘修岩, journalName=经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈露, 刘修岩. 产业空间共聚、知识溢出与创新绩效——兼议区域产业多样化集群建设路径[J]. 经济研究, 2024, 59(4): 78-95., articleTitle=产业空间共聚、知识溢出与创新绩效——兼议区域产业多样化集群建设路径, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316552894657265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=4, pageStart=78, pageEnd=95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Chen L, Liu X Y, journalName=Economic Research Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen L, Liu X Y. Industrial spatial coagglomeration, knowledge spillovers and innovation performance: Discussion on the construction path of regional diversified industrial clusters[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2024, 59(4): 78-95., articleTitle=Industrial spatial coagglomeration, knowledge spillovers and innovation performance: Discussion on the construction path of regional diversified industrial clusters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316552965960434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1146/economics.2015.7.issue-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=7, issue=1, pageStart=557, pageEnd=575, url=https://www.annualreviews.org/toc/economics/7/1, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Aghion P, Akcigit U, Howitt P, journalName=Annual Review of Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aghion P, Akcigit U, Howitt P. The schumpeterian growth paradigm[J]. Annual Review of Economics, 2015, 7(1): 557-575., articleTitle=The schumpeterian growth paradigm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553033069299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02470.x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=122, issue=559, pageStart=265, pageEnd=258, url=https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/122/559/265-285/5079469, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Belenzon S, journalName=The Economic Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Belenzon S. Cumulative innovation and market value: Evidence from patent citations[J]. The Economic Journal, 2012, 122(559): 265-258., articleTitle=Cumulative innovation and market value: Evidence from patent citations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553112761076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1080/10438599.2011.554632, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=20, issue=6, pageStart=597, pageEnd=607, url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2011.554632, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=Economics of Innovation and New Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aldieri L. Technological and geographical proximity effects on knowledge spillovers: Evidence from the us patent citations[J]. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2011, 20(6): 597-607., articleTitle=Aldieri L. Technological and geographical proximity effects on knowledge spillovers: Evidence from the us patent citations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553171481333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1080/17421772.2013.856518, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=9, pageEnd=30, url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17421772.2013.856518, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Paci R, Marrocu E, Usai S, journalName=Spatial Economic Analysis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Paci R, Marrocu E, Usai S. The complementary effects of proximity dimensions on knowledge spillovers[J]. Spatial Economic Analysis, 2014, 9(1): 9-30., articleTitle=The complementary effects of proximity dimensions on knowledge spillovers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553242784502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1111/ecge.2009.85.issue-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=85, issue=3, pageStart=289, pageEnd=311, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/19448287/85/3, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Boschma R, Iammarino S, journalName=Economic Geography, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Boschma R, Iammarino S. Related variety, trade linkages, and regional growth in italy[J]. Economic Geography, 2009, 85(3): 289-311., articleTitle=Related variety, trade linkages, and regional growth in italy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553322476279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1007/s00191-019-00605-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=29, issue=2, pageStart=697, pageEnd=719, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Werker C, Korzinov V, Cunningham S, journalName=Journal of Evolutionary Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Werker C, Korzinov V, Cunningham S. Formation and output of collaborations: The role of proximity in german nanotechnology[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2019, 29(2): 697-719., articleTitle=Formation and output of collaborations: The role of proximity in german nanotechnology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553397973752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1002/smj.v42.6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=1215, pageEnd=1244, url=https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/42/6, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Lane J N, Ganguli I, Gaule P, journalName=Strategic Management Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lane J N, Ganguli I, Gaule P, et al. Engineering serendipity: When does knowledge sharing lead to knowledge production?[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2020, 42(6): 1215-1244., articleTitle=Engineering serendipity: When does knowledge sharing lead to knowledge production?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553477665529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=13, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=郑江淮, 陈喆, 孙志燕, journalName=经济评论, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑江淮, 陈喆, 孙志燕, 等. 从竞争到互补:区域技术结构变迁的测度与理论假说[J]. 经济评论, 2022(1): 13-29., articleTitle=从竞争到互补:区域技术结构变迁的测度与理论假说, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553532191482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=13, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Zheng J H, Chen Z, Sun Z Y, journalName=Economic Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng J H, Chen Z, Sun Z Y, et al. From competition to complementarity: Measurement and theoretical hypothesis of regional technological structure change[J]. Economic Review, 2022(1): 13-29., articleTitle=From competition to complementarity: Measurement and theoretical hypothesis of regional technological structure change, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553590911739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=23, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=郑江淮, 陈喆, 康乐乐, journalName=中国工业经济, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑江淮, 陈喆, 康乐乐. 国家间技术互补变迁及其对发明人才跨国流动的影响——一个国际技术发现假说与检验[J]. 中国工业经济, 2022(4): 23-41., articleTitle=国家间技术互补变迁及其对发明人才跨国流动的影响——一个国际技术发现假说与检验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553666409212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=23, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Zheng J H, Chen Z, Kang L L, journalName=China Industrial Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng J H, Chen Z, Kang L L. The impact of technology complementarity between countries on the two-way cross-border flow of inventors: An international technology discovery hypothesis and test[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2022(4): 23-41., articleTitle=The impact of technology complementarity between countries on the two-way cross-border flow of inventors: An international technology discovery hypothesis and test, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553733518077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1080/00343404.2020.1861240, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=55, issue=6, pageStart=1059, pageEnd=1070, url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00343404.2020.1861240, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Balland P-A, Boschma R, journalName=Regional Studies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Balland P-A, Boschma R. Complementary interregional linkages and smart specialisation: An empirical study on european regions[J]. Regional Studies, 2021, 55(6): 1059-1070., articleTitle=Complementary interregional linkages and smart specialisation: An empirical study on european regions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553804821246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1002/smj.v31:6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=31, issue=6, pageStart=602, pageEnd=628, url=https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/31/6, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Makri M, Hitt M A, Lane P J, journalName=Strategic Management Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Makri M, Hitt M A, Lane P J. Complementary technologies, knowledge relatedness, and invention outcomes in high technology mergers and acquisitions[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2009, 31(6): 602-628., articleTitle=Complementary technologies, knowledge relatedness, and invention outcomes in high technology mergers and acquisitions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553871930111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.2307/2393553, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1990, volume=35, issue=1, pageStart=128, pageEnd=152, url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2393553?origin=crossref, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Cohen W M, Levinthal D A, journalName=Administrative Science Quarterly, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cohen W M, Levinthal D A. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1990, 35(1):128-152., articleTitle=Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316553930650368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1093/jeg/lbr010, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=12, issue=2, pageStart=409, pageEnd=433, url=https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jeg/lbr010, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Broekel T, Boschma R, journalName=Journal of Economic Geography, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Broekel T, Boschma R. Knowledge networks in the dutch aviation industry: The proximity paradox[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2012, 12(2): 409-433., articleTitle=Knowledge networks in the dutch aviation industry: The proximity paradox, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554001953537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1080/0034340052000320887, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=61, pageEnd=74, url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0034340052000320887, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=Regional Studies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Boschma R. Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment[J]. Regional Studies, 2005, 39(1): 61-74., articleTitle=Boschma R. Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554064868098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1007/s11403-007-0018-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=2, issue=1, pageStart=45, pageEnd=65, url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11403-007-0018-y, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Cantner U, Meder A, journalName=Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cantner U, Meder A. Technological proximity and the choice of cooperation partner[J]. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 2007, 2(1): 45-65., articleTitle=Technological proximity and the choice of cooperation partner, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554115199747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Grant R M, Baden-Fuller C, journalName=A knowledge-based theory of inter-firm collaboration[A]. Proceedings of the Academy of Management Proceedings, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, F, 1995 [C]. Academy of Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Grant R M, Baden-Fuller C. A knowledge-based theory of inter-firm collaboration[A]. Proceedings of the Academy of Management Proceedings, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, F, 1995 [C]. Academy of Management., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554178114308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1016/j.jengtecman.2006.06.007, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=23, issue=3, pageStart=147, pageEnd=167, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0923474806000257, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Collins J D, Hitt M A, journalName=Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Collins J D, Hitt M A. Leveraging tacit knowledge in alliances: The importance of using relational capabilities to build and leverage relational capital[J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 2006, 23(3): 147-167., articleTitle=Leveraging tacit knowledge in alliances: The importance of using relational capabilities to build and leverage relational capital, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554253611781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=22, issue=2, pageStart=64, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=23, authorNames=简兆权, 刘荣, 招丽珠, journalName=研究与发展管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=简兆权, 刘荣, 招丽珠. 网络关系、信任与知识共享对技术创新绩效的影响研究[J]. 研究与发展管理, 2010, 22(2): 64-71., articleTitle=网络关系、信任与知识共享对技术创新绩效的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554337497862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=22, issue=2, pageStart=64, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Jian Z Q, Liu R, Zhao L Z, journalName=R&D Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jian Z Q, Liu R, Zhao L Z. The impact of network relationship,trust,and knowledge sharing on technology innovation performance[J]. R&D Management, 2010, 22(2): 64-71., articleTitle=The impact of network relationship,trust,and knowledge sharing on technology innovation performance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554421383943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1111/grow.2015.46.issue-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=46, issue=3, pageStart=379, pageEnd=399, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14682257/46/3, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Capello R, Lenzi C, journalName=Growth and Change, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Capello R, Lenzi C. The knowledge-innovation nexus. Its spatially differentiated returns to innovation[J]. Growth and Change, 2015, 46(3): 379-399., articleTitle=The knowledge-innovation nexus. Its spatially differentiated returns to innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554488492808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=130, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=26, authorNames=黎仁惠, 王晓东, journalName=科技进步与对策, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黎仁惠, 王晓东. 从社会资本视角看技术转移中隐性知识的转化[J]. 科技进步与对策, 2009, 26(2): 130-133., articleTitle=从社会资本视角看技术转移中隐性知识的转化, refAbstract=技术转移中的隐性知识在现代企业发展中有其不可忽视的作用,然而由于隐性知识特性、技术转移方式、技术转移双方主客观等因素的存在,其作用有所抑制。以社会关系网络为载体的社会资本,对于这种知识的转化、共享提供了一个很好的交流平台,它使得技术转移双方通过频繁互动和便利有效的交流完成隐性知识的交换与转化。), Reference(id=1318316554563990281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=130, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Li R H, Wang X D, journalName=Science & Technology Progress and Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li R H, Wang X D. Tacit knowledge converting in technology transfer on the view of social capital[J]. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2009, 26(2): 130-133., articleTitle=Tacit knowledge converting in technology transfer on the view of social capital, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554635293450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=109, pageEnd=123, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=28, authorNames=杨仁发, 杨梅君, journalName=数量经济技术经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨仁发, 杨梅君. 数字化转型的持续创新效应研究[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2025, 42(2): 109-123., articleTitle=数字化转型的持续创新效应研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554702402315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=109, pageEnd=123, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Yang R F, Yang M J, journalName=Journal of Quantitative & Technological Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang R F, Yang M J. Persistent innovation effect of digital transformation[J]. Journal of Quantitative & Technological Economics, 2025, 42(2): 109-123., articleTitle=Persistent innovation effect of digital transformation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554777899788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=109, pageEnd=123, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=罗良文, 张郑秋, journalName=财经研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗良文, 张郑秋. 中国城市产业智能化空间关联网络及其驱动机制[J]. 财经研究, 2024, 50(1): 109-123., articleTitle=中国城市产业智能化空间关联网络及其驱动机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554832425741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=109, pageEnd=123, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Luo L W, Zhang Z Q, journalName=Journal of Finance and Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Luo L W, Zhang Z Q. Spatial association network of urban industrial intelligence in China and its driving mechanisms[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2024, 50(1): 109-123., articleTitle=Spatial association network of urban industrial intelligence in China and its driving mechanisms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554903728910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=2, issue=2, pageStart=31, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Hunt J, Gauthier-Loiselle M, journalName=American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hunt J, Gauthier-Loiselle M. How much does immigration boost innovation?[J]. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2010, 2(2): 31-56., articleTitle=How much does immigration boost innovation?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316554975032079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=102, pageEnd=120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=33, authorNames=王春杨, 兰宗敏, 张超, journalName=中国工业经济, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王春杨, 兰宗敏, 张超, 等. 高铁建设、人力资本迁移与区域创新[J]. 中国工业经济, 2020(12): 102-120., articleTitle=高铁建设、人力资本迁移与区域创新, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555037946640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=102, pageEnd=120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Wang C Y, Lan Z M, Zhang C, journalName=China Industrial Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C Y, Lan Z M, Zhang C, et al. High-speed rail construction, human capital migration and regional innovation[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2020(12): 102-120., articleTitle=High-speed rail construction, human capital migration and regional innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555109249809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1287/mnsc.2021.01717, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=70, issue=11, pageStart=7464, pageEnd=7485, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2021.01717, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Bai J, Jin W, Zhou S, journalName=Management Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bai J, Jin W, Zhou S. Proximity and knowledge spillovers: Evidence from the introduction of new airline routes[J]. Management Science, 2024, 70(11): 7464-7485., articleTitle=Proximity and knowledge spillovers: Evidence from the introduction of new airline routes, refAbstract=This paper examines the causal relationship between proximity and knowledge diffusion by estimating the elasticity of core-based statistical area (CBSA) pair-level citations to variations in travel time induced by the introduction of new flight routes. The findings reveal that decreasing travel time between U.S. cities by 20% increases knowledge flow by 0.5%, which corresponds to an increase of over 15,000 citations at the aggregate level. Rather than boosting within-firm knowledge transfer, travel time reduction leads to a rise in knowledge spillovers primarily across firm boundaries, particularly among those that form joint ventures, have block holdings in each other, or form supply chain relationships. These effects are stronger among city pairs located farther away from each other, with higher absorptive capacity, in complex technology classes, and for newly developed technologies. Additional mechanism tests suggest that the most likely channel through which travel time reduction impacts knowledge spillover is by influencing the transfer of tacit knowledge via facilitating cross-CBSA inventor flow and information acquisition.), Reference(id=1318316555184747282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.2307/2118401, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=108, issue=3, pageStart=577, pageEnd=598, url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2118401, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Jaffe A B, Trajtenberg M, Henderson R, journalName=The Quarterly Journal of Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jaffe A B, Trajtenberg M, Henderson R. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993, 108(3): 577-598., articleTitle=Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555251856147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=57, issue=11, pageStart=84, pageEnd=101, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=37, authorNames=刘修岩, 王峤, journalName=经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘修岩, 王峤. 知识溢出的边界效应——来自专利引用数据的证据[J]. 经济研究, 2022, 57(11): 84-101., articleTitle=知识溢出的边界效应——来自专利引用数据的证据, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555348325140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=57, issue=11, pageStart=84, pageEnd=101, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Liu X Y, Wang Q, journalName=Economic Research Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X Y, Wang Q. The border effect of knowledge spillover: Evidence from patent citation data[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2022, 57(11): 84-101., articleTitle=The border effect of knowledge spillover: Evidence from patent citation data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555453182741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=11, pageStart=53, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=39, authorNames=孙浦阳, 蒋为, 陈惟, journalName=管理世界, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙浦阳, 蒋为, 陈惟. 外资自由化、技术距离与中国企业出口——基于上下游产业关联视角[J]. 管理世界, 2015(11): 53-69., articleTitle=外资自由化、技术距离与中国企业出口——基于上下游产业关联视角, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555549651734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=11, pageStart=53, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Sun P Y, Jiang W, Chen W, journalName=Journal of Management World, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun P Y, Jiang W, Chen W. Foreign investment liberalization, technological distance, and Chinese firm exports: An upstream-downstream industry linkage perspective[J]. Journal of Management World, 2015(11): 53-69., articleTitle=Foreign investment liberalization, technological distance, and Chinese firm exports: An upstream-downstream industry linkage perspective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555641926423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2016.05.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=1460, pageEnd=1473, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733316300750, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Guan J C, Yan Y, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guan J C, Yan Y. Technological proximity and recombinative innovation in the alternative energy field[J]. Research Policy, 2016, 45(7): 1460-1473., articleTitle=Technological proximity and recombinative innovation in the alternative energy field, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555713229592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=45, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=42, authorNames=卞元超, 吴利华, 白俊红, journalName=财政研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=卞元超, 吴利华, 白俊红. 财政科技支出竞争是否促进了区域创新绩效提升?——基于研发要素流动的视角[J]. 财政研究, 2020(1): 45-58., articleTitle=财政科技支出竞争是否促进了区域创新绩效提升?——基于研发要素流动的视角, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555797115673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=45, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Bian Y C, Wu L H, Bai J H, journalName=Public Finance Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bian Y C, Wu L H, Bai J H. Does the competition of fiscal S&T expenditure improve the regional innovation performance?——Based on the perspective of R&D factor flow[J]. Public Finance Research, 2020(1): 45-58., articleTitle=Does the competition of fiscal S&T expenditure improve the regional innovation performance?——Based on the perspective of R&D factor flow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555876807450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=50, issue=10, pageStart=134, pageEnd=146, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=44, authorNames=刘毓芸, 徐现祥, 肖泽凯, journalName=经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘毓芸, 徐现祥, 肖泽凯. 劳动力跨方言流动的倒U型模式[J]. 经济研究, 2015, 50(10): 134-146,162., articleTitle=劳动力跨方言流动的倒U型模式, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316555969082139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=50, issue=10, pageStart=134, pageEnd=146, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Liu Y Y, Xu X X, Xiao Z K, journalName=Economic Research Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Y Y, Xu X X, Xiao Z K. The pattern of labor cross-dialects migration[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2015, 50(10): 134-146,162., articleTitle=The pattern of labor cross-dialects migration, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1318316552542335723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, awardId=22&ZD327, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重大项目(22&ZD327), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1318316552609444588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, awardId=KYCX24_0104, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目(KYCX24_0104), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316548008293050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548016681659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548025070268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316548079596221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548087984830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548079596221, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548096373439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548079596221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316548159288000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548167676609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548159288000, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Department of Information Resources Management, School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548171870914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548159288000, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1318316551506342623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Spatial range attenuation effect of technological complementarities, figureFileSmall=OgyTkzjfxZHtXok4c1kDXA==, figureFileBig=5zN6Gp/r4rhKhPEiGYKR3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316551565062880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, label=图1, caption=技术互补的空间范围衰减效应, figureFileSmall=OgyTkzjfxZHtXok4c1kDXA==, figureFileBig=5zN6Gp/r4rhKhPEiGYKR3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316551749612257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Benchmark regression analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 专利引用次数(5年窗口) 是否存在专利引用(5年窗口)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Cra 2.9427*** 3.1307*** 1.8615*** 1.5307*** 1.5945*** 1.4599*** 0.7709*** 0.3589***
(0.0042) (0.0162) (0.0105) (0.0136) (0.0035) (0.0056) (0.0069) (0.0105)
gdp_diff 0.0521*** 0.0405*** -0.0335*** -0.0049*** 0.0471*** 0.0226*** 0.0034*** 0.0000
(0.0011) (0.0019) (0.0017) (0.0012) (0.0009) (0.0012) (0.0012) (0.0012)
indust_diff -0.0038*** -0.0027*** -0.0032*** -0.0024*** -0.0026*** -0.0011*** -0.0009*** -0.0013***
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001)
manage_diff 0.0736*** 0.0744*** 0.0426*** -0.0407*** 0.0270*** 0.0206*** 0.0142*** 0.0390***
(0.0004) (0.0010) (0.0009) (0.0009) (0.0003) (0.0004) (0.0005) (0.0008)
edu_diff 0.0716*** 0.0631*** -0.0444*** -0.0481*** 0.0303*** 0.0485*** 0.0103*** 0.0048***
(0.0009) (0.0020) (0.0016) (0.0012) (0.0008) (0.0011) (0.0012) (0.0011)
invest_diff -0.0065*** -0.0138*** -0.0737*** -0.0213*** 0.0671*** 0.0214*** 0.0105*** 0.0054***
(0.0011) (0.0022) (0.0017) (0.0011) (0.0009) (0.0012) (0.0012) (0.0012)
infor_diff 0.0163*** 0.0169*** -0.0956*** -0.0352*** 0.0599*** 0.0348*** 0.0124*** -0.0055***
(0.0012) (0.0019) (0.0016) (0.0011) (0.0010) (0.0012) (0.0012) (0.0012)
inno_diff 0.0400*** 0.0354*** -0.0542*** -0.0257*** 0.0156*** 0.0434*** 0.0216*** 0.0035***
(0.0010) (0.0021) (0.0017) (0.0012) (0.0009) (0.0012) (0.0013) (0.0012)
hc_diff 0.1474*** 0.1496*** 0.0557*** -0.0227*** 0.0109*** 0.0315*** 0.0153*** 0.0136***
(0.0012) (0.0026) (0.0018) (0.0012) (0.0010) (0.0013) (0.0013) (0.0012)
geo_dist -0.1939*** -0.1833*** -0.2044*** -0.1948*** -0.1072*** -0.1186*** -0.1211*** -0.1350***
(0.0018) (0.0043) (0.0037) (0.0034) (0.0015) (0.0021) (0.0027) (0.0027)
Constant -1.1567*** -1.1163*** 1.8452*** 1.5499*** -0.8126*** -0.4830*** 0.2946*** 0.6460***
(0.0080) (0.0186) (0.0187) (0.0149) (0.0067) (0.0098) (0.0143) (0.0137)
年份固定效应 否 是 是 否 否 是 是 否
城市固定效应 否 否 是 否 否 否 是 否
城市×年份固定效应 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 是
Observations 679,003 679,003 679,003 678,969 679,003 679,003 679,003 678,969
R-squared 0.6739 0.6817 0.7687 0.8821 0.4984 0.5187 0.5462 0.5931
), ArticleFig(id=1318316551854469858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基准回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 专利引用次数(5年窗口) 是否存在专利引用(5年窗口)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Cra 2.9427*** 3.1307*** 1.8615*** 1.5307*** 1.5945*** 1.4599*** 0.7709*** 0.3589***
(0.0042) (0.0162) (0.0105) (0.0136) (0.0035) (0.0056) (0.0069) (0.0105)
gdp_diff 0.0521*** 0.0405*** -0.0335*** -0.0049*** 0.0471*** 0.0226*** 0.0034*** 0.0000
(0.0011) (0.0019) (0.0017) (0.0012) (0.0009) (0.0012) (0.0012) (0.0012)
indust_diff -0.0038*** -0.0027*** -0.0032*** -0.0024*** -0.0026*** -0.0011*** -0.0009*** -0.0013***
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001)
manage_diff 0.0736*** 0.0744*** 0.0426*** -0.0407*** 0.0270*** 0.0206*** 0.0142*** 0.0390***
(0.0004) (0.0010) (0.0009) (0.0009) (0.0003) (0.0004) (0.0005) (0.0008)
edu_diff 0.0716*** 0.0631*** -0.0444*** -0.0481*** 0.0303*** 0.0485*** 0.0103*** 0.0048***
(0.0009) (0.0020) (0.0016) (0.0012) (0.0008) (0.0011) (0.0012) (0.0011)
invest_diff -0.0065*** -0.0138*** -0.0737*** -0.0213*** 0.0671*** 0.0214*** 0.0105*** 0.0054***
(0.0011) (0.0022) (0.0017) (0.0011) (0.0009) (0.0012) (0.0012) (0.0012)
infor_diff 0.0163*** 0.0169*** -0.0956*** -0.0352*** 0.0599*** 0.0348*** 0.0124*** -0.0055***
(0.0012) (0.0019) (0.0016) (0.0011) (0.0010) (0.0012) (0.0012) (0.0012)
inno_diff 0.0400*** 0.0354*** -0.0542*** -0.0257*** 0.0156*** 0.0434*** 0.0216*** 0.0035***
(0.0010) (0.0021) (0.0017) (0.0012) (0.0009) (0.0012) (0.0013) (0.0012)
hc_diff 0.1474*** 0.1496*** 0.0557*** -0.0227*** 0.0109*** 0.0315*** 0.0153*** 0.0136***
(0.0012) (0.0026) (0.0018) (0.0012) (0.0010) (0.0013) (0.0013) (0.0012)
geo_dist -0.1939*** -0.1833*** -0.2044*** -0.1948*** -0.1072*** -0.1186*** -0.1211*** -0.1350***
(0.0018) (0.0043) (0.0037) (0.0034) (0.0015) (0.0021) (0.0027) (0.0027)
Constant -1.1567*** -1.1163*** 1.8452*** 1.5499*** -0.8126*** -0.4830*** 0.2946*** 0.6460***
(0.0080) (0.0186) (0.0187) (0.0149) (0.0067) (0.0098) (0.0143) (0.0137)
年份固定效应 否 是 是 否 否 是 是 否
城市固定效应 否 否 是 否 否 否 是 否
城市×年份固定效应 否 否 否 是 否 否 否 是
Observations 679,003 679,003 679,003 678,969 679,003 679,003 679,003 678,969
R-squared 0.6739 0.6817 0.7687 0.8821 0.4984 0.5187 0.5462 0.5931
), ArticleFig(id=1318316551938355939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

IV estimation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 解释变量滞后项 工具变量 滞后一阶工具变量
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
滞后一期 滞后二期 第一阶段 第二阶段 第一阶段 第二阶段
Cra 1.5096*** 1.4817*** 2.0366*** 3.6342***
(0.0080) (0.0083) (0.0198) (0.0357)
Cra_iv 0.3078*** 0.1783***
(0.0021) (0.0016)
Constant 1.6748*** 1.8041*** 0.4137*** 0.4884***
(0.0096) (0.0101) (0.0019) (0.0017)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市×年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
Observations 638,987 598,851 677,728 677,728 637,727 637,727
R-squared 0.8802 0.8783 0.9336 0.1896 0.9297 0.1169
Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F 21000 21000
Kleibergen-Paap rk LM [16.38]
39000
[16.38]
35000
), ArticleFig(id=1318316552018047716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

工具变量估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 解释变量滞后项 工具变量 滞后一阶工具变量
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
滞后一期 滞后二期 第一阶段 第二阶段 第一阶段 第二阶段
Cra 1.5096*** 1.4817*** 2.0366*** 3.6342***
(0.0080) (0.0083) (0.0198) (0.0357)
Cra_iv 0.3078*** 0.1783***
(0.0021) (0.0016)
Constant 1.6748*** 1.8041*** 0.4137*** 0.4884***
(0.0096) (0.0101) (0.0019) (0.0017)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市×年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
Observations 638,987 598,851 677,728 677,728 637,727 637,727
R-squared 0.8802 0.8783 0.9336 0.1896 0.9297 0.1169
Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F 21000 21000
Kleibergen-Paap rk LM [16.38]
39000
[16.38]
35000
), ArticleFig(id=1318316552093545189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Estimated results of the mechanism test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 协同创新 技术转移 创新人才流动
(1) (2) (5) (6) (7) (8)
cooperation citation5 tech_transfer citation5 inno_pop_flow citation5
Cra 0.1817*** 1.4990*** 0.2418*** 1.4951*** 0.3436*** 2.1284***
(0.0082) (0.0131) (0.0097) (0.0131) (0.0440) (0.0386)
cooperation 0.1744***
(0.0050)
tech_transfer 0.1472***
(0.0039)
inno_pop_flow 0.0618***
(0.0044)
Constant 0.4937*** 1.4638*** 0.6337*** 1.4566*** 2.4545*** 1.6013***
(0.0166) (0.0145) (0.0197) (0.0144) (0.0577) (0.0435)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市×年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
Observations 678,969 678,969 678,969 678,969 41,533 41,533
R-squared 0.4494 0.8829 0.4482 0.8830 0.4710 0.8903
), ArticleFig(id=1318316552164848358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

机制检验估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 协同创新 技术转移 创新人才流动
(1) (2) (5) (6) (7) (8)
cooperation citation5 tech_transfer citation5 inno_pop_flow citation5
Cra 0.1817*** 1.4990*** 0.2418*** 1.4951*** 0.3436*** 2.1284***
(0.0082) (0.0131) (0.0097) (0.0131) (0.0440) (0.0386)
cooperation 0.1744***
(0.0050)
tech_transfer 0.1472***
(0.0039)
inno_pop_flow 0.0618***
(0.0044)
Constant 0.4937*** 1.4638*** 0.6337*** 1.4566*** 2.4545*** 1.6013***
(0.0166) (0.0145) (0.0197) (0.0144) (0.0577) (0.0435)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市×年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
Observations 678,969 678,969 678,969 678,969 41,533 41,533
R-squared 0.4494 0.8829 0.4482 0.8830 0.4710 0.8903
), ArticleFig(id=1318316552244540135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Moderating effects test estimates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 文化距离 制度邻近 交通邻近 交通邻近与地理距离的交乘项
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Cra 1.7385*** 1.5064*** 1.6149*** 1.6123***
(0.0180) (0.0137) (0.0163) (0.0163)
cul_dist 0.0150***
(0.0016)
Cra×cul_dist -0.0875***
(0.0053)
ins_pro -0.0435***
(0.0049)
Cra×ins_pro 0.4233***
(0.0156)
trans_pro -0.1007***
(0.0071)
Cra×trans_pro 0.3380***
(0.0159)
trans_pro_dist -0.0379***
(0.0023)
Cra×trans_pro_dist 0.1185***
(0.0053)
Constant 1.4736*** 1.4366*** 1.5696*** 1.5842***
(0.0151) (0.0153) (0.0170) (0.0169)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
城市×年份固定效应 是 是 是 是
Observations 678,969 678,969 527,658 527,658
R-squared 0.8822 0.8826 0.8902 0.8902
), ArticleFig(id=1318316552307454696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

调节效应检验估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 文化距离 制度邻近 交通邻近 交通邻近与地理距离的交乘项
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Cra 1.7385*** 1.5064*** 1.6149*** 1.6123***
(0.0180) (0.0137) (0.0163) (0.0163)
cul_dist 0.0150***
(0.0016)
Cra×cul_dist -0.0875***
(0.0053)
ins_pro -0.0435***
(0.0049)
Cra×ins_pro 0.4233***
(0.0156)
trans_pro -0.1007***
(0.0071)
Cra×trans_pro 0.3380***
(0.0159)
trans_pro_dist -0.0379***
(0.0023)
Cra×trans_pro_dist 0.1185***
(0.0053)
Constant 1.4736*** 1.4366*** 1.5696*** 1.5842***
(0.0151) (0.0153) (0.0170) (0.0169)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
城市×年份固定效应 是 是 是 是
Observations 678,969 678,969 527,658 527,658
R-squared 0.8822 0.8826 0.8902 0.8902
), ArticleFig(id=1318316552374563561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 区域异质性 城市能级异质性
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
东部 西部 中部 高—高 高—低 低—低
Cra 1.8264*** 0.9793*** 1.0884*** 2.1854*** 1.2679*** 0.5067***
(0.0467) (0.0383) (0.0368) (0.0312) (0.0171) (0.0137)
Constant 1.6864*** 1.3987*** 1.1947*** 1.7838*** 0.8994*** 0.9129***
(0.0416) (0.0504) (0.0409) (0.0310) (0.0386) (0.0215)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市×年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
Observations 83,913 58,293 83,664 169,023 340,844 169,062
R-squared 0.9325 0.7990 0.8471 0.9285 0.8573 0.6894
), ArticleFig(id=1318316552441672426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

异质性分析估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 区域异质性 城市能级异质性
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
东部 西部 中部 高—高 高—低 低—低
Cra 1.8264*** 0.9793*** 1.0884*** 2.1854*** 1.2679*** 0.5067***
(0.0467) (0.0383) (0.0368) (0.0312) (0.0171) (0.0137)
Constant 1.6864*** 1.3987*** 1.1947*** 1.7838*** 0.8994*** 0.9129***
(0.0416) (0.0504) (0.0409) (0.0310) (0.0386) (0.0215)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市×年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
Observations 83,913 58,293 83,664 169,023 340,844 169,062
R-squared 0.9325 0.7990 0.8471 0.9285 0.8573 0.6894
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1308396458388586594, delFlag=0, nameCn=科学学研究, nameEn=Studies in Science of Science, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1003-2053, eissn=null, cn=11-1805/G3, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=f9wd5Gr2r/Af7TJ15O/VGg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Studies in Science of Science, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1789875624512, updatedTime=1789876606404, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=K, firstLetterEn=K, subjectCode=Multidisciplinary, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Multidisciplinary, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=f9wd5Gr2r/Af7TJ15O/VGg==, picEn=XwgD5UmFTEVSmdnCgvlDZQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1308400576836957147, language=CN, name=科学学研究, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1789876606425, updatedTime=1789876606425, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1308400576883094492, language=EN, name=Studies in Science of Science, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1789876606436, updatedTime=1789876606436, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1308397381743640680, websiteList=[Website(id=1308429426446848915, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1308397381743640680, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN, language=CN, createTime=1789883484708, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1789902368384, updateBy=18614031015, name=科学学研究-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=科学学研究, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1308508734821851572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1789902393298, updateTime=1789902393298, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734784102833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1789902393289, updateTime=1789902393289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734872183223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902393310, updateTime=1789902393310, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734771519920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/file/pic?fileId=DFYjiBGwM+7bU4q3P0DayQ==, createTime=1789902393286, updateTime=1789902393286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734888960441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902393314, updateTime=1789902393314, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734809268659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/file/pic, createTime=1789902393295, updateTime=1789902393295, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734880571832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902393312, updateTime=1789902393312, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734796685746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1789902393292, updateTime=1789902393292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734834434485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1789902393301, updateTime=1789902393301, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734851211702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1789902393305, updateTime=1789902393305, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1308429426513957785, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1308397381743640680, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN, language=EN, createTime=1789883484724, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1789902358215, updateBy=18614031015, name=科学学研究-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Studies in Science of Science, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1308508708242547113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1789902386961, updateTime=1789902386961, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708213186981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1789902386954, updateTime=1789902386954, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708267712940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902386967, updateTime=1789902386967, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708200604068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN/file/pic?fileId=DFYjiBGwM+7bU4q3P0DayQ==, createTime=1789902386951, updateTime=1789902386951, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708280295854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902386970, updateTime=1789902386970, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708229964199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN/file/pic, createTime=1789902386959, updateTime=1789902386959, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708271907245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902386968, updateTime=1789902386968, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708217381286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1789902386955, updateTime=1789902386955, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708246741418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1789902386962, updateTime=1789902386962, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708259324331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1789902386965, updateTime=1789902386965, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=科学学研究, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/kxxyj, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Studies in Science of Science, journalPhotoCn=f9wd5Gr2r/Af7TJ15O/VGg==, journalPhotoEn=XwgD5UmFTEVSmdnCgvlDZQ==, journalFirstLetter=K, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/Y2026/V44/I7/1442, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN/Y2026/V44/I7/1442, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/PDF/Y2026/V44/I7/1442, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN/PDF/Y2026/V44/I7/1442, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1784044800000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
城市间技术互补与技术知识扩散——来自中国城市专利引用的证据
收藏切换
PDF下载
付振康 1 , 彭启宁 2, 3 , 朱庆华 1
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(7): 1442-1454
收起
收藏切换
科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (7) : 1442 -1454
城市间技术互补与技术知识扩散——来自中国城市专利引用的证据
全屏
[Author(id=1318316548247368388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548322865862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548247368388, language=EN, stringName=Zhen-kang FU, firstName=Zhen-kang, middleName=null, lastName=FU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548398363335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548247368388, language=CN, stringName=付振康, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023, bio={"content":"

付振康(1996-),男,博士研究生。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

付振康(1996-),男,博士研究生。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316548008293050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548016681659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548025070268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023)])]), Author(id=1318316548482249417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=pengqining24@mails.ucas.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548557746892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548482249417, language=EN, stringName=Qi-ning PENG, firstName=Qi-ning, middleName=null, lastName=PENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, address=2 National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
3 Department of Information Resources Management, School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548616467149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548482249417, language=CN, stringName=彭启宁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, address=2 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299
3 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316548079596221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548087984830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548079596221, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548096373439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548079596221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316548159288000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548167676609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548159288000, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Department of Information Resources Management, School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548171870914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548159288000, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190)])]), Author(id=1318316548687770319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548771656401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548687770319, language=EN, stringName=Qing-hua ZHU, firstName=Qing-hua, middleName=null, lastName=ZHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316548834570962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, authorId=1318316548687770319, language=CN, stringName=朱庆华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023, bio={"content":"

朱庆华(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

朱庆华(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316548008293050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548016681659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316548025070268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316546775167669, companyId=1318316548008293050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023)])])]
付振康1, 彭启宁2, 3 , 朱庆华1
作者信息
  • 1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023
  • 2 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299
  • 3 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190
通讯作者:
彭启宁(1998-),女,博士研究生,E-mail:。
作者简介:

付振康(1996-),男,博士研究生。

朱庆华(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

Inter-city technological complementarities and technological knowledge diffusion: Evidence from patent citation in Chinese cities
Zhen-kang FU1, Qi-ning PENG2, 3 , Qing-hua ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2 National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
  • 3 Department of Information Resources Management, School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15
文章导航
收藏切换

在推动区域协调发展和创新驱动发展战略的背景下,技术知识在城市间的有效扩散成为提升区域协同创新能力与优化国家创新体系布局的关键。文章从城市间技术互补的视角出发,采用2003-2019年全国284个城市形成的40186个城市对所构造的面板数据,实证检验了城市间技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响及作用机制。研究发现,城市间技术互补显著促进城际技术知识扩散;技术互补能够通过推动城际协同创新、技术转移和创新人才流动进而促进城际技术知识扩散;随着文化距离和地理距离的增加,技术互补对城际技术知识流动的促进作用减弱,而随着制度邻近性和交通邻近性的提升,技术互补对城际技术知识流动的促进效应逐渐增强,同时交通邻近可以缓解地理距离带来的空间衰减效应;在区域资源禀赋和经济发展水平较高的城市之间,技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的促进作用更加明显。研究结论为推动区域协调发展进程中加强城际技术互补联系、优化区域创新资源配置、加强跨区域技术协同与提升国家创新体系整体效能提供了经验证据和政策启示。

技术互补  /  技术知识扩散  /  协同创新  /  技术转移  /  创新人才流动

The diffusion of technological knowledge across regions is fundamental for enhancing innovation capacity and achieving balanced regional development. While prior research has highlighted the role of technological proximity in facilitating knowledge spillovers, it often neglects the dual nature of inter-city linkages that encompass both competition and complementarity. This paper extends the discussion by introducing the concept of technological complementarity, defined as cities sharing a broad cognitive base but specializing in different sub-fields, thereby creating heterogeneous yet synergistic technological structures. Using patent application and citation data from 284 Chinese cities between 2003 and 2019, we construct a novel index of inter-city technological complementarities based on IPC categories and link it with patent citation flows. The resulting panel of 681,748 city-pair observations enables a systematic empirical assessment of how complementarities shape technological knowledge diffusion.

The empirical results show that technological complementarities significantly promote inter-city technological knowledge diffusion. Cities with higher complementarities are more likely to cite each other’s patents, indicating stronger knowledge flows. A one-unit increase in complementarity is associated with a substantial rise in both the intensity and probability of patent citation. Unlike excessive similarity, which often induces homogeneous competition and technological lock-in, complementarities provide non-redundant knowledge resources, enhancing opportunities for recombination and innovation. Thus, complementarities are revealed as a critical driver of regional knowledge dynamics, contributing to the resilience and efficiency of innovation networks.

Mechanism analyses further reveal that complementarities foster knowledge diffusion through three pathways: collaborative innovation, technology transfer, and talent mobility. Complementary cities are more likely to engage in joint R&D and co-patenting, lowering communication barriers and facilitating tacit knowledge exchange. They also promote technology transfer, which transforms potential externalities into tradable innovation elements and strengthens cross-regional application of knowledge. In addition, complementarities stimulate the mobility of skilled talent, who act as carriers of tacit knowledge and bridge otherwise disconnected networks. These mechanisms collectively establish a robust chain through which complementarities translate into knowledge diffusion.

Finally, contextual and heterogeneity analyses show that the impact of complementarities is contingent on environmental conditions. Cultural distance increases communication costs and reduces complementarities’ effectiveness, whereas institutional proximity enhances cooperation predictability and amplifies diffusion. Transportation connectivity, particularly high-speed rail, mitigates spatial decay and enables complementarities to function over long distances. Moreover, eastern and high-tier cities benefit more strongly from complementarities due to superior absorptive capacity and institutional support, while effects are weaker in central, western, and lower-tier cities.

Overall, this study contributes to innovation geography and regional innovation empirically validating the role of technological complementarities in shaping inter-city knowledge diffusion, extending the theoretical framework beyond technological proximity, and providing policy implications for fostering collaborative innovation platforms, reducing institutional frictions, and facilitating talent and technology flows across regions.

technological complementarity  /  technological knowledge diffusion  /  collaborative innovation  /  technology transfer  /  innovation talent mobility
付振康, 彭启宁, 朱庆华. 城市间技术互补与技术知识扩散——来自中国城市专利引用的证据. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1442 -1454 .
Zhen-kang FU, Qi-ning PENG, Qing-hua ZHU. Inter-city technological complementarities and technological knowledge diffusion: Evidence from patent citation in Chinese cities[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1442 -1454 .
技术进步与经济增长主要依赖于知识扩散所带来的知识创造[1-3],知识扩散有助于丰富技术空间、拓展现有技术领域,使创新者能够“站在巨人的肩膀上”进行新技术研发[4],避免重复性投资导致的资源浪费,进而加快技术创新的进程和效率[5]。在我国构建以国内大循环为主体、加快科技自立自强和经济高质量发展的进程中,如何促进科技创新要素有序流动与合理配置,发挥城市创新体系的集群效应,提升国家创新体系整体效能是一项值得关注的重要议题。技术知识作为科技创新过程中的关键要素,其高效流通和配置,对于增强国内大循环的驱动力、推进区域协调发展和完善国家创新体系建设具有十分重要的现实意义。
已有研究表明,地区间技术邻近所产生的相似知识结构和技术逻辑,有助于不同地区准确识别、理解并应用外部知识,是促进知识交流和传播的重要条件[6,7]。当地区间知识结构完全不相关时,本地知识库无法有效吸收外部知识,从而难以实现对其他地区技术的学习、引进与应用[8],从而抑制了地区间知识的扩散。相反,若地区间知识结构的相似度过高会使得区域创新呈现同质化竞争,甚至诱发技术锁定效应,反而会抑制地区间的知识传播和扩散[9,10]。这说明,技术邻近程度过低或者过高均不利于知识的交流与传播。
实际上,技术邻近性测度的区域间技术关联存在竞争和互补两个方面[11,12]。当两个地区的技术集中在同一小类时,双方很可能生产相类似的技术产品,进而产生同质化竞争关系;相反,若两个地区的技术集中在同一大类但分属于不同的技术小类时,那么这两个地区从事的是狭义定义的技术领域,此时两个地区之间更容易产生技术或产品间的互补关系。基于此,有学者提出了“地区间技术互补”的概念[11-13],作为对技术邻近性理论的进一步拓展。地区间技术互补是指不同地区在共同的广义知识领域中,分别在细分领域形成差异化的专长与技术优势,即在共享相似认知基础和相关知识结构的基础上保持分工与互补[14],体现出既相似又存在差异化和多样化的属性特征。相较于技术邻近性,技术互补更能精准揭示地区间知识扩散的复杂机制。然而,现有文献对地区间技术互补与知识扩散关系的系统性检验仍然不足,特别是在跨区域协同创新背景下,技术互补如何发挥作用尚缺乏深入探讨。鉴于此,本文聚焦于地区间技术互补,系统评估其在解释城际技术知识扩散中的作用,试图填补现有研究缺口,为进一步推进区域科技协调发展提供参考。
城市间技术互补一方面为不同城市技术交流提供相似的产业或产品基础,降低了不同城市创新主体之间的知识搜索成本、交流障碍和误解风险,有助于识别、选择和吸收彼此知识,进而扩展本地技术创新的知识库[15,16];另一方面,相对于完全相同或者相似的知识结构,互补性知识结构意味着一座城市可以为另一座城市提供非冗余的知识源泉,这种相关但不相同的知识能够激发新颖的知识重组,带来全新的技术创新空间,触发路径分支或路径创造[3],进而有助于各地区实现产业多样化发展,并对现有产业内技术创新活动实现升级[17]。尤其是在技术加速迭代升级和技术产品复杂度不断提升的背景下,城市需要从优势创新资源互补的城市中获取基础相似但在细分领域存在差异化的知识,并通过知识重组将这些知识内化为自身创新能力,进而保持在行业内的持续竞争优势。综上,不同城市间共享相似的认知基础和技术逻辑,可以使技术知识在城市间流动时不至于“水土不服”,而细分领域的差异化和多样性内容又确保了流动的知识对接受方而言具有新意和价值,这有助于促进不同城市间的知识交流和传播。据此,本文提出核心假设H1:
H1:城市间技术互补可以显著促进城际技术知识扩散。
(1)协同创新。协同创新与合作互惠建立在资源互补的基础之上[18],当城市间存在互补性知识结构时,双方形成潜在的“需求—供给”匹配关系,由此带来的利益一致性减少了机会主义行为,提升了各方投入协同攻关的意愿。一地技术能力在另一地找到应用场景或市场接口,不仅放大了合作收益,还降低了单独创新的成本与风险,从而有助于突破技术壁垒、开辟新的市场[19]。此外,相似的产业背景有助于不同城市创新主体吸收异质性资源,提升跨城市合作意愿。更高的技术互补度还能降低沟通成本与协调难度,减少合作中的误解风险,增强合作的稳定性[16]。在协同创新过程中,创新主体之间的紧密互动为隐性知识的共享与传播提供了条件。联合研发、人才交流等合作活动建立了频繁沟通与信任机制,使隐性知识能够在互动中被有效传递[20]。更为重要的是,通过合作形成的人员流动和非社交网络,使得这种隐性知识传播往往突破合作范围,进而产生更广泛的溢出效应[21]。因此,协同创新网络中的密切交流降低了隐性知识传播的障碍,使原本难以外传的“默会知识”能够在不同城市之间频繁流动并转化为创新成果。据此,本文提出假设H2a:
H2a:技术互补能够激发城市间协同创新进而推动城际技术知识扩散。
(2)技术转移。技术互补意味着不同城市之间在相似产业或者产品领域存在明确的技术优势和劣势,这种优势互补形成了城市间技术转移的天然条件[14],技术资源富集但市场化不足的城市有动力向具有应用需求或市场优势的城市输出技术,从而提高技术的市场化程度;而缺乏技术优势但市场应用能力强的城市,则主动寻求外部技术转移来增强自身技术能力,实现技术升级[22]。这意味着,城市间技术结构互补增强了“技术外部性”的现实利用价值,使潜在的外溢知识从“公共品”转化为可交易、可协作的创新要素,加强了技术知识的溢出效应。值得注意的是,在跨区域技术转移过程中,绝非仅仅是无形的知识产权或有形生产设备的易主,其中隐含着研发思路、工艺诀窍、实践经验、机器使用条件和客户生产要求等隐性知识的跨区域流动,这一过程伴随着大量知识的传播和再创造[23]。当某一城市的创新主体引进外部技术时,相关的专业知识和技能也随之进入本地创新体系,提升了接受方对新知识的储备。这种知识吸纳往往通过员工培训、现场指导和试点应用等环节实现,使隐性知识在人员交流中得到传授。与此同时,专利文献、技术手册和技术标准等显性知识也因技术转移而传播开来,技术接受方可以通过学习和消化,有效地将引进知识内化为自身能力,进而在本地衍生出新的知识和技术成果。本地企业观察模仿引进技术的成功应用案例会触发技术市场“示范效应”,激励本地更多主体参与学习和采用该技术,进而进一步巩固知识扩散渠道,提升技术知识扩散的强度。据此,提出假设H2b:
H2b:技术互补能够推动城市间技术转移进而促进城际技术知识扩散。
(3)人才流动。城市间技术互补的本质在于,各城市在价值链分工和产业竞争中,通过扩大知识、技能和人才等创新要素的空间配置,联合多地资源共同开展“技术发现”的过程[12]。在这一过程中,创新人才作为核心创新要素,日益呈现跨区域流动特征,并在推动知识扩散中发挥关键作用[12,24]。一方面,发展水平较高、创新资源丰富的城市更容易形成技术比较优势,从而在互补关系中吸引更多创新人才。这些城市能够提供高端就业岗位、职业发展空间和薪酬溢价,驱动人才向优势城市迁移。另一方面,优势城市为降低创新成本,往往将部分非核心环节外包或转移至互补的欠发达地区,并通过设立研发中心、派驻技术人员等方式带动当地技术进步[25]。而人才流动是知识扩散的重要通道。首先,人才作为隐性知识的主要载体,在迁移过程中将技术诀窍、管理经验和创新理念带入新的组织和地区,使得原本局限于输出地的知识得以传播和应用[25,26]。其次,创新人才还通过社群网络效应进一步推动知识交流。跨城市流动的专业人才往往在输入地与输出地之间保持长期合作,充当知识网络中的桥梁节点,实现技术、市场与管理经验的双向传递。这种网络联结使知识突破单一区域的边界,扩散至更广的空间范围[28]。综上,技术互补通过激发创新人才的跨区域配置,形成“人才重置效应”,加速隐性知识的溢出,进而推动技术知识在空间范围内扩散。据此,提出假设H2c:
H2c:技术互补能够推动城市间人才流动进而促进城际技术知识扩散。
本文选取了2003-2019年中国284个地级及以上城市作为研究样本①(①样本中不包含港、澳、台以及已经撤销的地级市。)构造面板数据。面板数据的构造过程如下:首先,将284个城市进行两两配对,配对过程中剔除相同城市配对和形成重复的城市配对②(②由于技术互补不存在方向性,故本文将方向不一致的城市对视为同一城市对。),最终得到40186个城市对;最后,在2003-2019年期间得到了40186个城市对×17年的总样本,共计681748条面板数据。城市层面相关的社会经济指标数据主要来源于《中国城市统计年鉴》、各省市统计年鉴以及各地级市统计年鉴和统计公报。测度技术互补和技术知识扩散两个指标的专利数据来源于中国国家知识产权局公开的专利数据库,为保证数据的全面性,本文收集了1985-2024年公开的全部发明及实用新型专利数据,去除重复和缺失信息的数据后共包含3969.5万余条专利申请记录。
(1)被解释变量
本文的被解释变量是技术知识扩散指标,主要用于表征不同城市之间的知识流动和溢出。先前研究表明,专利引用信息能够较好地测度技术知识的溢出与扩散[29,30],故本文利用国家知识产权局公开的专利数据库中的专利引证信息,识别技术知识在城市间的扩散情况。具体地,首先根据专利的申请人地址信息和引用发生的时间,将2003-2019年的47995242个专利引证对在“城市对—年份”层级进行聚合。其次,由于专利引用分为申请人引用和审查员引用,但中国专利著录项中不对二者进行区分,而相较于审查员引用,申请人引用更加能够体现技术知识在不同城市之间的真实扩散情况。Jaffe等认为,对新技术的应用更可能来自申请人或者发明人,而不是专利审查员[2]。因此,为进一步剥离审查员引用带来的噪声,本文将专利引用限定在5年窗口内③(③5年窗口表示申请年为t的专利引用其之前5年申请的专利,3年窗口和10年窗口以此类推。),共计36089818个专利引证对。此外,由于本文构建的城市对不存在方向性,故采用专利的引用和被引用次数之和的对数值测度城际知识扩散强度(citation5)。最后,本文也在5年窗口下,根据城市之间是否发生专利引用构造了虚拟变量(dummy_citation5)。
(2)核心解释变量
本文的核心解释变量为技术互补指标(Cra)。借鉴郑江淮等提出的地区间技术互补指标[11],根据专利的IPC分类信息,构建中国城市之间的技术互补性指标。技术互补指标的构建思想是,当两个城市在同一个技术大类中涉及不同的技术小类时,那么两个城市从事的是狭义定义的技术领域,即使两个城市在细分的小类技术领域并不重叠,但是双方共享同一技术大类,由此形成了相似的认知基础和兼容的知识结构,两个城市更容易利用对方的创新资源形成优势互补。基于上述思想,具体技术互补指标计算的方法如公式(1)所示:
$Cr{a}_{ij}=\frac{{\sum }_{m\in {S}_{G}}^{}{\sum }_{n\in {S}_{G},n\ne m}^{}{p}_{i}^{m}{p}_{j}^{n}}{\sqrt{\sum _{g=1}^{G}\left({P}_{i}^{g}{)}^{2}\sum _{g=1}^{G}\right({P}_{j}^{g}{)}^{2}}}$
其中,Craij表示城市之间的技术互补程度。i和j为城市下标,表示不同的城市;m和n分别表示专利技术大类,p为专利技术小类的专利数与城市专利总数之比,SG为专利技术小类集合;g为技术小类,G为技术小类的类别数,P专利技术小类的专利总数与城市专利总数之比。在计算技术互补指标时,采用2003-2019年中国专利数据库中的发明和实用新型专利申请数据,按照年份、城市和专利的IPC代码将专利申请信息进行分类,得到每个城市所有技术大类和技术小类的专利 ④(④本文所指的类别层级与国际IPC分类体系中的“部—大类—小类”并不相同。本文的技术大类为IPC四位码,技术小类为IPC五位码或六位码。) 。城市间技术互补的取值为[0,1],趋近于1说明城际之间技术互补程度较高,反之则技术互补程度越低。
(3)控制变量
考虑到城市之间其他社会经济属性的差异会对城际知识扩散带来潜在的影响,本文选择了以下控制变量:①经济发展水平差异(gdp_diff):采用城市之间人均GDP差值的绝对值测度,并取对数处理;②产业结构差异(indust_diff):采用城市之间第三产业与第二产业占比之差的绝对值测度;③政府管理差异(manage_diff):采用城市之间科学技术支出与财政总支出比值之差的绝对值测度;④教育水平差异(edu_diff):采用普通高等学校在校生人数差值的绝对值测度,并取对数处理;⑤资本投入差异(invest_diff):采用全市全社会固定资产投资总额之差的绝对值测度,并取对数处理;⑥信息基础差异(infor_diff):采用城市之间互联网用户数差值的绝对值测度,并取对数处理;⑦创新活力差异(inno_diff):采用城市之间规模以上工业企业数量差值的绝对值测度,并取对数处理;⑧人力资本差异(hc_diff):采用城市之间就业人数差值的绝对值测度,并取对数处理;⑨地理距离(geo_dist):采用城市质心之间距离差值的绝对值衡量,并取对数处理。相关性分析结果表明⑤(⑤由于篇幅原因,相关性分析结果暂未展示,备索。),变量之间不存在显著共线性。
为检验城市之间技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响,本文构造了“城市对—年份”层级的面板数据,并采用多维固定效应模型进行实证分析,基本模型设定如下:
$knowledge\_dif{f}_{ijt}={\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{1}Cr{a}_{ijt}+\gamma geo\_dis{t}_{ij}+\delta {X}_{ijt}+{\theta }_{it}+{\mu }_{jt}+{\varepsilon }_{ijt}$
其中,$knowledge\_dif{f}_{ijt}$为不同城市之间技术知识扩散情况,i和j代表不同城市,t为引用发生年份。Craijt表示在引用发生年份,城市i和城市j之间的技术互补程度。$geo\_dis{t}_{ij}$表示城市i和城市j之间的地理距离,Xijt是其他一系列控制变量的组合。此外,本文还控制了城市i和城市j随时间变化的因素,均体现在θit和μjt两个“城市×年份”固定效应当中,εijt为误差随机扰动项。本文重点关注回归系数α1,如果α1显著为正,则表明城市间技术互补程度正向影响城际间技术知识扩散和传播。
为考察城际技术互补是否会促进城际技术知识扩散,本文利用2003-2019年“城市对—年份”层面的非平衡面板数据,根据式(2)进行回归分析,结果如表1所示。表1中第(1)—(4)列的被解释变量为城际专利引用次数,表示“专利引用次数(5年窗口)”,第(5)—(8)列的被解释变量为城际专利引用的虚拟变量,表示“是否存在专利引用(5年窗口)”。第(1)列当中控制了主要的控制变量,但是使用随机效应模型,结果显示技术互补(Cra)的回归系数显著为正,这表明技术互补确实能够促进城际间技术知识扩散。第(2)列在第(1)列的基础上,加入了年份固定效应,第(3)列进一步加入了城市固定效应,Cra的回归系数依然显著为正。第(4)l控制了“城市×年份”固定效应,则所有城市层面随着年份变化的变量均可以被固定效应所吸收,此时反映的是城际之间长期的、结构性的技术知识扩散效应。结果表明,Cra的回归系数依然显著为正,表明技术互补对城际技术知识扩散存在长期促进作用。第(5)—(8)列的结果与前四列相同,均显示技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的确存在促进效应,平均而言,技术互补度增加1个单位,对应城际技术知识扩散总量将平均增长1.53倍,发生技术知识扩散的概率增加35.89%。假设H1得以验证。
由于技术互补与随机扰动项之间可能存在相关性,同时与城际技术知识扩散之间可能存在双向因果关系等内生性问题,本文采用对解释变量取滞后项以及工具变量来解决这一问题。首先,本文分别对滞后一期和滞后二期的解释变量进行回归,结果如表2第(1)至(2)列所示。结果表明,滞后一期和滞后二期的解释变量对城际技术知识扩散的影响均显著为正,这与基准回归的结果一致。其次,虽然对解释变量取滞后项可以解决反向因果问题,但是对于解释变量与随机扰动项相关的内生性问题无法排除,本文进一步借鉴孙蒲阳等采用相似国家经济指标作为工具变量这一思路[31],构造城际技术互补的工具变量,并采用两阶段最小二乘(2SLS)方法进行回归分析。具体地,本文对于城市i和城市j之间的技术互补指标,选择与城市i技术结构最为相似的技术邻近城市k与城市j之间的技术互补指标作为工具变量。对于技术邻近城市的选择,本文采用专利的IPC分类信息,构造城市层面的技术空间向量,并采用余弦相似度计算不同城市之间的技术邻近度,在此基础上,选择与城市i技术邻近度最高的城市作为技术邻近城市。为进一步保证工具变量的外生性,本文同时估计了当期工具变量和滞后一阶工具变量,具体回归结果如表2第(3)至(6)列所示。结果表明,无论是第t期还是t-1期,LM统计量和F统计量均拒绝原假设,即不存在弱工具变量不可识别问题,同时技术互补的效应系数仍然在1%水平显著为正,表明在缓解内生性问题之后,技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的正向效应依然成立。
为保证回归结果的鲁棒性,本文进行了一系列稳健性检验,包括:(1)替换被解释变量:采用3年窗口、10年窗口和不限时窗口重新计算城际技术知识扩散指标;(2)替换解释变量:采用专利IPC的二位码作为技术大类,以四位码作为技术小类,重新测算城际技术互补指标;(3)更换样本:将样本限定为同省城市对;(4)排除省会及直辖市样本:剔除了北上广深四个一线城市和省会城市的样本;(5)改变时间序列:考察t+1期的城市间技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响。上述一系列稳健性检验结果表明⑥(⑥由于篇幅原因,稳健性检验表格暂未展示,备索。),核心解释变量的符号及显著性水平并未出现明显改变,进一步证明了本文回归结果的可靠性和稳健性。
(1)影响机制检验
根据前文的理论分析,城市间技术互补可以通过协同创新、技术转移和高技能人才流动等渠道,促进城市之间的技术知识扩散。为检验理论分析当中提出的主要机制,本文采用两步法进行机制检验,机制检验的模型设定如下所示:
$Me{d}_{ijt}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}Cr{a}_{ijt}+{\beta }_{2}geo\_dis{t}_{ij}+{\beta }_{3}{X}_{ijt}+{\theta }_{it}+{\mu }_{jt}+{\varepsilon }_{ijt}$
$knowledge\_dif{f}_{ijt}={\gamma }_{0}+{\gamma }_{1}Cr{a}_{ijt}+{\gamma }_{2}Me{d}_{ijt}+{\gamma }_{3}geo\_dis{t}_{ij}+{\gamma }_{4}{X}_{ijt}+{\theta }_{it}+{\mu }_{jt}+{\varepsilon }_{ijt}$
其中,Medijt表示中介变量,分别代表城市之间的协同创新(cooperation)、技术转移(tech_transfer)和创新人才流动(inno_pop_flow)。对于协同创新,本文参考Guan和Yan的方法[32],采用在t时期城市i与城市j之间联合申请的具有新IPC或者新IPC组合的专利数量进行测度。对于技术转移,本文采用t时期城市i与城市j之间转让的专利总量进行测度。对于创新人才流动,参考卞元超等的做法[33],采用引力模型对城市之间的研发人才流动进行测算。具体地,城市经济发展水平和房价是影响高技术人才流动的重要引力因子,除此之外,城市教育水平和环境污染对于人才流动和迁徙的影响也逐渐显现。基于此,选用经济、房价、教育和环境污染四个要素作为影响创新人才流动多的引力因子,具体测算公式如下:
$\begin{array}{l}inn\_pop\_flo{w}_{ijt}=\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{P}_{it}\times \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{P}_{jt}\times \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(wag{e}_{jt}-wag{e}_{it})\times \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(pric{e}_{jt}-pric{e}_{it})\times \\ \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(educatio{n}_{jt}-educatio{n}_{it})\times \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(pollutio{n}_{jt}-pollutio{n}_{it})\times {D}_{ij}^{-2}\end{array}$
其中,$\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{n}\_\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}\_\mathrm{f}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{w}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}\mathrm{t}}$表示在t时期城市i流动到城市j的研发人员数量;P表示t时期相应城市的R&D人员全时当量;wage表示t时期相应城市的城镇单位就业人员的平均工资水平;price表示t时期相应城市的房价水平,采用的是住宅平均销售价格对其进行衡量;education为t时期相应城市的教育水平,考虑到教育部门具有较强的公共属性,本文选取该城市财政教育支出对其进行衡量;pollution表示t时期城市的环境污染情况,本文采用的衡量指标是各地区的工业(烟)粉尘排放量;D表示各地区之间的地理距离。此外,由于本文的核心解释变量不具备方向性,故在求得城市之间创新人才流动数量后,将城市i与城市j以及城市j到城市i的流量进行加总并取对数,得到最终的城市之间创新人才流量。
表3报告了城际技术互补促进城际技术知识扩散的中介机制检验结果。表3第(1)列Cra的系数在1%水平显著为正,同时第(2)列cooperation的系数均在1%水平显著为正,这表明技术互补能够通过加强城市之间的协同创新,降低不同城市间隐性知识交流和传播壁垒,进而促进城际技术知识扩散,假设H2a得到验证。其次,表3第(5)列Cra的系数在1%水平显著为正,同时第(6)列tech_transfer的系数均在1%水平显著为正,这表明技术互补能够推动城市之间的技术转移,进而巩固城市之间技术知识扩散渠道,假设H2b得到验证。最后,表3第(7)列Cra的系数在1%水平显著为正,同时第(8)列inno_pop_flow的系数均在1%水平显著为正,这表明技术互补激发了城市之间的高技能人才的流动,进而促进城际技术知识扩散和知识传播,假设H2c得到验证。
(2)调节效应检验
文化距离(cul_dist)是影响跨区域知识交流和知识传播的重要非经济因素。城市间在语言、行为规范、管理风格等方面的差异会对知识的表达与理解产生障碍,特别是在依赖隐性知识传递的情境下,文化距离会显著增加交流成本和合作摩擦,进而影响城市之间的知识扩散和传播。制度邻近性(ins_pro)强调城市之间在政策法规、制度安排和产权保护方面的一致性。制度邻近能够降低合作中的规制协调成本,增强创新活动的可预期性与法律安全感,从而提升技术互补转化为实际合作与知识流动的可能性。在制度差异显著的城市之间,即便存在创新资源的优势互补,也可能因规制障碍而难以实现有效扩散。交通邻近性(trans_pro)作为空间通达性的重要表现,是知识扩散的物理基础条件。高水平的交通连接能够提升城市对之间的交流频率与面对面互动的可能性,对于隐性知识和协同研发的传播尤为关键。交通越便捷,越能强化技术互补引发的协同创新行为,进而促进跨区域的知识扩散。为进一步考察上述因素在城际技术互补促进城际技术知识扩散过程中的调节作用,本文构建如下模型进行实证检验:
$knowledge\_dif{f}_{ijt}={\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{1}Cr{a}_{ijt}+{\alpha }_{2}Cr{a}_{ijt}\times Mo{d}_{ijt}+{\alpha }_{3}geo\_dis{t}_{ij}+{\alpha }_{4}{X}_{ijt}+{\theta }_{it}+{\mu }_{jt}+{\varepsilon }_{ijt}$
其中,Modijt表示调节变量,分别为上文所述的三个调节变量。对于文化距离,借鉴刘毓芸[34]等提出的方法,采用城市之间的方言距离衡量城市之间的文化距离。对于制度邻近性,本文采用城市对中的城市是否为同一省份进行测度,如是则为1,否则为0。对于交通邻近性,采用在t时期城市间是否开通了直达高铁线路进行测度,如果开通则为1,否则为0。
表4报告了调节效应的检验结果。表4第(1)列显示文化距离与技术互补的交互项在1%水平显著为负,说明城市之间的文化距离削弱了城际技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的正向强化作用。表4第(2)和第(3)列的结果显示制度邻近与技术互补的交互项以及交通邻近与技术互补的交互项均在1%水平显著为正,说明城市之间的制度越相似、交通的通达性越高,技术互补对于城际技术知识扩散的促进作用越强。为进一步检验交通邻近性是否突破了地理距离对技术互补效应的空间限制,本文进一步将交通邻近性与地理距离的交乘项作为调节变量进行检验。表4第(4)列结果显示,城市间技术互补程度、交通邻近性和地理距离三者的交互项系数为正,进一步说明交通邻近性在一定程度上突破了地理距离对技术互补效应的制约,即城际之间的距离越远,高铁开通所带来的交通邻近效应会越大,从而放大技术互补所带来的外部性效应,这与先前研究的实证结果也是一致的[28]。
(3)异质性分析
①区域异质性分析
从区域空间特征来看,不同区域在资源禀赋、技术基础和产业结构等方面存在系统性差异,这些差异可能会导致不同区域内技术互补对技术知识扩散影响的强度存在一定差异。基于此,本文按照地理区位将城市划分为东部、西部和中部三个区域,探究不同区域内部城际技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响差异,回归结果如表5第(1)—(3)列所示。结果显示,在不同区域内部的城市之间,技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响依然在1%水平显著。同时,东部地区城际技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响程度最大,其次是中部地区,最后是西部地区。这说明,东部地区由于创新资源密集、产业链耦合紧密与网络结构完善,技术互补转化为知识扩散的效率最高;中部地区在技术承接与转化方面具备一定优势,但协同机制有待加强,进而使得技术互补的边际效应处于中等水平;而西部地区由于创新能力薄弱、连接性不足及协作机制滞后,技术互补难以有效促进知识扩散。
②城市能级异质性
考虑到不同能级城市之间经济发展水平和技术创新能力的明显差异,本文按照城市每年的人均GDP的中位数将城市划分为高经济发展水平城市和低经济发展水平城市,进而将总体样本分为“高-高”“高-低”和“低-低”三个子样本,分别进行回归,回归结果如表5第(4)—(5)列所示。结果显示,高能级城市之间,技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响更大,高—低城市之间的影响程度次之,低—低能级城市之间的影响程度最低。可能的原因在于,高能级城市集聚了更多高等院校、研发机构和创新型企业,具备更强的知识识别、吸收与转化能力。根据吸收能力理论[15],在技术互补关系存在的前提下,高能级城市更能有效利用外部技术资源,转化为本地知识存量。此外,高能级城市具备更加成熟的政策体系、研发平台和制度安排,更容易通过技术互补带动跨区域协同创新。而低能级城市在制度配套与协作能力上存在短板,技术互补即使存在,知识流动和扩散的效率和频率也相对较低。
(4)空间范围衰减效应分析
先前研究表明,城市之间的地理距离可能会削弱技术互补对于城际技术知识扩散的外部放大效应[12]。然而,地理距离所带来的技术互补的空间范围衰减效应是否具有一致性、持续性仍然是一个有待深入探讨的问题。基于此,本文按照分位数将地理距离划分为20组,生成地理距离的虚拟变量,并构造技术互补与地理距离虚拟变量的交乘项带入实证模型,分析技术互补效应的边际效应变化,结果如图1所示。整体来看,技术互补的边际效应随着城市间地理距离的增加而逐步减弱,呈现出显著的空间范围衰减效应。具体地,在小于800公里范围时,技术互补的边际效应随着地理距离的增加呈现迅速下降态势,在800-1600公里的范围内,技术互补的边际效应趋于平稳,当地理距离进一步超过1600公里时,边际效应再次显著下降。这说明,技术互补对于城际技术知识扩散的正向效应明显受到空间阻隔的限制,尤其在远距离城市对之间,超长距离所带来的制度差异、协同障碍或信息鸿沟使得城际协同、人才交流和技术转移等优势难以充分发挥,从而显著限制技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的促进作用。
本文利用2003-2019年的中国城市专利数据,采用专利的IPC分类信息和专利引用信息分别对城市间技术互补指标和技术扩散指标进行了刻画,并且以284座城市形成的40186个城市对为研究样本,考察了城市间技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的影响及其作用机理。研究结果表明,城市间技术互补程度越高,相关城市之间的技术知识交流越频繁,技术知识的扩散强度越高。机制分析表明,跨区域协同创新、技术转移和创新人才流动是技术互补促进城际技术知识扩散的主要机制路径。进一步分析发现,文化距离、制度邻近与交通邻近对技术互补效应具有显著的调节作用。文化距离增大了沟通成本,削弱了技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的积极效应;制度邻近通过降低制度摩擦与风险,增强了技术互补对于城际技术的积极效应;交通邻近则缓解了空间距离造成的衰减效应,使远距离互补城市之间得以实现高效的技术知识传播与扩散。异质性分析表明,东部地区和高能级城市之间技术互补对城际技术知识扩散的积极效应更加显著。基于上述结论,本文提出如下政策建议:
第一,完善公共服务体制机制,破除创新要素流动壁垒。构建公开、透明、高效的跨区域技术交易服务平台,完善异地许可、评价和质押等技术交易环境,降低技术转移的制度成本,促进知识从“供给端”向“需求端”顺畅流动。探索跨域创新人才双聘机制,推行“候鸟式”人才流动政策,推行科研职称互认和成果共享评价体系,消除人才跨域流动过程中的户籍和编制限制,鼓励科研人员跨地域兼职或者建立联合实验室。优化区域营商环境,简化跨区域审批流程,提升公共服务效能,减少区域创新合作、人才流动和技术转移过程中的时间和精力成本。发挥“全国统一大市场”的规模优势,通过构建跨域联合研发联盟、共享实验平台和联合科研项目,打通跨区域技术协作与流通的堵点,促进资源共享与优势互补,加快构建多层次技术协同创新网络。
第三,明确各城市的价值链分工,积极推动“高低搭配”的区域互补协作模式。经济欠发达城市可依托自身资源和产业基础,重点承接先发优势城市在当中技术和资金门槛较低的配套产业环节,在与发达地区的合作中不断积累技术与经验,提升产业能级。同时,鼓励东部沿海企业在中西部设立“技术飞地”,通过研发中心建设将先进技术与创新资源外溢到西部地区,并结合高校人才培养,增强后发地区的技术吸收与再创新能力。政府应出台土地、税收等配套政策,引导形成“技术互补—知识扩散—产业升级”的良性循环,形成全产业链和价值链的分工协作,实现区域优势互补与经济协同发展。
第三,完善城际联通支撑设施,构建多维一体化交流通道。在物理维度,应加快建设高效便捷的交通走廊,优先打通具备较高技术互补潜力但联系不足的“断点”城市对,通过高铁与航空网络提升创新要素跨区域流动的效率。在数字维度,要推动高速网络、算力基础设施与云上工业互联网服务平台的协同部署,形成覆盖研发、生产和服务环节的数字化支撑体系,为显性知识的高效共享和隐性知识的面对面交流提供双重保障。通过物理通道与数字通道的深度融合,进一步消除区域间知识流动和扩散壁垒。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(22&ZD327)
  • 江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目(KYCX24_0104)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Romer P M. Endogenous technological change[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(2): S71-S102. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/261725
[2]
Jaffe A B, Trajtenberg M, Fogarty M S. Knowledge spillovers and patent citations: Evidence from a survey of inventors[J]. The American Economic Review, 2000, 90(2): 215-218. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.90.2.215
[3]
陈露, 刘修岩. 产业空间共聚、知识溢出与创新绩效——兼议区域产业多样化集群建设路径[J]. 经济研究, 2024, 59(4): 78-95.
Chen L, Liu X Y. Industrial spatial coagglomeration, knowledge spillovers and innovation performance: Discussion on the construction path of regional diversified industrial clusters[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2024, 59(4): 78-95.
[4]
Aghion P, Akcigit U, Howitt P. The schumpeterian growth paradigm[J]. Annual Review of Economics, 2015, 7(1): 557-575. https://www.annualreviews.org/toc/economics/7/1
[5]
Belenzon S. Cumulative innovation and market value: Evidence from patent citations[J]. The Economic Journal, 2012, 122(559): 265-258. https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/122/559/265-285/5079469
[6]
Aldieri L. Technological and geographical proximity effects on knowledge spillovers: Evidence from the us patent citations[J]. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2011, 20(6): 597-607. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2011.554632
[7]
Paci R, Marrocu E, Usai S. The complementary effects of proximity dimensions on knowledge spillovers[J]. Spatial Economic Analysis, 2014, 9(1): 9-30. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17421772.2013.856518
[8]
Boschma R, Iammarino S. Related variety, trade linkages, and regional growth in italy[J]. Economic Geography, 2009, 85(3): 289-311. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/19448287/85/3
[9]
Werker C, Korzinov V, Cunningham S. Formation and output of collaborations: The role of proximity in german nanotechnology[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2019, 29(2): 697-719.
[10]
Lane J N, Ganguli I, Gaule P, et al. Engineering serendipity: When does knowledge sharing lead to knowledge production?[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2020, 42(6): 1215-1244. https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/42/6
[11]
郑江淮, 陈喆, 孙志燕, 等. 从竞争到互补:区域技术结构变迁的测度与理论假说[J]. 经济评论, 2022(1): 13-29.
Zheng J H, Chen Z, Sun Z Y, et al. From competition to complementarity: Measurement and theoretical hypothesis of regional technological structure change[J]. Economic Review, 2022(1): 13-29.
[12]
郑江淮, 陈喆, 康乐乐. 国家间技术互补变迁及其对发明人才跨国流动的影响——一个国际技术发现假说与检验[J]. 中国工业经济, 2022(4): 23-41.
Zheng J H, Chen Z, Kang L L. The impact of technology complementarity between countries on the two-way cross-border flow of inventors: An international technology discovery hypothesis and test[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2022(4): 23-41.
[13]
Balland P-A, Boschma R. Complementary interregional linkages and smart specialisation: An empirical study on european regions[J]. Regional Studies, 2021, 55(6): 1059-1070. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00343404.2020.1861240
[14]
Makri M, Hitt M A, Lane P J. Complementary technologies, knowledge relatedness, and invention outcomes in high technology mergers and acquisitions[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2009, 31(6): 602-628. https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/31/6
[15]
Cohen W M, Levinthal D A. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1990, 35(1):128-152. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2393553?origin=crossref
[16]
Broekel T, Boschma R. Knowledge networks in the dutch aviation industry: The proximity paradox[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2012, 12(2): 409-433. https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jeg/lbr010
[17]
Boschma R. Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment[J]. Regional Studies, 2005, 39(1): 61-74. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0034340052000320887
[18]
Cantner U, Meder A. Technological proximity and the choice of cooperation partner[J]. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 2007, 2(1): 45-65. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11403-007-0018-y
[19]
Grant R M, Baden-Fuller C. A knowledge-based theory of inter-firm collaboration[A]. Proceedings of the Academy of Management Proceedings, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, F, 1995 [C]. Academy of Management.
[20]
Collins J D, Hitt M A. Leveraging tacit knowledge in alliances: The importance of using relational capabilities to build and leverage relational capital[J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 2006, 23(3): 147-167. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0923474806000257
[21]
简兆权, 刘荣, 招丽珠. 网络关系、信任与知识共享对技术创新绩效的影响研究[J]. 研究与发展管理, 2010, 22(2): 64-71.
Jian Z Q, Liu R, Zhao L Z. The impact of network relationship,trust,and knowledge sharing on technology innovation performance[J]. R&D Management, 2010, 22(2): 64-71.
[22]
Capello R, Lenzi C. The knowledge-innovation nexus. Its spatially differentiated returns to innovation[J]. Growth and Change, 2015, 46(3): 379-399. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14682257/46/3
[23]
黎仁惠, 王晓东. 从社会资本视角看技术转移中隐性知识的转化[J]. 科技进步与对策, 2009, 26(2): 130-133.
Li R H, Wang X D. Tacit knowledge converting in technology transfer on the view of social capital[J]. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2009, 26(2): 130-133.
[24]
杨仁发, 杨梅君. 数字化转型的持续创新效应研究[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2025, 42(2): 109-123.
Yang R F, Yang M J. Persistent innovation effect of digital transformation[J]. Journal of Quantitative & Technological Economics, 2025, 42(2): 109-123.
[25]
罗良文, 张郑秋. 中国城市产业智能化空间关联网络及其驱动机制[J]. 财经研究, 2024, 50(1): 109-123.
Luo L W, Zhang Z Q. Spatial association network of urban industrial intelligence in China and its driving mechanisms[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2024, 50(1): 109-123.
[26]
Hunt J, Gauthier-Loiselle M. How much does immigration boost innovation?[J]. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2010, 2(2): 31-56.
[27]
王春杨, 兰宗敏, 张超, 等. 高铁建设、人力资本迁移与区域创新[J]. 中国工业经济, 2020(12): 102-120.
Wang C Y, Lan Z M, Zhang C, et al. High-speed rail construction, human capital migration and regional innovation[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2020(12): 102-120.
[28]
Bai J, Jin W, Zhou S. Proximity and knowledge spillovers: Evidence from the introduction of new airline routes[J]. Management Science, 2024, 70(11): 7464-7485. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2021.01717
[29]
Jaffe A B, Trajtenberg M, Henderson R. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993, 108(3): 577-598. https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2118401
[30]
刘修岩, 王峤. 知识溢出的边界效应——来自专利引用数据的证据[J]. 经济研究, 2022, 57(11): 84-101.
Liu X Y, Wang Q. The border effect of knowledge spillover: Evidence from patent citation data[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2022, 57(11): 84-101.
[31]
孙浦阳, 蒋为, 陈惟. 外资自由化、技术距离与中国企业出口——基于上下游产业关联视角[J]. 管理世界, 2015(11): 53-69.
Sun P Y, Jiang W, Chen W. Foreign investment liberalization, technological distance, and Chinese firm exports: An upstream-downstream industry linkage perspective[J]. Journal of Management World, 2015(11): 53-69.
[32]
Guan J C, Yan Y. Technological proximity and recombinative innovation in the alternative energy field[J]. Research Policy, 2016, 45(7): 1460-1473. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733316300750
[33]
卞元超, 吴利华, 白俊红. 财政科技支出竞争是否促进了区域创新绩效提升?——基于研发要素流动的视角[J]. 财政研究, 2020(1): 45-58.
Bian Y C, Wu L H, Bai J H. Does the competition of fiscal S&T expenditure improve the regional innovation performance?——Based on the perspective of R&D factor flow[J]. Public Finance Research, 2020(1): 45-58.
[34]
刘毓芸, 徐现祥, 肖泽凯. 劳动力跨方言流动的倒U型模式[J]. 经济研究, 2015, 50(10): 134-146,162.
Liu Y Y, Xu X X, Xiao Z K. The pattern of labor cross-dialects migration[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2015, 50(10): 134-146,162.
2026年第44卷第7期
PDF下载
36
13
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
  • 接收时间:2025-05-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-17
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-31
  • 修回日期:2025-09-24
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(22&ZD327)
江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目(KYCX24_0104)
作者信息
    1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023
    2 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299
    3 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190

通讯作者:

彭启宁(1998-),女,博士研究生,E-mail:。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/1318316546775167669
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏