Article(id=1318316540433384442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1318316496934261092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=1745078400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792240756376, onlineDateStr=2026-10-17, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792240756376, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792240756376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792240756376, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1318316496934261092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792240746004, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792240746004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1402, endPage=1412, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1318316540638905339, articleId=1318316540433384442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Reinterpreting the “Digital Society”: The restructuring of social forms driven by technology, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The digital society refers to a social form driven by digital technology, a multi-layered and complex system that constantly evolves and generates through technological iterations. Reinterpreting the digital society is of significant necessity and should follow a systematic analytical framework of “core technological devices - social organizational logic - social relational structure - social ethical issues”. Accordingly, from the advent of electronic computers to the popularity of the global Internet, from the rise of artificial intelligence to the emergence of large language models, the digital society has undergone four rounds of social form reconstruction driven by technology. As the “core technological device”, digital technology continually drives the iteration of “social organizational logic” and the reorganization of “social relational structure”, while also giving rise to new and increasingly complex “social ethical issues”. The reinterpreting of the digital society will help better address the social transformations empowered by digital technology and lead toward a smarter and more sustainable digital civilization.

, authors=Tian-yu LIU1, 3, Shuo WANG2, authorsList=Tian-yu LIU, Shuo WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuo WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1318316541343548416, articleId=1318316540433384442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=重新理解“数字社会”:技术驱动下的社会形态重构, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

数字社会是指数字技术驱动下的社会形态,是一种在技术迭代中不断演化与生成的多层次复杂系统。重新理解数字社会具有显著必要性,应遵循“核心技术装置—社会组织逻辑—社会关系结构—社会伦理问题”的系统分析框架。据此,从电子计算机的问世到全球互联网的普及,从人工智能的崛起到大语言模型的涌现,数字社会经历了技术驱动下的四轮社会形态重构。作为“核心技术装置”的数字技术不断推动着“社会组织逻辑”的迭代和“社会关系结构”的重组,亦催生了全新且日趋复杂的“社会伦理问题”。数字社会的重新理解有助于更好应对数字技术赋能的社会变革,走向更具智慧和可持续性的数字文明。

, authors=刘天语1, 3, 王硕2, authorsList=刘天语, 王硕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王硕, authorNote=

刘天语(2000-),男,博士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王硕(1999-),男,助理研究员,博士, E-mail: 。
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Lancet Digital Health, 2024, 6(6): e428-e432., articleTitle=Ethical and regulatory challenges of large language models in medicine, refAbstract=With the rapid growth of interest in and use of large language models (LLMs) across various industries, we are facing some crucial and profound ethical concerns, especially in the medical field. The unique technical architecture and purported emergent abilities of LLMs differentiate them substantially from other artificial intelligence (AI) models and natural language processing techniques used, necessitating a nuanced understanding of LLM ethics. In this Viewpoint, we highlight ethical concerns stemming from the perspectives of users, developers, and regulators, notably focusing on data privacy and rights of use, data provenance, intellectual property contamination, and broad applications and plasticity of LLMs. A comprehensive framework and mitigating strategies will be imperative for the responsible integration of LLMs into medical practice, ensuring alignment with ethical principles and safeguarding against potential societal risks.Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. 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ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot produced through sophisticated fine-tuning of an LLM, and other tools are emerging through similar developmental processes. Here we outline how LLM applications such as ChatGPT are developed, and we discuss how they are being leveraged in clinical settings. We consider the strengths and limitations of LLMs and their potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of clinical, educational and research work in medicine. LLM chatbots have already been deployed in a range of biomedical contexts, with impressive but mixed results. This review acts as a primer for interested clinicians, who will determine if and how LLM technology is used in healthcare for the benefit of patients and practitioners.© 2023. 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Studies in Science of Science, 2024, 42(3): 460-468,491., articleTitle=A comparative study of European and American AI Governance Models, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1318316543637831714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, awardId=21ZDA017, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重大项目(21ZDA017), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1318316543713329187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, awardId=21CZX057, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金青年项目(21CZX057), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1318316543801409572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, awardId=SKTZ2024004, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本业务费(SKTZ2024004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316541574234112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316541582622721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, companyId=1318316541574234112, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Humanities, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316541586817026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, companyId=1318316541574234112, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 清华大学人文学院, 北京 100084)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316541649731587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316541658120196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, companyId=1318316541649731587, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Maxism, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316541662314501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, companyId=1318316541649731587, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 清华大学马克思主义学院, 北京 100084)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316541754589190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316541762977799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, companyId=1318316541754589190, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 AI Ethics Lab, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316541771366408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, companyId=1318316541754589190, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 东南大学AI伦理实验室, 江苏南京 210096)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1318316543004491804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The diachronic and synchronic structure of the digital society, figureFileSmall=EVbUbkzGLd9iTocZPIKBjw==, figureFileBig=FB1emniPUKfGY3rPhyMgJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316543084183581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, language=CN, label=图1, caption=数字社会的历时与共时结构, figureFileSmall=EVbUbkzGLd9iTocZPIKBjw==, figureFileBig=FB1emniPUKfGY3rPhyMgJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316543268732958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The systematic analytical framework for different stages of the digital society, figureFileSmall=0a4DJ2TWLL8z9GVrqtyVvQ==, figureFileBig=Bl8HqTGjxoGweI2C/PfKYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316543348424735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, language=CN, label=图2, caption=数字社会不同阶段的系统分析框架, figureFileSmall=0a4DJ2TWLL8z9GVrqtyVvQ==, figureFileBig=Bl8HqTGjxoGweI2C/PfKYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316543432310816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reconstruction of the form of digital society

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
兴起时间 核心技术装置 社会组织逻辑 社会关系结构 社会伦理问题
数字社会1.0 20世纪
四五十年代
电子计算机 “数据化” 数字空间交互 数据伦理
为主
数字社会2.0 20世纪
八九十年代
全球互联网 “网络化” 全球数字连接 平台伦理
为主
数字社会3.0 21世纪初 人工智能 “智能化” 算法中介交往 算法伦理
为主
数字社会4.0 21世纪
20年代
大语言模型 “智慧化” 人机协作共生 算法、平台、数据诸要素的深度融合
), ArticleFig(id=1318316543516196897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316540433384442, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数字社会的形态重构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
兴起时间 核心技术装置 社会组织逻辑 社会关系结构 社会伦理问题
数字社会1.0 20世纪
四五十年代
电子计算机 “数据化” 数字空间交互 数据伦理
为主
数字社会2.0 20世纪
八九十年代
全球互联网 “网络化” 全球数字连接 平台伦理
为主
数字社会3.0 21世纪初 人工智能 “智能化” 算法中介交往 算法伦理
为主
数字社会4.0 21世纪
20年代
大语言模型 “智慧化” 人机协作共生 算法、平台、数据诸要素的深度融合
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重新理解“数字社会”:技术驱动下的社会形态重构
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刘天语 1, 3 , 王硕 2
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(7): 1402-1412
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (7) : 1402 -1412
重新理解“数字社会”:技术驱动下的社会形态重构
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刘天语(2000-),男,博士研究生。

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刘天语(2000-),男,博士研究生。

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刘天语1, 3, 王硕2
作者信息
  • 1 清华大学人文学院, 北京 100084
  • 2 清华大学马克思主义学院, 北京 100084
  • 3 东南大学AI伦理实验室, 江苏南京 210096
通讯作者:
王硕(1999-),男,助理研究员,博士, E-mail: 。
作者简介:

刘天语(2000-),男,博士研究生。

Reinterpreting the “Digital Society”: The restructuring of social forms driven by technology
Tian-yu LIU1, 3, Shuo WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Humanities, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2 School of Maxism, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3 AI Ethics Lab, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15
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数字社会是指数字技术驱动下的社会形态,是一种在技术迭代中不断演化与生成的多层次复杂系统。重新理解数字社会具有显著必要性,应遵循“核心技术装置—社会组织逻辑—社会关系结构—社会伦理问题”的系统分析框架。据此,从电子计算机的问世到全球互联网的普及,从人工智能的崛起到大语言模型的涌现,数字社会经历了技术驱动下的四轮社会形态重构。作为“核心技术装置”的数字技术不断推动着“社会组织逻辑”的迭代和“社会关系结构”的重组,亦催生了全新且日趋复杂的“社会伦理问题”。数字社会的重新理解有助于更好应对数字技术赋能的社会变革,走向更具智慧和可持续性的数字文明。

数字社会  /  数字技术  /  人工智能  /  大语言模型

The digital society refers to a social form driven by digital technology, a multi-layered and complex system that constantly evolves and generates through technological iterations. Reinterpreting the digital society is of significant necessity and should follow a systematic analytical framework of “core technological devices - social organizational logic - social relational structure - social ethical issues”. Accordingly, from the advent of electronic computers to the popularity of the global Internet, from the rise of artificial intelligence to the emergence of large language models, the digital society has undergone four rounds of social form reconstruction driven by technology. As the “core technological device”, digital technology continually drives the iteration of “social organizational logic” and the reorganization of “social relational structure”, while also giving rise to new and increasingly complex “social ethical issues”. The reinterpreting of the digital society will help better address the social transformations empowered by digital technology and lead toward a smarter and more sustainable digital civilization.

digital society  /  digital technology  /  artificial intelligence  /  large language models
刘天语, 王硕. 重新理解“数字社会”:技术驱动下的社会形态重构. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1402 -1412 .
Tian-yu LIU, Shuo WANG. Reinterpreting the “Digital Society”: The restructuring of social forms driven by technology[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1402 -1412 .
当前,人类社会正经历着前所未有的数字化转型。从电子计算机的诞生,到互联网的全球普及,从人工智能的崛起,再到大语言模型的技术浪潮。这场跨越半个多世纪的技术革命不仅重构了社会生产方式和人类生存图景,更孕育出具有自主演化特征的数字文明形态。然而,从数据确权争议到算法权力异化,从信息操控困局到智能体责任缺位,数字技术带来社会变革的同时,亦催生了不同的新型伦理风险与社会治理困境。理解并阐释数字化变革及其对社会形态带来的深刻影响已然成为一个重要的理论与现实问题。
数字社会的理论建构与实证研究愈发成为当代社会科学的核心议题之一。围绕数字社会的本质特征[1]、运行机制[2]、伦理风险[3]与治理范式[4]等问题,学界已开展了多维度的理论探索。有研究聚焦数字技术的社会嵌入性,探讨数字化变革如何重构社会关系网络[5]。有研究关注数据要素的市场化配置,剖析数字资本主义的新型积累模式与社会伦理效应[6]。还有研究致力于算法治理的伦理框架构建,探索智能决策系统的价值负载与权力规制[7]。然而,现有研究大多局限于特定维度或单一议题,缺乏对数字社会整体性结构的系统分析框架。因而,很难准确把握数字社会的历时与共时规律,亦难以实现伦理治理挑战的系统应对。事实上,数字技术与数字社会作为开放性的学术概念,其内涵与特征始终处于动态演化之中。技术迭代不断重塑着数字社会的理论边界与实践场域,各类数字技术在演进中彼此交织,共同推进数字社会形态的不断重构[8]。因此,要进一步以历史性的研究视野透视数字技术的演进轨迹,以系统性的理论思维解析数字社会的运行逻辑,构建更具解释力和预见性的数字社会研究框架。
本文聚焦“数字社会”的重新理解,致力于构建技术驱动下的数字社会重构图景与分析框架。基于现有的数字社会研究,建立更具系统性的数字社会层次分析模型,揭示数字社会的内在演进规律,剖析数字社会的运作逻辑与关系结构,并进一步指出未来数字社会研究值得关注的若干方向。
数字社会是指数字技术驱动下的社会形态,作为一种不断演化与生成的动态结构,具有复杂且多层次的理论内涵(见图1)。
从历时性视角来看,数字社会是一个在技术迭代中不断演化与生成的动态结构。数字技术持续迭代、日益普及,正推动数字化进程不断向纵深迈进。电子计算机在20世纪40年代的问世标志着数字化进程的开启,实时系统在60年代的应用带来了数据处理效率的飞跃和商业模式的变革,个人计算机的出现进一步驱动着数字革命由“商业巨头”延伸至“普罗大众”[9]。自80年代起,全球互联网催生了数字经济的崛起,信息传播发生“量”与“质”的根本演进。进入21世纪,人工智能与大数据的融合变革了从教育到医疗、从金融到制造业等各个领域的生产与服务方式。时至今日,人工智能技术已能够自动生成高质量的文本、图像、音频和视频,依然有力驱动着社会形态的深度数字化与智能化进程[10]。数字技术的每一次突破远不仅仅是工具的更替,更是经济运作模式、社会互动形态与文化表达方式的深刻变革。正是在不断迭代的数字技术的驱动下,数字社会呈现为一种层层递进的历时性进程。
从共时性视角来看,数字社会是各类数字技术协同发展、深度交织的多层次复杂系统。数字化进程并非单一数字技术线性发展的结果,而是多重技术交织与并行推进的最终产物。20世纪六七十年代,数字计算、数据存储与信息处理等各类技术形态协同发展、深度融合,数字社会自此初步成型。而后,计算机网络与通信技术的结合创造了全球化的信息交换体系,信息安全技术的介入进一步保障互联网环境的可持续运行,共同推动电子商务、在线支付等新兴数字产业的兴起。智能时代亦是如此:社会形态并非由人工智能技术单一塑造,智能分析与决策依赖于大数据,云计算则为大规模数据处理和深度学习提供算力支持[11]。同样,大模型深度嵌套于高性能算力基础设施、大数据分析与算法优化的技术体系,数字技术的整合与系统集成将推动数字社会走向更加高效与更具智慧的未来图景。因此,不同类型的数字技术往往会在同一时间内层层叠加、相互影响,构成一个互为支撑的多维技术体系,进而构建起更加复杂与多层次共存的数字社会全新形态。
然而,现有研究在阐明数字社会的共时与历时特征方面往往存在不足,难以对数字社会的本质特征与演进规律予以深刻揭示。第一类是天女散花,缺乏系统性。不少现有研究往往流于某些技术现象的实然描述与具体伦理问题的任意罗列,缺少严谨的哲学分析逻辑和系统的社会研究理路。例如,已有很多研究者对于人工智能等新兴数字技术的伦理风险进行探讨,但这些讨论往往没能基于系统完整的科技哲学与社会哲学分析框架,一定程度上局限于数个具体伦理挑战[12]与应对措施[13]的枚举。这种研究思路在描述技术事实方面或许具有一定理论意义,但无法真正透视技术“现象”背后的社会“物自体”,难以清晰呈现技术变革背后的深层次历时与共时逻辑。
第二类是刻舟求剑,缺乏历史性。从历时性视角来看,不少研究者将数字技术在不同历史阶段的进展混为一谈,进而难以准确定位数字社会在特定阶段的核心特征与关键挑战。例如,部分研究将智能时代的资本主义最新发展概括为某种“平台资本主义”形态[14]。而事实上,“平台”是一种在互联网时代就已广泛出现的数字交互架构,远远没有资格作为把握资本主义全新“智能化”进程的核心概念[15]。与之类似,部分的大模型伦理问题研究依然囿于算法偏见、数据隐私、数字鸿沟等传统人工智能道德风险的一般性表述,缺少对于生成式人工智能的独特性关照[16]。这种跨阶段、跨技术的理论“漫谈”不仅不能实现对诸技术阶段的深入辨析,更易使数字社会演进的历时性进程遭受忽略。
第三类是盲人摸象,缺乏整体性。在共时性视角下,部分研究者片面聚焦某一技术维度的局部影响,忽略单一技术现象背后多重的技术逻辑叠加与复杂的社会系统交织。例如,对于大模型在医疗领域的应用,技术乐观主义者认为大模型能够有效解决医疗领域的各种挑战,技术悲观主义者则更强调专业知识与情感对话等方面的诸多局限[17]。两种单向度的认知图式都在一定程度上遮蔽了数字社会技术生态的复杂互构性。事实上,大模型一方面作为自然语言处理、图像识别、内容生成等前沿技术的系统集成,已然呈现出可观的技术前景;另一方面则受制于算法决策、数据语料、算力配置等种种技术局限,远远无法达到“无所不能”的程度[18]。这种片面化的分析方式难以透视单一技术怎样在数字社会中同其他技术互为支撑、共同发展,亦无法准确呈现数字社会的共时性全貌。
由此,本文将从以下三个理论向度对数字社会进行剖析,以期为理解数字社会的本质与发展轨迹提供系统性的论述。第一,哲学向度的框架提炼。本文将探索构建数字社会的系统分析框架,实现对数字社会形态演进与本质规律的全面刻画。第二,历史向度的演进梳理。本文将追溯历时性视角下的数字技术发展进程,刻画技术驱动下的数字社会重构图景,探讨技术演进的每个阶段以何种方式为下一阶段的社会变革奠定基础。第三,社会向度的层次划分。本文将聚焦数字技术与社会运行之间的深层次关系,在此基础上,充分揭示数字社会的多重运作逻辑与复杂关系结构,进而推进对于数字伦理挑战与技术风险治理的学理思考。
数字社会的阶段演进分析需要具有系统性的社会结构分析框架。美国技术哲学家唐·伊德(Don Ihde)认为“人—技术”关系遵循着四种关系模式。以此作为数字社会系统分析框架的构建视角,分析框架应当包括:第一,解释学关系视角下的“核心技术装置”;第二,背景关系视角下的“社会组织逻辑”;第三,具身关系视角下的“社会关系结构”;第四,它异关系视角下的“社会伦理问题”。数字社会的系统分析可以遵循“核心技术装置—社会组织逻辑—社会关系结构—社会伦理问题”的基本架构(见图2)。
“核心技术装置”是指推动社会变革的关键技术工具系统。在伊德的技术现象学中,解释学关系(hermeneutic relations)表征着人与“技术—世界”的联结,外部世界通过人工技术物而得到呈现,主体则通过对技术物的“阅读”而把握被指示的外部世界[19]。在数字化时代,数字技术正越来越成为理解数字社会的核心线索。“比特的出现”依托于电子计算机等硬件基础,“全球数字社会”源自互联网的广泛普及,“人工智能+”的浪潮是深度学习、大数据与云计算等前沿技术积累的直接产物,“智慧社会”的未来图景亦离不开大语言模型等新一轮科技发明。每一代“核心技术装置”都为下一代技术的出现奠定基础,同时超越先前的技术局限,推动数字社会系统朝向更加复杂的形态演变。正如马克思曾言:“手推磨产生的是封建主的社会,蒸汽磨产生的是工业资本家的社会”[20]。“核心技术装置”正日益成为理解社会变革之关键所在,数字社会的系统性把握需要诉诸对于电子计算机、互联网、人工智能、大模型等关键性技术的“解释学接触”。因此,借由对于“核心技术装置”的剖析,能够透视数字社会在不同历史阶段的技术本质与社会表征,进而为把握数字化变革的演进规律提供理论视角。
“社会组织逻辑”指的是社会系统在特定技术背景下的组织与运行方式。背景关系(background relations)聚焦“技术结构的不在场的显现”,表征的是技术之为一种隐而不显的底层运作逻辑[19]。技术看似从“人”与外部世界的关系中“抽身而出”,实则悄然成为了社会系统的有机组成部分,作为一种“不在场的在场”时刻进行着场域关系的建构。在数字化时代,从实体空间的“物”同数字代码相转换的“数据化”进程,到“去中心化”的全球社会组织“网络”,从依托数据分析与算法决策的“智能化”运作,再到人工智能体自主生成、自主创造的“智慧化”运行。数字技术在信息流通、资源分配、权力结构等向度上对社会形态加以重塑,潜移默化地生成着数字社会在特定历史阶段的基本运作规律。正如在兰登·温纳(Langdon Winner)看来,“技术本身具有政治性意义”[21],可以被内化为社会的基础架构,成为社会得以运转的关键。“社会组织逻辑”的分析视角有助于将作为“不在场的在场”的技术剥离而出,为理解数字技术对于社会运作机制的塑造和探讨技术变革对于数字社会形态的建构创造理论条件。
“社会关系结构”是指社会系统基本单元之间的交往与联结方式。具身性关系(embodiment relations)表征一种被技术所中介的人与世界的关系,技术“融入到我自身的知觉—身体的经验中”,人与技术相融合并以统一体的形态加以呈现[19]。数字化时代的社会关系正是这样一种数字技术中介下的人与世界的关系。人们借由电子计算机开展数字化的组织管理与业务运作,通过互联网进行跨时空的即时沟通,在智能系统支配下参与“算法制”数字劳动,在同大模型的交互中实现“人机协同知识生产”。总之,进行交往的人往往不是实体空间的作为肉身的“人”,而是“数据人”,是人的身体器官在数字空间中的延伸。由此,“社会关系结构”意味着为数字技术所“具身”的“人”与世界之间的交往与联结。马克思曾指出:“人的本质不是单个人所固有的抽象物,在其现实性上,它是一切社会关系的总和”[20]。如果说“社会组织逻辑”关注的是作为整体的社会系统背后的隐性逻辑,“社会关系结构”则以个体(人、机器)、组织等微观意义上的社会基本单元为理论基点。聚焦作为“一切社会关系总和”的数字社会个体单元,在此基础上,探索包括人与物、人与人、人与组织、人与人工智能体等关系形态在内的人与世界的基本关系结构。
“社会伦理问题”指的是社会发展进程中的伦理争议与治理挑战。它异关系(alterity relations)表征着人与技术的差异与紧张关系。作为一种具有“准他者性”的存在物,技术具有一定程度上同人类相独立的强烈的自主性[19]。数字化时代同样不乏人与技术的紧张与对立,数字技术的飞速发展往往超越了现有的法律与伦理框架,在个体权利、社会公平、信息透明、权力分配等方面引发诸多伦理难题。“数据化”进程伴随着个体数据权利、公共数据安全等数据伦理困境[22],平台操控与数字垄断成为互联网时代的道德焦点,人工智能的崛起引发了“大数据杀熟”和“信息茧房”等治理难题,大模型的广泛应用亦将带来全新伦理挑战,甚至进一步引发人工智能取代人类的伦理忧思。“社会伦理问题”提供了一个反思人与技术的紧张关系的理论框架:数字技术的发展在一方面固然应受到价值理性的引领和伦理治理的规制;但另一方面,更重要的是,要尊重技术作为一个“准他者”的自主发展逻辑。总之,聚焦技术治理所需的伦理规制与科技进步带来的伦理变革,在技术与人的相互作用中追求数字社会的可持续发展。
时至今日,数字社会经历了技术驱动下的四轮社会形态重构。数字技术作为“核心技术装置”,正在不断推动着“社会组织逻辑”的迭代和“社会关系结构”的重组,亦催生了全新且日趋复杂的“社会伦理问题”,呼唤着相应的伦理规制与政策响应(见表1)。
数字社会1.0阶段的“核心技术装置”是电子计算机。电子计算机问世于20世纪40年代,采用电子元件进行逻辑运算,具有惊人的计算速度和显著的灵活性,能够适用于从军事研究到工业生产的各种应用场景。电子计算机逐步运用于数据存储、数据分析和数据挖掘,深刻变革了人类社会的信息处理方式,也正式拉开了数字化时代的序幕。
“数据化”是数字社会1.0阶段的“社会组织逻辑”。数据指的是通过电子计算机等数字设备进行存储、处理与传输的二进制信息,“数据化”则是将各种类型的信息转化为数据、使之能够被计算机系统理解和处理的过程。个体和组织开始越来越多使用电子计算机实现信息的数字化过程,进而实现对信息的高效管理与分析。例如,航空公司能够以数字形式记录旅客信息、航班预订和座位选择,机票销售通过计算机系统完成,“大部分交易在3秒内就能处理完毕”[9]。同样,银行的自动柜员机以数字形式记录每一笔交易,并将提款金额、账户资料等信息存储至银行的数据库。《数字化生存》如此描述上述进程:“越来越多的信息,如声音和影像,都被数字化了,被简化为同样的1和0”[23]。这就是说,电子计算机等“核心技术装置”已经悄然而深远地变革了社会系统的基本运作规律,一个全新的“社会组织逻辑”由此生成。
数字社会1.0还创造了以电子计算机为核心的社会生产与交互系统,表征着“社会关系结构”的根本性变革。在一定意义上,工业社会向数字社会的过渡是社会交往场域的一次根本颠覆。在工业化时代,人与人的交往与联结依托“面对面”的交互,抑或通过印刷媒体以及传统邮递而展开。而数字社会1.0开辟出以“比特”为基本单元的数字空间,交往与联结不再受限于以“原子”为基本单位的实体空间,而是逐步在数字空间场域中以数据的形态进行。依然以银行业为例,存款与取款等金融业务逐渐不再通过“面对面”交流或电话沟通,银行与顾客的交互通过自动柜员机的数据交换而实现。由此可见,交互形态不再仅仅是物理空间中人与物的流通,更是“赛博”空间中以“比特”为载体的数据流通。无论是人还是物,都要以二进制的数据为存在形态才能进入这一流通过程。总之,人与人的交往呈现为数据与数据的交换,这是“社会关系结构”在这一阶段的全新特征,亦是数字社会关系结构的核心特征。
数字社会1.0阶段的“社会伦理问题”主要呈现为数据伦理,核心议题围绕人与数据处理技术的紧张关系而展开。一方面,数据控制与个体自由问题。数字社会1.0创造出一种以电子计算机为自动控制中枢的社会控制模式。在工业化时代,社会控制模式更类似于以监狱、工厂、病院为原型的“全景监狱”,是一种通过“监视和训练”实现运作的权力机制[24]。而数字社会的控制机制不再诉诸纪律与惩罚,而表征一种基于二进制代码的持续监控机制。“在控制社会中,关键不再是签名或数字,而是代码……控制的数字语言由指示是否应该允许或拒绝访问某些信息的代码组成”[25],一种在实时的信息传输基础上通过信息交流和反馈实现自我调节和消除偏差的控制论机制应运而生。另一方面,数据权利与人类平等问题。数字社会1.0阶段是一个数据逐步涌现并日渐融入生产生活的时代,数据开始被视为有待加工的原始生产资料,数据所有权由此成为重要问题。然而,大型数字企业有能力运用计算机系统大规模地搜集、存储和分析个体信息,个体则往往并不清楚自身数据如何被使用,被迫成为无偿的“数据生产者”和为数字企业增进利润的“数字劳动者”[26]。因此,更加明确的数据权益框架和更加公平的利益分配体系亟待建立并完善。
数字社会2.0以“核心技术装置”互联网的兴起和普及为重要标志。20世纪80年代末90年代初,计算机与通信技术的进步为互联网的兴起创造了条件,将信息共享从局域网扩展到了全球范围。全球化的即时交互与信息传输推动形成了庞大的虚拟社交和商业网络,人们能够在数字空间中彼此分享观点、交流生活、协同工作甚至进行商业往来,人类生产与生活方式发生了新一轮变革。
这一阶段的“社会组织逻辑”呈现为“网络化”。“网络化”是指通过以互联网为代表的数字技术手段实现的信息、社交和商业活动等方面的广泛连接、传播和共享的过程。此前,以“科层制”和“市场制”等为代表的传统社会组织形态都表征着线性的信息流动结构。而互联网技术变革了信息流动方式,一种更加弥散化的网络状信息流动结构得以形成。权力、信息和资源不再集中在少数几个中心节点,而是分散到网络中的多个参与者之间[27]。由此,作为互联网时代新型交互架构的“平台”应运而生,深刻重塑了数字社会的组织结构与决策机制。平台是一种对于多方在线用户进行连接与整合的数字架构,“通过收取恰当的费用而努力吸引交易各方使用该空间或场所,最终追求收益最大化”[28]。例如,社交媒体平台为用户提供跨地域的社交空间,个体能够在线发布文字、图片和视频,彼此分享观点与生活动态。电子商务平台则提供了商品服务的在线交易方式,不同区域用户能够在数字化的“全球跳蚤市场”中销售和购买商品。作为平台网络的参与节点,在线用户已不再仅仅充当被动的消费者,更是内容的主动创造者和反馈的主动提供者。这就是说,一种强调多方参与的“去中心化”的“社会组织逻辑”潜移默化地形成了。
数字社会2.0创造了全球范围内的数字连接与数字整合,带来了“社会关系结构”的深刻重组。在以电子计算机为基础的1.0阶段,数字信息的传播主要依赖于有限的局域网络,全球范围的数字传播依然面临种种技术障碍。而数字社会2.0表征着数据信息在全球范围内的广泛流通:全球互联网的驱动带来了“行星尺度”的社会交往场域[29],分散在全球各地的个体和组织能够通过互联网彼此建立联系,形成全球性的信息社区,实现全球化的信息传播、社交互动和商业交往。由此在一定意义上,全球互联网生成着超越地域局限与民族局限的“世界历史性”的存在者,将个体“从地域化情境中‘提取出来’,并跨越广阔的时间—空间距离去重新组织社会关系”[30]。总之,互联网技术的全球普及驱动着“全球数字社会”“数字世界市场”以及“全球信息社区”的形成和发展,创造了人与人、人与物在全球范围内的广泛数字联结[31]。
平台伦理是“社会伦理问题”在该阶段的集中呈现,核心议题围绕人与互联网技术的紧张关系而展开。马克思曾指认工业社会中主体与客体的颠倒,货币作为交往的中介一跃凌驾于人之上,成为支配人的异己性力量[32]。这种人与自身创造物的颠倒逻辑同样发生于数字社会,作为中介的平台获得了支配个体的数字权力。一方面,平台运行与个体自由问题。平台在赋予个体前所未有的获取信息与表达观点的能力同时,亦掌握了信息分发与审核的权力。搜索引擎与电子商务平台出于商业利益操控搜索结果的排序机制,社交平台的监管不力与过度审查亦将影响网络信息的正常流动。平台用户的信息获取与认知导向由此受到影响,个体自由受到潜在约束。另一方面,平台垄断与人类平等问题。数字垄断是平台经济面临的一个突出伦理难题,信息、商品与服务的分配权逐渐向少数大型平台集中,可能削弱个体和中小企业的公平竞争可能性。进而,平台的竞价排名模式将信息曝光度与经济实力相挂钩,往往使得财力雄厚的企业或广告商占据主导,亦加剧了消费者权益保护困境。因此,应建立多主体的平台伦理治理机制,加强平台内部的伦理场域建设,有效平衡数字平台的经济效益与伦理责任。
数字社会3.0阶段的“核心技术装置”是人工智能技术。人工智能研究最早可以追溯至1956年达特茅斯会议上由约翰·麦卡锡(John McCarthy)等人提出的概念。21世纪初,得益于神经网络、深度学习等技术突破以及云计算和大数据的支持,人工智能研究取得显著进展,机器能够模拟、优化甚至超越人类在某些领域的认知能力。人工智能亦逐渐从理论走向应用,广泛渗透至医疗、金融、教育、制造等行业,预示着数字社会向更高阶智能形态的演进。
“社会组织逻辑”在这一阶段主要呈现为“智能化”。“智能化”指的是以人工智能自动搜集、自动处理、自动分析和自主决策为主导的社会运行模式。如果说此前的数字社会阶段依次强调“比特的出现”和“比特在全球范围内的传输”,“智能化”逻辑则更加强调“比特的传输由非人类行动者以自动化的方式进行”。正如《数字化生存》预言的,在智能时代,“你的电话将不会再不分青红皂白地胡乱响铃,它会像一位训练有素的英国管家,接收、分拣,甚至回答打来的电话”[23]。深度学习算法能够从海量数据中自主提取和学习规律,在训练中不断优化自身决策能力。许多任务和决策不再依赖传统的人工决策,而是由人工智能驱动的决策系统自动化地完成。例如,智能客服系统能够自动理解用户需求并提供实时响应,金融风控系统依靠机器学习分析海量交易数据以识别风险,智能交通系统基于大规模数据集预测道路拥堵情况并优化交通信号。更重要的是,算法决策更是表征一种通过“对主体性本身的支配”而展开的个性化机制[33]。表面上看,人们的行动似乎源自主体的自发需求,智能算法的影响往往不为大多数人所察觉。总之,这一阶段的“智能化”逻辑表征的是一种人工智能驱动下更具灵活性、适应性与隐蔽性的自动化运作流程。
数字社会3.0创造了以智能算法为中介的人与人的间接交互系统,非人类行动者的登场是“社会关系结构”的重要变革。在1.0阶段,交往以数据交换的形式在数字空间中展开,2.0阶段则进一步拓展了这一交往场域,使全球范围内的个体和组织能够通过数字平台实现连接与互动。而在这一阶段,“社会关系结构”已然发生了更为深刻的转变:数字平台中人与人的直接交往被算法中介的间接交往所取代。以外卖配送平台为例,智能算法根据实时位置、配送路线、天气状况、交通情况等因素自动匹配最优骑手,消费者无需直接联系骑手协调时间,商家亦无需手动寻找配送人员。内容推荐平台亦是如此,短视频内容由平台算法进行“筛选”和“分发”,人与人的信息交换无需彼此沟通,而是依托智能算法完成。也就是说,直接互动的传统模式转向了高度依赖智能算法的间接交往模式。平台用户无需直接交流,而以“原子化”的样态分别各自地遵循算法的指引而行动,一切都由智能系统进行匹配、调度与优化。因此,非人类行动者在这一阶段成为塑造“社会关系结构”的重要力量。
“社会伦理问题”在这一阶段集中体现为算法伦理,智能算法系统与人的紧张关系亟待伦理应对。作为凌驾于人之上的隐性支配者,智能算法悄然塑造了全新的数字社会权力体系。一方面,算法支配与个体自由问题。人工智能的驱动创造了全面而严密的数字劳动模式,工作流程的每一步骤都受到算法的精确计算和动态调整。作为算法系统的执行节点,劳动者很难对不合理的安排提出抗议。人工智能亦应用于算法推荐系统,压缩了自我判断与自主安排的空间。有学者指出,“如今的网络已变成一个特殊的共振空间,一个回音室,任何不同与陌生都被消除了……他者的切近让位于同者的无差别性”[34],高度个性化的算法推荐可能使个体逐步沦为缺少批判性观念的“单向度的人”[35]。另一方面,算法偏见与人类平等问题。智能算法具有价值负载,训练数据的内含偏见可能引发算法歧视等公平正义问题。算法往往受到算法购买方利益诉求的影响,同资本相融合并催生全新的数字资本运行模式。平台用户不仅沦为“精准营销”与“个性化推荐”的对象,更是在算法控制下为数字资本增殖无偿创造数据资源。更严重的是,“黑箱”特征增加了伦理审查的难度,进一步加剧算法偏见的治理困境。因此,如何在算法主导的社会结构中重新确立个体自由与社会公平成为亟待解决的重要议题。
数字社会4.0阶段的“核心技术装置”是大语言模型。大模型的起源可以追溯到20世纪50年代,当时的计算机科学家开始尝试模拟人类语言的理解与生成。进入2010年代,从Transformer架构的提出到GPT系列模型的出现,大模型研究取得显著进展。大模型基于深层神经网络架构和海量训练数据,具有卓越的自然语言理解和文本生成能力,不仅能够高效处理复杂的语言信息,还能自主创作高质量的文本、图像等多模态内容。时至今日,大模型已在知识传播、文化创新和社会交往中发挥前所未有的作用,引领人类生产生活的新一轮深度重构。
这一阶段的“社会组织逻辑”是“智慧化”。“智慧化”表征的是以人工智能自主生成、自主创造为核心的社会运作模式。这一阶段的人工智能已不再是某种后台支持系统,而是由单纯的技术“工具”转变为具有创造性和交互能力的“智能体”。不仅能进行自动化的数据处理并输出决策,更能主动产生新知识、创造新内容并实现双向人机协同。以医疗领域为例,大模型能够自主生成病历报告、诊疗方案、出院总结等文本,更有能力模拟人类对话以实现同患者的双向互动。在文学艺术领域,亦能够生成音乐、绘画甚至参与剧本撰写和诗词创作,大大拓展了认知与创作的边界。这就是说,人工智能正在从“幕后”走上“前台”,不仅仅是隐匿于平台交互界面背后的隐性决策者,而是站到了社会历史舞台的聚光灯下,成为社会创新与价值创造的核心驱动力。由此,如果说数字社会3.0催生出集中化的决策体系和自动化的控制机制,大模型的涌现则推动了权力与资源的分散化,带来了更加平等和分布式的“智慧化”运作机制,赋予了更多个体和组织创造和决策的能力。每个组织、每个团队,甚至每个用户,都可能借助人工智能实现更高效的协作与创新,在一定意义上形成“去等级化”的知识生成与共享结构。因此,数字社会4.0有潜力成为一个更加开放、包容且具有广泛参与可能性的社会运作体系。每个参与者的创造潜力和价值被赋予更大空间,进而为社会整体的发展和创新注入源源不断的动力。
在这一阶段,人工智能作为社会交往的新的“主体”,创造了高度协同的全新人机交互结构,引发“社会关系结构”的深度重塑。在此前的3.0阶段,算法充当人与人实现交往的中介,人工智能尽管对于社会交往的实现至关重要,但本身并非直接参与交往的社会主体。而大模型能够根据人类语言所表达的含义输出适当回应,已展现出同人类的双向交互能力。因此在某种意义上,人工智能与人类的交互已经具有显著的社会性特征。尽管从技术的内在原理来看,大模型在今天尚不具备真正的“智能”。但倘若从主体外部的社会关系视角出发,大模型能够实现同人类实现语言交互,已在一定程度上实现了一些学者所说的“交互主体性”[36],理应作为一种特殊的社会交往主体而被纳入“社会关系结构”。由此,全新的“人—机器”关系不再是支配与被支配的“指令—执行”关系,而更接近于两个交往主体之间的“协作—共生”关系。其中,“提示”(Prompt)作为人机交互的中介语言,起到了桥梁作用。通过精心设计的提示词,用户能够引导人工智能生成特定的响应或实施特定的行为,从而实现更加高效和自然的人机交互。总之,人机关系超越了传统的计算机语言交互模式,人工智能通过自然语言的理解与生成实现同人类的双向互动交流,推动了更深层次“人机协同”的实现。
“社会伦理问题”在该阶段围绕大语言模型技术与人的紧张关系而展开,在数据伦理、平台伦理与算法伦理的深度融合中呈现出更为复杂的特征。一方面,大模型与个体自由问题。个体依赖大模型进行决断的过程是一个人工智能体与人类个体“共同思考”的过程。然而,大模型面临“幻觉”问题,往往凭空创造似是而非的虚假文献或专家言论,或是合成“以假乱真”的人物影像。面对纷繁复杂的人工智能“伪信息”,个体难以做出基于真实信息的理性判断。更重要的是,大模型的内容生成亦非价值中立。个体看似拥有多种信源,实际仍处于算法偏见塑造的信息环境,潜移默化地受到算法逻辑特别是平台价值取向的引导。因此,难以遵循传统意义上理性思考、自我决断的独立思考模式,亦难以实现真正的自由选择。另一方面,大模型与人类平等问题。大模型知识生产往往是对现有创作内容的“二次加工”,知识产权与信息归属的争议由此泛起,人类创作者的正当权益面临挑战。大模型的算法偏见则可能导致面试、招聘等场景中的算法歧视与不公正的决策,进一步加剧社会不平等。内容生成的不受控特性更是加剧了虚假信息和有害内容的扩散风险,挑战社会信任机制的同时,还可能误导弱势群体并使之陷入错误的认知或不公平的社会操控[37]。简言之,大模型在信息生产、信息传播、知识产权、社会公正等方面引发了广泛而复杂的“社会伦理问题”,呼唤着来自算法、平台、数据等多元视角的伦理应对。
本文基于现有的数字社会研究,建立数字社会的系统分析框架,聚焦技术驱动下的数字社会形态重构,得出以下结论:数字社会是一种在技术迭代中不断演化与生成的多层次复杂系统,有必要在现有研究基础上深入推进对于数字社会的重新理解,以更好把握数字社会的历时与共时规律。数字社会经历了技术驱动下的四重变革。从电子计算机、互联网到人工智能、大模型,“核心技术装置”的历时演进与共时交织推动了“社会组织逻辑”的迭代和“社会关系结构”的重组,亦生成着全新且日趋复杂的“社会伦理问题”,呼唤有效的伦理规制与政策响应。
在未来,要进一步聚焦数字技术与数字社会的最新演进,从以下三个方面推进数字社会研究体系的发展和创新,更好应对技术赋能的社会变革,走向更具智慧和可持续性的数字文明。
首先,要同数字社会4.0阶段特征相适应。当前,生成式人工智能研究已取得突破性进展,大语言模型日渐走向社会化应用。以ChatGPT为代表的生成式人工智能凭借其卓越表现,极大地激发了学术界与工业界对通用人工智能潜能的想象[38]。国产模型DeepSeek的横空出世更是显著降低了技术门槛,以本土化适配推动生成式人工智能从技术精英的专属领域走向大众创业创新的广阔天地,在社交媒体上引发前所未有的大众创新热潮。未来的数字社会研究应聚焦生成式人工智能的不断涌现与持续变革,进一步追踪数字社会4.0阶段新的社会实验、社会变革与社会转型,加强有关数据共享、算法透明、算力分配、知识普惠等基础性议题的交叉研究,为数字社会4.0的产业变革与范式转型提供系统性理论支持。
其次,要以跨学科研究为核心特征。当前,数字化变革正朝向更深层次、更多领域不断迈进。数字技术既推动社会关系与交互结构的反复重组,也带来了伦理体系与道德观念的持续革新,在一定意义上,更是引发哲学本体论意义上的人类生存图景重构[39]。时至今日,任何单一学科的研究视角均无法完整解析技术与社会深度互构的内在逻辑,数字社会研究理应具有不同于传统的“数字社会学”的跨学科特征[40]。传统的数字社会学研究作为一种以数字技术为研究对象的社会学理论形态,聚焦的是数字技术对社会运行与主体交互的影响。而未来的数字社会研究有必要突破单一学科范式的局限,进一步整合社会科学的问题解蔽能力与人文学科的批判反思传统,形成跨学科的数字社会多维透视框架,进而系统性地回应数字化变革带来的社会冲击。
最后,要以服务社会治理为根本落脚点。自数字社会诞生之日起,数字化进程总是伴随着种种纷繁复杂的社会风险。当下,全新的伦理挑战作为数据、平台、算法等要素的深度融合,其复杂性更是远远超出传统社会治理理论的运思范畴。然而,现有的数字社会研究往往停留于抽象的理论思辨,难以为数字社会的治理实践提供有效路径。为此,理应实现从“认识世界”向“改造世界”的研究重心转向,通过理论认知与治理实践的有机互构,将数字社会运行规律的理论洞察转化为具有可操作性的治理框架,为政策制定提供数据支撑与决策支持。在未来,要围绕构建国家规制与多元主体共治相协同的数字社会敏捷治理模式[41],进一步发展创新社会治理理论以应对数字社会4.0阶段涌现出的复合性伦理挑战,推动数字社会4.0实现从概念愿景向稳定秩序的实质飞跃。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(21ZDA017)
  • 国家社会科学基金青年项目(21CZX057)
  • 中央高校基本业务费(SKTZ2024004)
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-17
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
  • 修回日期:2025-04-20
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(21ZDA017)
国家社会科学基金青年项目(21CZX057)
中央高校基本业务费(SKTZ2024004)
作者信息
    1 清华大学人文学院, 北京 100084
    2 清华大学马克思主义学院, 北京 100084
    3 东南大学AI伦理实验室, 江苏南京 210096

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王硕(1999-),男,助理研究员,博士, E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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