Article(id=1318316513044574578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1318316496934261092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=1743523200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792240749846, onlineDateStr=2026-10-17, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792240749846, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792240749846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792240749846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1318316496934261092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792240746004, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792240746004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1536, endPage=1545, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1318316513266872691, articleId=1318316513044574578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Impact of explicit and implicit fiscal expenditure for science and technology on industrial innovative output in China, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development of the economy, China has entered a new era of high-quality development. In the new stage of Chinese development, the main direction is to vigorously develop new quality productive forces driven by innovation based on local conditions. For a large economy like China, the real economy has always been the foundation of the entire economic framework, and industrial production is the main component in the real economy. Therefore, supporting and incentivizing industrial innovation has become a major gain for policy makers in the process of building an innovative country. The government has two methods to incentivize industrial innovation, including explicit and implicit fiscal expenditure of science and technology. Firstly, the government can support industrial innovation by directly injecting fiscal funds into industrial enterprises, which is known as explicit fiscal expenditure of science and technology. Secondly, in the process of market-oriented reforms, enterprises are the main body of innovation, so the expenditure methods for supporting industrial innovation more prefer to the ways of market. Therefore, implicit fiscal expenditures of science and technology in the form of R&D expense additional deduction and high-tech enterprise tax reduction are more applicable in more scenarios. Currently, in China’s Public Finance Model, fiscal expenditure of science and technology for promoting industrial innovation has presented a new feature as follows: the implicit fiscal expenditures of science and technology in the form of tax reductions have greatly exceeded the explicit fiscal expenditures of science and technology.

Direct effect of science and technology expenditure by the public sector in supporting industrial innovation activities is increasing industrial R&D innovation input because enterprises are the main body of innovation as described above. However, its actual economic value is bringing about a significant increase in innovation output. Using data from China’s industrial sectors and taking the number of invention patent applications as an indicator of innovation output, this paper estimates the impact of explicit fiscal expenditure in the form of direct government funding and implicit tax expenditure in the form of R&D expense additional deduction and high-tech enterprise tax reduction on industrial innovation output through various methods. This study finds strong and robust evidence that the two forms of implicit fiscal science and technology expenditure have no significant impact on industrial innovation output, and their combined effect is also not significant. Contrastively, R&D expense additional deduction and high-tech enterprise tax reduction have a significantly positive impact on internal R&D expenditure of industrial sectors, with elasticities of 22.38% and 7.9%, respectively. Therefore, industrial enterprises have a strong tendency of “strategic catering” innovation when facing tax reduction incentives. There is evidence that explicit fiscal science and technology expenditure has a significantly positive impact on industrial innovation output, but it is not robust. Since industrial enterprises do not significantly increase internal R&D expenditure due to government inputs fiscal science and technology funds, there is no incentive for industrial enterprises to engage in “strategic catering” innovative behaviors due to explicit fiscal science and technology expenditure.

Based on the theoretical analyses and empirical tests, to increase the value of the market in the allocation of innovation resources, the form of government support for industrial innovation should prefer to implicit tax subsidies rather than explicit fiscal expenditures. However, the “strategic catering” innovation behavior of market entities for tax reduction is not conducive to the effective utilization of innovation resources. This dilemma is a major obstacle to support industrial innovation by using the fiscal funds. Eliminate this bottleneck requires the integration and coordination among technology policies, industrial policies, and fiscal and tax policies in the future.

, authors=Er-zi TANG1, Na ZHANG2, authorsList=Er-zi TANG, Na ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Na ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1318316515116560756, articleId=1318316513044574578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=显隐财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响研究, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

由于企业是创新主体,因而公共部门在支持工业创新活动时,财政科技支出的政策效果体现在能否提高工业研发创新投入之上,但其实际经济价值则体现在能否带来创新产出的显著增加之上。利用中国工业行业数据,以发明专利申请数量作为衡量创新产出的指标,通过多种实证检验方法来估计以直接注入政府资金为形式的显性财政科技支出与以研发费用加计扣除减免税和高新技术企业减免税为形式的隐性税式支出对工业创新产出的影响。实证研究发现存在强烈且稳健的证据显示两种隐性财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响不显著,同时联合也不显著,而研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税对工业研发内部经费支出的影响是正向显著的,且各自弹性达到22.38%与7.9%,因而工业企业在面对政府提供的创新减税激励时,存在相当强烈的“迎合式”创新倾向。存在显性财政科技支出显著正向影响工业创新产出的证据,但不稳健。由于工业企业不会因为政府注入财政科技资金而显著地增加研发内部支出经费,所以并不存在工业企业因显性财政科技支出而采取“迎合式”创新行为的激励。

, authors=汤二子1, 张娜2, authorsList=汤二子, 张娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张娜, authorNote=

汤二子(1988-),男,副教授,博士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张娜(1990-),女,回族,副教授,博士,E-mail:。
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汤二子(1988-),男,副教授,博士研究生。

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汤二子(1988-),男,副教授,博士研究生。

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Increasing energy production directly and greatly to solve the gap between energy supply and demand in the economy may impact environmental quality and not meet sustainable development needs. It is difficult to coordinate energy production and consumption when considering economic development and environmental protection in economic operation. Importing energy could meet the excess energy consumption in a short period but often fluctuates from foreign energy market changes and global political events. For policy recommendations, some policies which directly lower energy consumption may impact economic development since industry is the main consumer of energy, and industrial production is an important component of GDP in China. Declining the role of the industry sector in the economy and reducing industrial product exports, including some energy-intensive products, could solve the structural contradictions between energy production and consumption under the condition of maintaining economic development and protecting the environment in China, but this is a long-term adjustment process.), Reference(id=1318316520669819307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=43, issue=12, pageStart=2621, pageEnd=2630, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=陈雅倩, 黄涛, 牟兰紫薇, journalName=科学学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈雅倩, 黄涛, 牟兰紫薇, 等. 系统知识与航空工业体系化成长——基于典型机型的案例研究[J]. 科学学研究, 2025, 43(12):2621-2630., articleTitle=系统知识与航空工业体系化成长——基于典型机型的案例研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316520741122476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=43, issue=12, pageStart=2621, pageEnd=2630, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Chen Y Q, Huang T, Mu L Z W, journalName=Studies in Science of Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Y Q, Huang T, Mu L Z W, et al. 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American Economic Review, 2018, 108(11): 3450-3491., articleTitle=Innovation, reallocation, and growth, refAbstract=We build a model of firm-level innovation, productivity growth, and reallocation featuring endogenous entry and exit. A new and central economic force is the selection between high- and low-type firms, which differ in terms of their innovative capacity. We estimate the parameters of the model using US Census microdata on firm-level output, R&D, and patenting. The model provides a good fit to the dynamics of firm entry and exit, output, and R&D. Taxing the continued operation of incumbents can lead to sizable gains (of the order of 1.4 percent improvement in welfare) by encouraging exit of less productive firms and freeing up skilled labor to be used for R&D by high-type incumbents. Subsidies to the R&D of incumbents do not achieve this objective because they encourage the survival and expansion of low-type firms. (JEL D21, D24, H25, L52, O31, O34)), Reference(id=1318316524012679618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=119, pageEnd=129, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=40, authorNames=刘海洋, 孔祥贞, 马靖, journalName=管理世界, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘海洋, 孔祥贞, 马靖. 补贴扭曲了中国工业企业的购买行为吗?——基于讨价还价理论的分析[J]. 管理世界, 2012(10):119-129., articleTitle=补贴扭曲了中国工业企业的购买行为吗?——基于讨价还价理论的分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316524071399875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=119, pageEnd=129, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Liu H Y, Kong X Z, Ma J, journalName=Journal of Management World, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu H Y, Kong X Z, Ma J. Have subsidies distorted the buying behavior of China’s industrial enterprises?——An analysis based on the bargaining theory[J]. Journal of Management World, 2012(10): 119-129., articleTitle=Have subsidies distorted the buying behavior of China’s industrial enterprises?——An analysis based on the bargaining theory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316524138508740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=9, pageStart=1877, pageEnd=1885, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=42, authorNames=蒙宝思, 吴逊, 姚金辛, journalName=科学学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒙宝思, 吴逊, 姚金辛. 政府干预与市场机制的协同作用——以集成电路大基金为视角的实证研究[J]. 科学学研究, 2024, 42(9):1877-1885., articleTitle=政府干预与市场机制的协同作用——以集成电路大基金为视角的实证研究, refAbstract=集成电路产业的高技术壁垒与高研发风险特性决定了该产业具备产生市场失灵的若干条件,为政府对其进行政策干预提供了理论依据。然而,由于政府失灵的存在,政策干预的有效性并无法确保。我国在2014年设立的国家集成电路产业投资基金(“大基金”)是政府针对市场失灵与政府失灵的问题,运用市场化手段配置财政资源以促进集成电路产业发展的政策创新。 近十年来,大基金成功推动了我国集成电路产业整体实力的提升。但另一方面,一些关键产业目标未能实现,而且大基金及其子基金也相继出现腐败和效率低下的问题。本文采用政府干预与市场机制的二元框架,对大基金政策工具设计的二元属性以及机制设计的影响进行了系统分析。我们发现,由于大基金在执行层面存在着人事管理激励机制、监管及绩效评估体系不完善等问题,使其偏离了平衡政府干预和市场机制二元性的设计初衷。 如何优化大基金的运作,既能发挥政府干预和市场机制的优势,又能有效地抑制政府失灵与市场失灵,将是进一步推动我国集成电路产业发展的关键所在。), Reference(id=1318316524226589125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=9, pageStart=1877, pageEnd=1885, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Meng B S, Wu X, Yao J X, journalName=Studies in Science of Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meng B S, Wu X, Yao J X. Coordination between government intervention and market mechanisms: Evidence from China’s national integrated circuit industry investment fund[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2024, 42(9): 1877-1885., articleTitle=Coordination between government intervention and market mechanisms: Evidence from China’s national integrated circuit industry investment fund, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316524285309382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=35, issue=5, pageStart=689, pageEnd=699, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=44, authorNames=马文聪, 李小转, 廖建聪, journalName=科学学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马文聪, 李小转, 廖建聪, 等. 不同政府科技资助方式对企业研发投入的影响[J]. 科学学研究, 2017, 35(5):689-699., articleTitle=不同政府科技资助方式对企业研发投入的影响, refAbstract=政府科技资助是解决企业研发活动外部性问题、推动创新驱动发展的重要手段。基于我国2009-2014年大中型工业企业数据,探讨直接补贴资助、直接税收优惠和间接税收优惠三种科技资助方式对企业研发投入的影响,并分析知识产权、企业规模、产权类型、知识存量和R&D资本存量等因素的调节作用。研究发现三种科技资助对企业研发投入均有显著激励效应,且直接税收优惠的最强,但知识产权保护的调节效应不显著。政府对小规模企业、民营企业科技资助的激励效应比对大规模企业、国有企业强。对R&D资本存量、知识存量大的企业,直接税收优惠的激励效应更强,反之则直接补贴资助、间接税收优惠的更强。), Reference(id=1318316524352418247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=35, issue=5, pageStart=689, pageEnd=699, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Ma W C, Li X Z, Liao J C, journalName=Studies in Science of Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma W C, Li X Z, Liao J C, et al. The effects of different ways of public S&T subsidies on private R&D expenditure[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2017, 35(5): 689-699., articleTitle=The effects of different ways of public S&T subsidies on private R&D expenditure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316524423721416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=127, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=46, authorNames=李瑜, 李杰, journalName=中国软科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李瑜, 李杰. 数字化转型、创新过程和创新产出[J]. 中国软科学, 2024(10):127-141., articleTitle=数字化转型、创新过程和创新产出, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316524499218889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=127, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Li Y, Li J, journalName=China Soft Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Y, Li J. Digital transformation, innovation process and innovation output[J]. China Soft Science, 2024(10): 127-141., articleTitle=Digital transformation, innovation process and innovation output, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316524566327754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=24, issue=4, pageStart=29, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=48, authorNames=连燕华, 于浩, 郑奕荣, journalName=科学学与科学技术管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=连燕华, 于浩, 郑奕荣. 我国企业科技投入与产出分析[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2003, 24(4):29-32., articleTitle=我国企业科技投入与产出分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316524633436619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=24, issue=4, pageStart=29, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Lian Y H, Yu H, Zheng Y R, journalName=Science of Science and Management of S.& T., refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lian Y H, Yu H, Zheng Y R. Analysis of technology input and output of Chinese enterprises[J]. Science of Science and Management of S.& T., 2003, 24(4): 29-32., articleTitle=Analysis of technology input and output of Chinese enterprises, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316515322081653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316515330470262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, companyId=1318316515322081653, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Joint Research Institute, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing 211815, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316515338858871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, companyId=1318316515322081653, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京审计大学联合研究院, 江苏南京 211815)]), AuthorCompany(id=1318316515426939256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316515443716473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, companyId=1318316515426939256, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Maritime Economics and Management, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316515447910778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, companyId=1318316515426939256, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 大连海事大学航运经济与管理学院, 辽宁大连 116026)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1318316516806865296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable pooled OLS FE RE BE
govmoney 0.2209***
(0.0442)
-0.0456
(0.0347)
-0.0083
(0.0285)
0.2989**
(0.1306)
rdtaxred 0.0760
(0.3367)
0.0418
(0.0701)
-0.0087
(0.0726)
-0.3880
(0.4798)
hightaxred -0.0440
(0.1209)
0.0029
(0.0292)
-0.0172
(0.0261)
0.0727
(0.2113)
innohum 0.2903
(0.2943)
0.1889
(0.2082)
0.3129*
(0.1808)
0.4143
(0.4052)
kscale 0.2985
(0.2014)
0.1001
(0.1236)
0.2028*
(0.1166)
0.3327**
(0.1428)
forratio -0.4703
(0.6835)
0.4768
(0.5860)
0.9427*
(0.5005)
-0.5304
(0.9919)
newexp 0.2625
(0.3084)
0.3736**
(0.1430)
0.3858***
(0.1470)
0.3763
(0.2919)
_cons -4.1347***
(0.9371)
-0.3469
(1.0686)
-2.4512***
(0.7747)
-3.9205***
(1.2907)
R-squared 0.8841
Prob>F 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Prob>chi2 0.0000
Number of obs 158 158 158 158
F-test that all u_i=0 Prob>F=0.0000
Hausman test Prob>chi2=0.0057
), ArticleFig(id=1318316516882362769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable pooled OLS FE RE BE
govmoney 0.2209***
(0.0442)
-0.0456
(0.0347)
-0.0083
(0.0285)
0.2989**
(0.1306)
rdtaxred 0.0760
(0.3367)
0.0418
(0.0701)
-0.0087
(0.0726)
-0.3880
(0.4798)
hightaxred -0.0440
(0.1209)
0.0029
(0.0292)
-0.0172
(0.0261)
0.0727
(0.2113)
innohum 0.2903
(0.2943)
0.1889
(0.2082)
0.3129*
(0.1808)
0.4143
(0.4052)
kscale 0.2985
(0.2014)
0.1001
(0.1236)
0.2028*
(0.1166)
0.3327**
(0.1428)
forratio -0.4703
(0.6835)
0.4768
(0.5860)
0.9427*
(0.5005)
-0.5304
(0.9919)
newexp 0.2625
(0.3084)
0.3736**
(0.1430)
0.3858***
(0.1470)
0.3763
(0.2919)
_cons -4.1347***
(0.9371)
-0.3469
(1.0686)
-2.4512***
(0.7747)
-3.9205***
(1.2907)
R-squared 0.8841
Prob>F 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Prob>chi2 0.0000
Number of obs 158 158 158 158
F-test that all u_i=0 Prob>F=0.0000
Hausman test Prob>chi2=0.0057
), ArticleFig(id=1318316516978831762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hypotheses testing and their results (1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 假设检验 检验结果
pooled OLS rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.9302
FE govmoney=rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.4348
RE govmoney=rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>chi2=0.6842
BE rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.7068
), ArticleFig(id=1318316517083689363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

假设检验及其结果(1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 假设检验 检验结果
pooled OLS rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.9302
FE govmoney=rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.4348
RE govmoney=rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>chi2=0.6842
BE rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.7068
), ArticleFig(id=1318316517217907092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test results with internal expenses for research and development in industries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable pooled OLS FE RE BE
govmoney 0.1925***
(0.0552)
-0.0449
(0.0338)
-0.0076
(0.0284)
0.2657*
(0.1370)
rdtaxred 0.0227
(0.3294)
0.0384
(0.0674)
-0.0116
(0.0706)
-0.5423
(0.5160)
hightaxred -0.0528
(0.1167)
0.0135
(0.0311)
-0.0113
(0.0264)
0.0739
(0.2123)
innoexp 0.3530
(0.3067)
-0.2295**
(0.1052)
-0.1342
(0.1296)
0.5119
(0.6106)
innohum 0.2448
(0.3000)
0.3050*
(0.1682)
0.3816***
(0.1421)
0.4181
(0.4071)
kscale 0.2454
(0.2209)
0.1484
(0.1184)
0.2279*
(0.1167)
0.2639
(0.1653)
forratio -0.2987
(0.6550)
0.5896
(0.5904)
1.0044**
(0.5084)
-0.2305
(1.0587)
newexp 0.1075
(0.3481)
0.4145***
(0.1386)
0.4130***
(0.1556)
0.1348
(0.4110)
_cons -4.9486***
(1.0222)
0.5349
(1.0419)
-1.9495**
(0.9118)
-5.0026***
(1.8295)
R-squared 0.8860
Prob>F 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Prob>chi2 0.0000
Number of obs 158 158 158 158
F-test that all u_i=0 Prob>F=0.0000
Hausman test Prob>chi2=0.0030
), ArticleFig(id=1318316517293404565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

包含行业研发内部支出费用的检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable pooled OLS FE RE BE
govmoney 0.1925***
(0.0552)
-0.0449
(0.0338)
-0.0076
(0.0284)
0.2657*
(0.1370)
rdtaxred 0.0227
(0.3294)
0.0384
(0.0674)
-0.0116
(0.0706)
-0.5423
(0.5160)
hightaxred -0.0528
(0.1167)
0.0135
(0.0311)
-0.0113
(0.0264)
0.0739
(0.2123)
innoexp 0.3530
(0.3067)
-0.2295**
(0.1052)
-0.1342
(0.1296)
0.5119
(0.6106)
innohum 0.2448
(0.3000)
0.3050*
(0.1682)
0.3816***
(0.1421)
0.4181
(0.4071)
kscale 0.2454
(0.2209)
0.1484
(0.1184)
0.2279*
(0.1167)
0.2639
(0.1653)
forratio -0.2987
(0.6550)
0.5896
(0.5904)
1.0044**
(0.5084)
-0.2305
(1.0587)
newexp 0.1075
(0.3481)
0.4145***
(0.1386)
0.4130***
(0.1556)
0.1348
(0.4110)
_cons -4.9486***
(1.0222)
0.5349
(1.0419)
-1.9495**
(0.9118)
-5.0026***
(1.8295)
R-squared 0.8860
Prob>F 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Prob>chi2 0.0000
Number of obs 158 158 158 158
F-test that all u_i=0 Prob>F=0.0000
Hausman test Prob>chi2=0.0030
), ArticleFig(id=1318316517385679254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Hypotheses testing and their results (2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 假设检验 检验结果
pooled OLS rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.9010
FE govmoney=rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.4721
RE govmoney=rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>chi2=0.8285
BE rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.5487
), ArticleFig(id=1318316517469565335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316513044574578, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

假设检验及其结果(2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 假设检验 检验结果
pooled OLS rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.9010
FE govmoney=rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.4721
RE govmoney=rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>chi2=0.8285
BE rdtaxred=hightaxred=0 Prob>F=0.5487
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Test for mechanism

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Variable govmoney rdtaxred hightaxred kscale _cons
系数及其显著性 -0.0109
(0.0338)
0.2238***
(0.0707)
0.0790***
(0.0260)
0.4483**
(0.1701)
6.3796***
(1.0691)
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机制检验

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Variable govmoney rdtaxred hightaxred kscale _cons
系数及其显著性 -0.0109
(0.0338)
0.2238***
(0.0707)
0.0790***
(0.0260)
0.4483**
(0.1701)
6.3796***
(1.0691)
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显隐财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响研究
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汤二子 1 , 张娜 2
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(7): 1536-1545
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (7) : 1536 -1545
显隐财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响研究
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汤二子(1988-),男,副教授,博士研究生。

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汤二子(1988-),男,副教授,博士研究生。

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汤二子1, 张娜2
作者信息
  • 1 南京审计大学联合研究院, 江苏南京 211815
  • 2 大连海事大学航运经济与管理学院, 辽宁大连 116026
通讯作者:
张娜(1990-),女,回族,副教授,博士,E-mail:。
作者简介:

汤二子(1988-),男,副教授,博士研究生。

Impact of explicit and implicit fiscal expenditure for science and technology on industrial innovative output in China
Er-zi TANG1, Na ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Joint Research Institute, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing 211815, China
  • 2 School of Maritime Economics and Management, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15
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由于企业是创新主体,因而公共部门在支持工业创新活动时,财政科技支出的政策效果体现在能否提高工业研发创新投入之上,但其实际经济价值则体现在能否带来创新产出的显著增加之上。利用中国工业行业数据,以发明专利申请数量作为衡量创新产出的指标,通过多种实证检验方法来估计以直接注入政府资金为形式的显性财政科技支出与以研发费用加计扣除减免税和高新技术企业减免税为形式的隐性税式支出对工业创新产出的影响。实证研究发现存在强烈且稳健的证据显示两种隐性财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响不显著,同时联合也不显著,而研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税对工业研发内部经费支出的影响是正向显著的,且各自弹性达到22.38%与7.9%,因而工业企业在面对政府提供的创新减税激励时,存在相当强烈的“迎合式”创新倾向。存在显性财政科技支出显著正向影响工业创新产出的证据,但不稳健。由于工业企业不会因为政府注入财政科技资金而显著地增加研发内部支出经费,所以并不存在工业企业因显性财政科技支出而采取“迎合式”创新行为的激励。

工业创新  /  研发支出  /  研发费用加计扣除  /  高新技术企业  /  财政科技支出

With the continuous development of the economy, China has entered a new era of high-quality development. In the new stage of Chinese development, the main direction is to vigorously develop new quality productive forces driven by innovation based on local conditions. For a large economy like China, the real economy has always been the foundation of the entire economic framework, and industrial production is the main component in the real economy. Therefore, supporting and incentivizing industrial innovation has become a major gain for policy makers in the process of building an innovative country. The government has two methods to incentivize industrial innovation, including explicit and implicit fiscal expenditure of science and technology. Firstly, the government can support industrial innovation by directly injecting fiscal funds into industrial enterprises, which is known as explicit fiscal expenditure of science and technology. Secondly, in the process of market-oriented reforms, enterprises are the main body of innovation, so the expenditure methods for supporting industrial innovation more prefer to the ways of market. Therefore, implicit fiscal expenditures of science and technology in the form of R&D expense additional deduction and high-tech enterprise tax reduction are more applicable in more scenarios. Currently, in China’s Public Finance Model, fiscal expenditure of science and technology for promoting industrial innovation has presented a new feature as follows: the implicit fiscal expenditures of science and technology in the form of tax reductions have greatly exceeded the explicit fiscal expenditures of science and technology.

Direct effect of science and technology expenditure by the public sector in supporting industrial innovation activities is increasing industrial R&D innovation input because enterprises are the main body of innovation as described above. However, its actual economic value is bringing about a significant increase in innovation output. Using data from China’s industrial sectors and taking the number of invention patent applications as an indicator of innovation output, this paper estimates the impact of explicit fiscal expenditure in the form of direct government funding and implicit tax expenditure in the form of R&D expense additional deduction and high-tech enterprise tax reduction on industrial innovation output through various methods. This study finds strong and robust evidence that the two forms of implicit fiscal science and technology expenditure have no significant impact on industrial innovation output, and their combined effect is also not significant. Contrastively, R&D expense additional deduction and high-tech enterprise tax reduction have a significantly positive impact on internal R&D expenditure of industrial sectors, with elasticities of 22.38% and 7.9%, respectively. Therefore, industrial enterprises have a strong tendency of “strategic catering” innovation when facing tax reduction incentives. There is evidence that explicit fiscal science and technology expenditure has a significantly positive impact on industrial innovation output, but it is not robust. Since industrial enterprises do not significantly increase internal R&D expenditure due to government inputs fiscal science and technology funds, there is no incentive for industrial enterprises to engage in “strategic catering” innovative behaviors due to explicit fiscal science and technology expenditure.

Based on the theoretical analyses and empirical tests, to increase the value of the market in the allocation of innovation resources, the form of government support for industrial innovation should prefer to implicit tax subsidies rather than explicit fiscal expenditures. However, the “strategic catering” innovation behavior of market entities for tax reduction is not conducive to the effective utilization of innovation resources. This dilemma is a major obstacle to support industrial innovation by using the fiscal funds. Eliminate this bottleneck requires the integration and coordination among technology policies, industrial policies, and fiscal and tax policies in the future.

industrial innovation  /  R&D expenditure  /  R&D expense additional deduction  /  high-tech enterprises  /  fiscal expenditure of science and technology
汤二子, 张娜. 显隐财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1536 -1545 .
Er-zi TANG, Na ZHANG. Impact of explicit and implicit fiscal expenditure for science and technology on industrial innovative output in China[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1536 -1545 .
随着经济发展到一定阶段,拓宽发展空间将会变得越来越困难,因为留下的增长极会越来越少。在经济全球化背景下,任何经济体要是能够探索出新的增长极,就会拥有发展的主动权,而这需要探索“创新增长极”[1]。建设能够支撑先进生产力发展需要的国家创新体系[2],成为顶层设计者与政策制定者所追求的主要目标。作为最大的发展中国家,同时作为新兴经济体,中国始终将科技创新作为主要的发展手段,特别是进入到新时代以后,顶层设计更加强调创新驱动发展战略的部署与成效[3]。在中共十九大报告中,习近平总书记将创新定位为“引领发展的第一动力,是建设现代化经济体系的战略支撑”。在中共二十大报告中,习近平总书记再次强调要“坚持创新在我国现代化建设全局中的核心地位”。在市场化导向的改革中,创新主体是微观企业[4,5]。公共部门介入微观企业创新活动的方式与程度,将决定着市场机制下的创新成效。创新的重要性,意味着政府必须在激励创新方面有所作为,而市场配置创新资源的前提条件以及企业作为创新主体的地位,则决定着政府的介入范围并不是越大越好,介入程度也不是越强越好。
无论在何种经济发展模式下,哪怕是金融与证券市场极度发达的经济体,实体经济的培育、发展与壮大,依然是不可或缺的[6]。经济体越大,越是如此,且实体经济与金融市场的联系会越来越紧密[7]。对于中国这样的大型经济体而言,大力发展实体经济,一直是国家宏观经济政策的主要目标,这样才能支撑起现代化的产业体系[8],同时也有利于与数字经济的融合[9]。根据全球经济发展的历史经验,经济发展程度越高的经济体,工业产出占全部经济产出的比率相对更低,中国亦是如此[10]。然而,工业生产一直是中国经济发展的主要内驱力,甚至关涉到经济安全与国家安全,特别是某些尖端技术领域的工业生产[11]。对于中国而言,创新投入以及创新产出都集中于企业层面[12],因而企业的创新主体地位,的确已经形成。对于尖端科学技术创新而言,工业企业的创新活动是最为主要的组成部分。在当前发展新质生产力的路径中,包含创新要求的新型工业化建设,也可与之相互促进并协同推进[13]。因此,政府在激励行为主体加大研发投入的政策举措中,应该重点关注工业创新。
财政,作为国家治理的基础与重要支柱[14],其模式与经济体制密切相关。与市场经济相伴随行的财政模式是公共财政,实行社会主义市场经济的中国,同样采用公共财政模式,以便逐步建构完备的现代财税体制[15]。在市场经济体制下,公共财政模式将不再允许政府包办整个工业领域的创新活动。政府应该适当地介入到创新活动中,让财政资金起到社会先行资本的作用[16],进而发挥出“四两拨千斤”的功效[17]。公共财政模式下政府激励工业创新的举措,主要分为两大类:第一,显性财政科技支出,即将公共财政资金直接注入到工业领域并用于研发创新,这是财政预算中的资金;第二,通过隐性税式补贴的形式支持工业企业创新,即通过降低企业的相关税收,特别是所得税,来刺激企业纳税人的研发创新投入。当前,对工业企业创新活动的隐性税式补贴主要包括研发费用加计扣除所得税减免与高新技术企业税收减免[18,19]。根据近年来公布的数据,财政资金直接注入到工业领域的金额大约在每年400亿元,而对工业企业的研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税的金额分别在每年3000亿元与每年2300亿元左右①(①参见《企业研发活动情况统计年鉴》。)。因此,对工业创新的隐性财政科技支出,已经大大超过政府在工业创新上的显性财政科技支出,所以不能再简单地评价显性财政科技支出对工业创新的影响而忽视隐性税式支出。
从财政科技支持政策的直接效果看,无论是显性还是隐性财政科技支出,只要能够增加工业研发创新投入,一般就能满足绩效评价要求,特别是隐性税式支出,其政策目的就是为了激励工业企业加大研发投入。然而,从经济价值以及科技进步的视角看,财政科技支出只有在显著提升工业创新产出以后,才真正具有创新效果,因为决定国家创新能力以及科技进步的是创新产出,而非以金钱为单位的创新投入。由于信息不对称性,工业企业在面对政府提供的显性或者隐性财政科技支出时,如果仅仅只是扩大了研发投入成本,但最终并没有带来创新产出的显著增加,那么这种“迎合式”创新行为,既浪费了公共财政资源,也不利于市场创新资源的有效配置。因此,需要准确评估显性与隐性财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响,才能正确分析财政科技政策在工业创新领域的效果,也可判断工业领域对何种财政科技支出存在“迎合式”创新倾向。
工业企业从事应用研究所取得的创新成果具有正外部性[20],故市场失灵的存在,意味着政府必须发挥积极作用,否则工业企业所从事的创新活动以及所投入的研发成本会偏低[21]。创新具有不确定性、高风险性以及回报的时滞性,导致市场主体在没有政府支持的情况下,从事高投入与高难度的创新活动的激励偏低,这也是强调政府应该在创新方面有所作为的原因。在公共财政模式下,政府支持工业企业的研发创新活动,直接目标是要带动市场主体加大研发创新投入资金,但本质目标是要增加创新产出,特别是创新标志性成果。如果工业企业在得到公共部门的创新支持以后,只是单纯地“迎合”政策要求而提高创新投入[22],不能产生显著的创新成果,这种政府支持创新的举措,既浪费了公共财政资源,同时也会扭曲工业企业的生产行为。各国政府对企业创新活动的不恰当支持与补贴所产生的负向影响,早已受到学术界的批评[23],特别是公共部门对企业直接给予财政补贴资金的措施,会使其因得到这笔意外之财而改变原有的、正确的经营模式[24]。
对于直接作为政府资金进入到工业创新活动中的财政科技支出而言,其创新目的一般较为明确且具体,同时利用政府资金所得到的创新成果,公共部门一般也有知识产权诉求。由于工业创新的不确定性,政府注入财政资金有望消除工业企业对创新前景的疑惑,进而有利于创新活动的开展,同时利用专款专用的政府基金模式,亦可消除市场失灵乃至政府失灵[25]。当公共财政资金与企业资金一起投入到研发活动时,企业需要按照预先设计的技术路线图统筹使用创新资源,因为审计监督等强力手段,会消除企业偏离预定创新方案的任何企图。由于显性财政科技支出具有明确目标,同时政府对创新成果的知识产权诉求,使得工业企业没有激励在政府资金注入到相关企业以后,显著地加大自身的研发创新投入。从整个行业来看,政府注入财政资金用于科技创新活动,一般集中于国有企业,所以以民营经济为主体的工业对显性财政科技支出的“迎合式”创新倾向不会太大。简言之,可以得到以下命题:
命题1:由于公共目标的明确性,显性财政科技支出对工业创新产出具有正向影响,同时工业领域对显性财政科技支出的创新“迎合”倾向不明显。
以资金注入为形式的显性财政科技支出与以税收优惠为形式的隐性税式支出对整个工业创新投入存在正向影响,但各自激励效应的强度存在差别[26]。对于民营经济而言,采用显性财政科技支出来支持企业创新活动,将面临知识产权归属以及创新资源管理等一系列棘手问题,而以税收减免为形式的隐性财政科技支出,则更加适用于民营企业。当前,民营企业数量占比达到92%以上,同时高新技术企业中的民营企业占比也扩大至92%以上②(②参见2025年2月18日的报道 https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202502/content_7004274.htm。),所以更应该关注隐性税式补贴对微观企业的创新影响。对于研发费用加计扣除所得税优惠政策而言,其发挥作用是建立在工业企业存在创新活动这一前提下。如果某个企业不投入任何研发资金,那么无论该企业处于所得税的何种纳税区间,都不能获得任何税收减免。此外,即使企业投入了较高的研发创新资金,但其处于企业所得税税率较低的区间,或者属于免交企业所得税的情形,那么减免的所得税金额也不高,甚至根本不会存在任何税收减免。
当前,企业所得税基本税率为25%,但对于小型微利企业,减按25%计入应纳税所得额,同时适用的所得税税率降为20%,其实只是按照5%税率缴纳企业所得税。对于税率25%的工业企业,即使其研发费用加计扣除比例达到最高的100%,其投入1单位的研发成本,也只能减免0.5单位的企业所得税。如果某个研发创新项目不存在任何经济价值,理性的企业管理者绝不会为了降低企业所得税而投入相应的研发资金,因为研发成本增量始终会超过所得税减免量。对于适用所得税税率越高的企业,投入研发成本所能降低的所得税就越高,因而对于某些预期价值不大的研发创新项目,如成本为A的研发项目,若能减免其A/2的所得税,只要预期实施该研发项目所能带来的创新收益超过A/2,那么该企业就会选择实施该研发项目,而在没有研发费用加计扣除所得税减免政策时,该企业就不会执行该创新项目。正因为如此,研发费用加计扣除减税政策,更多的只是激励市场主体实行那些预期收益不太高的创新项目,而预期创新成果突出且具有很高经济价值的研发项目,即使没有减税激励,企业也会为了追求更高利润而从事研发活动[12]。在拥有研发费用加计扣除所得税减免的激励下,企业对于创新项目的预期净收益会上升,且这种预期随着减税幅度的增加而扩大,但项目的创新产出则是固定的。因此,当工业企业对创新项目的成果存在不恰当的预期时,这种隐性财政科技支出就可能提高工业企业的“迎合式”创新倾向。总结可得到以下命题:
命题2:研发费用加计扣除减免税对工业创新产出的影响可能并不显著,并且在减税激励下,特别是适用企业所得税税率较高的工业企业,具有较高的“迎合式”创新激励。
对于企业所得税减免而言,高新技术企业减按15%的税率缴纳企业所得税。因此,对于适用基本所得税率25%且应纳税所得额为B的企业而言,如果其能够被认定为高新技术企业,那么所得税将直接减少0.1B,这是高新技术企业所获得的意外财富,并且不像政府资金形式的直接财政补贴那样专项使用于创新领域,而是可以自由支配的节省税款。高新技术企业所得税减免政策的核心要件,就是如何认定企业是否属于高新技术企业。政府相关部门在对企业是否属于高新技术企业进行认定时,一般会考察企业近几年来研发费用总额占同期销售收入总额的比率,如销售收入小于5000万元(含)的企业,这一比例不能低于5%,等等③(③参见 https://www.gov.cn/fuwu/2020-06/08/content_5518017.htm。)。因此,为了获取高新技术企业减免税,企业存在显著的创新迎合激励。例如,应纳税所得额为B的企业,其研发费用占销售收入的比率不满足高新技术企业要求,如果提高C单位的研发费用就可满足身份认定,那么只要C低于0.1B,无论该研发活动是否具有创新价值,企业都会从事这一研发活动。一旦企业获得了高新技术企业身份,在未来3年内,均可享受所得税优惠。某个企业在获得高新技术企业身份以后,即使不再从事创新,也不产生相应的创新成果,但其经营所得在增加,其减免的所得税也会增加。高新技术企业减免税无法显著增加工业创新产出的基础是存在的,同时从行业角度看,税收优惠程度较为明显的高新技术企业减免税,会激励更多的企业加大研发投入以满足身份认定,所以工业领域很可能因为该隐性财政科技支出而出现“迎合式”创新现象。
命题3:高新技术企业所得税减免这种隐性财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响可能并不显著,同时可能会导致工业企业形成“迎合式”创新激励。
以上3个命题分别阐述了以政府资金注入为形式的显性财政科技支出与以研发费用加计扣除所得税减免和高新技术企业所得税减免为形式的隐性财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响机制,同时剖析了工业企业在面临公共财政所给予的创新激励时,出现“迎合式”创新倾向的可能原因。为了检验这三种财政科技支出究竟如何影响工业创新产出,需要寻找更多的经验证据。
对于工业行业的科技创新数据而言,《中国科技统计年鉴》记录了很多有价值的信息,其中包括每一年各行业研发内部支出经费中来自政府资金的数据,也就是政府用于工业行业的显性财政科技支出,但不包含研发费用加计扣除减免税以及高新技术企业减免税等隐性税式支出数据。《工业企业科技活动统计资料》对企业研发创新活动记录了更加详实的数据信息,后更名为《工业企业科技活动统计年鉴》,自2009年开始,该资料分别报告了各个工业行业研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税等数据,但该年鉴更新到2015年数据后就不再更新,2016年的主要数据则记录在《全国企业创新调查年鉴》中,但不包含各行业相关减免税的具体数据。自2021年出版的《企业研发活动情况统计年鉴》,则记录了2020年及其以后年份工业行业研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税等信息,当前可获取的最新数据是2024年年鉴中的2023年数据。由于关涉工业行业的宏观数据来自全国规模以上工业企业数据,《中国统计年鉴》的数据说明则指出,2017年以来的规模以上工业企业数据与之前年份的数据之间存在不可比因素。因此,根据当前可得的数据资料,接下来主要采用2020-2023年中国工业行业数据进行实证检验。由于可以构建面板数据,同时包含了最新的数据信息,因而所得到的经验证据,对于评估财政支出如何影响工业创新产出具有参考价值。
对于创新活动而言,其产出的类型存在很多种,其中最主要的是发明专利申请数,这亦是经验研究中测度创新产出的主要方法[27]。工业行业记录了历年来的发明专利申请数,由于行业专利申请数不同于微观企业,后者的数量一般在10以内,而行业数据则较大,因而无需采用受限因变量模型进行检验。特别地,在进行随机效应与固定效应的面板负二项回归并报告自助标准误时,其结果经常会不收敛。对数化工业行业在各个年份的发明专利申请数并记为因变量patents。根据研究目的,自变量分别为行业研发经费内部支出中的政府资金、行业研发费用加计扣除减免税以及行业高新技术企业减免税,分别对其进行对数化并记为变量govmoney,rdtaxred与hightaxred。对于发明专利申请数而言,行业的创新投入是决定因素。由于变量govmoney,rdtaxred与hightaxred影响patents的可能路径之一,就是激励企业加大自身的研发创新投入,因此可先设定中介变量innoexp,用行业研发经费内部支出的自然对数衡量。此外,利用行业的研发人员折合全时当量的自然对数值innohum来衡量行业的创新人力资源投入,这种创新资源投入可作为控制变量。
根据数据结构,另外的控制变量主要包括:(1)行业规模,这是同时决定财政支出大小以及创新产出的关键变量,利用行业的资产总计的自然对数来度量行业规模,将其记为kscale。由于工业行业的资产总计变量来自《中国统计年鉴》,其单位为亿元,不同于《企业研发活动情况统计年鉴》中以万元为单位所衡量货币值,而对数化的方法,则无需进一步处理这种单位差异。(2)外企介入程度,外企与本土企业在对创新的态度上存在差异,因而决定着创新产出。利用境外企业营业收入占全行业营业收入的比率来衡量外企的介入程度,记为变量forratio。(3)在申请发明专利时,新产品的研制与开发亦是带动专利申请的重要因素,因为产品创新是制造业的主要创新形式[28]。利用新产品开发经费支出的自然对数值来衡量行业在新产品开发上的投入程度,将其记为变量newexp。因为面板数据结构,与行业特征相关且在时间上表现稳定的变量,不需要作为控制变量引入到计量模型中。
由于某些行业在某些年份中的变量数据丢失,所以要删除这些样本,进而形成非平衡面板数据。由于非平衡面板数据不影响计算离差形式的组内估计量,并且可在做广义离差变换时自动修订参数以得到FGLS估计量,所以能够进行固定效应与随机效应面板模型的检验。根据变量构建,接下来需要估计个体效应模型:
$\begin{array}{l}patent{s}_{it}={\beta }_{1}govmone{y}_{it}+{\beta }_{2}rdtaxre{d}_{it}+{\beta }_{3}hightaxre{d}_{it}+{\delta }_{1}innohu{m}_{it}\\ +{\delta }_{2}kscal{e}_{it}+{\delta }_{3}forrati{o}_{it}+{\delta }_{4}newex{p}_{it}+{u}_{i}+{\varepsilon }_{it}\end{array}$
其中,i代表41个工业行业,t代表年份2020-2023,ui是代表个体异质性的截距项,εit是随个体与时间而改变的扰动项。
式(1)中不包含中介变量innoexp,这样可以允许三种财政支出形式通过影响工业行业研发创新支出规模而影响创新产出。为了看出在行业创新支出规模保持稳定的情况下,单纯的财政科技支出究竟如何影响创新产出,可以将中介变量innoexp引入到式(1)中进行估计,即检验以下模型:
$\begin{array}{l}patent{s}_{it}={\beta }_{1}govmone{y}_{it}+{\beta }_{2}rdtaxre{d}_{it}+{\beta }_{3}hightaxre{d}_{it}+\lambda innoex{p}_{it}\\ +{\delta }_{1}innohu{m}_{it}+{\delta }_{2}kscal{e}_{it}+{\delta }_{3}forrati{o}_{it}+{\delta }_{4}newex{p}_{it}+{u}_{i}+{\varepsilon }_{it}\end{array}$
为了检验显性与隐性财政科技支出对以发明专利申请数为衡量指标的工业创新产出的影响,分别利用pooled OLS、面板数据固定效应(FE)、面板数据随机效应(RE)以及面板数据组间估计(BE)等方法对式(1)进行回归,估计结果报告在表1中。根据pooled OLS回归结果,以直接注入政府资金为形式的显性财政科技支出对工业创新产出具有显著的正向影响,而研发费用加计扣除减免税以及高新技术企业减免税等隐性税式支出对工业创新产出没有显著影响。在检验中,一旦这三个财政科技支出中两个或者三个系数不显著,则对其联合显著性进行假设检验并报告在表2中。在pooled OLS估计中,两种隐性税式支出对工业创新产出联合不显著。在面板数据的FE与RE回归中,三种财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响均不显著(表1),同时联合也不显著(表2)。根据Hausman检验,面板数据的FE结果要优于RE,对个体异质性ui是否等于0的F检验也显示,面板数据的FE结果要优于pooled OLS结果。
对式(1)的组间估计量显示,显性财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响是正向显著的,而研发费用加计扣除减免税以及高新技术企业减免税对工业创新产出的影响不显著(表1),同时联合不显著(表2),这与pooled OLS的结果类似。
根据表1与表2所报告的结果,研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税等隐性税式支出对工业创新产出的影响不显著,并且结果是非常强烈且稳健的。尽管面板数据FE与RE也显示显性财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响不显著,但是在pooled OLS与BE等估计中,则得到了显著正向影响的经验证据。因此,相对于财政隐性税式支出而言,由于更加强调创新活动的目的性,存在显性财政科技支出对工业创新产出具有正向影响的经验证据。
将工业行业的研发支出内部经费引入到估计方程中,利用同样的四种检验方法进行估计并将结果记录在表3中。对比表1与表3,其结果是稳健的。同时,对不显著的财政科技支出变量在相应的估计中作同样的联合显著性检验并记录在表4中,其结果与表2也类似。
根据表3与表4,即使控制了工业行业研发经费内部支出,财政隐性税式支出对工业创新产出的影响依然不显著,且证据强烈且稳健,显性财政科技支出对工业创新产出显著正向影响的证据存在,但并不稳健。
在表3中,研发经费内部支出变量innoexp对工业行业发明专利申请数的正向影响不显著,甚至在面板数据模型的FE与RE检验中还存在负向影响,这可能是导致研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税等隐性财政科技支出对研发创新产出影响不显著的原因。税式激励通过带动纳税人的创新投入而促进创新产出,这是理论上的影响机制。由于研发内部支出经费对以发明专利申请为衡量指标的创新产出没有显著的正向影响,隐性税式支出无法通过影响中介变量innoexp来提高发明专利申请数量。那么,显性与隐性财政科技支出究竟能否提升工业行业的研发创新投入呢?根据变量设定,可以对包含行业资产规模变量的下列方程进行面板数据FE估计,并将检验的简要结果记录在表5中。
$innoex{p}_{it}={\beta }_{1}govmone{y}_{it}+{\beta }_{2}rdtaxre{d}_{it}+{\beta }_{3}hightaxre{d}_{it}+\delta kscal{e}_{it}+{u}_{i}+{\varepsilon }_{it}$
根据表5的估计结果,以政府资金为形式的显性财政科技支出对工业行业的研发支出内部经费的影响不显著,甚至为负数,即可能会挤出其他形式的工业研发创新投入。然而,研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税对工业行业研发支出内部经费的影响是显著的,其弹性分别达到22.38%与7.9%。隐性财政科技支出的确能够显著增加工业行业的研发投入经费,但对以发明专利申请为核心的创新产出的影响微乎其微,这证明了工业企业在面对研发费用加计扣除与高新技术企业减免税等所得税优惠时,的确存在“迎合式”创新行为,即只增加研发投入以取得所得税优惠,但对创新产出的增加没有明显效果。
财政科技支出的政策效果是带动工业企业加大研发投入,但其经济价值还是体现在促进工业创新产出增加上,否则只激励工业企业增加研发投入资金而不影响实际的创新产出,则会落入典型的“迎合式”创新陷阱中。为了评估显性与隐性财政科技支出对工业创新产出的影响,利用2020-2023工业行业数据,并以发明专利申请数为创新产出衡量指标,利用多种实证检验方法进行估计,发现存在强烈且稳健的证据显示,以研发费用加计扣除减免税与高新技术企业减免税为形式的隐性税式支出对工业创新产出的影响不显著,同时两者联合也不显著,而这两种隐性财政科技支出对工业加大研发投入的影响是显著的,这证明了隐性财政科技支出的确能够形成工业企业“迎合式”创新。以直接注入政府资金为形式的显性财政科技支出显著正向影响工业创新产出的证据存在,但并不稳健。由于显性财政科技支出的目的明确,工业企业不会因为政府有知识产权诉求的资金注入而显著扩大研发支出,因而显性财政科技支出不会造成工业企业过度的“迎合式”创新倾向。重视市场在创新资源配置中的决定性作用,政府支持工业创新的形式就要倾向于隐性税式补贴而非显性财政支出,但市场主体“迎合式”创新行为则不利于创新资源的有效利用,这种两难的境地,正是阻碍政府支持工业创新的一大堵点。

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2026年第44卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-17
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
  • 修回日期:2025-04-02
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    1 南京审计大学联合研究院, 江苏南京 211815
    2 大连海事大学航运经济与管理学院, 辽宁大连 116026

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张娜(1990-),女,回族,副教授,博士,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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