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The United States has methodically constructed a remarkably efficient and resilient national innovation system. This sustained endeavor has enabled the nation to successfully transcend its initial position as a technological follower, ultimately achieving and consolidating preeminent global leadership in innovation. Furthermore, the US has consistently reinforced its dominant standing within critical frontier scientific and technological domains on the world stage. A comprehensive longitudinal analysis of the trajectory underpinning the enhancement of this system’s overall functional efficacy reveals four distinct and consequential developmental phases. During the foundational formative stage, innovation activities were overwhelmingly propelled by private initiative and market dynamics, leading organically to the nascent emergence of the national innovation system’s fundamental architecture. The exigencies of World War II precipitated significantly heightened governmental engagement and strategic direction, decisively steering the system’s evolution towards a more organized, centrally coordinated framework aimed at enhancing collective output. Subsequently, spanning the prolonged Cold War era through the dawn of the 21st century, a deliberate and resource-intensive dual-track development strategy—simultaneously advancing military technological supremacy and robust civilian technological advancement—acted as the principal engine driving a comprehensive, multi-faceted elevation of the entire system’s aggregate efficiency and innovative capacity. Entering the 21st century, the strategic paradigm has demonstrably shifted towards an integrated focus on both cutting-edge scientific prowess and sustained economic competitiveness, viewed through the prism of intensifying great power rivalry. This reorientation necessitates and actively drives continuous dynamic adaptation and meticulous, ongoing optimization within the national innovation system, yielding demonstrable, steady gains in its overarching operational efficiency and global impact. This research critically examines the indispensable catalytic role played by governmental entities in orchestrating the construction, refinement, and functional augmentation of the national innovation ecosystem. Our analysis discerns that the demonstrable enhancement of the US system’s overall efficacy is fundamentally characterized by several interconnected pillars: the paramount importance of clear, forward-leaning strategic orientation providing decisive direction; the continuous, deliberate refinement of organizational and institutional architectures to maximize coordination and responsiveness; the systematic cultivation and nurturing of a vibrant, interconnected innovation ecosystem fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange; and the establishment of a robust, multi-layered policy framework offering sustained, foundational support. Furthermore, by scrutinizing emergent trends and strategic recalibrations within the contemporary US innovation landscape and assessing their profound potential ramifications under evolving global dynamics, this study extrapolates pertinent insights and proposes actionable countermeasures for augmenting the holistic efficacy of China’s national innovation system. Key recommendations encompass: intensifying proactive, strategically-aligned foresight exercises coupled with mechanisms for agile policy and resource adjustment; advancing the paradigm of organized, mission-oriented basic research, rigorously aligned with both long-term strategic imperatives and pressing societal/industrial needs; accelerating the development of a high-performance innovation ecosystem distinguished by the seamless, frictionless flow and optimal allocation of critical talent, capital, knowledge, and infrastructural resources; and systematically enhancing the coherence and comprehensiveness of the integrated innovation policy support system to provide holistic, effective underpinning.
, authors=Kai-hua CHEN
1, Hong-xin LIU
1, Yu-jie ZHANG
2, Ning LI
3, authorsList=Kai-hua CHEN, Hong-xin LIU, Yu-jie ZHANG, Ning LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-jie ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1318316511563989742, articleId=1318316510989370092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=美国国家创新体系整体效能提升的实践经验与启示, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
美国逐步建立起高效的国家创新体系,实现了从科技追赶到创新领先的超越,并持续巩固其在前沿科技领域的世界领先地位。纵观美国国家创新体系整体效能提升历程,可划分为四个阶段:早期创新活动主要以民间和市场力量驱动,国家创新体系雏形初现;第二次世界大战期间政府介入力量加强,效能提升向组织化方向推进;冷战至21世纪初军事民用双线并行发展,国家创新体系整体效能全面提升;进入21世纪以来,转向以科技和经济并重的大国竞争战略,推动其国家创新体系建设的动态适应和持续优化,整体效能稳步提升。聚焦政府在推动国家创新体系建设与效能提升中的重要作用,研究发现美国国家创新体系整体效能提升的实践呈现出战略导向引领、组织架构优化、创新生态体系构建和政策体系支撑的特点。结合新形势下美国国家创新体系建设的新动向及其潜在影响,进一步提出我国国家创新体系整体效能提升的应对措施与启示,包括强化战略导向下的前瞻部署和灵活调整,推动战略导向和需求导向的有组织基础研究,推进要素高效流转的创新生态体系建设,以及优化完善整体性创新政策体系支撑。
, authors=陈凯华
1, 刘泓欣
1, 张宇杰
2, 李宁
3, authorsList=陈凯华, 刘泓欣, 张宇杰, 李宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张宇杰, authorNote=
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1 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316512289604348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, authorId=1318316512142803705, language=CN, stringName=陈凯华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=
1 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049, bio={"content":"
陈凯华(1980-),男,教授。
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陈凯华(1980-),男,教授。
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1 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049, bio={"content":"
刘泓欣(2002-),女,硕士研究生。
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刘泓欣(2002-),女,硕士研究生。
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2 School of Business, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316512759366406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, authorId=1318316512595788547, language=CN, stringName=张宇杰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3 Department of Political Science and Public Policy, East Washington University, Cheney 99004, USA, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1318316512994247435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, authorId=1318316512830669576, language=CN, stringName=李宁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3 美国东华盛顿大学政治学与公共政策系, 美国华盛顿州切尼市 99004, bio={"content":"
李宁(1966-),男,教授。
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李宁(1966-),男,教授。
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40(6): 1085-1095., articleTitle=Characteristics and enlightenment of basic research in DOE national laboratories of the U.S. department of energy, refAbstract=The National Laboratory is a strategic scientific and technological force and an important platform conducting high-level basic research and applied basic research. How to strengthen the goal-oriented strategic basic research of national laboratories, as well as improving the original innovation ability of frontier technologies and strategic fields, are important issue that need to be solved urgently in the construction of national laboratories in China. Based on the input-output analysis framework of basic research, this paper systematically investigated and analyzed the operation mode and output characteristics of strategic basic research organizations in DOE National Laboratories.The study found that the DOE National Laboratories are located in 15 states with different strategic missions, capabilities, and structures. Meanwhile, DOE national laboratories are either science oriented or technology oriented. According to the number of project types undertaken, they can be further divided into multi-project laboratories and single-project laboratories. From the perspective of basic research expenditure and R&D team structure, the National Laboratories are primarily funded by the Department of Energy, and the funds of different types of national laboratories have different emphases. The scientific laboratories spend a high proportion of basic research funds, while the technology-oriented laboratories spend much more on applied research and experimental development. In addition, the laboratory's R&D team consists of full-time staff, associate faculty, postdoctoral researchers, graduate students, undergraduate students, and visiting scientists. Among them, the safety laboratory has the largest number of people, and the multi-project science laboratory has a large proportion of postdoctoral researchers and graduate students, and a lot of facility users, which provides talent support for carrying out strategic basic researches.The number of basic research output of DOE national laboratories increased year by year from 2010 to 2019. The multi-project national laboratories produce a large amount of scientific papers with great influence. The technology-oriented single-project national laboratories focus on the completion of their energy strategies or tasks, and pay more attention to the development of applied researches. Basic researches at DOE national laboratories are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary as a whole, while each national laboratory has a unique set of core competencies and areas of center. At the same time, DOE national laboratories conduct strategic basic researches through partnerships with government, academia, and international organizations. In 2010-2019, the number of papers conducted through the international cooperation has tripled. The national laboratories performed differentiated international cooperation based on their strategic tasks and basic research needs, which is generally manifested in the mode of developing countries as the main ones, while constantly strengthened cooperation with China.According to the above analysis, there are four recommendations in terms of building national laboratory in China. First, it should be guided by national goals and strategic needs to raise national laboratory overall layout. Second, basic research funds should be deployed on the basis of clear mission orientation and research direction of national laboratories, including strengthening the layout and construction of national laboratories for strategic basic researches in the world scientific frontier in physics and related fields, in nuclear science and technology and clean energy. Efforts should be made to develop national laboratories for the strategic application of cutting-edge technologies. Third, diverse and innovative personnel system should be built. The system of talent introduction, training, evaluation and incentive should be improved and a diversified and inclusive working environment should be created, aiming to build a reasonably structured laboratory talent team. Last but not least, the collaborative innovation mechanism of national laboratories with the participation of various forces should be improved, and the internal and external openness and cooperation should be strengthened. This paper has important reference value for constructing national laboratories and conducting strategic basic researches in China.), Reference(id=1318316519331840818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=76, pageEnd=82, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=28, authorNames=王军, 苏展波, journalName=宏观经济管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王军, 苏展波. 美国、新加坡、日本发展科技与原始创新的经验及启示[J].
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