Article(id=1318316510989370092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1318316496934261092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1753113600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792240749355, onlineDateStr=2026-10-17, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792240749355, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792240749355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792240749355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1318316496934261092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792240746004, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792240746004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1393, endPage=1401, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1318316511165530861, articleId=1318316510989370092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Practical experience and implications for improving the overall efficiency of the U.S. national innovation system, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The United States has methodically constructed a remarkably efficient and resilient national innovation system. This sustained endeavor has enabled the nation to successfully transcend its initial position as a technological follower, ultimately achieving and consolidating preeminent global leadership in innovation. Furthermore, the US has consistently reinforced its dominant standing within critical frontier scientific and technological domains on the world stage. A comprehensive longitudinal analysis of the trajectory underpinning the enhancement of this system’s overall functional efficacy reveals four distinct and consequential developmental phases. During the foundational formative stage, innovation activities were overwhelmingly propelled by private initiative and market dynamics, leading organically to the nascent emergence of the national innovation system’s fundamental architecture. The exigencies of World War II precipitated significantly heightened governmental engagement and strategic direction, decisively steering the system’s evolution towards a more organized, centrally coordinated framework aimed at enhancing collective output. Subsequently, spanning the prolonged Cold War era through the dawn of the 21st century, a deliberate and resource-intensive dual-track development strategy—simultaneously advancing military technological supremacy and robust civilian technological advancement—acted as the principal engine driving a comprehensive, multi-faceted elevation of the entire system’s aggregate efficiency and innovative capacity. Entering the 21st century, the strategic paradigm has demonstrably shifted towards an integrated focus on both cutting-edge scientific prowess and sustained economic competitiveness, viewed through the prism of intensifying great power rivalry. This reorientation necessitates and actively drives continuous dynamic adaptation and meticulous, ongoing optimization within the national innovation system, yielding demonstrable, steady gains in its overarching operational efficiency and global impact. This research critically examines the indispensable catalytic role played by governmental entities in orchestrating the construction, refinement, and functional augmentation of the national innovation ecosystem. Our analysis discerns that the demonstrable enhancement of the US system’s overall efficacy is fundamentally characterized by several interconnected pillars: the paramount importance of clear, forward-leaning strategic orientation providing decisive direction; the continuous, deliberate refinement of organizational and institutional architectures to maximize coordination and responsiveness; the systematic cultivation and nurturing of a vibrant, interconnected innovation ecosystem fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange; and the establishment of a robust, multi-layered policy framework offering sustained, foundational support. Furthermore, by scrutinizing emergent trends and strategic recalibrations within the contemporary US innovation landscape and assessing their profound potential ramifications under evolving global dynamics, this study extrapolates pertinent insights and proposes actionable countermeasures for augmenting the holistic efficacy of China’s national innovation system. Key recommendations encompass: intensifying proactive, strategically-aligned foresight exercises coupled with mechanisms for agile policy and resource adjustment; advancing the paradigm of organized, mission-oriented basic research, rigorously aligned with both long-term strategic imperatives and pressing societal/industrial needs; accelerating the development of a high-performance innovation ecosystem distinguished by the seamless, frictionless flow and optimal allocation of critical talent, capital, knowledge, and infrastructural resources; and systematically enhancing the coherence and comprehensiveness of the integrated innovation policy support system to provide holistic, effective underpinning.

, authors=Kai-hua CHEN1, Hong-xin LIU1, Yu-jie ZHANG2, Ning LI3, authorsList=Kai-hua CHEN, Hong-xin LIU, Yu-jie ZHANG, Ning LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-jie ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1318316511563989742, articleId=1318316510989370092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=美国国家创新体系整体效能提升的实践经验与启示, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

美国逐步建立起高效的国家创新体系,实现了从科技追赶到创新领先的超越,并持续巩固其在前沿科技领域的世界领先地位。纵观美国国家创新体系整体效能提升历程,可划分为四个阶段:早期创新活动主要以民间和市场力量驱动,国家创新体系雏形初现;第二次世界大战期间政府介入力量加强,效能提升向组织化方向推进;冷战至21世纪初军事民用双线并行发展,国家创新体系整体效能全面提升;进入21世纪以来,转向以科技和经济并重的大国竞争战略,推动其国家创新体系建设的动态适应和持续优化,整体效能稳步提升。聚焦政府在推动国家创新体系建设与效能提升中的重要作用,研究发现美国国家创新体系整体效能提升的实践呈现出战略导向引领、组织架构优化、创新生态体系构建和政策体系支撑的特点。结合新形势下美国国家创新体系建设的新动向及其潜在影响,进一步提出我国国家创新体系整体效能提升的应对措施与启示,包括强化战略导向下的前瞻部署和灵活调整,推动战略导向和需求导向的有组织基础研究,推进要素高效流转的创新生态体系建设,以及优化完善整体性创新政策体系支撑。

, authors=陈凯华1, 刘泓欣1, 张宇杰2, 李宁3, authorsList=陈凯华, 刘泓欣, 张宇杰, 李宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张宇杰, authorNote=

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授。

刘泓欣(2002-),女,硕士研究生。

李宁(1966-),男,教授。

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张宇杰(1996-),女,讲师,E-mail:。
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陈凯华(1980-),男,教授。

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Beijing: Science Press, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316516446159650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=35, issue=12, pageStart=7, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=12, authorNames=李哲, 杨晶, 朱丽楠, journalName=全球科技经济瞭望, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李哲, 杨晶, 朱丽楠. 美国国家创新体系的演化历程,特点及启示[J]. 全球科技经济瞭望, 2021, 35(12): 7-11., articleTitle=美国国家创新体系的演化历程,特点及启示, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316516504879907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=35, issue=12, pageStart=7, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Li Z, Yang J, Zhu L N, journalName=Global Science, Technology and Economics Outlook, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Z, Yang J, Zhu L N. 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Global Science, Technology and Economics Outlook, 2021, 35(12): 7-11., articleTitle=The evolution process, characteristics and enlightenment of America national innovation system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316516571988772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=31, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=14, authorNames=聂正楠, 张展豪, 陈琪, journalName=和平与发展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=聂正楠, 张展豪, 陈琪. 美国科技体制沿革及其驱动因素[J]. 和平与发展, 2024(3): 31-54,201-202., articleTitle=美国科技体制沿革及其驱动因素, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316516639097637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=31, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Nie Z N, Zhang Z H, Chen Q, journalName=Peace and Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nie Z N, Zhang Z H, Chen Q. The thransformation of US science and technology system and its driving force[J]. Peace and Development, 2024(3): 31-54,201-202., articleTitle=The thransformation of US science and technology system and its driving force, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316516714595110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=10.1287/orsc.2023.18053, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=1466, pageEnd=1488, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.2023.18053, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Arora A, Belenzon S, Kosenko K, journalName=Organization Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arora A, Belenzon S, Kosenko K, et al. The rise of scientific research in corporate America[J]. Organization Science, 2025, 36(4): 1466-1488., articleTitle=The rise of scientific research in corporate America, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316516798481191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=罗晖, journalName=科技与外交:对中美科技创新合作的思考, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗晖. 科技与外交:对中美科技创新合作的思考[M]. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316516878172968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Luo H, journalName=Science, Technology and Diplomacy: Reflections on Sino-US Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Luo H. Science, Technology and Diplomacy: Reflections on Sino-US Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation[M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316516970447657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=19, authorNames=池建文, 梁栋国, 孙兴村, journalName=DARPA的突破性创新之路, refType=null, unstructuredReference=池建文, 梁栋国, 孙兴村, 等. DARPA的突破性创新之路[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316517045945130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Chi J W, Liang D G, Sun X C, journalName=The Road to Breakthrough Innovation of DARPA, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chi J W, Liang D G, Sun X C, et al. The Road to Breakthrough Innovation of DARPA[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316517125636907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=10.1257/aer.20221365, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=113, issue=12, pageStart=3323, pageEnd=3356, url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20221365, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Gross D P, Sampat B N, journalName=American Economic Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gross D P, Sampat B N. America, jump-started: World War II R&D and the takeoff of the US innovation system[J]. American Economic Review, 2023, 113(12): 3323-3356., articleTitle=America, jump-started: World War II R&D and the takeoff of the US innovation system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316517272437548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=33, issue=5, pageStart=509, pageEnd=519, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=22, authorNames=樊春良, journalName=中国科学院院刊, refType=null, unstructuredReference=樊春良. 建立全球领先的科学技术创新体系——美国成为世界科技强国之路[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2018, 33(5): 509-519., articleTitle=建立全球领先的科学技术创新体系——美国成为世界科技强国之路, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316517343740717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=33, issue=5, pageStart=509, pageEnd=519, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Fan C L, journalName=Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan C L. Construct world leading S&T innovation system — U.S road to world’s scientific and technological power[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(5): 509-519., articleTitle=Construct world leading S&T innovation system — U.S road to world’s scientific and technological power, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316517427626798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=24, authorNames=贺德方, 陈宝明, 周华东, journalName=中国软科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=贺德方, 陈宝明, 周华东. 国际科技立法发展趋势分析及若干思考[J]. 中国软科学, 2020(12): 1-10., articleTitle=国际科技立法发展趋势分析及若干思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316517515707183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=25, authorNames=He D F, Chen B M, Zhou H D, journalName=China Soft Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He D F, Chen B M, Zhou H D. Analysis and thinking on the developing trend of international S&T legislation[J]. China Soft Science, 2020(12): 1-10., articleTitle=Analysis and thinking on the developing trend of international S&T legislation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316517616370480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=6, pageStart=1085, pageEnd=1095, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=26, authorNames=刘云, 翟晓荣, journalName=科学学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘云, 翟晓荣. 美国能源部国家实验室基础研究特征及启示[J]. 科学学研究, 2022, 40(6): 1085-1095., articleTitle=美国能源部国家实验室基础研究特征及启示, refAbstract=国家实验室是面向世界科技前沿和国家战略需求开展高水平基础和应用基础研究的战略科技力量和重大原始创新的平台。如何强化目标导向的国家实验室战略性基础研究,并与产学研开展关键技术协同攻关,提高我国前沿技术和战略领域的原始创新能力,是我国国家实验室建设中亟待解决的关键问题。美国能源部国家实验室是美国开展战略性基础研究和前沿技术探索的核心力量,在世界同类机构中处于领先地位。基于基础研究投入-产出分析框架,对美国能源部国家实验室战略性基础研究组织运行模式及产出特征进行系统调研和分析,研究发现,美国能源部国家实验室基于明确的战略定位和研究方向,组织开展战略性基础研究,在经费投入结构和研发团队结构、基础研究产出水平、学科领域布局等方面各具特点;国家实验室通过与政府、非营利机构、大学和企业以及国家实验室之间的合作开展协同研究与创新,同时开展差异化的国际合作研究,形成以发达国家为主、并不断加强与中国合作的国际合作模式。研究结果对我国布局建设国家实验室、开展战略性基础研究具有重要的参鉴价值。), Reference(id=1318316517725422385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=6, pageStart=1085, pageEnd=1095, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Liu Y, Zhai X R, journalName=Studies in Science of Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Y, Zhai X R. Characteristics and enlightenment of basic research in DOE national laboratories of the U.S. department of energy[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2022, 40(6): 1085-1095., articleTitle=Characteristics and enlightenment of basic research in DOE national laboratories of the U.S. department of energy, refAbstract=The National Laboratory is a strategic scientific and technological force and an important platform conducting high-level basic research and applied basic research. How to strengthen the goal-oriented strategic basic research of national laboratories, as well as improving the original innovation ability of frontier technologies and strategic fields, are important issue that need to be solved urgently in the construction of national laboratories in China. Based on the input-output analysis framework of basic research, this paper systematically investigated and analyzed the operation mode and output characteristics of strategic basic research organizations in DOE National Laboratories.The study found that the DOE National Laboratories are located in 15 states with different strategic missions, capabilities, and structures. Meanwhile, DOE national laboratories are either science oriented or technology oriented. According to the number of project types undertaken, they can be further divided into multi-project laboratories and single-project laboratories. From the perspective of basic research expenditure and R&D team structure, the National Laboratories are primarily funded by the Department of Energy, and the funds of different types of national laboratories have different emphases. The scientific laboratories spend a high proportion of basic research funds, while the technology-oriented laboratories spend much more on applied research and experimental development. In addition, the laboratory's R&D team consists of full-time staff, associate faculty, postdoctoral researchers, graduate students, undergraduate students, and visiting scientists. Among them, the safety laboratory has the largest number of people, and the multi-project science laboratory has a large proportion of postdoctoral researchers and graduate students, and a lot of facility users, which provides talent support for carrying out strategic basic researches.The number of basic research output of DOE national laboratories increased year by year from 2010 to 2019. The multi-project national laboratories produce a large amount of scientific papers with great influence. The technology-oriented single-project national laboratories focus on the completion of their energy strategies or tasks, and pay more attention to the development of applied researches. Basic researches at DOE national laboratories are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary as a whole, while each national laboratory has a unique set of core competencies and areas of center. At the same time, DOE national laboratories conduct strategic basic researches through partnerships with government, academia, and international organizations. In 2010-2019, the number of papers conducted through the international cooperation has tripled. The national laboratories performed differentiated international cooperation based on their strategic tasks and basic research needs, which is generally manifested in the mode of developing countries as the main ones, while constantly strengthened cooperation with China.According to the above analysis, there are four recommendations in terms of building national laboratory in China. First, it should be guided by national goals and strategic needs to raise national laboratory overall layout. Second, basic research funds should be deployed on the basis of clear mission orientation and research direction of national laboratories, including strengthening the layout and construction of national laboratories for strategic basic researches in the world scientific frontier in physics and related fields, in nuclear science and technology and clean energy. Efforts should be made to develop national laboratories for the strategic application of cutting-edge technologies. Third, diverse and innovative personnel system should be built. The system of talent introduction, training, evaluation and incentive should be improved and a diversified and inclusive working environment should be created, aiming to build a reasonably structured laboratory talent team. Last but not least, the collaborative innovation mechanism of national laboratories with the participation of various forces should be improved, and the internal and external openness and cooperation should be strengthened. This paper has important reference value for constructing national laboratories and conducting strategic basic researches in China.), Reference(id=1318316519331840818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=76, pageEnd=82, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=28, authorNames=王军, 苏展波, journalName=宏观经济管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王军, 苏展波. 美国、新加坡、日本发展科技与原始创新的经验及启示[J]. 宏观经济管理, 2022(2): 76-82., articleTitle=美国、新加坡、日本发展科技与原始创新的经验及启示, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316519424115507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=76, pageEnd=82, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Wang J, Su Z B, journalName=Macroeconomic Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J, Su Z B. 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Research on the reform of the U.S. national innovation system, its impact on China, implications[J]. American Studies, 2023(2): 79-98,221-222., articleTitle=Research on the reform of the U.S. national innovation system, its impact on China, implications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1318316519638025014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316510989370092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020:vii, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Goodman M P, Gerstel D, Reinsch W, journalName=Center for Strategic and International Studies(CSTS), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Goodman M P, Gerstel D, Reinsch W, et al. Sharpening America’s innovative edge[J]. Washington D. 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美国国家创新体系整体效能提升的实践经验与启示
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陈凯华 1 , 刘泓欣 1 , 张宇杰 2 , 李宁 3
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(7): 1393-1401
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科学学研究 |热点议题 2026 , 44 (7) : 1393 -1401
美国国家创新体系整体效能提升的实践经验与启示
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陈凯华1, 刘泓欣1, 张宇杰2 , 李宁3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049
  • 2 北京工商大学商学院, 北京 100048
  • 3 美国东华盛顿大学政治学与公共政策系, 美国华盛顿州切尼市 99004
通讯作者:
张宇杰(1996-),女,讲师,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授。

刘泓欣(2002-),女,硕士研究生。

李宁(1966-),男,教授。

Practical experience and implications for improving the overall efficiency of the U.S. national innovation system
Kai-hua CHEN1, Hong-xin LIU1, Yu-jie ZHANG2 , Ning LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 2 School of Business, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
  • 3 Department of Political Science and Public Policy, East Washington University, Cheney 99004, USA
出版时间: 2026-07-15
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美国逐步建立起高效的国家创新体系,实现了从科技追赶到创新领先的超越,并持续巩固其在前沿科技领域的世界领先地位。纵观美国国家创新体系整体效能提升历程,可划分为四个阶段:早期创新活动主要以民间和市场力量驱动,国家创新体系雏形初现;第二次世界大战期间政府介入力量加强,效能提升向组织化方向推进;冷战至21世纪初军事民用双线并行发展,国家创新体系整体效能全面提升;进入21世纪以来,转向以科技和经济并重的大国竞争战略,推动其国家创新体系建设的动态适应和持续优化,整体效能稳步提升。聚焦政府在推动国家创新体系建设与效能提升中的重要作用,研究发现美国国家创新体系整体效能提升的实践呈现出战略导向引领、组织架构优化、创新生态体系构建和政策体系支撑的特点。结合新形势下美国国家创新体系建设的新动向及其潜在影响,进一步提出我国国家创新体系整体效能提升的应对措施与启示,包括强化战略导向下的前瞻部署和灵活调整,推动战略导向和需求导向的有组织基础研究,推进要素高效流转的创新生态体系建设,以及优化完善整体性创新政策体系支撑。

国家创新体系  /  整体效能  /  实践经验  /  美国

The United States has methodically constructed a remarkably efficient and resilient national innovation system. This sustained endeavor has enabled the nation to successfully transcend its initial position as a technological follower, ultimately achieving and consolidating preeminent global leadership in innovation. Furthermore, the US has consistently reinforced its dominant standing within critical frontier scientific and technological domains on the world stage. A comprehensive longitudinal analysis of the trajectory underpinning the enhancement of this system’s overall functional efficacy reveals four distinct and consequential developmental phases. During the foundational formative stage, innovation activities were overwhelmingly propelled by private initiative and market dynamics, leading organically to the nascent emergence of the national innovation system’s fundamental architecture. The exigencies of World War II precipitated significantly heightened governmental engagement and strategic direction, decisively steering the system’s evolution towards a more organized, centrally coordinated framework aimed at enhancing collective output. Subsequently, spanning the prolonged Cold War era through the dawn of the 21st century, a deliberate and resource-intensive dual-track development strategy—simultaneously advancing military technological supremacy and robust civilian technological advancement—acted as the principal engine driving a comprehensive, multi-faceted elevation of the entire system’s aggregate efficiency and innovative capacity. Entering the 21st century, the strategic paradigm has demonstrably shifted towards an integrated focus on both cutting-edge scientific prowess and sustained economic competitiveness, viewed through the prism of intensifying great power rivalry. This reorientation necessitates and actively drives continuous dynamic adaptation and meticulous, ongoing optimization within the national innovation system, yielding demonstrable, steady gains in its overarching operational efficiency and global impact. This research critically examines the indispensable catalytic role played by governmental entities in orchestrating the construction, refinement, and functional augmentation of the national innovation ecosystem. Our analysis discerns that the demonstrable enhancement of the US system’s overall efficacy is fundamentally characterized by several interconnected pillars: the paramount importance of clear, forward-leaning strategic orientation providing decisive direction; the continuous, deliberate refinement of organizational and institutional architectures to maximize coordination and responsiveness; the systematic cultivation and nurturing of a vibrant, interconnected innovation ecosystem fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange; and the establishment of a robust, multi-layered policy framework offering sustained, foundational support. Furthermore, by scrutinizing emergent trends and strategic recalibrations within the contemporary US innovation landscape and assessing their profound potential ramifications under evolving global dynamics, this study extrapolates pertinent insights and proposes actionable countermeasures for augmenting the holistic efficacy of China’s national innovation system. Key recommendations encompass: intensifying proactive, strategically-aligned foresight exercises coupled with mechanisms for agile policy and resource adjustment; advancing the paradigm of organized, mission-oriented basic research, rigorously aligned with both long-term strategic imperatives and pressing societal/industrial needs; accelerating the development of a high-performance innovation ecosystem distinguished by the seamless, frictionless flow and optimal allocation of critical talent, capital, knowledge, and infrastructural resources; and systematically enhancing the coherence and comprehensiveness of the integrated innovation policy support system to provide holistic, effective underpinning.

national innovation system  /  overall efficiency  /  practical experience  /  United States
陈凯华, 刘泓欣, 张宇杰, 李宁. 美国国家创新体系整体效能提升的实践经验与启示. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1393 -1401 .
Kai-hua CHEN, Hong-xin LIU, Yu-jie ZHANG, Ning LI. Practical experience and implications for improving the overall efficiency of the U.S. national innovation system[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (7) : 1393 -1401 .
国家创新体系整体效能是一国国家创新能力和效率的综合,反映其在一定条件下实现预定功能、达成预定目标的程度[1]。其强调创新体系中单个子系统或组织、个体等所不具备的系统性能力与协同效应。“提升国家创新体系整体效能”自2012年首次被提出以来,历经十余年实践,逐步发展为我国新发展阶段国家创新体系建设的重要战略目标。2021年12月修订的《中华人民共和国科学技术进步法》以及党的二十大报告中均明确强调,要提升国家创新体系整体效能,推进科技强国建设。
当前全球科技竞争日益激烈,各国愈加重视国家创新体系的建设及其效能提升,以构建起自身的核心竞争优势。美国在历史演进中逐步形成了主体协同、灵活高效的国家创新体系,以此为基础在20世纪初实现了从科技追赶到创新领先的超越[2],并在之后的一百多年里始终保持着全球领先地位。在当前以人工智能、量子计算等前沿技术领域为竞争重点的科技竞争格局下,美国高效的国家创新体系成为支撑其在上述前沿科技领域处于领先地位的关键抓手。因此,对美国国家创新体系建设及其效能提升历程进行梳理和研究,能够为我国国家创新体系整体效能提升提供国际经验借鉴,为当前复杂国际形势下的战略研判与体系部署提供有益参考。鉴于国家创新体系建设和效能提升的关键在于政府通过制度设计与政策制定有效协调各主体间互动关系[1,3],本文聚焦政府作用视角,分析美国国家创新体系建设及其整体效能提升的实践演进,以期为新形势下我国提升国家创新体系整体效能提供形势判断、经验借鉴与政策启示。
经过长期发展演化,美国逐步形成了“企业主导、政府促进、多元主体协同”的国家创新体系[4,5],并在不同历史阶段展现出顺应环境变化的动态调整特征。依据其国家创新体系建设的代表性历史进程特点进行划分,美国国家创新体系建设及其整体效能提升主要经历了如下四个阶段。
两次工业革命期间,创新活动主要依靠民间科技创新团体(如美国科学促进会)、个人发明家和企业的自主开展。19世纪末20世纪初,私人基金会的兴起(如洛克菲勒基金会和卡内基基金会),为早期美国创新主体的活动提供私人资金支持。同时,美国建国过程中逐步完善的法律制度[6]、工业革命的资本技术积累以及南北战争胜利所实现的国家统一,为其国家创新体系初步构建提供条件。《莫里尔法案》的颁布推动了高校体制的初步形成,工业实验室出现并快速发展,政府系统内研究单位陆续建立[7,8],国家创新体系雏形初现,为后续整体效能的系统提升奠定基础。
第二次世界大战的爆发,成为美国科技体制形成的开端,也是政府参与科技创新活动及科研体系建设的分水岭[9]。战时研发体系的构建不仅满足了短期军事目标,也永久性地改变了美国科技发展轨迹[10]。该阶段,美国管理和资助科技研发的政府机构不断建立健全,科技研究体系的组织化色彩加强,国家创新体系整体效能加速提升。
二战期间,鉴于科技军事研究的紧迫需求,联邦政府对科技创新的支持和重视不断提升。研发经费从1939年的1亿多美元增长到第二次世界大战结束时的15亿美元,推动全国技术集群出现和高科技创业[10]。国防研究委员会(NDRC)和战时科学研究与发展办公室(OSRD)的建立,作为战后以合同制资助为核心的科技管理体制的开端,推动科研资源组织与配置的日益高效化[11,12]。企业研究体系得到快速发展[13],工业研究实验室迅速发展成为美国国家创新体系的重要组成部分。在国家军事战略导向下美国启动了以“曼哈顿计划”为代表的一批大型研究计划,催生了国家实验室体系,并产出一系列卓越的科技创新成果[14],支撑了其战后长期的科技发展。战争强化了联邦政府对基础研究战略价值的认识,科学研究关注点开始由应用研究向基础研究倾斜[15]。
冷战背景下,美国国家创新体系呈现军事民用双线并行发展的特征,其组织运行模式也由战时临时体制向常态化、制度化转变。鉴于苏联第一颗人造卫星的发射所引发的反思[14],该阶段美国高度重视基础研究,科研资助及研发体系不断建立健全,基础研究迎来“黄金十年”。《科学:无尽的前沿》报告为战后美国科技政策制定与制度安排奠定了基础[16],直接促成了美国国家科学基金会(NSF)的成立,为长期稳定资助基础研究提供了组织支持。
在科研机构布局上,美国形成了军事与民用并重的科研体系。在军事研究方面,陆续设立国防部、中央情报局以及国家安全资源委员会等机构,承担国防军事安全相关科技任务,强化科技资源的集中部署[12]。在民用研究方面,原子能委员会、NSF等机构的建立弥补了民用领域科研资助机构的空白[12],并在20世纪70年代末实现了从联邦集中投资向多部门多元化资助的转变,逐步构建起多部门、多渠道的科研资助体系,涵盖能源、农业、国防、健康等多个领域。在科技管理体制方面,美国也迅速推动科研管理机构的完善。联邦政府陆续成立了总统科技顾问委员会(PCAST)、白宫科技政策办公室(OSTP)、国家科学技术委员会(NSTC)等跨部门协调机构,明确由OSTP统筹全国科技政策,逐步构建起联邦政府主导的多元协同治理结构与科技决策体系。
战时国防需求带动的大量军事订单,也推动了包括硅谷在内的一众企业的发展,促进了政产学研深度合作。联邦实验室技术转移联合组织的成立、国家实验室管理权竞标制度改革等,逐渐构建起军转民技术扩散通道,军事研发成果逐步向民用领域转化。《小企业法》《拜杜法案》《全国合作研究法案》等系列法案的颁布,《合并指南》和《哈特-斯科特-罗迪诺法》等反垄断法的相继出台[3],明确高校和中小企业在成果转化与技术孵化中的法律地位与权益,激发创新主体活力与技术转化动力。冷战后期,随着国防需求减少和经济结构调整压力上升,美国科技创新政策从“军转民”转向“军民融合”和“民用优先”。政府开始设立早期风险投资基金,积极引导民间资本进入高科技领域[13],促进科研、市场与资本的深度融合,逐步形成多元协同、高效互动的创新生态,有效推动创新体系整体效能提升。
随着21世纪信息技术革命的兴起,科技创新能力愈加成为各国核心竞争力的关键。美国不断调整和优化国家创新体系的运行逻辑,通过多项战略与制度安排推动体系的动态适应,其国家创新体系整体效能提升呈现出科技和经济并重、强调国际竞争并不断适应性调整和变革的特点。
美国政府持续推动科技管理体制的改革与重组,提升科技创新活动效率。2008年全球金融危机后,美国联邦政府发布多轮《国家创新战略》报告[17],确立“创新驱动经济增长”的政策导向,重申联邦在基础研究资助、促进技术转化与支持战略技术领域发展中的关键作用。在该报告的指导下,美国国防高级研究计划局(DARPA)等一众研发和资助机构也将关注重点转向国家长期需求导向。2012年出台的与企业、大学、社区共建“国家制造业创新网络计划”,以及加大研发资助和相关税收减免等措施,推动形成了未来产业研究所、美国制造业创新中心等产学研联合体,强化国家创新体系各主体力量协同。
同时,为强化在全球科技竞争中的战略优势,美国日益将科技竞争置于国家安全与国际竞争战略的核心位置。近年来对华遏制力度不断加强,推行以“大国竞争”战略为核心的科技对外政策,强化“小院高墙”战略布局[19],颁布《出口管制改革法案》《实体清单制度》及《2022芯片与科学法案》中的“护栏条款”等政策制度,以技术封锁、加征关税、投资限制、强化审查立法等手段,从政治、经济、外交、科技等方面对华进行全面遏制。
在前沿技术战略部署方面,美国愈加重视以核心技术突破支撑国家竞争力的提升[18]。“9·11事件”后,在国家安全和反恐需求导向下军事研究机构和项目资助大幅提升。拜登政府先后出台《2022芯片与科学法案》《国家量子信息安全法案》等科技战略与资助计划,以及特朗普政府近期推动的创世纪计划等,大力推进包括信息技术、量子科技、人工智能等领域的核心技术研发[18]。同时,通过创设首席技术官职位、国家网络总监等职位,组建国家级技术研发中心(如人工智能研究中心、国家量子信息服务研究中心、国家半导体技术中心等),提升前沿关键技术发展对国家创新体系整体效能的赋能作用。
美国国家创新体系是在持续应对内外环境变化和挑战的过程中逐步调整建构而成的,其效能提升过程彰显了其创新体系的结构灵活性、制度适应性与战略调整能力,对我国国家创新体系整体效能提升具有较高的现实借鉴价值。本节将围绕美国国家创新体系整体效能提升经验,从战略布局、组织模式、生态建设、制度安排四个关键维度进行系统分析。
美国国家创新体系建设和整体效能提升过程呈现出持续优化和前瞻布局的特征。其在不断审视自身发展问题与战略需求的基础上,及时调整国家创新体系建设方向,以避免或减少体制僵化及效能提升的停滞。历史上,面对诸如苏联人造卫星发射成功等外部冲击,美国迅速加强基础研究投入并推动科研资助与管理体制改革,例如强化NSF职能、组建DARPA等。而美国国内开放自由的学术环境,也为美国科技政策制定与调整提供了强有力的智库支持。如二战末期的《科学:无尽的前沿》以及近年来《增强美国创新优势2020》[19]、《认识美国国家创新体系2020》[20]等报告,针对当时美国所存在的科技投入放缓、技术转化不畅及对海外人才高依赖度等不足进行反思,并针对性提出优化路径。在发展战略性前沿技术方面,美国也始终保持高度的敏感性与战略前瞻性,不断强化国家创新体系效能提升优势。二战期间其针对原子能技术、计算机技术等开展的前瞻性研究工作,有力支持了美国战争的胜利并奠定了战后前沿技术发展的引领地位。进入信息技术时代后,美国始终保持对量子、半导体、人工智能等前沿技术的重视并开展多层级政策的前瞻性布局[18]。资助机构布局方面形成了包括NSF、美国能源部(DOE)、美国国家航空航天局(NASA)在内的多元资助格局;科研平台或计划方面也部署了包括NSF的国家人工智能研究资源计划、DOE的国家量子信息科学研究中心和微电子科学研究中心以及NASA的QuEST实验室等在内的多个计划与机构;职位上设立包括首席技术官职位、国家网络总监等在内的新职位。同时,其逐步将以DARPA为代表的高风险、高回报的研发机制推广至更多领域,建立起以ARPA-E(能源)、ARPA-H(健康)以及正在酝酿中的ARPA-Ag(农业)等为代表的新型“任务导向型”机构体系,进一步推动形成具有前瞻性和战略性的国家科技创新布局。
美国国家创新体系整体效能有效提升的关键之一,在于其建立了灵活高效的科技创新组织架构。通过不断调整科研管理体制,以应对不同发展阶段的战略需求和技术变革挑战。战争时期的军事需求驱使其从原先松散的政府研究单位,迅速构建起体系化的战时科研组织架构,在短期内极大促进其科技创新组织模式调整。战后则迅速向以NSF、美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)、OSTP等为核心的民用科研体系过渡,推动科研组织向多部门协调演进。进入21世纪以来,美国持续推进技术、创新和合作理事会(TIP)、网络空间和数字政策局(CDP)等新机构设立,整合前沿技术治理职能,并采用职能分权、分工协作的科技管理机制,允许各部门根据自身战略定位与产业方向自主开展科研组织与资源配置,增强了跨机构协同效能[18]。
美国多元协同、开放包容的创新生态构建有效支撑了其国家创新体系整体效能的提升。政府层面强调市场作用发挥以及激发各主体的创新自主性与积极性。通过产权激励、促进风险资本的市场化以及反垄断等多方措施,为创新生态内政产学研金等领域创新要素的有效融合提供有力的政策指导和制度支持。《专利法》《拜杜法案》等明确了产权归属,有效保障了各类创新主体的权益及推动科技成果的市场转化。通过小型企业税收减免、研发抵免等系列政策激励中小企业参与科技研发。其分权式创新治理结构,使政府各职能机构能够针对性部署政策资源,提升政策与现实创新需求的适配度,有效引导了市场主体效益与政府公共目标的结合。同时,美国成熟的金融体系为创新资源的有效流动提供条件,形成以风险投资和专业评估为支撑的资源配置机制,引导资金流向前沿领域。2023年美国主要行业分支风险投资额统计结果显示,生物技术、生成式人工智能以及生成式人工智能生成器占据排行榜前三,体现出资本配置与国家技术战略的高度一致。同时,其不断加强对各主体创新活动的包容性,对初创企业的容错率不断提升。
在美国国家创新体系中,精准施策的特点贯穿于创新活动的全链条[3],以兼顾不同阶段的创新需求。在基础研究阶段,坚持长期稳定资助与自由探索相结合的原则,构建了涵盖DOE、NSF和国防部(DOD)等诸多部门机构的资助体系,为创新发展提供了稳定多元的资助支持。同时,针对早期高风险研究,美国政府承担了大部分研究工作,并基于公私合作模式推动高风险的前沿研究发展。在项目选题确定及立项阶段,向社会各界,尤其是产业界专家广泛征求意见,以提升基础研究与产业发展需求应用的匹配衔接。在技术开发阶段,美国政府提供了包括法律法规完善、合同签订以及基金项目资助在内多种形式的支持,并通过合同条件设定、里程碑考核及多主体、阶段性评估,监控进展并促进成果转化[21]。例如DARPA的“分阶段合同”制度,根据项目进展进行分阶段资助验收和资助额度调整,有效提升了资源利用效率和技术开发成功率。在商业化阶段,通过颁布《小企业法》《小企业投资法》、建立小企业管理局(SBA)、制定小企业创新研究计划(SBIR)、降低资本利得税等系列措施,充分发挥风险投资市场作用,利用企业市场牵引和税收杠杆推动技术转化、产品研发和推广[3,17]。美国科技创新发展政策的制定中也呈现出多元主体参与、战略一致的特点[22,23],以迅速、科学响应外部创新环境及需求变化。如美国白宫设立多个联邦科技政策决策咨询机构,包括白宫科技政策办公室(OSTP)、美国国家科学技术委员会(NSTC)以及总统科技顾问委员会(PCAST),汇聚各界智力资源为政府科技创新决策提供支持,以提升科技政策科学性与战略契合度。同时,对环境变化保持高度的敏感性,动态调整相关战略与政策制定。动态更新《国家创新战略》《关键和新兴技术清单》等战略报告,以确保自身战略与国家安全、经济发展和前沿技术竞争的新需求密切衔接。
全球化进程的推进使得各国国家创新体系构建受国际环境影响的程度日益加深。自中美科技战略博弈以来,美国在关键前沿技术、成果转化、人才竞争等与我国展开多方位竞争,显著影响了我国国家创新体系的发展方向与战略重点[24]。
(1)新形势下美国国家创新体系建设的新动向
一是,科技创新政策导向向国家利益和科技竞争转向。特朗普政府奉行“美国优先”战略,在强化本国科技产业基础的同时,采取多种政策限制他国在关键科技领域的发展。在对内科技政策方面,强调发挥市场作用以提升科研潜能,采取了系列措施包括:构建新型数字资产监管体系、推动国家实验室改革[25]、对前沿技术领域奉行以鼓励创新为导向的轻监管政策导向等。在对外科技政策方面,以“大国竞争”为核心,强化“小院高墙”战略布局,采取包括负面清单、“美国优先投资政策”[26]及“对等关税”政策[27]等多种手段,加强中美两国间经济贸易、科技合作及人才交流等多方管制[28]。
二是,使命导向下的科研组织化特征愈加明显。面对国际科技竞争压力,美国政府重新强调“大科学”与“使命导向”,推动科研活动向更为集中、组织化的方向发展[18]。美国政府借鉴DARPA模式,陆续设立ARPA-E、ARPA-H、IARPA等机构,强化对前沿科技领域的系统布局和跨部门协调能力,并通过成立国家半导体技术中心、国家人工智能研究院、量子信息研究中心等平台,重塑国家实验室体系、实施关键技术专项治理等,针对量子、AI、生物、半导体等关键前沿技术领域进行集中攻关。DOE推出“FASST”计划,依托17个国家实验室重塑科研智能数据库和实验体系,以及NSF牵头成立25个国家人工智能研究中心以及DARPA发布“前瞻性试验”(FLEX)计划,都呈现出明显的有组织化科研特征。此外,《国家量子倡议法》《芯片与科学法案》等法案颁布,以及NSF、DOE等机构的专项资助,为推行大规模基建建设计划以支撑科技发展提供了法律保障与资金支持,持续推动以国家使命导向的科研体系建设。
三是,愈加重视国内创新生态体系的完善。通过颁布《减税与就业法案》下调联邦企业所得税率,引入多项鼓励企业投资的税收优惠机制,增强企业技术研发意愿和能力。同时,美国科技政策日益表现为政产共构的特点,产业界正深刻影响美国科技发展和决策。美国国家科学委员会在内的科技政策咨询体系中有来自私营部门大量成员,新一届PCAST的架构和成员组成也愈加凸显了产业成员的地位。《芯片与科学法案》的立法动因与政策走向也在一定程度上受到了英特尔、台积电等企业的游说与投资承诺。此外,美国愈加关注创新链后端的科技成果转化和应用场景落地,以使科技发展真正服务于国家和社会发展。如NSF增设TIP以衔接基础科学与应用技术,新建专门针对具体应用场景的国家人工智能研究所,以期能够真正赋能于国家发展;其所创建的跨行业量子技术联盟(QED-C),及与DOE整合各界资源开展人工智能研究基础设施(NAIRR)建设计划,旨在融合学界与产业资源加速技术转化,以应对来自以中国为主的国际科技竞争压力。
四是,加快国际科技合作及同盟关系的构建。面对中国全球影响力的不断提升及中美两国的技术脱钩和贸易摩擦,美国加快针对中国的科技同盟关系构建[29],以提升自身领导力与话语权、降低对中国的依赖并加强对中国的打压[30]。如,在人才方面联合其他盟友构建排他性科技合作联盟,试图将中国排除在学术交流与科研合作网络之外。在关键核心技术方面,美国联合日本、韩国等国家,在高端半导体制造设备、先进AI芯片及5G/6G通信核心技术领域,构建了以技术封锁与标准主导为特征的“小多边科技同盟”,共同对中国进行战略性遏制。
(2)对我国国家创新体系整体效能提升的影响与挑战
一是,我国国家创新体系的科技资源统筹布局和组织模式面临结构性调整。美国科技政策日益呈现任务导向和组织化特征,聚焦国家战略目标,强调科技成果的落地转化与政策执行效率。我国关键核心技术将面临更强的发展压力和国际竞争压力,对全球科技竞争格局中我国创新体系的组织能力与战略科技力量建设形成了不可忽视的挑战。我国国家创新体系面临在科技资源统筹与科研活动组织模式上的结构性调整要求,需从碎片化分布走向有组织科研、从自由分散走向任务牵引,以增强国家战略科技力量的系统集成效能与应对国际竞争的能力。
二是,我国国家创新体系整体效能提升短期受抑,长期来看或将激发内生动力。自中美科技博弈以来,美国在芯片、能源等关键领域强化对华技术管控与贸易壁垒,采取加征关税、加强投资审查和实施出口限制等手段,切断部分高端设备与基础软硬件供应,显著阻碍了创新链关键环节的要素流动,我国国家创新体系的关键子环节协同短期内受阻,抑制我国国家创新体系整体效能提升动力[31]。从长远看,这一外部压力也可能推动我国构建自主可控的创新链与产业链协同体系,激发中国国家创新体系整体效能提升的内生动力。
三是,我国国家创新体系开放性短期内暂受限制,长期来看仍具备提升空间。美国对华科技人才跨国流动与合作实施制裁使得我国国家创新体系建设的外部开放性面临短期内下降的形势,正经历从开放合作向战略竞合模式的转变。随着中美围绕顶尖科技人才的争夺不断加剧,双方在科技人才交流与合作的空间将愈加受限,我国国际科技合作格局面临深度调整。美国通过构建排他性科技合作联盟,削弱我国全球科研网络融入程度,限制国际与中国科技人才开展合作,成为制约我国形成具有开放竞争力的国家创新体系的障碍之一[32]。但同时,美国国内科技人才政策不确定性可能加速全球科技人才流入中国,为我国国家创新体系整体效能提升提供人才机遇。我国也正积极调整国际科技合作方向,加强与“一带一路”国家及其他战略合作伙伴国的对话和合作,从长远看将进一步激发我国拓展国际合作伙伴、提升国际影响力的动力。
在考虑中美政治制度、经济和科技体制差异的基础上,本文立足我国体制机制现状和国家创新体系整体效能提升需求,批判性吸取美国国家创新体系建设和整体效能提升的成功经验,以提出我国国家创新体系整体效能提升的应对措施与启示。
(1)强化战略导向下的前瞻性部署和灵活性调整
一是,充分发挥中央科技委员会的统筹牵引作用,提升科技战略决策的前瞻性与系统性,实现全国“一盘棋”,统筹推进国家创新体系建设的前瞻部署,集中创新资源和力量开展科技协作与攻关,坚持有效市场和有为政府更好结合,推动实现关键前沿技术领域的战略性突破。二是,建立健全前瞻性创新领域战略研判与动态调整的体制机制。借鉴美国DARPA高风险容忍、动态评估与灵活调整的项目资助方式,聚焦前沿性技术,扩大项目资助布局范围,提升容错率与资助力度的同时加强风险的动态监管,基于抢占科技制高点、实现科技创新领先的目的,加强前瞻性创新项目甄选的顶层设计。对具有全局性、战略性和前瞻性的项目加强精准、持续资助,有效引导科研人员超前聚焦国家重大战略需求的关键基础前沿研究领域发展。三是,建立健全反思决策与动态调整及多主体决策建言机制,构建具有动态适应性和及时响应能力的科技创新组织架构,实现顶层战略的及时下达和执行反馈。
(2)推动战略导向和需求导向的有组织基础研究
一是,加强基础研究与国家经济社会发展需求深度对接。聚焦国家重大战略任务和经济社会发展需求,推进战略科技力量建设,以目标导向牵引带动自由探索,使基础研究和应用研究相互促进。通过建立体系化、协调化的科研组织与管理模式,将基础研究力量与实际需求紧密结合。二是,推动基础研究多元协同投入机制。当前我国基础研究仍主要依赖中央财政支持,应进一步撬动领军企业、社会组织、地方政府对基础研究的多元投入。可借鉴NSF设立TIP等系列举措,强化跨领域多主体协作的专项基金和合作平台构建,设立促进全创新链政产学研多主体参与的多样化推动计划,以实现基础研究的多元主体协同投入。
(3)加快推进要素高效流转的创新生态体系建设
一是,优化制度环境建设,促进关键要素的自由流动。完善知识产权保护与金融支持体系,强化市场在促进知识、技术、人才和资金等创新要素流动中的关键作用。加强科技创新资源一体化配置,发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,避免科技创新资源分散、重复、低效。二是,推动产学研深度融合,促进创新链条协同运行。鼓励企业主导建立产学研联合体,设立中介平台与项目基金,构建政府引导下的多主体协作机制。通过“科研特区”“创新共同体”“揭榜挂帅”等举措,打通从基础研究到成果转化的全流程,提升创新要素转化效能。
(4)优化完善整体性创新政策体系设计
基于国家创新体系整体效能提升目的进行整体性政策体系设计[33],通过促进政策组合的一致性和协同性以最大化激发各创新主体科技创新活力[34]。一是,强化创新政策在出台、制定和实施过程中的一致性和协同性。明确划分创新政策制定主体和权限范围,防止因权限不清导致“政出多门”的现象。构建政策制定与执行的跨部门协调机制,提升政策取向一致性和政策协同效率。二是,提升创新政策制定的央地协同水平,推动形成跨层级、跨部门的政策协同。允许地方在中央战略框架下根据自身发展现状和需求,探索差异化的政策提升路径;中央政府通过遴选与推广成功试点经验,推动标杆创新政策实践向全国范围的传播与扩展。三是,完善创新政策的一致性审查和评估机制。建立以动态评估为核心的政策修正机制,依据阶段性测评结果实施政策的废、改、补、立以强化各环节之间的有机衔接。
  • 国家自然科学基金委国家杰出青年科学基金项目(72025403)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(72404259)
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2026年第44卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-17
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-07-22
基金
国家自然科学基金委国家杰出青年科学基金项目(72025403)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(72404259)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049
    2 北京工商大学商学院, 北京 100048
    3 美国东华盛顿大学政治学与公共政策系, 美国华盛顿州切尼市 99004

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张宇杰(1996-),女,讲师,E-mail:。
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