Article(id=1318316497588572517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1318316496934261092, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=1754236800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792240746161, onlineDateStr=2026-10-17, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792240746161, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792240746161, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792240746161, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1318316496934261092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1345', pageEnd='1568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792240746004, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792240746004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1490, endPage=1500, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1318316497815064934, articleId=1318316497588572517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Interaction orientation, experimentation and innovation performance in digital new ventures, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Digital technologies have brought profound transformations to the entrepreneurial activities, particularly by enabling new forms of firm-user interactions. Interaction orientation—a firm's strategic tendency to interact with and learn from users—has been increasingly recognized as a key enabler of innovation, its effectiveness remains context-dependent and underexplored in digital entrepreneurial settings. Prior research often highlights its linear benefits while overlooking potential drawbacks and the mechanisms through which it operates. This gap is especially salient in the context of digital entrepreneurial, where uncertainty and limited resources make decisions more complex. This study draws upon the Lean Startup Theory and investigates the “double-edged sword” effect of interaction orientation on innovation performance in digital new ventures, examines experimentation as a key mediating mechanism and incorporates latent need identification capability as a boundary condition.
Based on a multi-stage survey of digital new ventures, this study provides empirical evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between interaction orientation and innovation performance. When interaction becomes excessive, it generates diminishing returns—leading to information overload, resource strain, and decision-making fatigue due to redundant or conflicting user input. In addition, this study confirms the mediating role of experimentation, thus unpacking the black box of how user interaction drives innovation success. In dynamic and uncertain digital markets, experimentation enables ventures to iteratively test assumptions, validate MVP, and optimize product-market fit. Interaction orientation supplies the raw input—user insights and behavioral signals—while experimentation transforms this input into actionable innovation outcomes. Moreover, this study highlights the moderating effect of latent need identification capability, offering new insights into the conditions under which interaction orientation is most effective. Ventures with strong capabilities to detect unspoken, future-oriented user needs are more adept at filtering valuable signals from user interactions and translating them into focused experiments. The moderation analysis reveals that such ventures reach the optimal point of experimentation at lower levels of interaction orientation, suggesting that latent need identification sharpens the strategic value of firm-user interaction.
Theoretically, this study contributes in three key ways. First, this study clarifies the "double-edged sword" effect and underlying mechanism of interaction orientation on innovation performance in digital entrepreneurship contexts, offering a contextualized explanation to reconcile conflicting findings in existing literature. By focusing on the characteristics of digital entrepreneurship, this study provides both theoretical justification and empirical evidence for the inverted U-shaped effect of interaction orientation on innovation performance of digital new ventures. Second, this study uncovers the inverted U-shaped relationship between interaction orientation and experimentation, addressing the research gap on the antecedents of experimentation from the demand-side perspective. While prior studies have primarily explored the drivers of entrepreneurial experimentation from the supply side, the highly dynamic nature of user needs in digital contexts necessitates timely sensing and response to guide effective experimentation. This study demonstrates the positive effect of interaction orientation on experimentation in digital new ventures, thereby enriching the antecedent research of entrepreneurial experimentation in digital settings. Third, this study highlights the critical contingency role of latent need identification capability in digital entrepreneurship, expanding the boundary condition literature on interaction orientation. Enabled by digital technologies, digital new ventures are increasingly capable of capturing and interpreting user needs. In this context, the capability to identify latent needs serves as a crucial catalyst for realizing the benefits of interaction orientation, yet it remains underexplored in existing research.
Practically, this study highlights key innovation management strategies for digital new ventures. They should leverage digital technologies to interact deeply with users, personalize products and services, and predict latent needs through data analysis. They must remain agile by adjusting innovation directions based on market changes and iterating MVPs rapidly. At the same time, these new ventures should avoid excessive interaction that leads to information overload and resource dispersion. Prioritizing relevant user feedback, integrating information effectively, and allocating resources strategically are crucial for enhancing innovation performance in fast-changing digital environments.
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数字技术的快速发展为数字化新创企业采取互动导向提升创新绩效带来了新的机遇与挑战,然而现有研究对此缺乏关注。本研究基于精益创业理论,以试验为关键路径,探究互动导向对于数字化新创企业创新绩效的“双刃剑”效应及其机理。实证结果表明:互动导向与数字化新创企业创新绩效之间存在倒U型关系;试验在上述关系间具有中介传导作用;隐性需求识别能力在互动导向与试验的关系间具有调节作用。本研究基于数字创业情境揭示互动导向对创新绩效间的非线性作用机制,为解决相关研究争议提供了情境化的阐释,以试验为关键路径打开二者间作用机制的黑箱,从需求端视角弥补创业试验影响因素研究的不足,丰富了对于互动导向作用边界条件的理解。
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72(1): 109-118., articleTitle=With or without U? The appropriate test for a U-shaped relationship, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1318316503435432342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, awardId=72572073, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(72572073), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1318316503536095639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, awardId=72072069, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(72072069), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1318316503611593112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, awardId=JJKH20241358SK, language=CN, fundingSource=吉林省教育厅人文社科研究重大项目(JJKH20241358SK), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1318316498989470060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316499006247277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, companyId=1318316498989470060, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Business and Management, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1318316499018830190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, companyId=1318316498989470060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=吉林大学商学与管理学院, 吉林长春 130012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1318316502131003784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Theoretical model, figureFileSmall=ZLCuhp02runKPo8YtSRKOA==, figureFileBig=NaS5eL0y4UJY7ZmFHmrrmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316502189724041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
理论模型, figureFileSmall=ZLCuhp02runKPo8YtSRKOA==, figureFileBig=NaS5eL0y4UJY7ZmFHmrrmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316502382662026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Moderating effect plot, figureFileSmall=egoXCJBvQ65SkQvbmj8Ktw==, figureFileBig=4N8XoTU67AzDAAP4S3cBCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316502453965195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
调节作用图, figureFileSmall=egoXCJBvQ65SkQvbmj8Ktw==, figureFileBig=4N8XoTU67AzDAAP4S3cBCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1318316502546239884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Scale items and factor loadings
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 题项 | 因子载荷 |
互动导向
(IO) | 我们可以察觉到每一个用户的需求与想法 | 0.758 |
| 我们可以满足每一个用户的需求与想法 | 0.723 |
| 我们可以对每一个用户的需求与想法进行系统分析 | 0.763 |
| 我们的系统可以记录每个用户的信息与数据 | 0.782 |
| 我们的系统可以识别每个用户的交易习惯等 | 0.778 |
| 我们的系统可以获得每个用户的消费习惯与信息等数据 | 0.835 |
| 我们的系统可以预测每个用户未来的交易趋势等数据 | 0.836 |
| 我们有渠道让每个用户都能与我们取得联系,对产品/服务进行评价与反馈 | 0.832 |
| 我们有渠道让用户之间进行充分沟通互动,对产品或服务进行评价、反馈和交流 | 0.842 |
| 我们有丰富且全面的渠道搜集用户对产品/服务的评价与反馈,并在之后改进 | 0.775 |
| 我们了解每个用户在过去的交易过程中所产生的利润 | 0.759 |
| 我们可以预测未来每个用户可能为我们产生的利润 | 0.761 |
| 我们能根据每个用户过去及未来产生的利润,判断要在其身上花费的时间及金钱 | 0.793 |
试验
(Exp) | 我们尝试了很多种不同的产品/服务/商业模式 | 0.773 |
| 我们最终推向市场产品/服务与最初的设想差别很大 | 0.804 |
| 我们通过不断反复的试验调整我们的产品/服务/商业模式 | 0.806 |
隐性需求识别
能力
(ILN) | 我们能够发现用户自己都没有意识到的需求 | 0.835 |
| 我们在用户难以表达其需求的领域找到了机会 | 0.843 |
| 我们与领先型用户密切合作,在大多数企业可能认识到客户的需求前识别出它们 | 0.835 |
| 我们了解当前市场的用户在未来会需要什么 | 0.844 |
创新绩效
(IP) | 我们成功开发/推出了现有产品/服务 | 0.803 |
| 我们成功改善了现有产品/服务 | 0.826 |
| 我们成功开发/引进了新组织流程 | 0.865 |
| 我们成功改善了现有组织流程 | 0.833 |
| 我们成功采用了新的生产方法 | 0.869 |
| 我们成功开发了全新的商业模式,并成功运用 | 0.807 |
| 我们成功开拓了全新的市场 | 0.874 |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316502638514573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
量表题项和因子载荷
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 题项 | 因子载荷 |
互动导向
(IO) | 我们可以察觉到每一个用户的需求与想法 | 0.758 |
| 我们可以满足每一个用户的需求与想法 | 0.723 |
| 我们可以对每一个用户的需求与想法进行系统分析 | 0.763 |
| 我们的系统可以记录每个用户的信息与数据 | 0.782 |
| 我们的系统可以识别每个用户的交易习惯等 | 0.778 |
| 我们的系统可以获得每个用户的消费习惯与信息等数据 | 0.835 |
| 我们的系统可以预测每个用户未来的交易趋势等数据 | 0.836 |
| 我们有渠道让每个用户都能与我们取得联系,对产品/服务进行评价与反馈 | 0.832 |
| 我们有渠道让用户之间进行充分沟通互动,对产品或服务进行评价、反馈和交流 | 0.842 |
| 我们有丰富且全面的渠道搜集用户对产品/服务的评价与反馈,并在之后改进 | 0.775 |
| 我们了解每个用户在过去的交易过程中所产生的利润 | 0.759 |
| 我们可以预测未来每个用户可能为我们产生的利润 | 0.761 |
| 我们能根据每个用户过去及未来产生的利润,判断要在其身上花费的时间及金钱 | 0.793 |
试验
(Exp) | 我们尝试了很多种不同的产品/服务/商业模式 | 0.773 |
| 我们最终推向市场产品/服务与最初的设想差别很大 | 0.804 |
| 我们通过不断反复的试验调整我们的产品/服务/商业模式 | 0.806 |
隐性需求识别
能力
(ILN) | 我们能够发现用户自己都没有意识到的需求 | 0.835 |
| 我们在用户难以表达其需求的领域找到了机会 | 0.843 |
| 我们与领先型用户密切合作,在大多数企业可能认识到客户的需求前识别出它们 | 0.835 |
| 我们了解当前市场的用户在未来会需要什么 | 0.844 |
创新绩效
(IP) | 我们成功开发/推出了现有产品/服务 | 0.803 |
| 我们成功改善了现有产品/服务 | 0.826 |
| 我们成功开发/引进了新组织流程 | 0.865 |
| 我们成功改善了现有组织流程 | 0.833 |
| 我们成功采用了新的生产方法 | 0.869 |
| 我们成功开发了全新的商业模式,并成功运用 | 0.807 |
| 我们成功开拓了全新的市场 | 0.874 |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316502709817742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Correlation analysis
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | Mean | S.D. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| IO | 3.567 | 0.597 | 0.877 | | | | | | | |
| Exp | 3.579 | 0.674 | 0.399** | 0.821 | | | | | | |
| IP | 3.418 | 0.654 | 0.329** | 0.542** | 0.841 | | | | | |
| ILN | 3.705 | 0.632 | 0.241** | 0.183** | 0.236** | 0.851 | | | | |
| Size | 3.216 | 1.083 | 0.090 | -0.019 | -0.037 | 0.082 | | | | |
| Age | 5.640 | 1.853 | -0.063 | -0.108 | 0.061 | -0.035 | 0.277** | | | |
| Gen | 0.200 | 0.404 | 0.002 | -0.029 | 0.000 | 0.002 | -0.119 | -0.083 | | |
| OT | 0.827 | 0.379 | 0.095 | 0.011 | 0.159* | 0.132* | -0.047 | 0.093 | 0.004 | |
| IS | 3.010 | 1.214 | -0.002 | -0.043 | -0.037 | -0.098 | -0.114 | 0.056 | 0.083 | -0.064 |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316502802092431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
相关性检验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | Mean | S.D. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| IO | 3.567 | 0.597 | 0.877 | | | | | | | |
| Exp | 3.579 | 0.674 | 0.399** | 0.821 | | | | | | |
| IP | 3.418 | 0.654 | 0.329** | 0.542** | 0.841 | | | | | |
| ILN | 3.705 | 0.632 | 0.241** | 0.183** | 0.236** | 0.851 | | | | |
| Size | 3.216 | 1.083 | 0.090 | -0.019 | -0.037 | 0.082 | | | | |
| Age | 5.640 | 1.853 | -0.063 | -0.108 | 0.061 | -0.035 | 0.277** | | | |
| Gen | 0.200 | 0.404 | 0.002 | -0.029 | 0.000 | 0.002 | -0.119 | -0.083 | | |
| OT | 0.827 | 0.379 | 0.095 | 0.011 | 0.159* | 0.132* | -0.047 | 0.093 | 0.004 | |
| IS | 3.010 | 1.214 | -0.002 | -0.043 | -0.037 | -0.098 | -0.114 | 0.056 | 0.083 | -0.064 |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316502898561424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | χ2 | df | χ2/df | CFI | IFI | RMSEA |
| CMV(IO、Exp、IP、ILN、CMV) | 252.427 | 111 | 2.274 | 0.962 | 0.963 | 0.070 |
| 四因子(IO、Exp、IP、ILN) | 281.622 | 129 | 2.183 | 0.959 | 0.959 | 0.068 |
| 三因子(IO、Exp、IP+ILN) | 948.282 | 132 | 7.184 | 0.782 | 0.783 | 0.155 |
| 二因子(IO、Exp+IP+ILN) | 1194.789 | 134 | 8.916 | 0.716 | 0.718 | 0.175 |
| 单因子(IO+Exp+IP+ILN) | 1979.686 | 135 | 14.664 | 0.506 | 0.509 | 0.230 |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316502974058897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
验证性因子分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | χ2 | df | χ2/df | CFI | IFI | RMSEA |
| CMV(IO、Exp、IP、ILN、CMV) | 252.427 | 111 | 2.274 | 0.962 | 0.963 | 0.070 |
| 四因子(IO、Exp、IP、ILN) | 281.622 | 129 | 2.183 | 0.959 | 0.959 | 0.068 |
| 三因子(IO、Exp、IP+ILN) | 948.282 | 132 | 7.184 | 0.782 | 0.783 | 0.155 |
| 二因子(IO、Exp+IP+ILN) | 1194.789 | 134 | 8.916 | 0.716 | 0.718 | 0.175 |
| 单因子(IO+Exp+IP+ILN) | 1979.686 | 135 | 14.664 | 0.506 | 0.509 | 0.230 |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316503057944978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Reliability and validity assessment
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | VIF | Cronbach’s α | C.R. | AVE |
| IO | 1.28 | 0.954 | 0.930 | 0.769 |
| Exp | 1.59 | 0.861 | 0.861 | 0.674 |
| IP | 1.56 | 0.944 | 0.944 | 0.707 |
| ILN | 1.12 | 0.913 | 0.913 | 0.724 |
| Size | 1.16 | | | |
| Age | 1.16 | | | |
| Gen | 1.03 | | | |
| OT | 1.07 | | | |
| IS | 1.04 | | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316503146025363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
信效度检验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | VIF | Cronbach’s α | C.R. | AVE |
| IO | 1.28 | 0.954 | 0.930 | 0.769 |
| Exp | 1.59 | 0.861 | 0.861 | 0.674 |
| IP | 1.56 | 0.944 | 0.944 | 0.707 |
| ILN | 1.12 | 0.913 | 0.913 | 0.724 |
| Size | 1.16 | | | |
| Age | 1.16 | | | |
| Gen | 1.03 | | | |
| OT | 1.07 | | | |
| IS | 1.04 | | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316503217328532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Hypothesis testing results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | 模型4 | 模型5 |
| 变量 | IP | Exp | IP | IP | Exp |
| IO | 0.155* | 0.249** | | 0.052 | 0.223** |
| (0.070) | (0.071) | | (0.065) | (0.075) |
| IO2 | -0.328** | -0.320** | | -0.197** | -0.325** |
| (0.057) | (0.058) | | (0.055) | (0.073) |
| Exp | | | 0.522** | 0.411** | |
| | (0.051) | (0.057) | |
| ILN | | | | | 0.270** |
| | | | (0.073) |
| IO×ILN | | | | | -0.404** |
| | | | (0.101) |
| IO2×ILN | | | | | -0.216** |
| | | | (0.078) |
| Age | 0.034 | -0.025 | 0.047* | 0.044* | -0.022 |
| (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.020) |
| Size | -0.035 | -0.006 | -0.040 | -0.033 | 0.001 |
| (0.036) | (0.036) | (0.033) | (0.033) | (0.035) |
| Gen | -0.010 | -0.069 | 0.049 | 0.018 | -0.129 |
| (0.092) | (0.093) | (0.086) | (0.084) | (0.089) |
| OT | 0.203* | -0.045 | 0.235** | 0.221* | -0.142 |
| (0.097) | (0.099) | (0.090) | (0.088) | (0.095) |
| IS | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Constant | 3.283** | 3.828** | 1.188** | 1.710** | 3.886** |
| (0.198) | (0.201) | (0.258) | (0.282) | (0.191) |
| R2 | 0.255 | 0.275 | 0.341 | 0.385 | 0.362 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.225 | 0.246 | 0.318 | 0.358 | 0.328 |
| F | 8.51** | 9.43** | 14.40** | 14.11** | 10.72** |
), ArticleFig(id=1318316503305408917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1318316497588572517, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
假设检验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | 模型4 | 模型5 |
| 变量 | IP | Exp | IP | IP | Exp |
| IO | 0.155* | 0.249** | | 0.052 | 0.223** |
| (0.070) | (0.071) | | (0.065) | (0.075) |
| IO2 | -0.328** | -0.320** | | -0.197** | -0.325** |
| (0.057) | (0.058) | | (0.055) | (0.073) |
| Exp | | | 0.522** | 0.411** | |
| | (0.051) | (0.057) | |
| ILN | | | | | 0.270** |
| | | | (0.073) |
| IO×ILN | | | | | -0.404** |
| | | | (0.101) |
| IO2×ILN | | | | | -0.216** |
| | | | (0.078) |
| Age | 0.034 | -0.025 | 0.047* | 0.044* | -0.022 |
| (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.020) |
| Size | -0.035 | -0.006 | -0.040 | -0.033 | 0.001 |
| (0.036) | (0.036) | (0.033) | (0.033) | (0.035) |
| Gen | -0.010 | -0.069 | 0.049 | 0.018 | -0.129 |
| (0.092) | (0.093) | (0.086) | (0.084) | (0.089) |
| OT | 0.203* | -0.045 | 0.235** | 0.221* | -0.142 |
| (0.097) | (0.099) | (0.090) | (0.088) | (0.095) |
| IS | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Constant | 3.283** | 3.828** | 1.188** | 1.710** | 3.886** |
| (0.198) | (0.201) | (0.258) | (0.282) | (0.191) |
| R2 | 0.255 | 0.275 | 0.341 | 0.385 | 0.362 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.225 | 0.246 | 0.318 | 0.358 | 0.328 |
| F | 8.51** | 9.43** | 14.40** | 14.11** | 10.72** |
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