Article(id=1317436327470153739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748448000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-29, revisedDate=1755705600000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030897252, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030897252, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030897252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030897252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436203545243877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1569', pageEnd='1792', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030867705, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031039088, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436922423792157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436922427986462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1681, endPage=1694, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436327830863884, articleId=1317436327470153739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Does the establishment of environmental courts promote corporate green innovation?——Empirical evidence from a quasi-natural experiment, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since the introduction of the Kyoto Protocol and its continuation through the Paris Agreement, environmental governance has remained a central theme in global policy discourse. In China, environmental pollution has emerged as a significant constraint to high-quality economic development. In response, green innovation has become an essential driver of the country's green transformation. As the primary agents of innovation, enterprises play a pivotal role in advancing green practices. Enhancing firms' green innovation capacity has thus become a critical challenge in the current stage of sustainable transition. While the Chinese government has adopted a wide range of environmental policy tools to stimulate corporate green innovation, the actual effectiveness of these policies largely hinges on the presence of a sound legal and enforcement framework. In this context, the development of an effective environmental judiciary system is not only a key component of the broader green policy framework but also holds significant practical relevance for achieving a sustainable economic transformation. This study exploits a quasi-natural experiment involving the staggered establishment of environmental courts across prefecture-level cities in China beginning in 2007. Using a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) methodology, we empirically investigate how the presence of environmental courts influences local firms’ green innovation practice and further explore the underlying mechanisms.

Our findings reveal several important insights. First, the establishment of environmental courts significantly enhances corporate green innovation, with a more substantial impact observed on substantive green innovation compared to symbolic initiatives. Second, rather than being driven solely by passive compliance due to regulatory vulnerability, firms exhibit proactive self-regulation in response to institutional signals. Specifically, the creation of environmental courts is interpreted by firms as a strong governmental commitment to environmental governance, prompting them to adjust internal strategies accordingly. This adjustment is aimed at improving legitimacy and securing long-term competitive advantage through substantive innovation. Third, this effect is more pronounced in state-owned enterprises and in firms whose management teams exhibit a long-term orientation. Fourth, the study identifies a spillover mechanism whereby executive interlocks—shared executives across different firms—facilitate the diffusion of green innovation practices, resulting in a broader systemic impact beyond individual firm responses.

This study underscores the vital role of environmental judicial institutions in promoting corporate green innovation, especially substantive green innovation. It adds to the literature on corporate social responsibility by highlighting firms’ proactive responses to institutional change, rather than reactive behavior to violations or external pressure. From a risk management and policy perspective, environmental courts help reduce uncertainty, enhance regulatory credibility, and incentivize long-term strategic investment in green innovation. Policy implications include the need to strengthen environmental judicial capacity through professionalization, improved case-handling efficiency, and the development of digital platforms such as online courts. Enhancing the signaling effect of institutional reform—through transparent litigation, public trials, and active media engagement—can further motivate firms’ strategic adjustments. Encouraging state-owned enterprises to serve as role models and fostering inter-firm knowledge diffusion through executive networks and board-level interactions can help scale up green innovation across industries. Corporate leadership should also embrace long-term environmental accountability and embed sustainability into core governance practices to support sustainable development.

, authors=Xue-mei XIE1, 2, Shu-yang NI1, 2, authorsList=Xue-mei XIE, Shu-yang NI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shu-yang NI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436328963325971, articleId=1317436327470153739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=环保法庭的设立促进了企业绿色创新吗?——一项基于准自然实验的经验证据研究, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

完善的环境司法体系建设对促进绿色创新与实现绿色转型具有重要意义。在深化环境司法改革背景下,利用中国设立环保法庭这一准自然实验,使用多时点双重差分方法实证检验了环保法庭设立对企业绿色创新的影响,并揭示其深层影响机制。结果表明:环保法庭显著促进了企业绿色创新,且对实质性绿色创新的促进效应更强;不同于基于企业自身脆弱性的被动防御,企业的自我调节机制是上述发现的重要影响机制。进一步分析发现,该效应在国有企业及管理层具有长期导向的企业中更明显,并会通过高管兼任机制产生“连锁效应”。不仅从环境司法角度拓展了绿色创新驱动因素研究,为环保法庭对绿色创新的促进效应提供微观层面经验证据;而且为地方完善环境司法体系及提升绿色发展水平提供政策启示。

, authors=解学梅1, 2, 倪书阳1, 2, authorsList=解学梅, 倪书阳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=倪书阳, authorNote=

解学梅(1979-),女,教授、博士生导师。

, correspAuthorsNote=
倪书阳(1996-),女,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
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解学梅(1979-),女,教授、博士生导师。

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解学梅(1979-),女,教授、博士生导师。

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From a sample of 259 Chinese manufacturing firms, we find that consumer pressure has a greater positive effect on green product innovation than regulation pressure, whereas regulation pressure is more positively related to green process innovation than consumer pressure. Moreover, these two relationships are partially mediated by exploration learning and exploitation learning, respectively. These findings advance the existing research on the stakeholder pressures-green innovation linkage by revealing that consumer and regulation pressures influence green product innovation and green process innovation differently and through different organizational learning approaches.), Reference(id=1317436338530533471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.028, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=144, issue=null, pageStart=614, pageEnd=626, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322001473, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Hou Q, Chen Z, Teng M, journalName=Journal of Business Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hou Q, Chen Z, Teng M. Today’s baton and tomorrow’s vision: The effect of strengthening patent examination system on corporate innovation strategies[J]. 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Instead of requiring that parallel trends holds exactly, we impose restrictions on how different the post-treatment violations of parallel trends can be from the pre-treatment differences in trends (“pre-trends”). The causal parameter of interest is partially identified under these restrictions. We introduce two approaches that guarantee uniformly valid inference under the imposed restrictions, and we derive novel results showing that they have desirable power properties in our context. We illustrate how economic knowledge can inform the restrictions on the possible violations of parallel trends in two economic applications. We also highlight how our approach can be used to conduct sensitivity analyses showing what causal conclusions can be drawn under various restrictions on the possible violations of the parallel trends assumption.), Reference(id=1317436341466546283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, doi=10.1093/jopart/muv002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=277, pageEnd=293, url=https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/26/2/277/2886429, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Lu J, journalName=Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu J. The performance of performance-based contracting in human services: A quasi-experiment[J]. 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Using propensity score matching and difference-in-differences regressions to control for the imbalances between the two states, this article finds that PBC significantly improves employment results and reduces time to employment, two measured performance indicators. However, the impact of PBC on unmeasured employment quality, as indicated by working hours and wages, is trivial. This article further suggests relational contracting as a supplemental mechanism for PBC in human service provision.), Reference(id=1317436341533655148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, doi=10.1002/smj.2017.38.issue-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=163, pageEnd=183, url=https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/38/2, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Flammer C, Luo J, journalName=Strategic Management Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Flammer C, Luo J. 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How partners’ institutional logics influence innovation in young firms, refAbstract=Drawing on institutional theory, we examine how the institutional logics—taken-for granted norms, structures, and practices—of different types of funding partners influence young firms and their search for innovations. We test our hypotheses in a longitudinal study of a complete population of ventures in the minimally invasive surgical device industry in the U.S., supplemented by interviews with industry informants. We find that types of funding partners vary significantly from one another: they all provide resources, but their institutional logics differ. Venture capitalists (VCs) pick young firms with significant patented technologies and help firms launch products, and high-status VCs strengthen both the patenting and product innovations of young firms. Corporate venture capitalists and government agencies also select patent-intensive firms but are less effective than VCs in helping ventures during the relationship because, though these partners often have impressive technical and commercial resources for innovation, their institutional logics constrain how effectively young firms can access their resources. Relative to other types of funding partners, VCs have a closer advisor relationship with the venture; greater power, influence, and access to resources; better-paced and more-motivating milestones; and better understanding of the commercialization process. Our results extend the institutional logics literature to interorganizational relationships and suggest that the choice among types of funding partners may have unanticipated effects on firms’ innovation beyond the financial resources gained through the relationship.), Reference(id=1317436342863249523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=44, pageEnd=55, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=35, authorNames=刘新梅, 赵旭, 张新星, journalName=科学学与科学技术管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘新梅, 赵旭, 张新星. 企业高层长期导向对新产品创造力的影响研究——基于资源编排视角[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2017, 38(3):44-55., articleTitle=企业高层长期导向对新产品创造力的影响研究——基于资源编排视角, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436342921969780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=44, pageEnd=55, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Liu X M, Zhao X, Zhang X X, journalName=Science of Science and Management of S.&.T., refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X M, Zhao X, Zhang X X. 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Board interlocks and environmental performance: from the perspective of social networks[J]. East China Economic Management, 2018, 32(3):119-127., articleTitle=Board interlocks and environmental performance: from the perspective of social networks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436343731470457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, doi=10.1002/bse.v30.1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=30, issue=1, pageStart=92, pageEnd=108, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10990836/30/1, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Lu J, Yu D, Mahmoudian F, journalName=Business Strategy and the Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu J, Yu D, Mahmoudian F, et al. Board interlocks and greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Business Strategy and the Environment, 2021, 30(1): 92-108., articleTitle=Board interlocks and greenhouse gas emissions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436343798579322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, doi=10.1016/j.spc.2022.01.017, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=815, pageEnd=828, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352550922000173, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Zhong Z, Peng B, journalName=Sustainable Production and Consumption, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhong Z, Peng B. Can environmental regulation promote green innovation in heavily polluting enterprises? Empirical evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China[J]. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2022, 30: 815-828., articleTitle=Can environmental regulation promote green innovation in heavily polluting enterprises? Empirical evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436343878271099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, doi=10.1002/smj.2017.38.issue-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=455, pageEnd=470, url=https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/38/2, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Shiu Y M, Yang S L, journalName=Strategic Management Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shiu Y M, Yang S L. Does engagement in corporate social responsibility provide strategic insurance‐like effects?[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2017, 38(2): 455-470., articleTitle=Does engagement in corporate social responsibility provide strategic insurance‐like effects?, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436337305796687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, awardId=20&ZD059, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD059), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436329202401300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436329206595605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, companyId=1317436329202401300, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436329214984214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, companyId=1317436329202401300, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 同济大学经济与管理学院, 上海 200092)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436329282093079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436329290481688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, companyId=1317436329282093079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Laboratory of High-Quality Urban Development and Strategic Decision, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436329298870297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, companyId=1317436329282093079, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 同济大学城市高质量发展与规划决策实验室, 上海 200092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317436332570427440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Parallel trends in treatment and control groups, figureFileSmall=qelaXtY5kJoFbqprCtT44A==, figureFileBig=bcoS0sY5i8t5P+P51xFDgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436332822085681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=图1, caption=平行趋势图, figureFileSmall=qelaXtY5kJoFbqprCtT44A==, figureFileBig=bcoS0sY5i8t5P+P51xFDgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436333010829362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Honest difference-in-difference test, figureFileSmall=seuQ+WZ4OkTUD9OuPc/Nig==, figureFileBig=5HJwyCbqYaBHo2glqJYr7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436333245710387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=图2, caption=诚实双重差分检验, figureFileSmall=seuQ+WZ4OkTUD9OuPc/Nig==, figureFileBig=5HJwyCbqYaBHo2glqJYr7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436333304430644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Permutation test, figureFileSmall=NXApcKXE32Ih69wR2IsCgA==, figureFileBig=8x5YPACESTzi90xgpasbAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436333606420533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=图3, caption=置换检验, figureFileSmall=NXApcKXE32Ih69wR2IsCgA==, figureFileBig=8x5YPACESTzi90xgpasbAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436333673529398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Baseline regression results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.049*** 0.048*** 0.024**
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.979* -0.815** -0.501†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436333736443959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基准回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.049*** 0.048*** 0.024**
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.979* -0.815** -0.501†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436333816135736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Propensity score matching test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.057** 0.038* 0.035*
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.520** -1.204** -0.782*
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 14623 14623 14623
R2 0.674 0.653 0.594
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334034239545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

倾向得分匹配检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.057** 0.038* 0.035*
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.520** -1.204** -0.782*
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 14623 14623 14623
R2 0.674 0.653 0.594
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334101348410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Instrumental variable test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court_New 0.058** 0.054*** 0.029*
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.894* -0.755* -0.456
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
第一阶段回归结果
River density 2.742*** 2.645***
Wald chi2 76.02*** 740.76***
Controls No Yes
N 27427 27427
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334189428795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

工具变量检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court_New 0.058** 0.054*** 0.029*
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.894* -0.755* -0.456
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
第一阶段回归结果
River density 2.742*** 2.645***
Wald chi2 76.02*** 740.76***
Controls No Yes
N 27427 27427
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334256537660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Placebo test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.046** 0.038** 0.021†
Court_Neighbor 0.004 0.014 0.003
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.982* -0.852** -0.502†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334457864253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

安慰剂检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.046** 0.038** 0.021†
Court_Neighbor 0.004 0.014 0.003
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.982* -0.852** -0.502†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334524973118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Alternative regression model test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12
随机
效应
混合
估计
Poisson Tobit 随机
效应
混合
估计
Poisson Tobit 随机
效应
混合
估计
Poisson Tobit
Court 0.106* 0.054*** 0.055*** 0.062*** 0.150* 0.050*** 0.052*** 0.055*** 0.086 0.013† 0.026* 0.023**
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.607*** -1.107*** -1.356*** -1.218*** -0.973*** -1.160*** -0.690*** -0.594*** -0.795***
Year Fixed
Effect
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed
Effect
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 12777 27971 27971 27971 10732 27971 27971 27971 9572 27971 27971 27971
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334592081983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

替换模型检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12
随机
效应
混合
估计
Poisson Tobit 随机
效应
混合
估计
Poisson Tobit 随机
效应
混合
估计
Poisson Tobit
Court 0.106* 0.054*** 0.055*** 0.062*** 0.150* 0.050*** 0.052*** 0.055*** 0.086 0.013† 0.026* 0.023**
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.607*** -1.107*** -1.356*** -1.218*** -0.973*** -1.160*** -0.690*** -0.594*** -0.795***
Year Fixed
Effect
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed
Effect
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 12777 27971 27971 27971 10732 27971 27971 27971 9572 27971 27971 27971
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334675968064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Moderating effect test of media tone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.034** 0.036*** 0.016†
JF -0.014 -0.012 -0.013
Court × JF 0.131*** 0.104*** 0.064**
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.978* -0.821** -0.497†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.593
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334747271233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

媒体语调调节效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.034** 0.036*** 0.016†
JF -0.014 -0.012 -0.013
Court × JF 0.131*** 0.104*** 0.064**
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.978* -0.821** -0.497†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.593
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334822768706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Moderating effect test of environmental penalties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.052*** 0.051*** 0.025**
Penalty 0.072*** 0.049** 0.048*
Court × Penalty -0.051* -0.045* -0.026
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.085** -0.887** -0.574*
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.593
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334889877571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

环境处罚调节效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.052*** 0.051*** 0.025**
Penalty 0.072*** 0.049** 0.048*
Court × Penalty -0.051* -0.045* -0.026
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.085** -0.887** -0.574*
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.593
), ArticleFig(id=1317436334956986436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Moderating effect test of industry characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.057*** 0.060*** 0.024*
Pollution 0.000 0.000 -0.000
Court × Pollution -0.002 -0.004** -0.000
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.001* -0.863** -0.497†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436335032483909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

行业性质调节效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.057*** 0.060*** 0.024*
Pollution 0.000 0.000 -0.000
Court × Pollution -0.002 -0.004** -0.000
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.001* -0.863** -0.497†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436335103787078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis based on ownership structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.030* 0.026* 0.014
State 0.008 0.015 0.000
Court × State 0.038* 0.043** 0.019
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.984* -0.828** -0.500†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436335175090247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

产权性质的异质性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.030* 0.026* 0.014
State 0.008 0.015 0.000
Court × State 0.038* 0.043** 0.019
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.984* -0.828** -0.500†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436335254782024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Heterogeneity test based on managerial long-term orientation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.072*** 0.070*** 0.030**
LTO -0.044 -0.032 -0.030
Court × LTO 0.230*** 0.221*** 0.060
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.949* -0.794** -0.488†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436335317696585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

管理层长期导向的异质性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.072*** 0.070*** 0.030**
LTO -0.044 -0.032 -0.030
Court × LTO 0.230*** 0.221*** 0.060
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -0.949* -0.794** -0.488†
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 27822 27822 27822
R2 0.669 0.627 0.592
), ArticleFig(id=1317436336961863755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Spillover effect test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Diffusion 0.059*** 0.041*** 0.045***
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.345** -0.974** -0.261
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 13972 13972 13972
R2 0.680 0.650 0.617
), ArticleFig(id=1317436337062527052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

“连锁效应”检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Diffusion 0.059*** 0.041*** 0.045***
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.345** -0.974** -0.261
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 13972 13972 13972
R2 0.680 0.650 0.617
), ArticleFig(id=1317436337129635917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Supplementary analysis of the spillover effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.066*** 0.055*** 0.054***
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.920** -1.447** -1.805***
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 13572 13572 13572
R2 0.718 0.672 0.631
), ArticleFig(id=1317436337200939086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436327470153739, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

“连锁效应”补充分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variables Green innovation Substantive green innovation Strategic green innovation
M1 M2 M3
Court 0.066*** 0.055*** 0.054***
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant -1.920** -1.447** -1.805***
Year Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
Firm Fixed Effect Yes Yes Yes
N 13572 13572 13572
R2 0.718 0.672 0.631
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环保法庭的设立促进了企业绿色创新吗?——一项基于准自然实验的经验证据研究
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解学梅 1, 2 , 倪书阳 1, 2
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(8): 1681-1694
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (8) : 1681 -1694
环保法庭的设立促进了企业绿色创新吗?——一项基于准自然实验的经验证据研究
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解学梅(1979-),女,教授、博士生导师。

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解学梅1, 2, 倪书阳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 同济大学经济与管理学院, 上海 200092
  • 2 同济大学城市高质量发展与规划决策实验室, 上海 200092
通讯作者:
倪书阳(1996-),女,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
作者简介:

解学梅(1979-),女,教授、博士生导师。

Does the establishment of environmental courts promote corporate green innovation?——Empirical evidence from a quasi-natural experiment
Xue-mei XIE1, 2, Shu-yang NI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2 Laboratory of High-Quality Urban Development and Strategic Decision, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15
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完善的环境司法体系建设对促进绿色创新与实现绿色转型具有重要意义。在深化环境司法改革背景下,利用中国设立环保法庭这一准自然实验,使用多时点双重差分方法实证检验了环保法庭设立对企业绿色创新的影响,并揭示其深层影响机制。结果表明:环保法庭显著促进了企业绿色创新,且对实质性绿色创新的促进效应更强;不同于基于企业自身脆弱性的被动防御,企业的自我调节机制是上述发现的重要影响机制。进一步分析发现,该效应在国有企业及管理层具有长期导向的企业中更明显,并会通过高管兼任机制产生“连锁效应”。不仅从环境司法角度拓展了绿色创新驱动因素研究,为环保法庭对绿色创新的促进效应提供微观层面经验证据;而且为地方完善环境司法体系及提升绿色发展水平提供政策启示。

环保法庭  /  绿色创新  /  多时点双重差分  /  自我调节机制  /  脆弱性机制

Since the introduction of the Kyoto Protocol and its continuation through the Paris Agreement, environmental governance has remained a central theme in global policy discourse. In China, environmental pollution has emerged as a significant constraint to high-quality economic development. In response, green innovation has become an essential driver of the country's green transformation. As the primary agents of innovation, enterprises play a pivotal role in advancing green practices. Enhancing firms' green innovation capacity has thus become a critical challenge in the current stage of sustainable transition. While the Chinese government has adopted a wide range of environmental policy tools to stimulate corporate green innovation, the actual effectiveness of these policies largely hinges on the presence of a sound legal and enforcement framework. In this context, the development of an effective environmental judiciary system is not only a key component of the broader green policy framework but also holds significant practical relevance for achieving a sustainable economic transformation. This study exploits a quasi-natural experiment involving the staggered establishment of environmental courts across prefecture-level cities in China beginning in 2007. Using a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) methodology, we empirically investigate how the presence of environmental courts influences local firms’ green innovation practice and further explore the underlying mechanisms.

Our findings reveal several important insights. First, the establishment of environmental courts significantly enhances corporate green innovation, with a more substantial impact observed on substantive green innovation compared to symbolic initiatives. Second, rather than being driven solely by passive compliance due to regulatory vulnerability, firms exhibit proactive self-regulation in response to institutional signals. Specifically, the creation of environmental courts is interpreted by firms as a strong governmental commitment to environmental governance, prompting them to adjust internal strategies accordingly. This adjustment is aimed at improving legitimacy and securing long-term competitive advantage through substantive innovation. Third, this effect is more pronounced in state-owned enterprises and in firms whose management teams exhibit a long-term orientation. Fourth, the study identifies a spillover mechanism whereby executive interlocks—shared executives across different firms—facilitate the diffusion of green innovation practices, resulting in a broader systemic impact beyond individual firm responses.

This study underscores the vital role of environmental judicial institutions in promoting corporate green innovation, especially substantive green innovation. It adds to the literature on corporate social responsibility by highlighting firms’ proactive responses to institutional change, rather than reactive behavior to violations or external pressure. From a risk management and policy perspective, environmental courts help reduce uncertainty, enhance regulatory credibility, and incentivize long-term strategic investment in green innovation. Policy implications include the need to strengthen environmental judicial capacity through professionalization, improved case-handling efficiency, and the development of digital platforms such as online courts. Enhancing the signaling effect of institutional reform—through transparent litigation, public trials, and active media engagement—can further motivate firms’ strategic adjustments. Encouraging state-owned enterprises to serve as role models and fostering inter-firm knowledge diffusion through executive networks and board-level interactions can help scale up green innovation across industries. Corporate leadership should also embrace long-term environmental accountability and embed sustainability into core governance practices to support sustainable development.

environmental courts  /  green innovation  /  staggered difference-in-difference  /  self-regulation mechanism  /  vulnerability mechanism
解学梅, 倪书阳. 环保法庭的设立促进了企业绿色创新吗?——一项基于准自然实验的经验证据研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1681 -1694 .
Xue-mei XIE, Shu-yang NI. Does the establishment of environmental courts promote corporate green innovation?——Empirical evidence from a quasi-natural experiment[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1681 -1694 .
自京都协定诞生到巴黎协定延续,环境治理始终是全球关注的焦点议题。目前,环境污染已成为制约我国高质量发展的关键挑战,绿色创新成为推动我国经济绿色转型的重要驱动力。企业作为绿色创新的主体,如何提升绿色创新水平成为绿色转型新时代亟需考虑的重要问题。尽管我国政府通过“推拉结合”政策工具积极推动企业绿色创新,但政策效力仍依赖于完善的司法与执法体系支撑。我国环境司法起步较晚,且面临环境纠纷频发和案件审理效率低下等问题。为弥合环境诉讼需求与司法供给间的矛盾,自2007年,全国多地设立环保法庭,推动环境公益诉讼与“三诉合一”制度建设。2020年,环境司法专门化体系基本建成。基于此,本文以环保法庭设立为政策实验背景,系统探讨环境司法体系改革对企业绿色创新的影响机制。
纵观已有研究,目前围绕环境司法体系改革与企业绿色创新关系研究非常匮乏。第一,现有基于政策视角的绿色创新研究主要探讨环境规制与绿色创新关系,关注命令控制型、市场激励型和自愿型规制工具的激励效应[1],但环境司法与执法层面研究仍较匮乏。尽管有少数研究关注了环保督察[2]、环保约谈[3]对企业绿色行为影响,但尚未系统探讨环境司法制度,尤其是环保法庭对企业绿色创新的作用。同时,上述围绕环境政策与绿色创新的研究较少探讨由高管在多家企业兼任导致的“连锁效应”。第二,关于环保法庭研究主要聚焦其对污染治理[4]、碳排放[5]、外商直接投资[6]与融资成本[7]等宏观或财务结果的影响,尚未深入揭示其对企业绿色创新的影响。
基于上述局限,本文基于2004-2019年沪深A股上市公司面板数据,以环保法庭设立作为准自然实验,采用多时点双重差分方法,实证检验环保法庭设立对绿色创新的影响及其作用机制,并进一步分析环保法庭设立是否通过管理层关联产生绿色创新“连锁效应”。由此,从环境司法视角拓展了绿色创新驱动因素的研究边界,弥补了现有文献对司法体系研究不足局限;并通过绿色创新动机区分揭示企业异质化行为特征,有助于深入理解环保法庭对企业绿色创新的内在作用逻辑;为“环保法庭有用论”提供微观证据。
根据“波特假说”,良好的环境规制能够促进企业绿色技术创新[8]。已有研究基于该假说聚焦不同类型环境规制对企业绿色创新的激励效应[9],但忽视了环境立法与执法层面的重要作用。不同于一般技术创新,绿色创新具有“双重外部性”,因此,提升企业绿色创新水平需要政策的积极引导。环保法庭作为中国环境司法专门化改革的关键举措,是完善中国环境法治体系的重要一环,有助于强化法规效力,解决市场失灵问题,从而促进企业绿色创新。具体而言,环保法庭通过以下两个渠道促进企业绿色创新。一是增加企业的环境诉讼风险“倒逼”企业绿色创新。环保法庭为居民、企业和环保组织提供了维权渠道,增加了企业面临的来自利益相关者的环境诉讼风险。已有研究表明,利益相关者环保压力可以激发企业绿色创新[10];特别是环境表现差的企业来自利益相关者的威胁更高。环保法庭设立放大了来自利益相关者的环保压力,自身脆弱的企业可能迫于利益相关者环境诉讼更易通过提升其绿色创新水平应对潜在的环境诉讼风险。二是创造环境友好的法治环境“激励”企业进行绿色创新。鉴于绿色创新是一项高投资风险,企业在不确定环境下对环境政策的预期会影响其绿色创新决策;因此,当企业认为政府将加大环境规制执行力度时,会增加对绿色创新投资的信心,从而积极开展绿色创新活动以主动适应环境变化。由此,提出以下假设:
H1:在其他因素不变情况下,与未设立环保法庭地区相比,设立环保法庭地区的企业绿色创新水平更高,即环保法庭的设立促进了当地企业的绿色创新实践。
此外,企业绿色创新可根据不同创新动机分为实质性与策略性两类[11];前者实施难度大、风险高,但成功后可以带来较高的环保溢价;后者所需资源投入较少,但创新程度有限,难以提升技术竞争力[12]。因此,本文提出环保法庭设立对不同类型的绿色创新的影响存在差异。首先,环保法庭设立增加了企业违反环境法规的成本,而低水平的策略性绿色创新难以从根本上解决企业污染问题,也无法带来产品层面的实质性改变;在此背景下,企业需通过实质性绿色创新改善工艺流程、提升产品环保性能以获得合法性。其次,环保法庭设立为居民、社会团体等利益相关者提供了环境监督与维权渠道,且“指尖法庭”“云上法庭”等互联网法庭的涌现,使公众能实时获取环境纠纷资讯,扩大企业环境违规的社会影响力。基于此,公众可能会抵制陷入环境诉讼纠纷的企业产品,而策略性绿色创新难以直接提升企业环境效益,因此企业需通过实质性绿色创新满足利益相关者诉求。再次,环保法庭设立释放了地方环境政策利好信号,减少了环境不确定性,企业更愿开展高技术含量和高潜在效益的实质性绿色创新,以形成绿色技术壁垒和产生绿色产品溢价。因此,提出以下假设:
H2:相较于策略性绿色创新,环保法庭设立对企业实质性绿色创新促进作用更显著。
面对环保法庭设立带来的潜在诉讼风险,企业可能采用两种机制进行应对:一是基于自身脆弱性机制被动开展绿色创新以提升其合法性;二是将环保法庭设立视为环境友好的政策信号,积极通过绿色创新进行自我调节以适应环境变化,从而获得持续竞争优势。因此,环保法庭设立对企业绿色创新的促进效应可能存在以下两种作用机制:
一是脆弱性机制,企业将环保法庭视为潜在威胁,通过绿色创新规避诉讼风险和提升合法性。面临环境诉讼时,企业不仅需承担罚款和停产等行政处罚,还可能面临生态修复及赔偿责任。同时,公众环保意识日益提升,诉讼信息通过公开审理、典型案例发布及媒体传播快速扩散,强化了舆论监督。企业若陷入环境诉讼将面临声誉危机,进而削弱市场竞争力[9]。声誉作为企业的重要无形资产,一旦受损将难以恢复,甚至导致企业原有负面形象加剧。鉴于诉讼风险及其潜在损失,企业可能通过提升绿色创新水平进行事前防范。例如,Koh等发现,高诉讼风险企业倾向通过改善社会绩效提升企业价值[13];而Wagner指出,企业社会绩效与绿色创新间具有紧密联系[14];因此,当面临环境诉讼风险时,企业会产生利用提升绿色创新水平作为事前防范工具的动机。
二是自我调节机制,即企业将设立环保法庭视为地方政府释放的重视环保的信号,从而自发地做出自我调节行为,通过采取绿色创新以响应政府环保号召。在我国社会主义法治背景下,政府政策深刻影响企业战略行为。环保法庭设立释放了明确的环保信号,形成政府意图与企业行动之间的“传导效应”。企业为更高效地实现绿色转型以及获得政府扶持,更易在环境利好政策环境下谋划绿色战略布局。此外,随着绿色消费逐渐成为主流,环保产品市场空间扩大,但绿色创新本身投入大、周期长。环保法庭设立释放的环境利好信号增强了企业对绿色创新回报的预期,降低了投资不确定性。在此背景下,企业通过绿色创新进行自我调节,主动适应环境变化,占领绿色市场。因此,环保法庭设立释放的政策信号降低了企业投资绿色创新的不确定性风险,促使企业通过自我调节机制积极开展绿色创新实践。
综上,面对环保法庭设立带来的潜在诉讼风险,企业在实践中会采用脆弱性机制被动地开展绿色创新实践以提升其合法性或者采用自我调节机制主动通过绿色创新实践获得持续竞争优势;然而,究竟采取哪种机制以应对环保法庭设立带来的潜在风险尚需进一步挖掘:由此,提出以下竞争性假设:
H3a:环保法庭的设立通过脆弱性机制促进企业的绿色创新实践。
H3b:环保法庭的设立通过自我调节机制促进企业的绿色创新实践。
董事会成员在多家企业董事会任职构成了董事会之间的连锁关系,而董事会连锁作为组织间信息传递的重要渠道,能在不确定环境下促进企业间的模仿同构行为[15]。因此,由环保法庭设立引发的环境诉讼风险可能会通过董事会的连锁网络进行扩散,促进连锁企业进行绿色创新。本文聚焦高管兼任这一现象,探索企业绿色创新的“连锁效应”。具体而言,第一,地方设立环保法庭传递出政府对企业环境行为重视的信号,企业的环境不端行为可能造成严重的环境处罚、声誉损失、融资成本增加等一系列后果,影响企业的经营活动。这种政策环境变化信息以及给企业带来的环境压力会通过高管兼任进行传递,从而影响其绿色创新决策。第二,高管在多家公司兼任可促进连锁企业间环境管理经验与技术交流,促进绿色创新资源的互补与共享[16],进而提升连锁企业的绿色创新水平。此外,高管兼任可提升其对于环境技术与标准、环境制度与社会期望的认知[17],进而促进连锁企业的绿色创新实践。第三,高管兼任带来的“信息传递效应”有利于减轻信息不对称问题,缓解投资者对高风险绿色创新投资的顾虑,促进连锁企业对绿色创新的投入。由此,提出以下假设:
H4:环保法庭的设立通过高管兼任产生绿色创新的“连锁效应”,从而促进连锁企业的绿色创新。
本文以2004-2019年所有注册地在国内(除西藏、香港、澳门、台湾)的A股上市公司为研究对象。2004年设为起始年份,旨在评估2007年我国启动环保法庭建设的政策效应;2019年为截止年份,既因《环境司法发展报告(2019)》宣告环境司法专门化体系基本建成,也因疫情影响后续数据稳定性。样本排除了注册地在境外及相关地区数据缺失的公司。数据来源如下:环保法庭相关数据主要从各地级市中级人民法院官网进行人工检索与整理获得;绿色创新数据来源于CNRDS绿色专利数据库;其他企业特征及行业竞争数据来源于国泰安(CSMAR)数据库;城市层面数据来源于《中国城市统计年鉴》以及国家统计局官网。通过将上述数据匹配与整理后,最终获得3264家上市公司的27822个年度观测值。
被解释变量。绿色创新(Green innovation)是指以环境保护和可持续发展为导向的绿色产品研发与工艺流程创新[18]。参考Fabrizi等研究[19],采用企业绿色专利申请总数测度绿色创新,并区分实质性与策略性绿色创新。具体而言,绿色发明专利旨在创造新技术和新产品,能有效提升环境绩效和企业竞争力,用于衡量实质性绿色创新[20];绿色实用新型专利通常技术含量较低、研发周期短,用于测度策略性绿色创新。鉴于专利授权存在滞后性,统一采用绿色专利申请数据,并对其取对数以缓解异方差问题。
解释变量。我国环境司法体系起步较晚,传统法院在审理专业性强、跨区域复杂的环境案件中效率低下,难以有效落实环境法治。为提升环境司法能力,借鉴澳大利亚和美国等经验,自2007年起我国陆续设立环保法庭,推动环境资源审判机制改革。鉴于地级市中级人民法院在环保法庭设立中的代表性与数据可得性,本文以其为研究对象衡量环保法庭设立变量。环保法庭(Court)为虚拟变量,若公司注册地在t年已设立环保法庭,赋值1,否则0。
控制变量。本文控制了一系列可能影响绿色创新的企业、行业和城市层面的变量。在企业层面,控制了股权集中度、政治资本、董事会独立性、盈利能力、公司规模、资产负债率、经营活动现金流、资本密集度、媒体关注和分析师关注等变量;在行业层面,控制了行业竞争程度;在城市层面,控制了城市人均GDP与监管强度。
(1)环保法庭与绿色创新
表1汇报了环保法庭设立对绿色创新的回归结果,M1表明,环保法庭设立显著促进了企业的绿色创新,H1得证。M3和M4显示,环保法庭显著促进了实质性与策略性绿色创新,且似无相关检验(SUR)结果显示chi2(1) = 44.45,Prob > chi2 = 0.000,说明环保法庭设立对实质性与策略性绿色创新的作用存在差异,即相比策略性环保法庭设立对实质性绿色创新促进效应更强,H2得证。
(2)平行趋势检验
为检验平行趋势假设,设置以下虚拟变量代表与环保法庭设立相关的年份:Current表示环保法院成立当年;Pre i表示环保法院成立前i年,Post i表示环保法院成立后i年。图1所示,Pre1~Pre8系数95%置信区间内均包括0,表明在环保法庭设立前处理组与控制组企业的绿色创新水平具有相似发展趋势。
此外,基于传统平行趋势检验存在点估计偏差缺陷,参考Rambachan和Roth方法[21],使用诚实双重差分进一步检验平行趋势。图2表明,环保法庭对绿色创新的促进效应显著,除非允许连续期间的线性外推误差超过0.01个百分点。
(3)内生性检验
①倾向得分匹配检验
虽然环保法庭设立满足随机性原则,但仍可能存在样本选择偏误,从而产生内生性问题。为缓解该问题,使用倾向得分匹配(PSM)将位于有环保法庭城市的公司与没有环保法庭城市的公司进行匹配。首先,选取同年度的控制变量作为协变量;其次,参考Lu等研究使用逐年最近邻匹配方法识别对照组与处理组相匹配的企业[22],且在同行业和同年份范围内匹配;最后,使用匹配成功的样本进行回归。表2结果与基准回归结果一致。
②工具变量检验
本文采用各城市河流密度(地域内河流长度与区域面积比值)作为环保法庭设立的工具变量,以缓解因遗漏变量而导致的内生性问题,原因如下:一是我国环保法庭最初是为治理水污染而设,河流密度越大,企业越有可能向河流中偷排污染物,导致环境纠纷增加,从而促成环保法庭设立,符合工具变量“相关性”假设;二是河流密度与企业绿色创新无直接关联,满足工具变量“排他性”假设。本文使用2SLS方法重新估计回归结果(表3):第一阶段结果显示,河流密度提高了环保法庭设立概率,验证了工具变量有效性;第二阶段结果与基准结果一致,表明结果具有稳健性。
(4)稳健性检验
①安慰剂检验
本文采用安慰剂检验排除未观察到的社会文化因素干扰。参考Flammer和Luo研究[23],构建“伪处理组”,即由目前已设立环保法庭城市相邻的从未设立环保法庭城市的对照组构成。相邻城市往往具有相似的社会文化条件,若本文结果受社会文化因素影响,则相邻城市企业的绿色创新水平也应提升。因此,引入虚拟变量Court_Neighbor,如果某城市(从未设立环保法庭)邻近城市在t年设立了环保法庭,则对未设立环保法庭城市范围的样本取值为1,否则0;表4表明,Court系数依然正向显著,而Court_Neighbor不显著,表明本文结果并非由不可观察局部因素驱动。
②置换检验
本文进行置换检验以排除遗漏变量偏误。首先,随机选择环保法庭成立年份,如果研究结果受到难以观察到的城市的潜在特征影响,则随机化年份后也会得到类似结果;其次,将随机生成的年份赋予随机生成的处理组;将上述过程重复1000次,得到1000个核心解释变量估计系数。图3表明,随机生成的数据的系数均值接近0,且明显区别于本文的实际估计系数,说明回归结果稳健。
③替换模型检验
为确保结果稳健性,通过替换模型方法进行稳健性检验,分别采用随机效应模型、混合估计模型、Poisson和Tobit回归模型替代原先的固定效应模型进行检验。表5结果表明,上述回归结果与基准结果一致,证明研究结果具有稳健性。
本文在理论部分提出两种作用机制,分别为脆弱性驱动机制与自我调节机制,下面分别从媒体语调、环境处罚、重污染行业属性等角度展开具体验证,并从产权性质与管理层长期导向视角进行深入剖析。
(1)脆弱性机制VS自我调节机制
媒体监督的声誉机制影响公司的战略决策。媒体在对公司报道中使用的语言风格和态度被称为“媒体语调”,一般分为负面、正面和中性评价[24]。负面报道可能引发企业声誉危机,促使企业采取防御性策略以修复形象;受到媒体正面报道的公司在行业内通常拥有较高声誉,此类公司会比声誉低的公司更注重形象管理[25],因此倾向于根据政策与媒体风向积极进行自我调节。因此,本文通过媒体语调验证环保法庭促进企业绿色创新的关键机制:若脆弱性驱动机制为主导,则企业受到媒体负面报道影响更大,企业可能被动提升其绿色创新水平作为防御性反应;若自我调节机制占主导,则企业更受正面报道激励,主动提升绿色表现。借鉴Deephouse方法[26],采用Janis-Fadner系数(JF)测度媒体语调,如式(1)所示:e为正面媒体报道数量,c为负面媒体报道数量,t为正面和负面媒体报道总数。媒体报道数据来自中国重要报纸全文数据库,鉴于本文仅关注与企业环境实践相关报道,因此采用关键词检索方式筛选环境报道,并通过人工整理最终收集企业环境新闻报道54801篇。表6结果表明,当企业得到媒体更积极的报道时,环保法庭设立引致的绿色创新效应得到加强,证明了自我调节机制的主导作用。
$ J F=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{e^{2}-e c}{t^{2}} & e>c \\0 & e=c \\-\frac{e c-e^{2}}{t^{2}} & e<c\end{array}\right.$
为证明自我调节机制的主导作用,本文以环境处罚衡量企业脆弱性,进行反向验证。环境处罚反映企业在生产过程中存在的环境风险与面临的合法性威胁,易引发利益相关者不满,提升诉讼风险。根据资源依赖理论,企业对外部资源依赖带来的风险会导致脆弱性;而利益相关者控制了企业赖以生存的资源,因此环境处罚导致的利益相关者压力加剧了企业脆弱性。本文使用环境处罚作为调节变量,若脆弱性机制成立,则环保法庭对受处罚企业的绿色创新会有更强激励作用。本文从公众环境研究中心网站手工收集了环境处罚数据,并使用环境罚款金额对数测度环境处罚程度(Penalty)。表7表明,环境处罚负向调节环保法庭与绿色创新总效应和实质性绿色创新关系,且对环保法庭与策略性绿色创新关系调节效应不显著,表明绿色创新提升可能并非源于对自身脆弱性的防御性反应,而是出于对政府环保信号的主动响应。
除环境处罚外,本文以企业的重污染行业性质作为脆弱性指标进行机制分析。重污染企业面临更高的环境合法性压力与融资约束,从而导致脆弱性。若环保法庭促进企业绿色创新是由脆弱性机制驱动,则重污染企业更倾向于进行绿色创新以应对因环保法庭设立而增加的环境诉讼风险。本文设定虚拟变量Pollution,如果企业属于重污染行业,赋值为1,否则0;行业划分依据《上市公司环保核查行业分类管理名录(2008)》。表8显示,该变量对环保法庭与绿色创新总效应及策略性创新关系无显著调节作用,对实质性绿色创新呈负向调节作用,即环保法庭对绿色创新的促进作用在重污染企业并不明显,原因可能在于重污染企业本身注重绿色创新实践,环保法庭设立并未对其造成额外的政策刺激效应。该结果证明脆弱性机制在环保法庭对绿色创新促进效应中并未发挥主导作用。
综上,媒体语调对环保法庭与绿色创新之间的正向调节作用印证了自我调节机制的存在,而环境处罚严重的企业与重污染企业在环保法庭设立后并未更积极地进行绿色创新,证明脆弱性机制并非环保法庭对绿色创新促进效应的主要机制。因此,环保法庭对企业绿色创新的促进作用并非企业对自身脆弱性的防御性反应,而是企业将环保法庭设立视为地方政府释放的环境友好信号,从而进行自我调节以适应环境变化。由此,竞争性假设H3b得证,H3a不成立。
(2)环保法庭对企业绿色创新的作用边界分析
上述机制分析证明了企业自我调节机制的主导作用,在此基础上进行异质性分析以探讨什么类型的企业面对环保法庭设立时会通过自我调节进行绿色创新。以下从产权性质与管理层导向层面进行分析。
(1)产权性质
环境污染是市场失灵的典型表现,企业往往追求利润而忽视环境效益[27];然而,日益严重的环境污染会影响政府的政治合法性。政府通常借助国有企业应对环境治理困境[28],因此,相对民营和外资企业,国有企业更可能积极响应政府环保信号。理由如下:尽管国有企业通常被认为缺乏灵活性,但该结论往往是基于对盈利能力的比较而得出[29];与非国有企业不同,国有企业需要服务于国家战略目标。例如,为促进我国实现“双碳”战略目标,国资委于2022年发布了《中央企业节约能源与生态环境保护监督管理办法》,要求央企发挥绿色引领作用。在此背景下,环保法庭设立对国有企业的绿色创新促进作用可能更强。本文设置虚拟变量State测度企业性质,如果为国有企业,赋值为1,否则0。表9结果显示,环保法庭对国企绿色创新的激励更强,且主要体现在实质性绿色创新方面。
(2)管理层长期导向
管理层长期导向(LTO)指高层管理者在战略决策中更关注企业的长期战略发展与未来核心利益[30]。已有研究表明,长期导向的企业会将更多资源投入到产品研发等长期项目;而短视管理者更加注重短期利润,可能损害企业长期利益。绿色创新的投资回报期较长,要求企业管理者克服投资的短视倾向,考虑企业的长期发展进行战略布局。因此,在面对环保法庭设立带来的潜在诉讼风险时,管理者长期导向有利于企业做出绿色创新决策。为测度LTO,本文对2004-2019年样本公司年报中的管理层讨论与分析(MD&A)章节进行文本分析。步骤如下:首先,参考胡楠等的管理者短视主义词集确定43个相关词[31];其次,利用Python对MD&A文本进行分词并计算既定管理者短视词占据MD&A总词数的比值,并将该比值乘以100以得到管理者短视指数;最后,对管理者短视指数进行逆向编码以测度LTO。表10显示,LTO显著强化了环保法庭对绿色创新(特别是实质性绿色创新)正向影响,表明具有长期导向的管理者更倾向于通过开展高水平的实质性绿色创新响应环境治理信号。
基于高管可能在多家企业任职现象,进一步探究环保法庭设立是否通过高管兼任在企业间产生绿色创新连锁反应。首先,将企业基本信息与高管兼任数据匹配;其次,筛选高管所在企业为处理组、兼职企业为对照组,或两者均为处理组但兼职企业位于较晚设立环保法庭地区样本;再次,构建新的时间变量,取高管兼任时间与原单位接受处理时间的较大值;最后,根据新的时间变量设置新的处理变量Diffusion,并将该变量与兼任企业的绿色创新进行回归。表11显示,Diffusion系数均为正且显著,表明环保法庭设立同样促进了其管辖范围以外的连锁企业的自我调节行为,H4得证。该结果从环境司法与绿色创新视角拓展了邹海亮等[32]、Lu等[33]关于董事会连锁促进企业环境实践的结论。
为排除“连锁效应”对主效应存在的交叉影响,剔除存在上述高管兼任现象的企业重新进行回归。表12结果显示,在不存在“连锁效应”情况下,环保法庭设立依旧促进了企业的绿色创新实践。因此“连锁效应”未影响基准结果。
本文检验了环保法庭设立对企业绿色创新的影响,并揭示了环保法庭对实质性绿色创新的激励作用相比策略性绿色创新更显著,证实了司法制度对高质量绿色创新的引导效应,拓展了Zhong和Peng关于不同类型环境规制对企业绿色创新影响研究[34],同时回应了环保法庭有效性争议。机制检验显示,环保法庭通过两条路径影响绿色创新:一是“脆弱性机制”,即企业出于规避环境诉讼及其带来的声誉损失而被动进行绿色创新;二是“自我调节机制”,即企业主动响应政策信号,通过绿色创新提升合法性和竞争力。本文通过媒体语调、环境处罚与重污染行业对上述脆弱性与自我调节机制进行检验。研究发现,媒体语调越积极,环保法庭对绿色创新的推动作用越显著,印证了企业在正面舆论下更倾向于主动塑造绿色形象;反之,受处罚程度较高或重污染行业企业的绿色创新响应并不显著,反映出脆弱性机制并非主导机制,自我调节机制是关键。此外,研究发现国有企业和管理层长期导向特征的企业更倾向于开展实质性绿色创新;进一步分析表明,高管在多家企业的交叉任职可放大环保法庭政策效应,产生绿色创新“溢出效应”。总体而言,本文揭示了环境司法制度在推动企业绿色创新过程中的重要价值,从事前防范视角拓展了Shiu和Yang关于企业在负面事件后的社会责任行为研究[35],从风险管理视角深化了绿色创新理论研究,同时也为绿色发展政策制定提供新的制度支撑。
本文具有以下重要政策价值与实践启示:第一,持续完善地方环境司法体系。环保法庭设立可有效激励企业开展实质性绿色创新,因此,地方政府可在司法实践中推动环境案件专门化审理、推广“云上法庭”等智慧司法模式,同时加强与社会公众、媒体互动,强化环境信息披露,形成舆论监督合力。第二,强化政策信号的传导效应。研究表明企业主要通过自我调节机制响应环保法庭的司法制度变革。地方政府可通过加强环保案件宣传、公开环境审判信息等方式强化环境政策导向,推动企业进行绿色战略调整。第三,发挥国有企业示范引领作用。鉴于国有企业在环保法庭设立后的绿色创新反应更积极,地方政府应以其绿色转型实践为标杆,充分发挥示范效应,并通过表彰激励机制增强其行业引领力。第四,企业应注重高层管理团队的长期视野与绿色战略意识,防止因短期利益导向而忽视环境责任。第五,环保法庭设立可通过高管兼任促进企业绿色创新的“连锁效应”,因此可鼓励高管在不同公司兼职,从而推动企业的环境友好实践。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD059)
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2026年第44卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2025-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-29
  • 修回日期:2025-08-21
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国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD059)
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    1 同济大学经济与管理学院, 上海 200092
    2 同济大学城市高质量发展与规划决策实验室, 上海 200092

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倪书阳(1996-),女,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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