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This paper undertakes a systematic review and theoretical synthesis of the mechanisms through which Pasteur-type scientists engage in and catalyze industry-university collaboration (IUC). Moving beyond theoretical exposition, the research is empirically grounded in the practical model of Industry-University Collaborative R&D Centers, a policy-driven initiative prominently adopted by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within Hubei Province, China. The methodological approach combines a review of extant literature with rich, qualitative data derived from semi-structured interviews conducted with administrators and principal investigators at twelve distinct such centers. This robust methodological foundation enables the construction of a novel, multi-level incentive theory that explicates the drivers of Pasteurian scientific engagement within the complex socio-economic framework of IUC.
The theoretical model pivots on two central pillars: the indispensable, agency-like role of the Pasteur-type scientist as a bridge between fundamental inquiry and applied commercial development, and the critical importance of institutional incentive structures designed to augment the innovative output of these partnerships. Quantitative analysis conducted as part of this study yields a compelling finding: collaborative ventures that actively involve Pasteur-type scientists demonstrate a statistically significant enhancement in patent output, with an average increase of 3.512 patents compared to those that do not feature such pivotal figures. This finding underscores the scientist's role not merely as a participant but as a fundamental multiplier of innovation productivity.
Delving deeper into the institutional enablers, the theory posits and validates several key moderating factors. Firstly, the organizational transformation of the academic institution itself is paramount. When the host university of a Pasteur-type scientist consciously evolves towards an "entrepreneurial university" model, it institutionalizes support structures that are critical for success. Crucially, this shift involves the implementation of equitable research assessment and evaluation systems that recognize and reward applied research, patent filings, and knowledge transfer activities on par with traditional academic publications. This institutional legitimacy removes a significant barrier to scientist participation and directly correlates with greater collaborative output.
Secondly, the micro-level design of the collaboration contract is identified as a direct motivational lever. Agreements that stipulate transparent, equitable, and forward-looking clauses regarding intellectual property (IP) ownership and the sharing of long-term profits/revenues serve as powerful ex-ante incentives. By ensuring that Pasteur-type scientists are not merely compensated for their time but are also granted a stake in the future commercial success stemming from their ingenuity, these contracts align the interests of the individual researcher with the broader objectives of the collaboration, thereby fostering deeper commitment and yielding superior innovation performance.
Finally, the macro-level role of government and external stakeholders is emphasized. The research finds that proactive support from local governments, manifested through higher direct subsidies for IUC projects, acts as a crucial risk-mitigating catalyst. Furthermore, government agencies can perform a vital brokerage function by facilitating introductions and attracting greater volumes of social capital and venture funding into these partnerships. This injection of financial and network resources expands the operational scale and ambition of the R&D centers, creating a more fertile environment for the generation of marketable technologies and thus leading to a higher volume of tangible outcomes.
, authors=Hong-tao XIE
1, Jie LI
1, Jian-shun ZHANG
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文章梳理了巴斯德型科学家参与产学合作的理论,基于湖北省中小企业校企合作研发中心这一实践形式,结合12家校企合作研发中心的半结构化访谈,构建了巴斯德型科学家在产学合作中的激励理论。围绕着巴斯德型科学家在产学合作研究中的关键作用以及促进产学合作创新产出增加的制度激励,使用双重、三重差分法,验证了巴斯德型科学家参与下的产学合作,平均专利产出高出3.512。当巴斯德型科学家所在的大学积极向“创业型大学”转变时,大学可以为产学合作提供公平的科研考核评价制度,产学合作的产出更大;当产学合作合同中对参与合作的校方科学家提供了更为公平的知识产权和远期收益分享条款时,也会激励巴斯德型科学家更多的投入,从而产学合作创新绩效更优;当地方政府给予了更高的补贴,引介了更多的社会资本时,则更有利于产学合作产出更多成果。
, authors=解洪涛
1, 李杰
1, 张建顺
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2 南京审计大学政府审计学院, 江苏南京 211815, bio={"content":"
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1 School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436298059694818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, companyId=1317436298042917600, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 中南财经政法大学财政税务学院, 湖北武汉 430073)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436298105832163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436298110026468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, companyId=1317436298105832163, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 School of Government Audit, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing 211815, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436298118415077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, companyId=1317436298105832163, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 南京审计大学政府审计学院, 江苏南京 211815)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317436299468980989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Diagram of relationships among core categories in industry-university collaboration, figureFileSmall=F+xNSukFFKSA2BKec3UGiQ==, figureFileBig=qYtniLOiDFHxyBjyixWmfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436299540284158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
产学合作核心范畴关系图, figureFileSmall=F+xNSukFFKSA2BKec3UGiQ==, figureFileBig=qYtniLOiDFHxyBjyixWmfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436301352223487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Parallel trends test, figureFileSmall=QdsiuAuli+gUHIhSzGr18Q==, figureFileBig=A/RD4qQ/x2I91L3CTZEQgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436301419332352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
平行趋势检验, figureFileSmall=QdsiuAuli+gUHIhSzGr18Q==, figureFileBig=A/RD4qQ/x2I91L3CTZEQgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436301490635521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Definition of core categories
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 主范畴 | 子范畴 |
| 巴斯德型科学家特质 | 应用研究成果转化能力 |
| 服务社会产业发展情怀 |
| 产学合作中的时间投入 |
| 制度激励 | 大学科研评价体系 |
| 政府给予的社会荣誉 |
| 企业的收益分享激励 |
| 合作中的信任与知识共享 | 合作双方的信任 |
| 双方的知识和技能共享 |
| 产学合作中的政府角色 | 政府的资金补贴 |
| 政府引介的社会资本 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301566132994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
核心范畴界定
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 主范畴 | 子范畴 |
| 巴斯德型科学家特质 | 应用研究成果转化能力 |
| 服务社会产业发展情怀 |
| 产学合作中的时间投入 |
| 制度激励 | 大学科研评价体系 |
| 政府给予的社会荣誉 |
| 企业的收益分享激励 |
| 合作中的信任与知识共享 | 合作双方的信任 |
| 双方的知识和技能共享 |
| 产学合作中的政府角色 | 政府的资金补贴 |
| 政府引介的社会资本 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301641630467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Variable names and indicator construction
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 变量名称 | 指标构造方法 |
| PAT | 企业专利申请数 | 当年企业专利申请数量 |
| INV | 企业发明专利申请数 | 当年企业发明专利申请数量 |
| D | 当年是否获得湖北省共建研发中心认证 | 当年获得湖北省共建研发中心认证取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| pasteur | 是否为巴斯德型科学家 | 具有巴斯德型科学家特质取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| TK | 是否存在良好的团队信任和知识共享 | 存在良好的团队信任和知识共享取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| RE | 是否有对横向项目的评价激励考核 | 有对横向项目的评价激励考核条款取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| BD | 合同中有无对科学家激励的分享条款 | 合同中有对科学家激励的分享条款取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| SI | 政府的补贴强度 | 大于补贴均值的取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| SC | 是否存在社会资本融资 | 政府引介了社会资本的取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| export | 是否为出口企业 | 企业出口销售额大于0,取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| hightech | 是否为高新技术企业 | 获得高新技术企业认证,取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| scale | 企业规模 | 企业总资产取对数 |
| fix | 固定资产比重 | 企业固定资产总额/企业总资产 |
| alr | 资产负债率 | 企业负债总额/企业总资产 |
| ros | 营业利润率 | 企业营业利润/企业营业收入 |
| GDP | 人均GDP | 企业所在地级市州或省直管市的GDP/地区总人口 |
| structure | 产业结构 | 企业所在地级市州或省直管市的二三产业总产值/地区GDP |
| fexp | 财政分权程度 | 企业所在地级市州或省直管市人均预算内本级财政支出/湖北省人均预算内本级财政支出 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301725516548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
变量名与指标构造
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 变量名称 | 指标构造方法 |
| PAT | 企业专利申请数 | 当年企业专利申请数量 |
| INV | 企业发明专利申请数 | 当年企业发明专利申请数量 |
| D | 当年是否获得湖北省共建研发中心认证 | 当年获得湖北省共建研发中心认证取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| pasteur | 是否为巴斯德型科学家 | 具有巴斯德型科学家特质取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| TK | 是否存在良好的团队信任和知识共享 | 存在良好的团队信任和知识共享取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| RE | 是否有对横向项目的评价激励考核 | 有对横向项目的评价激励考核条款取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| BD | 合同中有无对科学家激励的分享条款 | 合同中有对科学家激励的分享条款取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| SI | 政府的补贴强度 | 大于补贴均值的取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| SC | 是否存在社会资本融资 | 政府引介了社会资本的取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| export | 是否为出口企业 | 企业出口销售额大于0,取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| hightech | 是否为高新技术企业 | 获得高新技术企业认证,取值为1;反之,取值为0 |
| scale | 企业规模 | 企业总资产取对数 |
| fix | 固定资产比重 | 企业固定资产总额/企业总资产 |
| alr | 资产负债率 | 企业负债总额/企业总资产 |
| ros | 营业利润率 | 企业营业利润/企业营业收入 |
| GDP | 人均GDP | 企业所在地级市州或省直管市的GDP/地区总人口 |
| structure | 产业结构 | 企业所在地级市州或省直管市的二三产业总产值/地区GDP |
| fexp | 财政分权程度 | 企业所在地级市州或省直管市人均预算内本级财政支出/湖北省人均预算内本级财政支出 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301817791237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Descriptive statistics
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| 变量 | 变量名称 | 观测值 | 平均值 | 方差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
| PAT | 企业专利申请数 | 5221 | 7.504 | 9.54 | 1 | 24 |
| INV | 企业发明专利申请数 | 5221 | 3.311 | 5.74 | 1 | 12 |
| D | 当年是否获得湖北省共建研发中心认证 | 5221 | 0.048 | 0.214 | 0 | 1 |
| pasteur | 是否为巴斯德型科学家 | 5221 | 0.5 | 0.553 | 0 | 1 |
| TK | 是否存在良好的团队信任和知识共享 | 5221 | 0.489 | 0.501 | 0 | 1 |
| RE | 是否有对横向项目的评价激励考核 | 5221 | 0.507 | 0.497 | 0 | 1 |
| BD | 合同中有无对科学家激励的分享条款 | 5221 | 0.468 | 0.498 | 0 | 1 |
| SI | 政府的补贴强度 | 5221 | 0.514 | 0.501 | 0 | 1 |
| SC | 是否存在社会资本融资 | 5221 | 0.354 | 0.656 | 0 | 1 |
| export | 是否为出口企业 | 5221 | 0.099 | 0.299 | 0 | 1 |
| hightech | 是否为高新技术企业 | 5221 | 0.52 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 |
| scale | 企业规模 | 5221 | 18.09 | 1.889 | 0 | 25.21 |
| fix | 固定资产比重 | 5221 | 0.317 | 0.227 | 0.004 | 0.782 |
| alr | 资产负债率 | 5221 | 0.534 | 0.267 | 0.066 | 1.136 |
| ros | 营业利润率 | 5221 | -0.088 | 0.369 | -1.577 | 0.245 |
| GDP | 人均GDP | 5221 | 8.498 | 3.271 | 2.016 | 12.31 |
| structure | 产业结构 | 5221 | 0.916 | 0.062 | 0.761 | 0.97 |
| fexp | 财政分权程度 | 5221 | 1.22 | 0.574 | 0.335 | 6.161 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301901677318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
描述性统计
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 变量名称 | 观测值 | 平均值 | 方差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
| PAT | 企业专利申请数 | 5221 | 7.504 | 9.54 | 1 | 24 |
| INV | 企业发明专利申请数 | 5221 | 3.311 | 5.74 | 1 | 12 |
| D | 当年是否获得湖北省共建研发中心认证 | 5221 | 0.048 | 0.214 | 0 | 1 |
| pasteur | 是否为巴斯德型科学家 | 5221 | 0.5 | 0.553 | 0 | 1 |
| TK | 是否存在良好的团队信任和知识共享 | 5221 | 0.489 | 0.501 | 0 | 1 |
| RE | 是否有对横向项目的评价激励考核 | 5221 | 0.507 | 0.497 | 0 | 1 |
| BD | 合同中有无对科学家激励的分享条款 | 5221 | 0.468 | 0.498 | 0 | 1 |
| SI | 政府的补贴强度 | 5221 | 0.514 | 0.501 | 0 | 1 |
| SC | 是否存在社会资本融资 | 5221 | 0.354 | 0.656 | 0 | 1 |
| export | 是否为出口企业 | 5221 | 0.099 | 0.299 | 0 | 1 |
| hightech | 是否为高新技术企业 | 5221 | 0.52 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 |
| scale | 企业规模 | 5221 | 18.09 | 1.889 | 0 | 25.21 |
| fix | 固定资产比重 | 5221 | 0.317 | 0.227 | 0.004 | 0.782 |
| alr | 资产负债率 | 5221 | 0.534 | 0.267 | 0.066 | 1.136 |
| ros | 营业利润率 | 5221 | -0.088 | 0.369 | -1.577 | 0.245 |
| GDP | 人均GDP | 5221 | 8.498 | 3.271 | 2.016 | 12.31 |
| structure | 产业结构 | 5221 | 0.916 | 0.062 | 0.761 | 0.97 |
| fexp | 财政分权程度 | 5221 | 1.22 | 0.574 | 0.335 | 6.161 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301989757703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Impact of industry-university collaboration with pasteur-type scientists on innovation output
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | PAT | PAT | INV | INV | INV | INV |
| D | 5.451*** | 5.121*** | 2.503*** | 2.212*** | 1.852*** | 1.546*** | 0.658*** | 0.688*** |
| (0.778) | (0.998) | (0.871) | (0.052) | (0.263) | (0.498) | (0.401) | (0.021) |
| D*Pasteur | | | 3.503*** | 3.512*** | | | 1.058*** | 1.056*** |
| | | (0.931) | (0.078) | | | (0.401) | (0.055) |
| export | | 1.454* | | 1.946** | | 1.865** | | 1.966** |
| | (0.821) | | (0.866) | | (0.866) | | (0.845) |
| hightech | | 0.341** | | 0.893** | | 0.477** | | 0.633** |
| | (0.141) | | (0.355) | | (0.201) | | (0.316) |
| scale | | 0.902*** | | 0.854** | | 0.435*** | | 0.463** |
| | (0.092) | | (0.352) | | (0.199) | | (0.189) |
| fix | | 3.545*** | | 3.845*** | | 2.856*** | | 2.856*** |
| | (0.196) | | (0.856) | | (0.148) | | (0.136) |
| alr | | 0.456* | | 0.586** | | 1.551*** | | 1.177*** |
| | (0.241) | | (0.230) | | (0.564) | | (0.437) |
| ros | | 0.032* | | 0.053** | | 0.328** | | 0.346* |
| | (0.016) | | (0.025) | | (0.166) | | (0.186) |
| GDP | | 0.784** | | 0.763*** | | 0.571*** | | 0.966** |
| | (0.352) | | (0.195) | | (0.066) | | (0.485) |
| structure | | 29.852* | | 26.143* | | 46.131** | | 33.852* |
| | (17.852) | | (14.880) | | (20.926) | | (19.581) |
| fexp | | 10.712** | | 9.859** | | 3.196** | | 2.352** |
| | (5.057) | | (4.551) | | (1.444) | | (0.954) |
| _cons | 7.852*** | 5.653 | 19.240 | 6.556 | 1.455 | 6.753* | 3.545 | 6.623 |
| (2.522) | (3.715) | (6.141) | (15.563) | (1.485) | (3.606) | (2.255) | (16.563) |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区×年份 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业×年份 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.130 | 0.141 | 0.142 | 0.144 | 0.126 | 0.135 | 0.136 | 0.139 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302077838088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
巴斯德型科学家参与的产学合作对创新产出的影响
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | PAT | PAT | INV | INV | INV | INV |
| D | 5.451*** | 5.121*** | 2.503*** | 2.212*** | 1.852*** | 1.546*** | 0.658*** | 0.688*** |
| (0.778) | (0.998) | (0.871) | (0.052) | (0.263) | (0.498) | (0.401) | (0.021) |
| D*Pasteur | | | 3.503*** | 3.512*** | | | 1.058*** | 1.056*** |
| | | (0.931) | (0.078) | | | (0.401) | (0.055) |
| export | | 1.454* | | 1.946** | | 1.865** | | 1.966** |
| | (0.821) | | (0.866) | | (0.866) | | (0.845) |
| hightech | | 0.341** | | 0.893** | | 0.477** | | 0.633** |
| | (0.141) | | (0.355) | | (0.201) | | (0.316) |
| scale | | 0.902*** | | 0.854** | | 0.435*** | | 0.463** |
| | (0.092) | | (0.352) | | (0.199) | | (0.189) |
| fix | | 3.545*** | | 3.845*** | | 2.856*** | | 2.856*** |
| | (0.196) | | (0.856) | | (0.148) | | (0.136) |
| alr | | 0.456* | | 0.586** | | 1.551*** | | 1.177*** |
| | (0.241) | | (0.230) | | (0.564) | | (0.437) |
| ros | | 0.032* | | 0.053** | | 0.328** | | 0.346* |
| | (0.016) | | (0.025) | | (0.166) | | (0.186) |
| GDP | | 0.784** | | 0.763*** | | 0.571*** | | 0.966** |
| | (0.352) | | (0.195) | | (0.066) | | (0.485) |
| structure | | 29.852* | | 26.143* | | 46.131** | | 33.852* |
| | (17.852) | | (14.880) | | (20.926) | | (19.581) |
| fexp | | 10.712** | | 9.859** | | 3.196** | | 2.352** |
| | (5.057) | | (4.551) | | (1.444) | | (0.954) |
| _cons | 7.852*** | 5.653 | 19.240 | 6.556 | 1.455 | 6.753* | 3.545 | 6.623 |
| (2.522) | (3.715) | (6.141) | (15.563) | (1.485) | (3.606) | (2.255) | (16.563) |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区×年份 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业×年份 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.130 | 0.141 | 0.142 | 0.144 | 0.126 | 0.135 | 0.136 | 0.139 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302157529865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
The impact of good team trust and knowledge transfer on the innovation output of industry-academic cooperation
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 4.212*** | 4.123*** | 0.985*** | 0.914*** |
| (0.978) | (0.976) | (0.065) | (0.168) |
| D*TK | 0.896*** | 0.921*** | 0.556*** | 0.515** |
| (0.085) | (0.087) | (0.081) | (0.194) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.126 | 0.129 | 0.123 | 0.128 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302237221642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
具有良好团队信任和知识共享对产学合作的创新产出的影响
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 4.212*** | 4.123*** | 0.985*** | 0.914*** |
| (0.978) | (0.976) | (0.065) | (0.168) |
| D*TK | 0.896*** | 0.921*** | 0.556*** | 0.515** |
| (0.085) | (0.087) | (0.081) | (0.194) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.126 | 0.129 | 0.123 | 0.128 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302304330507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Impact of university research evaluation incentive transition on innovation output in industry-university collaboration
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 2.198*** | 2.321*** | 0.465*** | 0.479*** |
| (0.165) | (0.161) | (0.074) | (0.084) |
| D*RE | 3.526*** | 3.623*** | 0.895*** | 0.920*** |
| (0.601) | (0.523) | (0.163) | (0.165) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.131 | 0.134 | 0.133 | 0.134 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302375633676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
大学科研评价激励的转型对产学合作中创新产出的影响
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 2.198*** | 2.321*** | 0.465*** | 0.479*** |
| (0.165) | (0.161) | (0.074) | (0.084) |
| D*RE | 3.526*** | 3.623*** | 0.895*** | 0.920*** |
| (0.601) | (0.523) | (0.163) | (0.165) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.131 | 0.134 | 0.133 | 0.134 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302459519757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Impact of IP and commercial profit-sharing mechanisms on contractual incentives for pasteur-type scientists in industry-university collaboration
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 3.653*** | 3.145*** | 0.716*** | 0.765*** |
| (0.654) | (0.617) | (0.097) | (0.084) |
| D*BD | 3.054*** | 2.852*** | 0.672*** | 0.647*** |
| (0.411) | (0.631) | (0.174) | (0.244) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.125 | 0.128 | 0.124 | 0.128 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302543405838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
产学合作中知识产权与商业利益分享机制对巴斯德型科学家的创新产出激励
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 3.653*** | 3.145*** | 0.716*** | 0.765*** |
| (0.654) | (0.617) | (0.097) | (0.084) |
| D*BD | 3.054*** | 2.852*** | 0.672*** | 0.647*** |
| (0.411) | (0.631) | (0.174) | (0.244) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.125 | 0.128 | 0.124 | 0.128 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302618903311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Impact of local government subsidy intensity on industry-university collaboration effects
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 1.485*** | 1.962*** | 0.349*** | 0.367*** |
| (0.391) | (0.258) | (0.046) | (0.051) |
| D*SI | 4.896*** | 4.118*** | 0.982*** | 0.986*** |
| (0.852) | (0.899) | (0.324) | (0.165) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.129 | 0.131 | 0.129 | 0.132 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302698595088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
地方政府的补贴强度与产学合作研发效果
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 1.485*** | 1.962*** | 0.349*** | 0.367*** |
| (0.391) | (0.258) | (0.046) | (0.051) |
| D*SI | 4.896*** | 4.118*** | 0.982*** | 0.986*** |
| (0.852) | (0.899) | (0.324) | (0.165) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.129 | 0.131 | 0.129 | 0.132 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302774092561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=
Impact of government-introduced social capital on innovation output in industry-university collaboration
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 2.561*** | 2.940*** | 0.531*** | 0.566*** |
| (0.165) | (0.173) | (0.198) | (0.108) |
| D*SC | 3.018*** | 2.982*** | 0.787*** | 0.706*** |
| (0.905) | (0.815) | (0.244) | (0.260) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.126 | 0.129 | 0.126 | 0.130 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302853784338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表9, caption=
政府引介的社会资本与产学合作的创新产出
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| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| 变量 | PAT | PAT | INV | INV |
| D | 2.561*** | 2.940*** | 0.531*** | 0.566*** |
| (0.165) | (0.173) | (0.198) | (0.108) |
| D*SC | 3.018*** | 2.982*** | 0.787*** | 0.706*** |
| (0.905) | (0.815) | (0.244) | (0.260) |
| 企业层面控制变量 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 地区层面控制变量 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 地区效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 行业效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 年份效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 | 5221 |
| R2 | 0.126 | 0.129 | 0.126 | 0.130 |
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