Article(id=1317436295564083929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=1757260800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030889645, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030889645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030889645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030889645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436203545243877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1569', pageEnd='1792', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030867705, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031039088, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436922423792157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436922427986462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1721, endPage=1733, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436296889483994, articleId=1317436295564083929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Pasteur-type scientists, institutional incentives, and industry-academic cooperative R&D: Based on the analysis of the Hubei Province 'University-Enterprise Co-construction R&D Center' project, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper undertakes a systematic review and theoretical synthesis of the mechanisms through which Pasteur-type scientists engage in and catalyze industry-university collaboration (IUC). Moving beyond theoretical exposition, the research is empirically grounded in the practical model of Industry-University Collaborative R&D Centers, a policy-driven initiative prominently adopted by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within Hubei Province, China. The methodological approach combines a review of extant literature with rich, qualitative data derived from semi-structured interviews conducted with administrators and principal investigators at twelve distinct such centers. This robust methodological foundation enables the construction of a novel, multi-level incentive theory that explicates the drivers of Pasteurian scientific engagement within the complex socio-economic framework of IUC.

The theoretical model pivots on two central pillars: the indispensable, agency-like role of the Pasteur-type scientist as a bridge between fundamental inquiry and applied commercial development, and the critical importance of institutional incentive structures designed to augment the innovative output of these partnerships. Quantitative analysis conducted as part of this study yields a compelling finding: collaborative ventures that actively involve Pasteur-type scientists demonstrate a statistically significant enhancement in patent output, with an average increase of 3.512 patents compared to those that do not feature such pivotal figures. This finding underscores the scientist's role not merely as a participant but as a fundamental multiplier of innovation productivity.

Delving deeper into the institutional enablers, the theory posits and validates several key moderating factors. Firstly, the organizational transformation of the academic institution itself is paramount. When the host university of a Pasteur-type scientist consciously evolves towards an "entrepreneurial university" model, it institutionalizes support structures that are critical for success. Crucially, this shift involves the implementation of equitable research assessment and evaluation systems that recognize and reward applied research, patent filings, and knowledge transfer activities on par with traditional academic publications. This institutional legitimacy removes a significant barrier to scientist participation and directly correlates with greater collaborative output.

Secondly, the micro-level design of the collaboration contract is identified as a direct motivational lever. Agreements that stipulate transparent, equitable, and forward-looking clauses regarding intellectual property (IP) ownership and the sharing of long-term profits/revenues serve as powerful ex-ante incentives. By ensuring that Pasteur-type scientists are not merely compensated for their time but are also granted a stake in the future commercial success stemming from their ingenuity, these contracts align the interests of the individual researcher with the broader objectives of the collaboration, thereby fostering deeper commitment and yielding superior innovation performance.

Finally, the macro-level role of government and external stakeholders is emphasized. The research finds that proactive support from local governments, manifested through higher direct subsidies for IUC projects, acts as a crucial risk-mitigating catalyst. Furthermore, government agencies can perform a vital brokerage function by facilitating introductions and attracting greater volumes of social capital and venture funding into these partnerships. This injection of financial and network resources expands the operational scale and ambition of the R&D centers, creating a more fertile environment for the generation of marketable technologies and thus leading to a higher volume of tangible outcomes.

, authors=Hong-tao XIE1, Jie LI1, Jian-shun ZHANG2, authorsList=Hong-tao XIE, Jie LI, Jian-shun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436297715761887, articleId=1317436295564083929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=巴斯德型科学家、制度激励与产学合作研发——基于湖北省“校企共建研发中心”项目的分析, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

文章梳理了巴斯德型科学家参与产学合作的理论,基于湖北省中小企业校企合作研发中心这一实践形式,结合12家校企合作研发中心的半结构化访谈,构建了巴斯德型科学家在产学合作中的激励理论。围绕着巴斯德型科学家在产学合作研究中的关键作用以及促进产学合作创新产出增加的制度激励,使用双重、三重差分法,验证了巴斯德型科学家参与下的产学合作,平均专利产出高出3.512。当巴斯德型科学家所在的大学积极向“创业型大学”转变时,大学可以为产学合作提供公平的科研考核评价制度,产学合作的产出更大;当产学合作合同中对参与合作的校方科学家提供了更为公平的知识产权和远期收益分享条款时,也会激励巴斯德型科学家更多的投入,从而产学合作创新绩效更优;当地方政府给予了更高的补贴,引介了更多的社会资本时,则更有利于产学合作产出更多成果。

, authors=解洪涛1, 李杰1, 张建顺2, authorsList=解洪涛, 李杰, 张建顺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李杰, authorNote=

解洪涛(1977-),男,教授。

张建顺(1988-),男,讲师。

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李杰(1994-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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Research Policy, 2018, 47(10): 1964-1974., articleTitle=The interplay of cognitive and relational social capital dimensions in university-industry collaboration: Overcoming the experience barrier, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436302988002067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, awardId=24BJY057, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金一般项目(24BJY057), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436298042917600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436298051306209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, companyId=1317436298042917600, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436298059694818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, companyId=1317436298042917600, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中南财经政法大学财政税务学院, 湖北武汉 430073)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436298105832163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436298110026468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, companyId=1317436298105832163, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Government Audit, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing 211815, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436298118415077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, companyId=1317436298105832163, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 南京审计大学政府审计学院, 江苏南京 211815)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317436299468980989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Diagram of relationships among core categories in industry-university collaboration, figureFileSmall=F+xNSukFFKSA2BKec3UGiQ==, figureFileBig=qYtniLOiDFHxyBjyixWmfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436299540284158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=图1, caption=产学合作核心范畴关系图, figureFileSmall=F+xNSukFFKSA2BKec3UGiQ==, figureFileBig=qYtniLOiDFHxyBjyixWmfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436301352223487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Parallel trends test, figureFileSmall=QdsiuAuli+gUHIhSzGr18Q==, figureFileBig=A/RD4qQ/x2I91L3CTZEQgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436301419332352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=图2, caption=平行趋势检验, figureFileSmall=QdsiuAuli+gUHIhSzGr18Q==, figureFileBig=A/RD4qQ/x2I91L3CTZEQgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436301490635521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Definition of core categories

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主范畴 子范畴
巴斯德型科学家特质 应用研究成果转化能力
服务社会产业发展情怀
产学合作中的时间投入
制度激励 大学科研评价体系
政府给予的社会荣誉
企业的收益分享激励
合作中的信任与知识共享 合作双方的信任
双方的知识和技能共享
产学合作中的政府角色 政府的资金补贴
政府引介的社会资本
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301566132994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

核心范畴界定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主范畴 子范畴
巴斯德型科学家特质 应用研究成果转化能力
服务社会产业发展情怀
产学合作中的时间投入
制度激励 大学科研评价体系
政府给予的社会荣誉
企业的收益分享激励
合作中的信任与知识共享 合作双方的信任
双方的知识和技能共享
产学合作中的政府角色 政府的资金补贴
政府引介的社会资本
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301641630467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variable names and indicator construction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 变量名称 指标构造方法
PAT 企业专利申请数 当年企业专利申请数量
INV 企业发明专利申请数 当年企业发明专利申请数量
D 当年是否获得湖北省共建研发中心认证 当年获得湖北省共建研发中心认证取值为1;反之,取值为0
pasteur 是否为巴斯德型科学家 具有巴斯德型科学家特质取值为1;反之,取值为0
TK 是否存在良好的团队信任和知识共享 存在良好的团队信任和知识共享取值为1;反之,取值为0
RE 是否有对横向项目的评价激励考核 有对横向项目的评价激励考核条款取值为1;反之,取值为0
BD 合同中有无对科学家激励的分享条款 合同中有对科学家激励的分享条款取值为1;反之,取值为0
SI 政府的补贴强度 大于补贴均值的取值为1;反之,取值为0
SC 是否存在社会资本融资 政府引介了社会资本的取值为1;反之,取值为0
export 是否为出口企业 企业出口销售额大于0,取值为1;反之,取值为0
hightech 是否为高新技术企业 获得高新技术企业认证,取值为1;反之,取值为0
scale 企业规模 企业总资产取对数
fix 固定资产比重 企业固定资产总额/企业总资产
alr 资产负债率 企业负债总额/企业总资产
ros 营业利润率 企业营业利润/企业营业收入
GDP 人均GDP 企业所在地级市州或省直管市的GDP/地区总人口
structure 产业结构 企业所在地级市州或省直管市的二三产业总产值/地区GDP
fexp 财政分权程度 企业所在地级市州或省直管市人均预算内本级财政支出/湖北省人均预算内本级财政支出
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301725516548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量名与指标构造

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 变量名称 指标构造方法
PAT 企业专利申请数 当年企业专利申请数量
INV 企业发明专利申请数 当年企业发明专利申请数量
D 当年是否获得湖北省共建研发中心认证 当年获得湖北省共建研发中心认证取值为1;反之,取值为0
pasteur 是否为巴斯德型科学家 具有巴斯德型科学家特质取值为1;反之,取值为0
TK 是否存在良好的团队信任和知识共享 存在良好的团队信任和知识共享取值为1;反之,取值为0
RE 是否有对横向项目的评价激励考核 有对横向项目的评价激励考核条款取值为1;反之,取值为0
BD 合同中有无对科学家激励的分享条款 合同中有对科学家激励的分享条款取值为1;反之,取值为0
SI 政府的补贴强度 大于补贴均值的取值为1;反之,取值为0
SC 是否存在社会资本融资 政府引介了社会资本的取值为1;反之,取值为0
export 是否为出口企业 企业出口销售额大于0,取值为1;反之,取值为0
hightech 是否为高新技术企业 获得高新技术企业认证,取值为1;反之,取值为0
scale 企业规模 企业总资产取对数
fix 固定资产比重 企业固定资产总额/企业总资产
alr 资产负债率 企业负债总额/企业总资产
ros 营业利润率 企业营业利润/企业营业收入
GDP 人均GDP 企业所在地级市州或省直管市的GDP/地区总人口
structure 产业结构 企业所在地级市州或省直管市的二三产业总产值/地区GDP
fexp 财政分权程度 企业所在地级市州或省直管市人均预算内本级财政支出/湖北省人均预算内本级财政支出
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301817791237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 变量名称 观测值 平均值 方差 最小值 最大值
PAT 企业专利申请数 5221 7.504 9.54 1 24
INV 企业发明专利申请数 5221 3.311 5.74 1 12
D 当年是否获得湖北省共建研发中心认证 5221 0.048 0.214 0 1
pasteur 是否为巴斯德型科学家 5221 0.5 0.553 0 1
TK 是否存在良好的团队信任和知识共享 5221 0.489 0.501 0 1
RE 是否有对横向项目的评价激励考核 5221 0.507 0.497 0 1
BD 合同中有无对科学家激励的分享条款 5221 0.468 0.498 0 1
SI 政府的补贴强度 5221 0.514 0.501 0 1
SC 是否存在社会资本融资 5221 0.354 0.656 0 1
export 是否为出口企业 5221 0.099 0.299 0 1
hightech 是否为高新技术企业 5221 0.52 0.5 0 1
scale 企业规模 5221 18.09 1.889 0 25.21
fix 固定资产比重 5221 0.317 0.227 0.004 0.782
alr 资产负债率 5221 0.534 0.267 0.066 1.136
ros 营业利润率 5221 -0.088 0.369 -1.577 0.245
GDP 人均GDP 5221 8.498 3.271 2.016 12.31
structure 产业结构 5221 0.916 0.062 0.761 0.97
fexp 财政分权程度 5221 1.22 0.574 0.335 6.161
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301901677318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 变量名称 观测值 平均值 方差 最小值 最大值
PAT 企业专利申请数 5221 7.504 9.54 1 24
INV 企业发明专利申请数 5221 3.311 5.74 1 12
D 当年是否获得湖北省共建研发中心认证 5221 0.048 0.214 0 1
pasteur 是否为巴斯德型科学家 5221 0.5 0.553 0 1
TK 是否存在良好的团队信任和知识共享 5221 0.489 0.501 0 1
RE 是否有对横向项目的评价激励考核 5221 0.507 0.497 0 1
BD 合同中有无对科学家激励的分享条款 5221 0.468 0.498 0 1
SI 政府的补贴强度 5221 0.514 0.501 0 1
SC 是否存在社会资本融资 5221 0.354 0.656 0 1
export 是否为出口企业 5221 0.099 0.299 0 1
hightech 是否为高新技术企业 5221 0.52 0.5 0 1
scale 企业规模 5221 18.09 1.889 0 25.21
fix 固定资产比重 5221 0.317 0.227 0.004 0.782
alr 资产负债率 5221 0.534 0.267 0.066 1.136
ros 营业利润率 5221 -0.088 0.369 -1.577 0.245
GDP 人均GDP 5221 8.498 3.271 2.016 12.31
structure 产业结构 5221 0.916 0.062 0.761 0.97
fexp 财政分权程度 5221 1.22 0.574 0.335 6.161
), ArticleFig(id=1317436301989757703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Impact of industry-university collaboration with pasteur-type scientists on innovation output

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
变量 PAT PAT PAT PAT INV INV INV INV
D 5.451*** 5.121*** 2.503*** 2.212*** 1.852*** 1.546*** 0.658*** 0.688***
(0.778) (0.998) (0.871) (0.052) (0.263) (0.498) (0.401) (0.021)
D*Pasteur 3.503*** 3.512*** 1.058*** 1.056***
(0.931) (0.078) (0.401) (0.055)
export 1.454* 1.946** 1.865** 1.966**
(0.821) (0.866) (0.866) (0.845)
hightech 0.341** 0.893** 0.477** 0.633**
(0.141) (0.355) (0.201) (0.316)
scale 0.902*** 0.854** 0.435*** 0.463**
(0.092) (0.352) (0.199) (0.189)
fix 3.545*** 3.845*** 2.856*** 2.856***
(0.196) (0.856) (0.148) (0.136)
alr 0.456* 0.586** 1.551*** 1.177***
(0.241) (0.230) (0.564) (0.437)
ros 0.032* 0.053** 0.328** 0.346*
(0.016) (0.025) (0.166) (0.186)
GDP 0.784** 0.763*** 0.571*** 0.966**
(0.352) (0.195) (0.066) (0.485)
structure 29.852* 26.143* 46.131** 33.852*
(17.852) (14.880) (20.926) (19.581)
fexp 10.712** 9.859** 3.196** 2.352**
(5.057) (4.551) (1.444) (0.954)
_cons 7.852*** 5.653 19.240 6.556 1.455 6.753* 3.545 6.623
(2.522) (3.715) (6.141) (15.563) (1.485) (3.606) (2.255) (16.563)
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区×年份 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业×年份 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.130 0.141 0.142 0.144 0.126 0.135 0.136 0.139
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302077838088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

巴斯德型科学家参与的产学合作对创新产出的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
变量 PAT PAT PAT PAT INV INV INV INV
D 5.451*** 5.121*** 2.503*** 2.212*** 1.852*** 1.546*** 0.658*** 0.688***
(0.778) (0.998) (0.871) (0.052) (0.263) (0.498) (0.401) (0.021)
D*Pasteur 3.503*** 3.512*** 1.058*** 1.056***
(0.931) (0.078) (0.401) (0.055)
export 1.454* 1.946** 1.865** 1.966**
(0.821) (0.866) (0.866) (0.845)
hightech 0.341** 0.893** 0.477** 0.633**
(0.141) (0.355) (0.201) (0.316)
scale 0.902*** 0.854** 0.435*** 0.463**
(0.092) (0.352) (0.199) (0.189)
fix 3.545*** 3.845*** 2.856*** 2.856***
(0.196) (0.856) (0.148) (0.136)
alr 0.456* 0.586** 1.551*** 1.177***
(0.241) (0.230) (0.564) (0.437)
ros 0.032* 0.053** 0.328** 0.346*
(0.016) (0.025) (0.166) (0.186)
GDP 0.784** 0.763*** 0.571*** 0.966**
(0.352) (0.195) (0.066) (0.485)
structure 29.852* 26.143* 46.131** 33.852*
(17.852) (14.880) (20.926) (19.581)
fexp 10.712** 9.859** 3.196** 2.352**
(5.057) (4.551) (1.444) (0.954)
_cons 7.852*** 5.653 19.240 6.556 1.455 6.753* 3.545 6.623
(2.522) (3.715) (6.141) (15.563) (1.485) (3.606) (2.255) (16.563)
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区×年份 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业×年份 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.130 0.141 0.142 0.144 0.126 0.135 0.136 0.139
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302157529865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The impact of good team trust and knowledge transfer on the innovation output of industry-academic cooperation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 4.212*** 4.123*** 0.985*** 0.914***
(0.978) (0.976) (0.065) (0.168)
D*TK 0.896*** 0.921*** 0.556*** 0.515**
(0.085) (0.087) (0.081) (0.194)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.126 0.129 0.123 0.128
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302237221642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

具有良好团队信任和知识共享对产学合作的创新产出的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 4.212*** 4.123*** 0.985*** 0.914***
(0.978) (0.976) (0.065) (0.168)
D*TK 0.896*** 0.921*** 0.556*** 0.515**
(0.085) (0.087) (0.081) (0.194)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.126 0.129 0.123 0.128
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302304330507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Impact of university research evaluation incentive transition on innovation output in industry-university collaboration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 2.198*** 2.321*** 0.465*** 0.479***
(0.165) (0.161) (0.074) (0.084)
D*RE 3.526*** 3.623*** 0.895*** 0.920***
(0.601) (0.523) (0.163) (0.165)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.131 0.134 0.133 0.134
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302375633676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

大学科研评价激励的转型对产学合作中创新产出的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 2.198*** 2.321*** 0.465*** 0.479***
(0.165) (0.161) (0.074) (0.084)
D*RE 3.526*** 3.623*** 0.895*** 0.920***
(0.601) (0.523) (0.163) (0.165)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.131 0.134 0.133 0.134
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302459519757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Impact of IP and commercial profit-sharing mechanisms on contractual incentives for pasteur-type scientists in industry-university collaboration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 3.653*** 3.145*** 0.716*** 0.765***
(0.654) (0.617) (0.097) (0.084)
D*BD 3.054*** 2.852*** 0.672*** 0.647***
(0.411) (0.631) (0.174) (0.244)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.125 0.128 0.124 0.128
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302543405838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

产学合作中知识产权与商业利益分享机制对巴斯德型科学家的创新产出激励

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 3.653*** 3.145*** 0.716*** 0.765***
(0.654) (0.617) (0.097) (0.084)
D*BD 3.054*** 2.852*** 0.672*** 0.647***
(0.411) (0.631) (0.174) (0.244)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.125 0.128 0.124 0.128
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302618903311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Impact of local government subsidy intensity on industry-university collaboration effects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 1.485*** 1.962*** 0.349*** 0.367***
(0.391) (0.258) (0.046) (0.051)
D*SI 4.896*** 4.118*** 0.982*** 0.986***
(0.852) (0.899) (0.324) (0.165)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.129 0.131 0.129 0.132
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302698595088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

地方政府的补贴强度与产学合作研发效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 1.485*** 1.962*** 0.349*** 0.367***
(0.391) (0.258) (0.046) (0.051)
D*SI 4.896*** 4.118*** 0.982*** 0.986***
(0.852) (0.899) (0.324) (0.165)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.129 0.131 0.129 0.132
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302774092561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Impact of government-introduced social capital on innovation output in industry-university collaboration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 2.561*** 2.940*** 0.531*** 0.566***
(0.165) (0.173) (0.198) (0.108)
D*SC 3.018*** 2.982*** 0.787*** 0.706***
(0.905) (0.815) (0.244) (0.260)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.126 0.129 0.126 0.130
), ArticleFig(id=1317436302853784338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436295564083929, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

政府引介的社会资本与产学合作的创新产出

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
变量 PAT PAT INV INV
D 2.561*** 2.940*** 0.531*** 0.566***
(0.165) (0.173) (0.198) (0.108)
D*SC 3.018*** 2.982*** 0.787*** 0.706***
(0.905) (0.815) (0.244) (0.260)
企业层面控制变量 No Yes No Yes
地区层面控制变量 Yes Yes Yes Yes
地区效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
行业效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
年份效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 5221 5221 5221 5221
R2 0.126 0.129 0.126 0.130
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巴斯德型科学家、制度激励与产学合作研发——基于湖北省“校企共建研发中心”项目的分析
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解洪涛 1 , 李杰 1 , 张建顺 2
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(8): 1721-1733
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (8) : 1721 -1733
巴斯德型科学家、制度激励与产学合作研发——基于湖北省“校企共建研发中心”项目的分析
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解洪涛1, 李杰1 , 张建顺2
作者信息
  • 1 中南财经政法大学财政税务学院, 湖北武汉 430073
  • 2 南京审计大学政府审计学院, 江苏南京 211815
通讯作者:
李杰(1994-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
作者简介:

解洪涛(1977-),男,教授。

张建顺(1988-),男,讲师。

Pasteur-type scientists, institutional incentives, and industry-academic cooperative R&D: Based on the analysis of the Hubei Province 'University-Enterprise Co-construction R&D Center' project
Hong-tao XIE1, Jie LI1 , Jian-shun ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
  • 2 School of Government Audit, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing 211815, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15
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文章梳理了巴斯德型科学家参与产学合作的理论,基于湖北省中小企业校企合作研发中心这一实践形式,结合12家校企合作研发中心的半结构化访谈,构建了巴斯德型科学家在产学合作中的激励理论。围绕着巴斯德型科学家在产学合作研究中的关键作用以及促进产学合作创新产出增加的制度激励,使用双重、三重差分法,验证了巴斯德型科学家参与下的产学合作,平均专利产出高出3.512。当巴斯德型科学家所在的大学积极向“创业型大学”转变时,大学可以为产学合作提供公平的科研考核评价制度,产学合作的产出更大;当产学合作合同中对参与合作的校方科学家提供了更为公平的知识产权和远期收益分享条款时,也会激励巴斯德型科学家更多的投入,从而产学合作创新绩效更优;当地方政府给予了更高的补贴,引介了更多的社会资本时,则更有利于产学合作产出更多成果。

巴斯德型科学家  /  中小企业  /  产学合作  /  校企共建研发中心

This paper undertakes a systematic review and theoretical synthesis of the mechanisms through which Pasteur-type scientists engage in and catalyze industry-university collaboration (IUC). Moving beyond theoretical exposition, the research is empirically grounded in the practical model of Industry-University Collaborative R&D Centers, a policy-driven initiative prominently adopted by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within Hubei Province, China. The methodological approach combines a review of extant literature with rich, qualitative data derived from semi-structured interviews conducted with administrators and principal investigators at twelve distinct such centers. This robust methodological foundation enables the construction of a novel, multi-level incentive theory that explicates the drivers of Pasteurian scientific engagement within the complex socio-economic framework of IUC.

The theoretical model pivots on two central pillars: the indispensable, agency-like role of the Pasteur-type scientist as a bridge between fundamental inquiry and applied commercial development, and the critical importance of institutional incentive structures designed to augment the innovative output of these partnerships. Quantitative analysis conducted as part of this study yields a compelling finding: collaborative ventures that actively involve Pasteur-type scientists demonstrate a statistically significant enhancement in patent output, with an average increase of 3.512 patents compared to those that do not feature such pivotal figures. This finding underscores the scientist's role not merely as a participant but as a fundamental multiplier of innovation productivity.

Delving deeper into the institutional enablers, the theory posits and validates several key moderating factors. Firstly, the organizational transformation of the academic institution itself is paramount. When the host university of a Pasteur-type scientist consciously evolves towards an "entrepreneurial university" model, it institutionalizes support structures that are critical for success. Crucially, this shift involves the implementation of equitable research assessment and evaluation systems that recognize and reward applied research, patent filings, and knowledge transfer activities on par with traditional academic publications. This institutional legitimacy removes a significant barrier to scientist participation and directly correlates with greater collaborative output.

Secondly, the micro-level design of the collaboration contract is identified as a direct motivational lever. Agreements that stipulate transparent, equitable, and forward-looking clauses regarding intellectual property (IP) ownership and the sharing of long-term profits/revenues serve as powerful ex-ante incentives. By ensuring that Pasteur-type scientists are not merely compensated for their time but are also granted a stake in the future commercial success stemming from their ingenuity, these contracts align the interests of the individual researcher with the broader objectives of the collaboration, thereby fostering deeper commitment and yielding superior innovation performance.

Finally, the macro-level role of government and external stakeholders is emphasized. The research finds that proactive support from local governments, manifested through higher direct subsidies for IUC projects, acts as a crucial risk-mitigating catalyst. Furthermore, government agencies can perform a vital brokerage function by facilitating introductions and attracting greater volumes of social capital and venture funding into these partnerships. This injection of financial and network resources expands the operational scale and ambition of the R&D centers, creating a more fertile environment for the generation of marketable technologies and thus leading to a higher volume of tangible outcomes.

pasteur-type scientists  /  small and medium-sized enterprises  /  industry-university collaboration  /  university-enterprise joint research and development centers
解洪涛, 李杰, 张建顺. 巴斯德型科学家、制度激励与产学合作研发——基于湖北省“校企共建研发中心”项目的分析. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1721 -1733 .
Hong-tao XIE, Jie LI, Jian-shun ZHANG. Pasteur-type scientists, institutional incentives, and industry-academic cooperative R&D: Based on the analysis of the Hubei Province 'University-Enterprise Co-construction R&D Center' project[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1721 -1733 .
产学合作研发被视为技术创新的重要动力,改革开放以来,中国政府出台了一系列政策推动产学合作研发。《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020)》明确了企业作为产学研合作主体的地位,提出围绕企业创新,创新产学研合作新机制。在国家战略驱动下,地方政府也纷纷出台制度,促进校企共建研发机构的建立。以湖北省为例,作为中部的科教资源大省,在2012年启动了“校企共建研发中心”计划,这为研究中小企业参与校企合作提供了实践样本。观察发现,参与校企合作研发的中小企业在中长期发展上存在较大差异,部分企业研发投入和产出有大幅提高,3-5年后在中小板上市。也有企业发展停滞,甚至停业、注销。这提出了中小企业参与产学合作研发运行效果存在差异的实践问题。
产学合作研发在理论上已积累了大量文献。已有研究关注了影响产学合作的三类因素:一是制度性因素,包括了产学合作研发组织的参与主体、参与动机、组织结构和管理制度;二是关系性因素,包括了产学合作研发双方在合作研发过程中的伙伴选择、信任形成、文化认同、领导角色、团队合作与冲突等;三是产出性因素,包括合作目标、知识共享、技术扩散[1]。尽管已有文献已建立起产学合作研发相对完备的理论框架,但涉及参与产学合作研发的大学科学家的个人特质及其制度激励因素一直缺乏深入研究,以及政府在制度设计上如何激励大学中的科学家关注技术成果转化、参与产学合作,推动中小企业在合作研发中获取技术创新能力。
本文结合了半结构化访谈和计量经济实证分析的定性、定量研究方法,旨在回答以下问题,一是作为产学合作研发参与方的校方巴斯德型科学家的个人特质,如何影响了中小企业参与校企合作研发的实际效果,其面临的制度性障碍有哪些;二是政府选拔机制下的产学合作研发平台,如何为参与产学合作的科学家和企业提供制度激励,政府的财政补贴是否为大学和中小企业进行产学合作研发提供了初试合作激励。基于以上问题的回答,本文提出了包括完善大学科研评价体系在内的政策建议,加大力度推动巴斯德型科学家参与中小企业产学合作,将有助于中国培育真正有创新能力的中小科技型企业,夯实中国经济发展的技术创新基础。
Stokes以历史上著名科学家巴斯德命名了科学家的四象限分类法。其中,第二象限即巴斯德象限,是指一类科学家既对前沿理论感兴趣,也热衷于将研究付诸转化为应用技术产品。巴斯德型科学家由于其自身特质在产学合作中扮演着重要角色[2]。首先,开发新产品服务社会是巴斯德型科学家的自我价值追求,这意味着他们愿意投入一定的时间和精力用于技术实现,而不计短期经济回报投入时间,这也是产学合作的基础之一[3]。其次,巴斯德型科学家对技术实践的重视,意味着他们自身和其团队具备完成技术转化的工程实践技能。这种技能往往是一种隐性知识,其在帮助企业将实验室技术开发成规模化生产产品过程中发挥着重要作用。这也是产学合作得以成功的重要条件。第三,巴斯德型科学家另一种常被忽视的特质是其科研团队的管理能力。巴斯德型科学家一般在前沿理论和技术转化两个方面都积累了一定的科研成果,同时其往往也是科研团队的组织者[4]。他们既能把握技术的前沿方向,也能对科研团队成功给出实验技巧的具体指导,同时也能很好地组织科研团队在技术攻关中分工协作。这对产学合作,尤其是在产学联合实验室的具体运行上能提供额外帮助,加快新产品的研发进度,实现企业的预期目标[5]。
尽管巴斯德型科学家出于个人价值实现动机,在产学合作研发中并不追求短期经济收益,然而,缺乏长期的制度激励,以及技术创新的高失败率风险,都阻碍了巴斯德型科学家在产学合作中可以不计经济回报进行长期时间和精力的投入。对促进巴斯德型科学家发挥作用的制度激励体现为三方面:
首先,更加关注技术转化的“创业型大学”,为巴斯德型科学家参与产学合作研发提供了制度上的支持,如为产学合作应用技术成果设置了科研评价标准,这有利于激发巴斯德型科学家投身产学合作的社会服务动机[6-8]。其次,受益于产学合作对经济发展的推动,地方政府可以为产学合作提供初期的财政补贴激励,以解决中小企业对产学合作投入的研发资金瓶颈问题,这也间接为参与产学合作的巴斯德型科学家及其科研团队提供了对应的基本保障。同时,地方政府也通过科研奖励、荣誉称号等形式为参与合作的大学和企业提供声誉激励[9]。第三,知识产权归属与技术创新产品收益分配将为巴斯德型科学家提供长期激励。尽管巴斯德型科学家不追求短期经济收益,但保障科学家参与分配新产品和新技术开发成功后的商业收益,依然可以为科学家和“创业型大学”提供激励[10-15]。
已有研究指出巴斯德型科学家在产学合作中发挥了重要作用。但较少研究关注产学合作组织运行中巴斯德型科学家及其团队与企业方科研人员的互动过程,以及当前中国大学科研管理制度是否形成对巴斯德型科学家的有效激励。据此,本文基于湖北省“校企合作研发中心”案例访谈,提出巴斯德型科学家在产学合作组织中发挥作用的机制模型,并进一步采用大样本实证分析进行检验。
基于以上关于巴斯德型科学家参与产学合作研发的理论问题,我们选择了湖北省12家目前仍在运行的“校企共建研发中心”的校方科学家和企业方的“校企共建研发中心”的主管技术经理进行了半结构式访谈,以解释“校企共建研发中心”运行中巴斯德型科学家的角色作用。访谈的“校企共建研发中心”涵盖了湖北省内的代表性大学,既包括了教育部直属的重点大学,如武汉大学、华中科技大学、华中农业大学和武汉理工大学,也包括了部分学科具有领先优势的省内大学,如武汉纺织大学、湖北大学和湖北中医药大学等。访谈的问题主要包括了企业方对参与产学合作研发的科学家及其团队的评价,参与产学合作研发的科学家对目前科研激励机制的评价,产学合作双方对地方政府投入和制度完善的意见。
基于访谈的原始回答语句,我们提炼了核心概念范畴构建了产学合作方的关系理论。从访谈问题的回答中,我们采用开放式编码形式,提炼了产学合作生态中的主范畴和子范畴,如表1所示。
通过对核心范畴之间的相互关系进行梳理,我们基于访谈内容构建了如下的理论雏形(图1)。
一方面,从巴斯德型科学家及其科研团队的特质看,巴斯德型科学家在产学合作中是一种稀缺资源,他们不仅在学术上有深厚积累,把握技术前沿,更有推动产业发展的产业报国情怀,他们超越短期功利目的,不计短期回报的参与企业创新,在合作过程中,信任建立至关重要。另一方面,从各方提供给巴斯德型科学家及其团队的制度激励看,近些年向“创业型大学”转型的中国大学,在科研评价制度上,对巴斯德型科学家从事产学合作的产出,给予了较为合理的评价。此外,给予科研团队基本的生活补偿,会提高校外团队的积极性。同时,中国的知识产权法规将产学合作中的成果归属于大学,但基于科学家在产学合作中的独特贡献,部分企业通过合同形式,约定特殊的知识产权成果及远期商业利益分享条款,授予巴斯德型科学家更多的成果分享权,这有助于提供更好的激励。另外,访谈显示政府对产学共建研发中心的补贴,一定程度缓解了中小企业的资金压力。除了提供补贴资金,地方政府也持续关注合作研发的后续进展,给参与研发的企业带来了其他社会资本。
基于以上12家产学共建研发中心的重点访谈,我们进一步对2012年以来参与产学合作的287家企业以及参与的大学科学家发放了问卷,收回有效问卷254份。我们将收回的254家产学共建研发中心的企业数据与湖北省税收调查数据匹配,匹配保留了221家参与产学共建研发中心的企业,作为对照组我们保留了2008-2020年税调数据中相关制造业企业样本。考虑到实证中所有变量的缺失值,最终样本量为5221。
本文的一个重要工作来自数据的收集,借助与政府部门开展的课题合作,获得了湖北省中小企业专利数据和财务数据。本文所用企业创新产出数据来自湖北省科技厅提供的湖北省企业专利数据和新产品销售数据,本文所用企业财务数据由湖北省税务局提供。利用企业名称字段作为关联依据,将企业财务数据和企业创新数据进行匹配,最终获得了2015-2017年湖北省专利企业面板数据。本文收集并整理了2015-2017年湖北省统计年鉴数据,获得了湖北省各地级市州和省直管市的一般预算、GDP、人口和三大产业总产值数据。根据企业所在地级市代码作为关联依据,获得宏微观匹配数据作为本文的研究样本。
本文利用湖北省校企共建研发中心政策作为一个准自然实验,将入选校企共建研发中心的名单中,具有巴斯德型科学家参与的企业作为处理组,将没有巴斯德型科学家参与的企业作为控制组,使用多时点双重差分法进行检验,具体模型设定如下:
$\mathrm{P}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}/\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{V}{ }_{it}={\alpha }_{1}+{\theta }_{1}{D}_{it}+{\lambda }_{1}{X}_{it}+{\varphi }_{i}+{\mu }_{t}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
$\mathrm{P}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}/\mathrm{I}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{V}{ }_{it}={\alpha }_{1}+{\theta }_{1}{D}_{it}*Pasteu{r}_{i}+{\lambda }_{1}{X}_{it}+{\varphi }_{i}+{\mu }_{t}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
其中,被解释变量PAT/INV it表示企业创新水平;核心的解释变量Dit表示实验组和控制组分组变量,若为实验组其取值为1,控制组取值为0;${\varphi }_{i}$和μt分别表示企业的固定效应和年份固定效应; εit是影响企业创新产出的随机扰动项; θ1为双重差分估计量,衡量了巴斯德型科学家对企业创新的影响效果; Xit代表t年影响企业i创新的一系列控制变量。详细的变量名、指标构造方法见表2,统计性描述见表3。
(1)基准回归
回归结果如表4所示,列(1)和(2)使用模型(1)估计了所有参与校企共建研发中心的企业样本与对照组的技术创新差异,回归系数为5.121,在1%水平下显著为正,这意味着相比于对照组而言,参与产学合作创新的企业平均多出专利数为 5.121,与创新产出变量对照,带来的边际增加为68.24%,这也意味着很多参与产学合作的中小企业创新产出实现了从无到有的大幅增长。列(3)和(4),我们估计了巴斯德型科学家参与下的产学合作带来的创新产出效应。基于各产学合作企业是否拥有巴斯德型科学家的参与构造了三重差分检验,以考察产学合作对创新产出的影响在是否拥有巴斯德型科学家的企业中表现出的差异性。具体地,根据问卷调查数据构造是否具有巴斯德型科学家特质的变量Pasteur,如果参与产学合作的科学家拥有巴斯德型科学家特质则变量取1,否则取0。在此基础上,将变量Pasteur与是否参与产学合作交叉项相乘构造了新的交互项,使用模型(2)进行实证检验。列(4)中交叉项系数为3.512,这表明,与一般科学家参与下的产学合作相比,巴斯德型科学家参与的产学合作带来的边际创新产出为3.512个专利申请数。列(5)至列(8)替换了被解释变量,将一般类型专利替换为具有较高创新价值的发明专利,结果依然支持以上结论。企业层面控制变量,企业是否从事出口活动、是否为高新技术企业、企业规模、企业固定资产占比、企业资产负债率和营业利润都对创新有正向影响,符合预期;地区层面控制变量,经济发展水平、二三产业比重和财政分权对企业创新产出产生了显著正向影响,符合预期。
与本文最相关的理论文献为Baba等的研究,其将巴斯德型科学家的作用引入到产学合作研发的研究中,该文献将参与产学合作的科学家按照已发表论文和可进行产业转化的专利数量分为了四象限,分别为明星型科学家(理论科学家)、巴斯德型科学家、爱迪生型科学(发明科学家)和一般科学家,采用负二项回归验证了巴斯德型科学家对产学合作中边际创新产出的重要作用[16]。本文不同于通过以往专利数量来界定巴斯德型科学家的方式,而是采用问卷调查反馈中的科学家服务产业发展情怀、应用研究能力和对校企共建研发中心时间投入进行加权赋值测算,划分了巴斯德型科学家和非巴斯德型科学家。本文的研究显示巴斯德型科学家作为创新稀缺资源,通过产学合作极大地提高了中小企业的创新产出能力。
(2)平行趋势检验
DDD估计不需要满足两个平行趋势假设(而只需要一个)就可以得出有因果效力的解释[17],故本文只考虑模型(1)的平行趋势。本文借鉴Jacobson等使用的事件研究法(event study),对平行趋势进行检验[18]。具体地,设置如下计量模型:
$PAT/IN{V}_{it}=\alpha +{\beta }_{k}{\sum }_{k=-2}^{4}{D}_{it}^{k}+Control{s}_{it}+{\delta }_{i}+{\lambda }_{t}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
其中,${D}_{it}^{k}$是取值为0或1的事件-时间(event-time)虚拟变量。对于某个企业来说,当k0时,政策冲击发生前第k年${D}_{it}^{k}$取1,否则取0;当k0时,政策冲击发生后第k年${D}_{it}^{k}$取1,否则取0;k=0时,政策冲击发生当年${D}_{it}^{k}$取1,否则取0。Controls表示一系列控制变量,包括地区层面控制变量和企业层面控制变量。$\delta $表示企业固定效应,用来捕捉企业之间不随时间变化的差异,λ表示时间固定效应,用来捕捉不同年份之间的差异,ε是随机扰动项。i表示企业,t表示年份。图2是平行趋势的检验结果。综合来看,本研究中的平行趋势是满足的。
基于调查问卷,我们构建了产学合作中是否存在良好团队信任和知识共享变量TK(Team Trust & Knowledge Transfer)。调查显示,产学合作团队双方信任的建立往往源于对对方知识或技能优势的认可。在重大技术路线选择上,对巴斯德型科学家的信任会减少研发失误,信任会加速双方知识共享从而提升研发效率。将团队信任和知识共享变量TK与产学合作变量相乘构造交互项,进行实证检验。表5显示,在双重交互项D回归系数仍显著为正的基础上,三重交互项D*TK的系数为0.921,显著为正。表明与团队信任度低、知识共享度低的产学合作形式相比,产学合作中高度信任和有效知识分享能够促进创新产出提升。产学合作文献虽已关注知识分享的重要性[19、20]。但本文发现知识分享往往与合作双方的信任相关,二者共同作用更明显促进了产学合作创新产出。
通过整理所有参与校企共建研发中心大学的科研考核制度,发现大学的科研评价制度近年来正在向欧美“创业型大学”科研评价制度转变。基于大学科研考核体系中对产学合作以及横向项目的条款,我们构建了对巴斯德型科学家的产学合作科研评价激励变量RE(Research Evaluation),如果绩效考核对产学合作的横向项目给予相对公平的考核认定,则变量取1,否则取0,将科研评价激励变量RE与产学合作变量相乘构造交互项,进行实证检验。表6显示,在双重交互项D回归系数显著为正的基础上,三重交互项D*RE的系数为3.623,显著为正,表明与大学中产学合作评价激励较弱的样本相比,对巴斯德型科学家较高的科研评价能够促进提升创新产出。已经有大量文献关注了对参与产学合作科学家进行科研激励的重要性[21、22]。不同于以往研究,本文的研究基于中国高校向“创业型大学”转型的实践,关注到了大学在推动产学合作中进行的科研评价体系的改革。对巴斯德型科学家更为重视、提供了更好的科研转化制度的大学,更能激励巴斯德型科学家在产学合作中投入精力和时间,从而帮助中小企业产出更多可转化的技术成果。
通过产学研究调查和合作文本分析,搜集了产学合作中是否有倾向于激励巴斯德型科学家的知识产权与商业利益分享机制的合同条款,构建了表征该机制存在的变量BD(Benefit Distribution),如果存在股权激励条款则变量取1,否则取0,将知识产权与商业利益分享机制变量BD与产学合作变量相乘构造交互项,进行实证检验。表7显示,在双重交互项D回归系数显著为正的基础上,三重交互项D*BD的系数为2.852,显著为正,表明与没有知识产权与商业利益分享机制的产学合作相比,产学合作中有相关的知识产权与商业利益分享机制能够促进提升创新产出。但对应于学习《拜杜法案》的以《中华人民共和国科学技术进步法》为主的政府资助项目科技成果知识产权归属制度并不适用于中国的产学合作实践[23、24]。本文的研究显示,将知识产权的成果主要归属于参与合作的中小企业,由中小企业在产学合作合同中赋予参与合作的巴斯德型科学家知识产权分享权利,以及采用远期股权激励对科学家进行激励,可以极大地激发双方的创新动力,产出更多的创新成果。
我们搜集不同地区地方政府对省级校企共建研发中心的补贴政策,对补贴金额求取均值,分成了实验组和对照组,衡量补贴强度。构建地方政府的补贴强度变量SI(Subsidy Intensity),大于均值取1,否则取0,将地方政府的补贴强度变量SI与产学合作变量相乘构造交互项,进行实证检验。表8显示,在双重交互项D回归系数显著为正的基础上,三重交互项D*SI的系数为4.118,显著为正,表明与地方政府补贴强度小的产学合作相比,地方政府补贴强度较大的产学合作更能提升创新产出。
通过问卷调查发现,省级科技部门设立了“校企共建研发中心”这一制度,为企业引介了各方面的社会资本,包括引入政府产业引导基金、地方商业银行贷款、私募股权基金等作为投资方或贷款人,缓解了企业的资金困境。基于调查问卷,我们构建了政府引介的社会资本融资变量SC(Social Capital),如果问卷回答中有相关的内容,则变量取1,否则取0,将社会资本变量SC与产学合作变量相乘构造交互项,进行实证检验。表9显示,在双重交互项D回归系数显著为正的基础上,三重交互项D*SC的系数为2.982,显著为正,表明地方政府引介了更多的社会资本的产学合作能够产出更多创新成果。
创新管理的文献也显示,社会资本对中小企业获取进一步的创新资源、保障创新成果顺利产业化具有重要作用[25]。本文的研究,强调了政府在扶持产学合作中的多重角色,除了直接的补贴资金,由于地方政府推动经济发展的动机,以及政府在社会网络中的关键角色,会为参与产学合作的企业带来多方面的社会资本,从而缓解中小企业创新的资金压力、产业链融入压力,帮助企业获取更多的科技创新资源支持。
本文关注了巴斯德型科学家这一理论概念,基于中国地方中小企业参与的校企合作研发中心这一实践形式,丰富了产学合作的理论,结合湖北省12家校企合作共建研发中心的半结构化访谈,归纳了产学合作的核心理论范畴,基于对核心范畴关系的解剖,围绕着巴斯德型科学家在产学合作研究中的关键作用以及促进产学合作创新产出增加的制度激励,验证了具有巴斯德型科学家参与的产学合作创新产出更多;当巴斯德型科学家所在的大学积极向“创业型大学”转变、为产学合作提供公平的科研考核评价制度时,产学合作的产出更大;当产学合作合同中对参与合作的校方科学家提供了更为公平的知识产权和远期收益分享条款时,也会激励巴斯德型科学家进行更多的投入,从而产学合作创新绩效更优;当地方政府给予了更高的补贴力度,引介了更多的社会资本,更有利于产学合作产出更多成果。
我们将巴斯德型科学家这一理论概念从成果转化能力、科研实践情怀、产学合作投入等三方面进行了指标化度量,区分了参与产学合作中的科学家是否是真正意义上的巴斯德型科学家;对巴斯德型科学家所在大学对产学合作的制度激励进行观察,指出对产学合作更为重视的大学会激励巴斯德型科学家更多的产学合作投入,从而产生更好的隐性知识传递和更明显的科研产出;对地方政府在产学合作中发挥的作用进行更为全面的观察,指出地方政府给予巴斯德型科学家的荣誉激励更好地促进了产学合作,大学、企业和科学家之间采取更为灵活和贴近实际的知识产权收益分享机制,也能更好地促进产学合作长期化和实现合作共赢。
本文的研究结果对现有的制度改革具有政策实践意义。第一,在制度上关注发挥巴斯德型科学家的重要作用,对大学科研评价体系进行进一步改革,结合“双一流”大学建设,在科研规划方向上关注产业需求,在制定科研制度上要积极吸收地方政府、科技团体和知名企业的意见,破除“五唯”评价思路,给予实现产学合作成果转化的巴斯德型科学家更高的科研评价认可。第二,在产学合作知识产权成果分配上,给予企业更大分配权,由企业结合实际贡献向科学家及团队倾斜。2020年科技部发布了《赋予科研人员职务科技成果所有权或长期使用权试点单位名单》的通知,启动了赋予科研人员职务科技成果所有权或长期使用权试点工作。结合本文研究,应进一步扩大试点名单的范围,落实职务科技成果所有权和长期使用权的政策,赋予产学合作中企业方产权分配权。第三,地方政府应着眼于通过产学合作培育战略性新兴产业力量。稳步提高财政补贴力度,丰富服务产学合作的内容形式。构建地方性产学联动的实践、资源平台,实现政府搭台、企业支持、产学对接,实现人才链与产业链、创新链深度融合。完善产学合作创新中的风险承担机制,促进多种形式的资本要素关注产学合作的创新项目发展。
本文研究存在一定的局限性。首先,在数据获取上,尽管结合了重点案例访谈和问卷调查,但还缺乏对重点案例的长期跟踪观察。对巴斯德型科学家在具体产学合作项目进展中发挥的攻克技术难题、管理科研团队作用缺乏深入的剖析,对产学双方科研团队的融合过程跟踪观察也不足;其次,在实证方法上,本文主要采用了计量经济学的双重、三重差分方法,但在本文的处理组和对照组划分上,借助了问卷调查时点观测数据,实际的变量值可能随时间变化,导致现有分析结果可能存在偏差。这也有赖于未来的持续跟踪研究,以提高因果关系的可信度。第三,中国的产学合作中政府所扮演的角色更为重要,除了资金补贴支持,政府可以为项目孵化、市场拓展、生产要素供给提供更多支持,这决定着产学合作项目的市场走向,未来这一角度也值得深入研究。
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(24BJY057)
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  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
  • 修回日期:2025-09-08
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国家社会科学基金一般项目(24BJY057)
作者信息
    1 中南财经政法大学财政税务学院, 湖北武汉 430073
    2 南京审计大学政府审计学院, 江苏南京 211815

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李杰(1994-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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