Article(id=1317436285212545346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=1753632000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030887177, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030887177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030887177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030887177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436203545243877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1569', pageEnd='1792', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030867705, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031039088, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436922423792157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436922427986462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1603, endPage=1612, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436285455814979, articleId=1317436285212545346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Intellectual property risks and compliance strategies on the user side of open-source large models, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The success of open-source large models such as DeepSeek and Llama demonstrates that technological innovation and industrial development in AI will inevitably rely on an open-source innovation ecosystem. Open-source licenses are a key element of governance in that ecosystem; in essence, they are contracts for the transfer of rights shaped by the rightsholder's genuine manifestation of intent, and their terms are legally binding on the public with respect to the use, reproduction, modification, and distribution of "open-source resources." Because open-source large models are widely used across the AI ecosystem, enterprises' insufficient understanding and improper performance may not only trigger intellectual-property (IP) infringement risks but also trap them in compliance dilemmas where investment and return fall out of balance; there is an urgent need for compliance guidance. At present, however, there is still a lack-both domestically and internationally-of systematic research on compliance strategies for open-source licenses at the user side of large models.This paper surveys representative open-source licenses in the large-model field worldwide, identifies IP risks that may arise from license breaches through the lens of the AI value chain, and analyzes countermeasures using an integrated "law-technology-information science" paradigm. In the data pre-training stage, open-source large models typically use massive datasets from open databases and the publicly accessible internet to perform pre-training, thereafter serving as the foundational base models for downstream "service-facing" large models. Because the relationship between model parameters and training data is a nonlinear mapping that sharply reduces the feasibility of traditional cleansing techniques, and because the aggregation of massive data produces abnormally high costs for identifying rightsholders-combined with many jurisdictions' tendency to afford exemptions to open-source model developers and the absolute disclaimers commonly found in open-source licenses-the responsibility for managing IP infringement risks in the pre-training stage has shifted from the development side to the user side. Inadequate cleansing of rights-information in training data is the principal cause of IP infringement risk at the pre-training stage.During the development and use stage, differences exist both among different categories of open-source licenses and among clauses within the same category-for example, divergent obligations among permissive licenses, divergent prohibitions among weak-copyleft (restrictively permissive) licenses, and ambiguous trigger boundaries for strong-copyleft ("infectious") licenses in the large-model context. An unclear understanding of open-source licenses is the primary cause of IP infringement risk in this stage.At the output stage, open-source large models typically must rely on code subject to open-source licenses for training, and the model's propensity to memorize training data can lead to the dissemination of content that is substantially similar to the training code. A lack of control over derivative content is a principal cause of IP infringement risk at this stage.In the data pre-training stage, because AI training data are massive in scale, rightsholders are dispersed, entitlement structures are complex, and the information is often unstructured, traditional community-based review mechanisms struggle to achieve effective provenance tracing; users of open-source large models must therefore build an autonomous rights-governance framework. Enterprises should establish a full-lifecycle rights-information cleansing mechanism that integrates "technical filtering + explicit allocation of rights and responsibilities + data compliance." In the development and use stage, users of open-source models should develop a deep and accurate understanding of the various open-source licenses and, on that basis, use auxiliary license-selection tools-such as ChooseALicense and License Differentiator-to make choices aligned with their commercial preferences. They should also focus on the typological features and risk profiles of permissive licenses, weak-copyleft (restrictively permissive) licenses, and strong-copyleft ("infectious") licenses, and establish differentiated compliance management systems for each. In the output-management stage, in light of the particular risk-response needs associated with outputs from open-source large models, enterprises should construct a risk-management framework along four dimensions: data preprocessing, model training, generation control, and user oversight.
, authors=Shuo HAN
1, Tian-qu DING
2, authorsList=Shuo HAN, Tian-qu DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436285799747908, articleId=1317436285212545346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=开源大模型使用端的知识产权风险及合规对策, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
开源协议是开源大模型生态治理中的关键要素,对其认识不足、履行不当既可能引发知识产权侵权风险,也可能陷入投入产出失衡的“合规陷阱”,亟需合规指引。梳理世界范围大模型领域的典型开源协议,立足人工智能价值链理论识别因协议违约可能导致的知识产权风险,运用“法律-技术-情报”交叉融合范式分析解决对策。数据预训练阶段的权利信息清理不足、开发使用阶段的协议条款及其差异认知不清、输出阶段衍生内容的控制缺位是风险主要致因。企业应建立“技术过滤+权责明示+数据合规”的全周期权利信息清理机制;注重宽松开源协议、限制性宽松开源协议与感染性开源协议的类型学特征和风险特点,分别设置合规管理体系;从数据处理、模型训练、生成控制与用户监督4个维度对开源代码的输出进行合规管理。
, authors=韩硕
1, 丁天曲
2, authorsList=韩硕, 丁天曲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=
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1, address=
1 Intellectual Property School, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436287926260047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, authorId=1317436287729127756, language=CN, stringName=韩硕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=
1 湘潭大学知识产权学院, 湖南湘潭 411105, bio={"content":"
韩硕(1994-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:200697842@qq.com。
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韩硕(1994-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:200697842@qq.com。
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1 湘潭大学知识产权学院, 湖南湘潭 411105)])]), Author(id=1317436288010146129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317436288089837907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, authorId=1317436288010146129, language=EN, stringName=Tian-qu DING, firstName=Tian-qu, middleName=null, lastName=DING, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2 School of Public Administration, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436288161141076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, authorId=1317436288010146129, language=CN, stringName=丁天曲, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2 湘潭大学公共管理学院, 湖南湘潭 411105, bio={"content":"
丁天曲(2000-),女,博士研究生。
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丁天曲(2000-),女,博士研究生。
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2 湘潭大学公共管理学院, 湖南湘潭 411105)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1317436288278581589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=generative AI), Keyword(id=1317436288354079062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=open-source ecosystem), Keyword(id=1317436288421187927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=open-source licenses), Keyword(id=1317436288496685400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=risk governance), Keyword(id=1317436288572182873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=corporate compliance management), Keyword(id=1317436288647680346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=生成式人工智能), Keyword(id=1317436288727372123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=开源生态), Keyword(id=1317436288798675292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=开源协议), Keyword(id=1317436288874172765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=风险治理), Keyword(id=1317436288941281630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=企业合规管理)], refs=[Reference(id=1317436290077938026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=140, pageEnd=149, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=郭亚军, 徐苑茜, 梁艳丽, journalName=图书馆论坛, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭亚军, 徐苑茜, 梁艳丽,
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Journal of Intellectual Property Studies,2023:58-68., articleTitle=Users should consult their preferred citation format's style manual for proper citation formatting, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436289935331689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, awardId=21A0102, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省教育厅重点项目(21A0102), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436285992685893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436286005268806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, companyId=1317436285992685893, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Comparison of “general-purpose” permissive open source licenses
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| 许可协议 | 再分发要求 | 专利条款 | 商标条款 | 贡献者担保 | 代表性模型 |
| MIT | 版权声明、免责声明 | 无 | 未禁止 | 未明确 | CLIP、Whisper、Wav2Vec 2.0、Coqui TTS、DeepSeek-R1 |
| BSD | 版权声明、免责声明 | 无 | 禁止未授权使用 | 未明确 | BLIP-2 |
| Apache 2.0 | 许可证副本、标注修改、版权声明、Notice文件 | 专利授权禁诉条款 | 禁止未授权使用 | 允许贡献者自愿承担 | GPT-NeoX-20B、GPT-J-6B、BERT、T5、Falcon-40B、SAM、VoxCeleb Encoder、RNNT、ChatGLM2-6B、ERNIE-ViLG |
| 木兰PSLv2 | 同Apache 2.0 | 专利授权禁诉条款 | 禁止未授权使用 | 未明确 | MindSpore Transformers工具 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289234882912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
“通用型”宽松开源协议对比
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| 许可协议 | 再分发要求 | 专利条款 | 商标条款 | 贡献者担保 | 代表性模型 |
| MIT | 版权声明、免责声明 | 无 | 未禁止 | 未明确 | CLIP、Whisper、Wav2Vec 2.0、Coqui TTS、DeepSeek-R1 |
| BSD | 版权声明、免责声明 | 无 | 禁止未授权使用 | 未明确 | BLIP-2 |
| Apache 2.0 | 许可证副本、标注修改、版权声明、Notice文件 | 专利授权禁诉条款 | 禁止未授权使用 | 允许贡献者自愿承担 | GPT-NeoX-20B、GPT-J-6B、BERT、T5、Falcon-40B、SAM、VoxCeleb Encoder、RNNT、ChatGLM2-6B、ERNIE-ViLG |
| 木兰PSLv2 | 同Apache 2.0 | 专利授权禁诉条款 | 禁止未授权使用 | 未明确 | MindSpore Transformers工具 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289297797473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of strong copyleft open source licenses
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| 协议类型 | GNU GPL v3.0 | GNU AGPL v3.0 | GNU LGPL v3.0 |
| 许可证类型 | 强Copyleft(强传染性) | 网络服务专用强Copyleft | 弱Copyleft(弱传染性) |
| 主要适用场景 | 软件、操作系统、工具等 | 在线服务、网络应用 | 软件库、中间件等 |
| 修改后要求 | 必须在同一许可证下再许可 | 必须在同一许可证下再许可 | 修改后再发布时需同样许可证 |
| 源代码披露要求 | 修改、传播需提供完整源代码 | 网络交互需披露源代码 | 库本身适用披露要求 |
| 目标代码传播 | 必须附带或承诺提供源代码 | 同上 | 同上 |
| 系统库要求 | 可豁免包含在源代码中 | 同上 | 同上 |
| 用户产品 | 提供可安装、修改的说明 | 同上 | 同上 |
| 典型条款编号 | 0~6条:范围、权限、传播 | 网络服务下源代码披露义务 | 弱传染性适用范围说明 |
| 第11条:专利条款 |
| 第13条:与AGPL兼容条款 |
| 是否允许商业使用 | 允许 | 允许(需开放源代码) | 允许(非库部分可闭源) |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289377489250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
强传染性开源协议对比
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| 协议类型 | GNU GPL v3.0 | GNU AGPL v3.0 | GNU LGPL v3.0 |
| 许可证类型 | 强Copyleft(强传染性) | 网络服务专用强Copyleft | 弱Copyleft(弱传染性) |
| 主要适用场景 | 软件、操作系统、工具等 | 在线服务、网络应用 | 软件库、中间件等 |
| 修改后要求 | 必须在同一许可证下再许可 | 必须在同一许可证下再许可 | 修改后再发布时需同样许可证 |
| 源代码披露要求 | 修改、传播需提供完整源代码 | 网络交互需披露源代码 | 库本身适用披露要求 |
| 目标代码传播 | 必须附带或承诺提供源代码 | 同上 | 同上 |
| 系统库要求 | 可豁免包含在源代码中 | 同上 | 同上 |
| 用户产品 | 提供可安装、修改的说明 | 同上 | 同上 |
| 典型条款编号 | 0~6条:范围、权限、传播 | 网络服务下源代码披露义务 | 弱传染性适用范围说明 |
| 第11条:专利条款 |
| 第13条:与AGPL兼容条款 |
| 是否允许商业使用 | 允许 | 允许(需开放源代码) | 允许(非库部分可闭源) |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289457181027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of “restrictive” permissive open source licenses
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| 许可协议名称 | 是否允许商业使用 | 行为限制 | 应用模型 |
| Meta LLaMA研究许可 | 不允许 | 仅限学术研究用途,不得用于商业化 | LLaMA(v1) |
| GLM-130B特别许可 | 不允许 | 禁止商业、军用、非法用途 | GLM-130B |
| DeepFloyd IF | 不允许 | 与GLM-130B类似 | DeepFloyd IF |
| Meta Llama 2社区许可 | 有条件允许 | 附件明确行为限制条款 | Llama 2等 |
| BigScience Open RAIL | 允许 | 附件明确行为限制条款 | BLOOM 176B |
| Creative ML Open RAIL | 允许 | 附件明确行为限制条款 | StableDiffusion |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289536872804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
“限制型”宽松开源协议对比
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| 许可协议名称 | 是否允许商业使用 | 行为限制 | 应用模型 |
| Meta LLaMA研究许可 | 不允许 | 仅限学术研究用途,不得用于商业化 | LLaMA(v1) |
| GLM-130B特别许可 | 不允许 | 禁止商业、军用、非法用途 | GLM-130B |
| DeepFloyd IF | 不允许 | 与GLM-130B类似 | DeepFloyd IF |
| Meta Llama 2社区许可 | 有条件允许 | 附件明确行为限制条款 | Llama 2等 |
| BigScience Open RAIL | 允许 | 附件明确行为限制条款 | BLOOM 176B |
| Creative ML Open RAIL | 允许 | 附件明确行为限制条款 | StableDiffusion |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289603981669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Overview of differences in “general-purpose” permissive open source licenses
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| 名称 | 开发者 | 保留声明 | 商标禁用 | 禁诉条款 |
| MIT | 麻省理工 | 整体履行 | 否 | 否 |
| BSD | 加州大学 | 整体履行 | 是 | 否 |
| Apache 2.0 | Apache基金会 | 所有修改文件 | 是 | 是 |
| Mulan PSL | 中国开源云联盟 | 所有修改文件 | 是 | 是 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289675284838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
“通用型”宽松开源协议差异概览
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| 名称 | 开发者 | 保留声明 | 商标禁用 | 禁诉条款 |
| MIT | 麻省理工 | 整体履行 | 否 | 否 |
| BSD | 加州大学 | 整体履行 | 是 | 否 |
| Apache 2.0 | Apache基金会 | 所有修改文件 | 是 | 是 |
| Mulan PSL | 中国开源云联盟 | 所有修改文件 | 是 | 是 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289742393703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Overview of differences in prohibitive clauses among restrictive permissive open source licenses
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| 禁止性条款 | LLaMA2 | GLM-130B | DeepFloyd IF | BigScience | CreativeML |
| 非商业用途 | × | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| 军事用途 | √ | √ | √ | × | × |
| 非法行为 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| 危害公共利益 | × | √ | × | × | × |
| 伤害未成年人 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 骚扰、霸凌、诽谤 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 仇恨和歧视 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 专业建议 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 隐私与数据滥用 | √ | × | √ | √ | √ |
| 侵犯他人权利 | √ | × | √ | × | × |
| 恶意代码/病毒 | √ | × | × | × | × |
| 高风险应用 | √ | × | √ | × | × |
| 欺诈、虚假内容 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 深度仿冒 | √ | × | × | √ | × |
| 未标明AI生成 | × | × | × | √ | × |
| 自动决策 | × | × | × | √ | √ |
| 司法执法用途 | × | × | × | √ | √ |
| 披露已知风险 | √ | × | × | × | × |
| 规避安全措施 | × | × | √ | × | × |
| 出口管制 | × | × | √ | × | × |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436289822085480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436285212545346, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
限制性宽松开源协议禁止性条款差异概览
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| 禁止性条款 | LLaMA2 | GLM-130B | DeepFloyd IF | BigScience | CreativeML |
| 非商业用途 | × | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| 军事用途 | √ | √ | √ | × | × |
| 非法行为 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| 危害公共利益 | × | √ | × | × | × |
| 伤害未成年人 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 骚扰、霸凌、诽谤 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 仇恨和歧视 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 专业建议 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 隐私与数据滥用 | √ | × | √ | √ | √ |
| 侵犯他人权利 | √ | × | √ | × | × |
| 恶意代码/病毒 | √ | × | × | × | × |
| 高风险应用 | √ | × | √ | × | × |
| 欺诈、虚假内容 | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
| 深度仿冒 | √ | × | × | √ | × |
| 未标明AI生成 | × | × | × | √ | × |
| 自动决策 | × | × | × | √ | √ |
| 司法执法用途 | × | × | × | √ | √ |
| 披露已知风险 | √ | × | × | × | × |
| 规避安全措施 | × | × | √ | × | × |
| 出口管制 | × | × | √ | × | × |
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