Article(id=1317436271115489497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=1763740800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030883815, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030883815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030883815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030883815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436203545243877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1569', pageEnd='1792', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030867705, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031039088, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436922423792157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436922427986462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1624, endPage=1634, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436271362953434, articleId=1317436271115489497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The behavioral logic of open science in enterprises: A method based on literature review and literature clustering analysis, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

More and more technology-based enterprises are frequently adopting open science practices. According to traditional economic theory, open science has always been the behavioral norm and value principle of universities and research institutions, while the open science behavior of enterprises may reduce the benefits they obtain from innovation monopoly. Faced with the active phenomenon of open science in enterprises and the insufficient explanatory power of traditional theories, it is particularly necessary and urgent to study the logic and rationality of open science behavior in enterprises. On the basis of literature review, this article adopts a combination of bibliometric and manual coding methods. Through the analysis of relevant literature in the Web of Science database, it is found that: (1) research on open science in enterprises is shifting from phenomenon focus to mechanism cognition; (2) The open science behavior of enterprises can be interpreted from three behavioral logics, namely scientific research driven logic, market competition driven logic, and collective innovation driven logic. (3) From the perspective of the internal mechanism of whether enterprises can gain competitive advantages in open science behavior, analyze and propose the rationality of the triple logic of open science behavior for enterprises. The research conclusion provides a more systematic perspective for a deeper understanding of the increasing number of enterprises engaging in open science behavior; To promote open innovation, policy references have been provided from a theoretical perspective.

, authors=Xue-wen ZHANG1, Tian-xiang DU2, Kai-hua CHEN3, authorsList=Xue-wen ZHANG, Tian-xiang DU, Kai-hua CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tian-xiang DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436272214397153, articleId=1317436271115489497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=企业开放科学的行为逻辑——基于文献综述和文献聚类分析的方法, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

越来越多的科技型企业正在频繁地采取开放科学行为。按照传统经济理论,开放科学历来是大学和科研机构的行为规范和价值准则,而企业的开放科学行为可能会降低企业从创新独占中获取的收益。面对企业开放科学的活跃现象与传统理论解释力的不足,研究企业开放科学行为逻辑及其合理性尤为必要和紧迫。本文在文献综述基础上,采用文献计量与人工编码相结合的方法,通过对Web of Science数据库相关文献的分析,研究发现:(1)企业开放科学的研究正在从现象关注走向机理认知;(2)企业开放科学行为可以从三重行为逻辑进行解读,即科学研究驱动逻辑、市场竞争驱动逻辑和集体创新驱动逻辑。(3)从企业是否能在开放科学行为中获得竞争优势的内在机制角度,分析提出企业开放科学三重行为逻辑的合理性。研究结论为深入理解越来越多的企业出现开放科学行为提供了更为系统的视角;为推进开放式创新,从理论层面提供了政策参考。

, authors=张学文1, 杜天翔2, 陈凯华3, authorsList=张学文, 杜天翔, 陈凯华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杜天翔, authorNote=

张学文(1976-),男,教授、博士生导师。

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授、博士生导师。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杜天翔(1998-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eGW6uJUyAzwLomYODu+W6w==, magXml=ZzIkep9wsIcvoYzTFpRXFg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0QI2nyCZSFekIgDBhm5T+Q==, pdfFileSize=5985810, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KW02G+WS/9fixX0ay8z5LQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6ahNCA+vm02k5eOhHmStXg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1317436274215080172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317436274324132078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274215080172, language=EN, stringName=Xue-wen ZHANG, firstName=Xue-wen, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Business, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436274428989679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274215080172, language=CN, stringName=张学文, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 河北师范大学商学院, 河北石家庄 050010, bio={"content":"

张学文(1976-),男,教授、博士生导师。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张学文(1976-),男,教授、博士生导师。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436272419918050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272428306659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272419918050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Business, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272436695268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272419918050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河北师范大学商学院, 河北石家庄 050010)])]), Author(id=1317436274542235889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1915925042@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317436274655482099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274542235889, language=EN, stringName=Tian-xiang DU, firstName=Tian-xiang, middleName=null, lastName=DU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 School of Marxism, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436274798088436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274542235889, language=CN, stringName=杜天翔, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 河北师范大学马克思主义学院, 河北石家庄 050010, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436272503804133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272512192742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272503804133, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Marxism, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272520581351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272503804133, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河北师范大学马克思主义学院, 河北石家庄 050010)])]), Author(id=1317436274894557430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317436275003609336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274894557430, language=EN, stringName=Kai-hua CHEN, firstName=Kai-hua, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436275125244153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274894557430, language=CN, stringName=陈凯华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049, bio={"content":"

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授、博士生导师。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授、博士生导师。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436274122805480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436274135388393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436274122805480, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436274143777002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436274122805480, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1317436275322376442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=enterprise open science), Keyword(id=1317436275418845435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=behavioral logic), Keyword(id=1317436275502731516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=literature clustering analysis), Keyword(id=1317436275595006205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=literature review), Keyword(id=1317436275678892286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=企业开放科学), Keyword(id=1317436275787944191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=行为逻辑), Keyword(id=1317436275905384704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=文献聚类分析), Keyword(id=1317436276001853697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=文献综述)], refs=[Reference(id=1317436279139193104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=3, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=David P A, journalName=Capitalism and Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=David P A. The historical origins of "open science": An essay on patronage, reputation and common agency contracting in the scientific revolution[J]. Capitalism and Society, 2008, 3(2): Article5., articleTitle=The historical origins of "open science": An essay on patronage, reputation and common agency contracting in the scientific revolution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436279202107665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1973, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Merton R K, journalName=The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Merton R K. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436279265022226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/0167-2681(83)90023-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1983, volume=4, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=24, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167268183900239, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Allen R C, journalName=Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Allen R C. Collective inventions[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1983, 4(1): 1-24., articleTitle=Collective inventions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436279407628563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1111/joes.2007.21.issue-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=21, issue=2, pageStart=326, pageEnd=347, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14676419/21/2, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Pénin J, journalName=Journal of Economic Surveys, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pénin J. Open knowledge disclosure: An overview of the evidence and economic motivations[J]. Journal of Economic Surveys, 2007, 21(2): 326-347., articleTitle=Open knowledge disclosure: An overview of the evidence and economic motivations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436279483126036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1093/icc/4.2.401, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=4, issue=2, pageStart=401, pageEnd=424, url=https://academic.oup.com/icc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icc/4.2.401, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Hicks D, journalName=Industrial and Corporate Change, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hicks D. Published papers, tacit competencies and corporate management of the public/private character of knowledge[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 1995, 4(2): 401-424., articleTitle=Published papers, tacit competencies and corporate management of the public/private character of knowledge, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436279575400725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/0048-7333(94)01002-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=23, issue=5, pageStart=487, pageEnd=521, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0048733394010021, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Dasgupta P, David P A, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dasgupta P, David P A. Toward a new economics of science[J]. Research Policy, 1994, 23(5): 487-521., articleTitle=Toward a new economics of science, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436279650898198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=31, issue=3, pageStart=368, pageEnd=376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=张学文, 陈劲, journalName=科学学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张学文, 陈劲. 开放科学对产业创新的影响:基于美国制造业的实证研究[J]. 科学学研究, 2013, 31(3): 368-376., articleTitle=开放科学对产业创新的影响:基于美国制造业的实证研究, refAbstract=开放科学是对知识的开放披露行为,对产业创新起着关键的影响作用。本研究揭示了开放科学影响产业创新的制度原理、机理与路径,并对美国的34类制造型产业进行了实证测量,验证了开放科学对产业创新的八大影响路径,通过因子分析将八大路径分为了开放科学I和II两大类别,按照产业创新对开放科学的依赖程度,通过聚类分析将34类产业划分为了四大类型,总结出了开放科学影响产业创新的一般规律,并提出几点重要的政策启示。), Reference(id=1317436279768338711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=31, issue=3, pageStart=368, pageEnd=376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Zhang X W, Chen J, journalName=Studies in Science of Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang X W, Chen J. The influence of open science on industrial innovation: An empirical study based on manufacturing in USA[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2013, 31(3): 368-376., articleTitle=The influence of open science on industrial innovation: An empirical study based on manufacturing in USA, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436279869002008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1007/s10961-014-9375-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=581, pageEnd=601, url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10961-014-9375-6, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Friesike S, Widenmayer B, Gassmann O, journalName=Journal of Technology Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Friesike S, Widenmayer B, Gassmann O. Opening science: Towards an agenda of open science in academia and industry[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2015, 40(4): 581-601., articleTitle=Opening science: Towards an agenda of open science in academia and industry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436279940305177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1962, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Arrow K J, journalName=Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arrow K J. Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280028385562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/0048-7333(86)90027-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=15, issue=6, pageStart=285, pageEnd=305, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0048733386900272, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Teece D J, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Teece D J. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy[J]. Research Policy, 1987, 15(6): 285-305., articleTitle=Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280116465947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2013.05.007, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=42, issue=9, pageStart=1531, pageEnd=1543, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733313000929, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Simeth M, Raffo J D, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Simeth M, Raffo J D. What makes companies pursue an open science strategy?[J]. Research Policy, 2013, 42(9): 1531-1543., articleTitle=What makes companies pursue an open science strategy?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280187769116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2015.04.005, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=44, issue=7, pageStart=1283, pageEnd=1295, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733315000657, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Simeth M, Lhuillery S, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Simeth M, Lhuillery S. How do firms develop capabilities for scientific disclosure?[J]. Research Policy, 2015, 44(7): 1283-1295., articleTitle=How do firms develop capabilities for scientific disclosure?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280301015325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00061-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=32, issue=10, pageStart=1753, pageEnd=1769, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733303000611, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Harhoff D, Henkel J, Von Hippel E, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Harhoff D, Henkel J, Von Hippel E. Profiting from voluntary information spillovers: How users benefit by freely revealing their innovation[J]. Research Policy, 2003, 32(10): 1753-1769., articleTitle=Profiting from voluntary information spillovers: How users benefit by freely revealing their innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280376512798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2013.10.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=867, pageEnd=878, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733313001832, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Laursen K, Salter A J, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Laursen K, Salter A J. The paradox of openness: Appropriability, external search and collaboration[J]. Research Policy, 2014, 43(5): 867-878., articleTitle=The paradox of openness: Appropriability, external search and collaboration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280452010271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.014, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=879, pageEnd=890, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733313001595, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Henkel J, Schöberl S, Alexy O, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Henkel J, Schöberl S, Alexy O. The emergence of openness: How and why firms adopt selective revealing in open innovation[J]. Research Policy, 2014, 43(5): 879-890., articleTitle=The emergence of openness: How and why firms adopt selective revealing in open innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280552673568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1287/orsc.1110.0684, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=23, issue=4, pageStart=1135, pageEnd=1153, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.1110.0684, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Polidoro F, Theeke M, journalName=Organization Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Polidoro F, Theeke M. Getting competition down to a science: The effects of technological competition on firms' scientific publications[J]. Organization Science, 2012, 23(4): 1135-1153., articleTitle=Getting competition down to a science: The effects of technological competition on firms' scientific publications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280615588129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1002/smj.2018.39.issue-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=3, pageEnd=32, url=https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/39/1, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Arora A, Belenzon S, Patacconi A, journalName=Strategic Management Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arora A, Belenzon S, Patacconi A. The decline of science in corporate R&D[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2018, 39(1): 3-32., articleTitle=The decline of science in corporate R&D, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280695279906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2022.104606, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=10, pageStart=104606, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733322001299, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Rotolo D, Camerani R, Grassano N, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rotolo D, Camerani R, Grassano N, et al. Why do firms publish? A systematic literature review and a conceptual framework[J]. Research Policy, 2022, 51(10): 104606., articleTitle=Why do firms publish? A systematic literature review and a conceptual framework, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280858857763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.5465/amr.2011.0193, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=270, pageEnd=291, url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amr.2011.0193, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Alexy O, George G, Salter A J, journalName=Academy of Management Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Alexy O, George G, Salter A J. Cui bono? The selective revealing of knowledge and its implications for innovative activity[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2013, 38(2): 270-291., articleTitle=Cui bono? The selective revealing of knowledge and its implications for innovative activity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436280930160932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.infoecopol.2014.05.001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=28, issue=1, pageStart=15, pageEnd=27, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016762451400016X, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Johnson J P, journalName=Information Economics and Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Johnson J P. Defensive publishing by a leading firm[J]. Information Economics and Policy, 2014, 28(1): 15-27., articleTitle=Defensive publishing by a leading firm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436281009852709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.005, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=4, pageStart=820, pageEnd=835, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733317300392, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Gans J S, Murray F E, Stern S, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gans J S, Murray F E, Stern S. Contracting over the disclosure of scientific knowledge: Intellectual property and academic publication[J]. Research Policy, 2017, 46(4): 820-835., articleTitle=Contracting over the disclosure of scientific knowledge: Intellectual property and academic publication, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436281072767270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1287/mnsc.2015.2220, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=62, issue=7, pageStart=1970, pageEnd=1981, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2220, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Simeth M, Cincera M, journalName=Management Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Simeth M, Cincera M. Corporate science, innovation, and firm value[J]. Management Science, 2016, 62(7): 1970-1981., articleTitle=Corporate science, innovation, and firm value, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436281160847655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1287/mnsc.1100.1278, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=57, issue=2, pageStart=257, pageEnd=273, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1278, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Ding W, journalName=Management Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ding W. The impact of founders' professional-education background on the adoption of open science by for-profit biotechnology firms[J]. Management Science, 2011, 57(2): 257-273., articleTitle=The impact of founders' professional-education background on the adoption of open science by for-profit biotechnology firms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436281248928040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2013.12.009, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=43, issue=4, pageStart=645, pageEnd=654, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733313002382, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Jong S, Slavova K, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jong S, Slavova K. When publications lead to products: The open science conundrum in new product development[J]. Research Policy, 2014, 43(4): 645-654., articleTitle=When publications lead to products: The open science conundrum in new product development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436281311842601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=6, issue=3, pageStart=359, pageEnd=381, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Hartmann P, Henkel J, journalName=Academy of Management Discoveries, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hartmann P, Henkel J. The rise of corporate science in AI: Data as a strategic resource[J]. Academy of Management Discoveries, 2020, 6(3): 359-381., articleTitle=The rise of corporate science in AI: Data as a strategic resource, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436281395728682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1002/mde.v44.5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=5, pageStart=2582, pageEnd=2592, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10991468/44/5, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Liu Y, Xu W, Yang Y, journalName=Managerial and Decision Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Y, Xu W, Yang Y. The impact of strategic knowledge disclosure on enterprise innovation performance[J]. Managerial and Decision Economics, 2023, 44(5): 2582-2592., articleTitle=The impact of strategic knowledge disclosure on enterprise innovation performance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436281471226155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2021.104319, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=50, issue=9, pageStart=104319, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733321001207, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Hsu D H, Hsu P H, Zhao Q, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hsu D H, Hsu P H, Zhao Q. Rich on paper? Chinese firms' academic publications, patents, and market value[J]. Research Policy, 2021, 50(9): 104319., articleTitle=Rich on paper? Chinese firms' academic publications, patents, and market value, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283148947756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1080/09537325.2013.872773, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=26, issue=5, pageStart=547, pageEnd=563, url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537325.2013.872773, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Youtie J, Kay L, journalName=Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Youtie J, Kay L. Acquiring nanotechnology capabilities: Role of mergers and acquisitions[J]. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 2014, 26(5): 547-563., articleTitle=Acquiring nanotechnology capabilities: Role of mergers and acquisitions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283220250925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1007/s10961-011-9212-0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=587, pageEnd=604, url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10961-011-9212-0, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Shapira P, Youtie J, Kay L, journalName=Journal of Technology Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shapira P, Youtie J, Kay L. National innovation systems and the globalization of nanotechnology innovation[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2011, 36(6): 587-604., articleTitle=National innovation systems and the globalization of nanotechnology innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283283165486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1111/joie.1998.46.issue-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=157, pageEnd=182, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14676451/46/2, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Cockburn I, Henderson R, journalName=The Journal of Industrial Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cockburn I, Henderson R. Absorptive capacity, coauthoring behavior, and the organization of research in drug discovery[J]. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 1998, 46(2): 157-182., articleTitle=Absorptive capacity, coauthoring behavior, and the organization of research in drug discovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283358662959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1093/icc/dtp044, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=18, issue=6, pageStart=1249, pageEnd=1284, url=https://academic.oup.com/icc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icc/dtp044, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Lim K, journalName=Industrial and Corporate Change, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lim K. The many faces of absorptive capacity: Spillovers of copper interconnect technology for semiconductor chips[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2009, 18(6): 1249-1284., articleTitle=The many faces of absorptive capacity: Spillovers of copper interconnect technology for semiconductor chips, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283429966128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00124-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=45, issue=4, pageStart=819, pageEnd=826, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014292101001246, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Lerner J, Tirole J, journalName=European Economic Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lerner J, Tirole J. The open source movement: Key research questions[J]. European Economic Review, 2002, 45(4): 819-826., articleTitle=The open source movement: Key research questions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283518046513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.frl.2023.104147, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=104147, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1544612323005196, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Zhao Q, Luo Q, Tao Y, journalName=Finance Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Q, Luo Q, Tao Y. The power of paper: Scientific disclosure and firm innovation[J]. Finance Research Letters, 2023, 56: 104147., articleTitle=The power of paper: Scientific disclosure and firm innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283585155378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124160, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=216, issue=null, pageStart=124160, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004016252500191X, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Pacheco J N, Turro A, Urbano D, journalName=Technological Forecasting and Social Change, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pacheco J N, Turro A, Urbano D. Open social innovation: A systematic literature review and future research agenda[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2025, 216: 124160., articleTitle=Open social innovation: A systematic literature review and future research agenda, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283660652851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Page M J, McKenzie J E, Bossuyt P M, journalName=BMJ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Page M J, McKenzie J E, Bossuyt P M, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews[J]. BMJ, 2021, 372: n71., articleTitle=The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283748733236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1002/asi.v61:7, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=61, issue=7, pageStart=1386, pageEnd=1409, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15322890/61/7, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Chen C, Ibekwe-Sanjuan F, Hou J, journalName=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen C, Ibekwe-Sanjuan F, Hou J. The structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters: A multiple-perspective cocitation analysis[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2010, 61(7): 1386-1409., articleTitle=The structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters: A multiple-perspective cocitation analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436283820036405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1186/1471-2288-8-45, pmid=18616818, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=45, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Thomas J, Harden A, journalName=BMC Medical Research Methodology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Thomas J, Harden A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews[J]. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2008, 8: 45., articleTitle=Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews, refAbstract=There is a growing recognition of the value of synthesising qualitative research in the evidence base in order to facilitate effective and appropriate health care. In response to this, methods for undertaking these syntheses are currently being developed. Thematic analysis is a method that is often used to analyse data in primary qualitative research. This paper reports on the use of this type of analysis in systematic reviews to bring together and integrate the findings of multiple qualitative studies.We describe thematic synthesis, outline several steps for its conduct and illustrate the process and outcome of this approach using a completed review of health promotion research. Thematic synthesis has three stages: the coding of text 'line-by-line'; the development of 'descriptive themes'; and the generation of 'analytical themes'. While the development of descriptive themes remains 'close' to the primary studies, the analytical themes represent a stage of interpretation whereby the reviewers 'go beyond' the primary studies and generate new interpretive constructs, explanations or hypotheses. The use of computer software can facilitate this method of synthesis; detailed guidance is given on how this can be achieved.We used thematic synthesis to combine the studies of children's views and identified key themes to explore in the intervention studies. Most interventions were based in school and often combined learning about health benefits with 'hands-on' experience. The studies of children's views suggested that fruit and vegetables should be treated in different ways, and that messages should not focus on health warnings. Interventions that were in line with these suggestions tended to be more effective. Thematic synthesis enabled us to stay 'close' to the results of the primary studies, synthesising them in a transparent way, and facilitating the explicit production of new concepts and hypotheses.We compare thematic synthesis to other methods for the synthesis of qualitative research, discussing issues of context and rigour. Thematic synthesis is presented as a tried and tested method that preserves an explicit and transparent link between conclusions and the text of primary studies; as such it preserves principles that have traditionally been important to systematic reviewing.), Reference(id=1317436283920699702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1257/aer.20171742, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=111, issue=3, pageStart=871, pageEnd=898, url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20171742, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Arora A, Belenzon S, Sheer L, journalName=American Economic Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arora A, Belenzon S, Sheer L. Knowledge spillovers and corporate investment in scientific research[J]. American Economic Review, 2021, 111(3): 871-898., articleTitle=Knowledge spillovers and corporate investment in scientific research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284008780087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1086/258177, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1959, volume=67, issue=3, pageStart=297, pageEnd=306, url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/258177, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Nelson R R, journalName=Journal of Political Economy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nelson R R. The simple economics of basic scientific research[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1959, 67(3): 297-306., articleTitle=The simple economics of basic scientific research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284075888952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/0048-7333(90)90046-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1990, volume=19, issue=2, pageStart=165, pageEnd=174, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0048733390900469, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Rosenberg N, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rosenberg N. Why firms do basic research (with their own money)[J]. Research Policy, 1990, 19(2): 165-174., articleTitle=Why firms do basic research (with their own money), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284138803513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Stokes D E, journalName=Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stokes D E. Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation[M]. Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1997., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284197523770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102561, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=147, issue=null, pageStart=102561, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030438782030136X, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Fang J, He H, Li N, journalName=Journal of Development Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fang J, He H, Li N. China's rising IQ (innovation quotient) and growth: Firm-level evidence[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2020, 147: 102561., articleTitle=China's rising IQ (innovation quotient) and growth: Firm-level evidence, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284252049723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1002/smj.v25:8/9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=25, issue=8-9, pageStart=909, pageEnd=928, url=https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/25/8-9, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Fleming L, Sorenson O, journalName=Strategic Management Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fleming L, Sorenson O. Science as a map in technological search[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2004, 25(8-9): 909-928., articleTitle=Science as a map in technological search, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284323352892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1093/icc/dtx040, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=27, issue=3, pageStart=489, pageEnd=505, url=https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/27/3/489/4717512, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Pellens M, Della Malva A, journalName=Industrial and Corporate Change, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pellens M, Della Malva A. Corporate science, firm value, and vertical specialization: Evidence from the semiconductor industry[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2018, 27(3): 489-505., articleTitle=Corporate science, firm value, and vertical specialization: Evidence from the semiconductor industry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284394656061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103391, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=123, issue=null, pageStart=103391, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014292120300234, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Audretsch D B, Belitski M, journalName=European Economic Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Audretsch D B, Belitski M. The role of R&D and knowledge spillovers in innovation and productivity[J]. European Economic Review, 2020, 123: 103391., articleTitle=The role of R&D and knowledge spillovers in innovation and productivity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284465959230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1287/mnsc.2021.3966, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=68, issue=2, pageStart=1330, pageEnd=1352, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2021.3966, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Marx M, Hsu D H, journalName=Management Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Marx M, Hsu D H. Revisiting the entrepreneurial commercialization of academic science: Evidence from "twin" discoveries[J]. Management Science, 2022, 68(2): 1330-1352., articleTitle=Revisiting the entrepreneurial commercialization of academic science: Evidence from "twin" discoveries, refAbstract=Which factors shape the commercialization of academic scientific discoveries via startup formation? Prior literature has identified several contributing factors but does not address the fundamental problem that the commercial potential of a nascent discovery is generally unobserved, which potentially confounds inference. We construct a sample of approximately 20,000 “twin” scientific articles, which allows us to hold constant differences in the nature of the advance and more precisely examine characteristics that predict startup commercialization. In this framework, several commonly accepted factors appear not to influence commercialization. However, we find that teams of academic scientists whose former collaborators include “star” serial entrepreneurs are much more likely to commercialize their own discoveries via startups, as are more interdisciplinary teams of scientists.), Reference(id=1317436284549845311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=17, issue=3, pageStart=733, pageEnd=758, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Gill D, journalName=Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gill D. Strategic disclosure of intermediate research results[J]. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 2008, 17(3): 733-758., articleTitle=Strategic disclosure of intermediate research results, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284629537088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1111/roes.2002.69.issue-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=69, issue=3, pageStart=513, pageEnd=532, url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/roes/69/3, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Anton J J, Yao D A, journalName=Review of Economic Studies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Anton J J, Yao D A. The sales of ideas: Strategic disclosure property rights and contracting[J]. Review of Economic Studies, 2002, 69(3): 513-532., articleTitle=The sales of ideas: Strategic disclosure property rights and contracting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436284726006081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, doi=10.1287/orsc.14.2.209.14992, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=14, issue=2, pageStart=209, pageEnd=233, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.14.2.209.14992, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Von Hippel E, Von Krogh G, journalName=Organization Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Von Hippel E, Von Krogh G. Open source software and the 'private-collective' innovation model: Issues for organization science[J]. Organization Science, 2003, 14(2): 209-233., articleTitle=Open source software and the 'private-collective' innovation model: Issues for organization science, refAbstract=Currently, two models of innovation are prevalent in organization science. The “private investment” model assumes returns to the innovator result from private goods and efficient regimes of intellectual property protection. The “collective action” model assumes that under conditions of market failure, innovators collaborate in order to produce a public good. The phenomenon of open source software development shows that users program to solve their own as well as shared technical problems, and freely reveal their innovations without appropriating private returns from selling the software. In this paper, we propose that open source software development is an exemplar of a compound “private-collective” model of innovation that contains elements of both the private investment and the collective action models and can offer society the “best of both worlds” under many conditions. We describe a new set of research questions this model raises for scholars in organization science. We offer some details regarding the types of data available for open source projects in order to ease access for researchers who are unfamiliar with these, and also offer some advice on conducting empirical studies on open source software development processes.)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436278963032334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, awardId=72072050, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(72072050), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436279055307023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, awardId=24457623D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省软科学重点项目(24457623D), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436272419918050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272428306659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272419918050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Business, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272436695268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272419918050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河北师范大学商学院, 河北石家庄 050010)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436272503804133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272512192742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272503804133, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Marxism, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272520581351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272503804133, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河北师范大学马克思主义学院, 河北石家庄 050010)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436274122805480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436274135388393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436274122805480, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436274143777002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436274122805480, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317436276232540418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Analytical framework and technical roadmap, figureFileSmall=lPN+RgA8coKa6w3VFrHTkw==, figureFileBig=KW02G+WS/9fixX0ay8z5LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436276341592323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, label=图1, caption=分析框架与技术路线图, figureFileSmall=lPN+RgA8coKa6w3VFrHTkw==, figureFileBig=KW02G+WS/9fixX0ay8z5LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436276509364484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Annual distribution of selected literature, figureFileSmall=xKmJ4cazb3DidAVvExHZnQ==, figureFileBig=j6VUN6gnoBfYq9NU4e7LLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436276589056261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, label=图2, caption=遴选文献的年度分布, figureFileSmall=xKmJ4cazb3DidAVvExHZnQ==, figureFileBig=j6VUN6gnoBfYq9NU4e7LLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436276710691078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Quantitative clustering results and coding aggregation of the literature, figureFileSmall=tDi3McexVh0Dq7o+Xvve3g==, figureFileBig=H58A0ahSy5Ibe3TWt0mgzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436276786188551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, label=图3, caption=文献的量化聚类结果与编码聚合结果, figureFileSmall=tDi3McexVh0Dq7o+Xvve3g==, figureFileBig=H58A0ahSy5Ibe3TWt0mgzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436276861686024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Number of publications in the top 10 journals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
期刊 篇数
Research Policy 11
Management Science 10
Strategic Management Journal 8
Journal of Business Research 6
Organization Science 5
Technological Forecasting and Social Change 5
Information Systems Research 4
Industrial and Corporate Change 3
R&D Management 3
Long Range Planning 3
), ArticleFig(id=1317436276945572105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

前10名期刊的论文篇数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
期刊 篇数
Research Policy 11
Management Science 10
Strategic Management Journal 8
Journal of Business Research 6
Organization Science 5
Technological Forecasting and Social Change 5
Information Systems Research 4
Industrial and Corporate Change 3
R&D Management 3
Long Range Planning 3
), ArticleFig(id=1317436278589739274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Clusters of co-occurring keywords (ranked by cluster size)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ID 聚类尺寸 基于LLR算法的典型关键词
0 71 open innovation (10.55, 0.005); business performance (8, 0.005); external knowledge (7.83, 0.01); service innovation (7.83, 0.01); absorptive capacity (5.88, 0.05)
1 66 open source software (12.18, 0.001); community (4, 0.05); collaboration (3.93, 0.05); digital infrastructure (3.73, 0.1); community-based innovation (3.73, 0.1)
2 63 patenting strategy (5.33, 0.05); customer relationship management (5.33, 0.05); collaborative development (5.33, 0.05); corporate publication (5.33, 0.05); economics of technology standards (5.33, 0.05)
3 50 explicit knowledge spillover (5.56, 0.05); knowledge spillover (5.56, 0.05); market pioneering (5.56, 0.05); contacts (5.56, 0.05); penguin (5.56, 0.05)
4 47 clinical trials (14.91, 0.001); pharmaceutical industry (7.38, 0.01); double blind (7.38, 0.01); intention (7.38, 0.01); quality (7.38, 0.01)
5 46 sustainable development (11.7, 0.001); state-owned enterprises (soes) (5.81, 0.05); pharmaceutical firms (5.81, 0.05); jbr 50 (5.81, 0.05); low-carbon economy (5.81, 0.05)
6 41 diffusion of innovation (11.06, 0.001); open science (5.5, 0.05); founder background (5.5, 0.05); organizational adoption (5.5, 0.05); continuance of use (5.5, 0.05)
7 39 open innovation (5.48, 0.05); business model (5.33, 0.05); perspective (4.44, 0.05); knowledge transfer and exchange (kte) (4.44, 0.05); advantages (4.44, 0.05)
8 38 equity cost (6.03, 0.05); discretionary reporting (6.03, 0.05); behavioural intentions (6.03, 0.05); technology acceptance model (6.03, 0.05); disclosure regulation (6.03, 0.05)
10 31 open data (7.03, 0.01); financial stability (4.9, 0.05); open source foundations (4.9, 0.05); complementary product (4.9, 0.05); peer-to-peer (4.9, 0.05)
9 31 jel (9.94, 0.005); cumulative innovation (4.95, 0.05); l65 (4.95, 0.05); strategic alliances (4.95, 0.05); concentrated patent ownership (4.95, 0.05)
11 30 intellectual property (9.64, 0.005); science-based innovation (6.64, 0.01); strategic management of it (6.64, 0.01); anti-piracy strategy (6.64, 0.01); i23 (6.64, 0.01)
12 28 private data (6.36, 0.05); business networks (6.36, 0.05); data business (6.36, 0.05); optimization of productivity (6.36, 0.05); peer production (6.36, 0.05)
13 16 governance modes (9.18, 0.005); communities (9.18, 0.005); single-vendor projects (9.18, 0.005); multivendor projects (9.18, 0.005); control theory (6.42, 0.05)
14 10 organizational climate (10.08, 0.005); agency theory (10.08, 0.005); role conflict (10.08, 0.005); open-source software (6.29, 0.05); open innovation (0.39, 1.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1317436278702985483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

15个关键词共现聚类簇(按聚类尺寸顺序编排)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ID 聚类尺寸 基于LLR算法的典型关键词
0 71 open innovation (10.55, 0.005); business performance (8, 0.005); external knowledge (7.83, 0.01); service innovation (7.83, 0.01); absorptive capacity (5.88, 0.05)
1 66 open source software (12.18, 0.001); community (4, 0.05); collaboration (3.93, 0.05); digital infrastructure (3.73, 0.1); community-based innovation (3.73, 0.1)
2 63 patenting strategy (5.33, 0.05); customer relationship management (5.33, 0.05); collaborative development (5.33, 0.05); corporate publication (5.33, 0.05); economics of technology standards (5.33, 0.05)
3 50 explicit knowledge spillover (5.56, 0.05); knowledge spillover (5.56, 0.05); market pioneering (5.56, 0.05); contacts (5.56, 0.05); penguin (5.56, 0.05)
4 47 clinical trials (14.91, 0.001); pharmaceutical industry (7.38, 0.01); double blind (7.38, 0.01); intention (7.38, 0.01); quality (7.38, 0.01)
5 46 sustainable development (11.7, 0.001); state-owned enterprises (soes) (5.81, 0.05); pharmaceutical firms (5.81, 0.05); jbr 50 (5.81, 0.05); low-carbon economy (5.81, 0.05)
6 41 diffusion of innovation (11.06, 0.001); open science (5.5, 0.05); founder background (5.5, 0.05); organizational adoption (5.5, 0.05); continuance of use (5.5, 0.05)
7 39 open innovation (5.48, 0.05); business model (5.33, 0.05); perspective (4.44, 0.05); knowledge transfer and exchange (kte) (4.44, 0.05); advantages (4.44, 0.05)
8 38 equity cost (6.03, 0.05); discretionary reporting (6.03, 0.05); behavioural intentions (6.03, 0.05); technology acceptance model (6.03, 0.05); disclosure regulation (6.03, 0.05)
10 31 open data (7.03, 0.01); financial stability (4.9, 0.05); open source foundations (4.9, 0.05); complementary product (4.9, 0.05); peer-to-peer (4.9, 0.05)
9 31 jel (9.94, 0.005); cumulative innovation (4.95, 0.05); l65 (4.95, 0.05); strategic alliances (4.95, 0.05); concentrated patent ownership (4.95, 0.05)
11 30 intellectual property (9.64, 0.005); science-based innovation (6.64, 0.01); strategic management of it (6.64, 0.01); anti-piracy strategy (6.64, 0.01); i23 (6.64, 0.01)
12 28 private data (6.36, 0.05); business networks (6.36, 0.05); data business (6.36, 0.05); optimization of productivity (6.36, 0.05); peer production (6.36, 0.05)
13 16 governance modes (9.18, 0.005); communities (9.18, 0.005); single-vendor projects (9.18, 0.005); multivendor projects (9.18, 0.005); control theory (6.42, 0.05)
14 10 organizational climate (10.08, 0.005); agency theory (10.08, 0.005); role conflict (10.08, 0.005); open-source software (6.29, 0.05); open innovation (0.39, 1.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1317436278770094348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Coding aggregation based on quantitative clustering

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
三重逻辑 细分编码 对应聚类
A科学研究驱动 A1科技前沿 4
A2吸收能力 0
A3科学能力 6、14
B市场竞争驱动 B1防御威慑 2、11
B2营销评价 8、10
B3竞争强度 3
C集体创新驱动 C1制度效应 5、13
C2竞争效应 7
C3协同效应 1、9、12
), ArticleFig(id=1317436278837203213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于量化聚类的编码聚合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
三重逻辑 细分编码 对应聚类
A科学研究驱动 A1科技前沿 4
A2吸收能力 0
A3科学能力 6、14
B市场竞争驱动 B1防御威慑 2、11
B2营销评价 8、10
B3竞争强度 3
C集体创新驱动 C1制度效应 5、13
C2竞争效应 7
C3协同效应 1、9、12
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1308396458388586594, delFlag=0, nameCn=科学学研究, nameEn=Studies in Science of Science, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1003-2053, eissn=null, cn=11-1805/G3, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=f9wd5Gr2r/Af7TJ15O/VGg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Studies in Science of Science, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1789875624512, updatedTime=1789876606404, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=K, firstLetterEn=K, subjectCode=Multidisciplinary, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Multidisciplinary, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=f9wd5Gr2r/Af7TJ15O/VGg==, picEn=XwgD5UmFTEVSmdnCgvlDZQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1308400576836957147, language=CN, name=科学学研究, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1789876606425, updatedTime=1789876606425, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1308400576883094492, language=EN, name=Studies in Science of Science, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1789876606436, updatedTime=1789876606436, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/journalx_kxxyj/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1308397381743640680, websiteList=[Website(id=1308429426446848915, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1308397381743640680, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN, language=CN, createTime=1789883484708, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1789902368384, updateBy=18614031015, name=科学学研究-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=科学学研究, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1308508734821851572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1789902393298, updateTime=1789902393298, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734784102833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1789902393289, updateTime=1789902393289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734872183223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902393310, updateTime=1789902393310, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734771519920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/file/pic?fileId=DFYjiBGwM+7bU4q3P0DayQ==, createTime=1789902393286, updateTime=1789902393286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734888960441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902393314, updateTime=1789902393314, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734809268659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/file/pic, createTime=1789902393295, updateTime=1789902393295, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734880571832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902393312, updateTime=1789902393312, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734796685746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1789902393292, updateTime=1789902393292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734834434485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1789902393301, updateTime=1789902393301, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508734851211702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426446848915, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1789902393305, updateTime=1789902393305, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1308429426513957785, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1308397381743640680, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN, language=EN, createTime=1789883484724, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1789902358215, updateBy=18614031015, name=科学学研究-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Studies in Science of Science, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1308508708242547113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1789902386961, updateTime=1789902386961, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708213186981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1789902386954, updateTime=1789902386954, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708267712940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902386967, updateTime=1789902386967, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708200604068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN/file/pic?fileId=DFYjiBGwM+7bU4q3P0DayQ==, createTime=1789902386951, updateTime=1789902386951, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708280295854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902386970, updateTime=1789902386970, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708229964199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN/file/pic, createTime=1789902386959, updateTime=1789902386959, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708271907245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1789902386968, updateTime=1789902386968, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708217381286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1789902386955, updateTime=1789902386955, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708246741418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1789902386962, updateTime=1789902386962, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1308508708259324331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1308429426513957785, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1789902386965, updateTime=1789902386965, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=科学学研究, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://kxxyj.magtechjournal.com/kxxyj, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Studies in Science of Science, journalPhotoCn=f9wd5Gr2r/Af7TJ15O/VGg==, journalPhotoEn=XwgD5UmFTEVSmdnCgvlDZQ==, journalFirstLetter=K, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/Y2026/V44/I8/1624, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN/Y2026/V44/I8/1624, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/PDF/Y2026/V44/I8/1624, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/EN/PDF/Y2026/V44/I8/1624, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1786723200000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
企业开放科学的行为逻辑——基于文献综述和文献聚类分析的方法
收藏切换
PDF下载
张学文 1 , 杜天翔 2 , 陈凯华 3
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(8): 1624-1634
收起
收藏切换
科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (8) : 1624 -1634
企业开放科学的行为逻辑——基于文献综述和文献聚类分析的方法
全屏
[Author(id=1317436274215080172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317436274324132078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274215080172, language=EN, stringName=Xue-wen ZHANG, firstName=Xue-wen, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Business, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436274428989679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274215080172, language=CN, stringName=张学文, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 河北师范大学商学院, 河北石家庄 050010, bio={"content":"

张学文(1976-),男,教授、博士生导师。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张学文(1976-),男,教授、博士生导师。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436272419918050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272428306659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272419918050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Business, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272436695268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272419918050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河北师范大学商学院, 河北石家庄 050010)])]), Author(id=1317436274542235889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1915925042@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317436274655482099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274542235889, language=EN, stringName=Tian-xiang DU, firstName=Tian-xiang, middleName=null, lastName=DU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 School of Marxism, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436274798088436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274542235889, language=CN, stringName=杜天翔, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 河北师范大学马克思主义学院, 河北石家庄 050010, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436272503804133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272512192742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272503804133, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Marxism, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436272520581351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436272503804133, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河北师范大学马克思主义学院, 河北石家庄 050010)])]), Author(id=1317436274894557430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317436275003609336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274894557430, language=EN, stringName=Kai-hua CHEN, firstName=Kai-hua, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436275125244153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, authorId=1317436274894557430, language=CN, stringName=陈凯华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049, bio={"content":"

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授、博士生导师。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授、博士生导师。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436274122805480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436274135388393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436274122805480, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436274143777002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436271115489497, companyId=1317436274122805480, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049)])])]
张学文1, 杜天翔2 , 陈凯华3
作者信息
  • 1 河北师范大学商学院, 河北石家庄 050010
  • 2 河北师范大学马克思主义学院, 河北石家庄 050010
  • 3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049
通讯作者:
杜天翔(1998-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
作者简介:

张学文(1976-),男,教授、博士生导师。

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授、博士生导师。

The behavioral logic of open science in enterprises: A method based on literature review and literature clustering analysis
Xue-wen ZHANG1, Tian-xiang DU2 , Kai-hua CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Business, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China
  • 2 School of Marxism, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050010, China
  • 3 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15
文章导航
收藏切换

越来越多的科技型企业正在频繁地采取开放科学行为。按照传统经济理论,开放科学历来是大学和科研机构的行为规范和价值准则,而企业的开放科学行为可能会降低企业从创新独占中获取的收益。面对企业开放科学的活跃现象与传统理论解释力的不足,研究企业开放科学行为逻辑及其合理性尤为必要和紧迫。本文在文献综述基础上,采用文献计量与人工编码相结合的方法,通过对Web of Science数据库相关文献的分析,研究发现:(1)企业开放科学的研究正在从现象关注走向机理认知;(2)企业开放科学行为可以从三重行为逻辑进行解读,即科学研究驱动逻辑、市场竞争驱动逻辑和集体创新驱动逻辑。(3)从企业是否能在开放科学行为中获得竞争优势的内在机制角度,分析提出企业开放科学三重行为逻辑的合理性。研究结论为深入理解越来越多的企业出现开放科学行为提供了更为系统的视角;为推进开放式创新,从理论层面提供了政策参考。

企业开放科学  /  行为逻辑  /  文献聚类分析  /  文献综述

More and more technology-based enterprises are frequently adopting open science practices. According to traditional economic theory, open science has always been the behavioral norm and value principle of universities and research institutions, while the open science behavior of enterprises may reduce the benefits they obtain from innovation monopoly. Faced with the active phenomenon of open science in enterprises and the insufficient explanatory power of traditional theories, it is particularly necessary and urgent to study the logic and rationality of open science behavior in enterprises. On the basis of literature review, this article adopts a combination of bibliometric and manual coding methods. Through the analysis of relevant literature in the Web of Science database, it is found that: (1) research on open science in enterprises is shifting from phenomenon focus to mechanism cognition; (2) The open science behavior of enterprises can be interpreted from three behavioral logics, namely scientific research driven logic, market competition driven logic, and collective innovation driven logic. (3) From the perspective of the internal mechanism of whether enterprises can gain competitive advantages in open science behavior, analyze and propose the rationality of the triple logic of open science behavior for enterprises. The research conclusion provides a more systematic perspective for a deeper understanding of the increasing number of enterprises engaging in open science behavior; To promote open innovation, policy references have been provided from a theoretical perspective.

enterprise open science  /  behavioral logic  /  literature clustering analysis  /  literature review
张学文, 杜天翔, 陈凯华. 企业开放科学的行为逻辑——基于文献综述和文献聚类分析的方法. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1624 -1634 .
Xue-wen ZHANG, Tian-xiang DU, Kai-hua CHEN. The behavioral logic of open science in enterprises: A method based on literature review and literature clustering analysis[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1624 -1634 .
科学知识是经济高质量发展的核心要素,以知识披露为标志的开放科学是科技进步的关键。起源于欧洲文艺复兴时期的开放科学制度,挑战了当时占主导地位的“保密精神”,催生了一套新的规范、激励机制和组织结构[1],之后,演变成为了大学、研究机构、科学共同体的基本行为规范和价值准则[2]。然而,有趣的是企业开放科学行为也由来已久[3-5],但创新管理领域的研究却关注甚少。在学术界,开放科学有着悠久的历史,这大大加快了新知识的传播,并推动了后续创新,这里遵循的是“科学共和国”的运行机制。然而,在激烈竞争的商业世界中,很难用传统智慧来解释大规模的知识披露行为,因为企业总是选择申请专利或商业机密来保护自己的创新,这里遵循的是“技术王国”的运行机制[6,7]。于是便引出有价值的研究话题,即企业为何也要像大学一样采取开放科学策略。
最近,关于创新过程前端“开放性”的解释兴起一个新的理论视角,即企业自愿开放披露创新知识的开放科学行为正在成为新的学术热点。然而,在创新过程的最前端,企业基础研究越来越开放的总体趋势却大多被忽视[8]。传统观点认为,为了获得持续的竞争优势,企业通常会对创新知识采取保密或专利的方式加以保护或独占[9,10]。然而,奇怪的是越来越多的企业却频繁地采取非专利或非保密的手段,通过在科学期刊上或行业会议上发表论文等方式开放披露自己的技术成果,这种反常态的行为引起了学者的广泛关注[11,12]。比如华为、百度、腾讯、华大基因、科大讯飞等高科技企业,都纷纷在国内外知名期刊发表科技论文。据统计,截至2023年,华大基因累计发表论文4892篇,其中CNNS(Nature及其系列期刊,Science及其系列期刊,Cell及其系列期刊,New England Journal of Medicine)文章569篇。通过对Scopus数据库手动检索,发现2013-2022年期间,腾讯公司共发表英文科技论文1500多篇。为什么高科技企业均积极采取开放科学策略?背后的逻辑值得研究。
从商业战略和经济学原理两大视角来看,企业开放科学似乎是违背常理的,因为开放科学会向竞争对手泄露知识因而带来优势的损失,或限制企业通过知识产权手段来独占创新价值的能力。开放科学不能直接给企业带来创新收益或竞争优势[13,14]。同时,由于知识溢出可以使竞争对手以较低的成本获取和吸收企业开放披露的研发成果,显著削弱了企业的竞争优势。基于资源观的理论认为,核心资产(知识)的泄漏会削弱企业的竞争力。因此,到目前为止,大多数研究都集中在开放科学的负面影响上[15,16]。然而,为了解释企业这种看似违反直觉的行为,最近的几项研究对传统的观点提出了挑战,将研究重点转移到了企业开放科学的积极影响上来。比如,开放科学是企业以开发新的基础知识为导向的研究活动对创新绩效有积极影响[17,18]。有利于与科学界建立联系并获取外部知识和资源[11,19];有助于促进新产品的开发,特别是在制药或医疗器械行业[16];有利于吸引和留住研究人员[11,18];有利于补充知识产权战略[20,21];研究还发现开放科学与股市估值之间存在相关性[17,22]。
可以看出,一方面,创新活动实践已将越来越多的企业推向采取开放科学行为;另一方面,传统理论对这一趋势的解释力跟进不足,亟待有新的视角系统分析企业开放科学行为的逻辑。本文的主要贡献是:在大量文献综述和文献聚类分析基础上,凝练提出企业为何开放科学的驱动力,以新视角对其行为逻辑进行解读;从机制分析方面,系统阐释企业开放科学行为逻辑的合理性。
开放科学是一个全球科学界广泛接受的重要概念,旨在通过开放获取、开放数据和开放科技基础设施平台等方式,促进科学知识的创造、传播和共享。然而,学术界对企业开放科学的概念也达成了基本共识,即企业主动自愿通过科学期刊、会议、网络等媒介开放披露创新知识的行为。当前,学术界与企业开放科学概念相关的提法主要包括:开放科学行为“Open science”[23,24];企业科学研究“Corporate science”[22,25];开放知识披露“Open knowledge disclosure”[4,26];选择性披露“Selective revealing”[19];防御性出版“Defensive publications”[20];企业科学披露“Scientific disclosure”等[21,27],其共性特征都是强调了企业主动自愿披露创新知识的行为,我们把这些行为统称为企业开放科学。
企业开放科学是由企业自筹经费并以开发新的基础知识为目标的研究和披露活动[17,22]。企业允许其科研人员在同行评议的期刊上、学术会议上,以及通过其他途径开放披露企业的研究成果[5,11]。开放科学还可以引发网络效应或金钱外溢[13],当知识产权保护成本过高时,开放科学还可以作为一种保护所获取知识的防御性策略,也可以向监督机构、专业客户和公共资助机构提供一种积极的信号,从而使企业获得公共资金的资助[4,5,23]。Simeth和Raffo的研究发现:开放科学起源于制药和生物技术产业,现已几乎包括了所有的产业部门,特别是在人工智能、通讯设备、医疗器械、交通运输设备等领域,企业开放科学行为异常活跃。纵观全球企业创新的实践,可以发现不仅大企业积极采取开放科学策略,而且越来越多的中小企业也参与到了开放科学的行动中[11]。比如Youtie和Kay研究发现1990-2009年期间,纳米科技领域的中小企业发表了54000多篇科技论文[28]。Shapira等的研究发现1991-2002年期间,纳米技术领域的中小企业发表科技论文数量甚至比专利还要多[29]。张学文和陈劲指出开放科学是指创新者对创新知识不采取保密的方式,而是为了实现特定的战略目标而进行的知识开放披露行为,可以从不同视角对开放科学行为进行分类[7]。综上所述,开放科学是指企业为了实现特定的战略目标,而以科技论文、研究报告、数据共享、专业会议、人员交流等多种方式自愿免费披露创新知识的行为。
企业开放科学行为最早可追溯到Allen的开创性研究,他发现在19世纪的英国钢铁产业中,相互竞争的企业之间公开了其熔炉设计改良的技术信息以及相关的绩效数据,他将这种现象称之为“集体发明”,这种相互公开的创新交流在当时近乎常态化,而这些知识主要是通过会议和学术期刊的形式进行披露[3]。由于开放科学行为不能使企业直接获得报酬,因而被主流经济学认为是未解谜题,引发众多学者的关注[4]。
关于企业开放科学的研究大体经历了四个阶段。第一阶段,直觉观察分析。Hicks通过实证研究发现,企业会定期在科学期刊上发表论文,比如西门子、飞利浦、罗氏、日立等大企业发表论文的数量非常多,相当于一个中等规模的研究型大学[5]。Cockburn和Henderson研究了一个由20家制药企业组成的样本,发现这些制药企业在1980-1994年间共发表了68186篇论文[30],初步提供了企业将开放科学作为策略选择的证据。第二阶段,典型案例分析。Lim的研究指出IBM首先开发了在线路元件之间使用铜连接代替传统铝连接的半导体生产工艺,之后,IBM向竞争用户和设备供应商公开了这个专有的技术信息[31]。他还发现1985-1997年间,IBM在这一领域发表了40多篇论文,远远超过了同一时期大学发表论文的数量。Lerner和Tirole用这种观点详细解释了开源软件开发项目的开放科学现象。他们注意到,高质量源代码的无偿公开,可以提高编程者在同行中的声誉,这种好处还会带来其他收益,比如增加了编程者在工作市场上的价值[32]。第三阶段,机理动因分析。Harhoff等通过一个博弈模型来研究开放知识披露行为,模型主要包括一个制造商企业和两个用户企业,研究认为用户企业披露知识的目的是使制造企业学习并提高供应给用户企业的产品质量,触发来自制造企业的创新溢出效应[13]。Johnson指出企业选择披露知识可能是作为一种防御,以阻止其他企业申请所披露创新的专利[20]。Pénin强调研发合作早期阶段的逆向选择问题可能促使企业披露部分知识,目的是向其他企业或公共机构表明他们是值得与其开展研发合作的,因为开放科学毫无疑问可以增强企业的声誉[4]。Ding研究了企业家的教育背景对开放科学策略选择具有积极影响[23];Polidoro和Theeke从市场竞争的视角阐述了企业采取开放科学策略的内在机理,并认为开放科学成为了企业技术竞争的新维度[16]。第四阶段,创新效用分析。Simeth和Raffo通过计量模型研究了企业采取开放科学策略的根本原因,揭示了开放科学与R&D能力、吸收能力之间的关系[11]。Jong和Slavova从实证研究的角度,通过回归分析得出企业开放科学行为对产品创新绩效具有积极的影响作用[24]。Simeth和Lhuillery的研究认为开放科学不再是标准R&D活动的附属品,企业开放科学能力与R&D能力同等重要[12]。Simeth和Cincera以及Arora等报告了美国上市企业的学术出版物数量与其市场估值之间的正相关关系[22,17]。Rotolo等通过对164项研究的系统综述阐释了企业发表科学论文的激励机制,构建了系统性分析框架[18]。Zhao等研究了中国上市企业开放科学与创新绩效之间的关系,研究发现开放科学通过提高市场信誉、追求标准和吸引高素质人才等机制来增强创新[33]。
通过对企业开放科学相关文献梳理,可以发现研究内容不断丰富和深化,从现象关注到机理分析,从源起动因到价值实现。由于开放科学涉及多领域、多类型企业、多制度环境等,在企业动因和行为逻辑上必然呈现出复杂性。因此,还需要进行更加细化和更加系统进行驱动力的分析,这也正是本文以下研究内容的考虑。
本研究采用文献计量与编码聚合分析方法,借鉴Pacheco等[34]和Rotolo等[18]的研究,形成本文分析框架和技术路线(图1)。研究方法具体包括:(1)遵循主题检索、去重、相关性判读的系统程序进行文献遴选;(2)依托CiteSpace进行聚类网络分析,揭示文献内部的潜在主题结构;(3)在聚类输出的“一阶构念”上,研究团队再度实施人工开放编码与聚合,将同质主题进行归并。通过文献精筛、计量聚类与编码归并的三重校验,本研究既保留了机器算法在规模化、去偏倚方面的优势,又融入了编码判断在语义解读与理论升华上的深度,确保了后续行为逻辑的系统性与学理信效度。
为确保分析框架扎根于充分且高度相关的实证研究,本研究遵循PRISMA指南[35]对文献进行系统筛选。检索平台选用Web of Science数据库,时间区间设定为30年(1995-2025年),文章类型为“Article”,文章语种为“English”。字段限定为“Title”。检索式采用“企业”与“开放科学”双元组分组合策略:其一,以“enterprise、corporation、business、firm、company”等多类同义词表征企业主体;其二,以“open science、open data、open access、open source、open knowledge、publish、publication、R&D disclosure、knowledge disclose”等一系列关键词覆盖开放科学相关主题,两类词组交叉组合共生成40余条检索式。初步检索获得 1661篇记录;经WoS数据去重与期刊类别过滤后,保留了467篇。随后,研究团队对每篇文献的标题、摘要与结论进行双人独立阅读,依据以下纳入标准进行判定:一是研究主体明确为企业或企业内部研发单元;二是研究主题聚焦于企业层面的开放科学行为(含知识公开、数据共享、学术发表等);三是文章实质探讨开放科学行为的动因、机制或绩效,而非纯粹政策号召、案例报道或方法论讨论。经此三重判读,共剔除288篇主题不符文献,最终确认119篇高相关度文献进入第二步的文献计量分析,为后续主题聚类与逻辑归纳奠定了素材基础。
所选文献均属高水平核心期刊,内含Research Policy、Management Science等期刊的多篇文章,这些论文所归属的前10名期刊如表1所示。截至2025年5月13日,这119篇文章共被WOS全库引用5406次,篇均被引46次。其论文发表的年度分布如图2所示。
为在编码聚合之前获得客观、可复现的主题结构,我们使用CiteSpace 6.4 R1对遴选出的 119 篇核心文献进行关键词共现网络分析,时间窗设定为1999-2025年,Slice Length设定为1 year。相关参数设定为Top 50 per slice,LRF = 3.0,L/N = 10,LBY = 5,e = 1.0,并在保留全部边的条件下生成网络。由此得到N = 666 个节点、E = 2,995 条连边,网络密度 0.0135,最大连通分量占 91 %。算法计算的模块度Q = 0.7015(>0.3)表明网络划分结构清晰,平均轮廓系数S = 0.8951(>0.8)显示簇内一致性极高,二者的调和均值 0.7865 进一步佐证了聚类质量的稳健性。
如图3所示,计算共获得15个显著的聚类簇,并在后续人工编码聚合中划分为了企业开放科学的三重行为逻辑。为保证统计可靠性与后续人工解读的可操作性,算法自动按照簇规模阈值(Size ≥ 10)保留排名前15个高质量聚类。每一簇均由对其区分度贡献最大的互信息-对数似然比(LLR)关键词自动标注;与传统tf-idf或MI标注方式相比,LLR能够更精准地捕捉跨文献共现而不易被高频噪声稀释,因而在反映主题核心语义方面具有优势[36]。表2展示了这15个聚类的ID、聚类尺寸与基于LLR算法的典型关键词3项关键信息(篇幅所限,仅展示代表性关键词,完整词表可由CiteSpace输出备查)。聚类标签为算法自动命名,仅具有一定的参考性,但#0 “open innovation”、#2 “patenting strategy”、#6 “diffusion of innovation”、#10 “open data”等标签,却直观揭示了企业开放科学讨论中关于知识溢出、知识产权、防御性披露与数据共享等多维议题。
由于样本已事先限定为“企业层面的开放科学行为研究”,聚类算法剥离了与主体、主题无关的干扰信息,使剩余关键词自然聚焦于企业开放科学行为逻辑这一路径。因此,基于共现聚类所形成的 15 个基础聚类不仅在统计意义上自洽,而且在语义层面直接对应企业开放科学内在逻辑的聚类结果,为第三步的人工开放编码与理论升维奠定了可验证的定量基础。
在获得的 15 个关键词簇基础上,借助主题综合的人工重编码策略[37],对簇内语义内核、研究对象同质性与作用机制关联度进行迭代聚合。以各个聚类中典型关键词所代表的各自文献进行审阅与编码,聚合为9个细分编码,并进一步归纳为三重行为逻辑(表3),且此三重行为逻辑与图3中的划分一一对应。
以聚类中典型关键词所代表的各自文献为例,首先,属于科学研究驱动的三类主题聚焦于企业内部知识创造与技术吸收:其中,Cluster #4以pharmaceutical industry、quality等关键词标识的医药企业在前沿科学试验中的开放姿态,对应“引领科技前沿;Cluster #0的核心词absorptive capacity等映射至“增强吸收能力”,直接呼应企业吸收能力的经理论;continuance of use与diffusion of innovation出现在Cluster #6与#14中,揭示了企业通过持续科学活动“培育科学能力”。其次,市场竞争驱动逻辑围绕知识披露与竞争策略展开:Cluster #2(patenting strategy)与#11(intellectual property)共同指出企业藉由公开科研成果进行“战略防御与威慑”;Cluster #8(equity cost)和#10(open data)强调披露行为在资本市场与监管场景中的“营销与外部评价”效用;Cluster #3的并列高频词knowledge spillover与market pioneering则体现了企业在不同竞争强度下对“调节知识溢出与竞争关系”的关注。最后,集体创新驱动逻辑突出跨主体协同:Cluster #5与#13围绕sustainable development、governance modes,呈现开放科学的“制度效应”;Cluster #7结合business model、knowledge transfer描绘“竞合互动”的竞争效应;open source software、strategic alliances、peer production同时出现在Cluster #1、#9、#12中,清晰指向跨界协作所激发的“协同效应”。
通过上述编码的降维聚合,算法识别的主题分布显现出具有明确理论意涵的9个分论点与三重行为逻辑,即企业开放科学行为产生于科学研究驱动、市场竞争驱动和集体创新驱动。
尽管上述文献聚类分析显现出企业开放科学行为逻辑的重要特征,但面对新古典经济学理论或传统战略管理理论在解释企业开放科学行为时存在的不同观点,例如,知识的公共物品特性可能会导致意外的溢出效应,因此企业有强烈的动机对研究结果保密[9],本文进一步从内在机制角度,揭示三重行为逻辑的合理性。
企业科学研究是企业创新的重大战略之一。在创新过程中企业会面临研究和开发两类活动的决策。最近学者对企业科学研究行为极其重视,Arora等利用1980-2015年间,80万份企业出版物和这些出版物的专利引用数据,研究了研发投资与发明使用以及对竞争对手的溢出效应之间的关系[38]。研究发现,企业科学研究的私人回报取决于两种力量之间的平衡,即在开发中使用科学的收益以及开放科学的成本。传统经济理论认为基础研究成果具有公共物品特性,由于知识的不可独占性和不可分割性,加上基础研究结果的固有不确定性,导致企业在基础科学方面的投资不足[39]。由于知识是一种以非竞争性和非排他性为特征的公共产品,因此,即使创造者没有故意披露这些知识,知识溢出也会自然发生[9]。因此,经济学家长期以来一直在讨论,在生产新知识时如何管理价值创造和价值独占之间的紧张关系,传统理论认为知识溢出会造成企业基础研究的动力不足。然而,Rosenberg[40]和Arora等[38]等学者质疑有价值的知识溢出是否像Nelson[39]和Arrow[9]所描绘的那样容易发生,同时认为企业需要进行内部基础研究,需要累积一定的知识基础,以吸收和利用公共“免费”的科学信息和技术诀窍。
科学研究是企业开放科学行为产生的逻辑基础。企业尽管无法完全获得相应的投资回报,但仍进行基础研究并采取开放科学策略的原因引起了学者的极大兴趣[9,39,40]。基础研究成果通常是以科学出版物的形式进行披露[38],基础研究对企业生产力的贡献大于其他类型的研发,并催生了企业的开放科学行为,同时获得了相应的回报[37]。
(1)引领科技前沿。科学知识是支持新技术和新产品开发的宝贵投入[40,41]。比如生物技术产业的快速增长就源于基础科学的发展。美国电话电报(AT&T)、通用电气(General Electric)、杜邦(DuPont)等大企业在20世纪初成立了内部研究实验室,在进行更具应用性研究的同时,还进行了富有远见的基础研究。20世纪20年代中期,杜邦在Purity Hall的实验室对聚合物进行了研究,导致了氯丁橡胶和尼龙这两项具有深远影响的重大发现,并于20世纪30年代进入商业生产领域。可见,大企业非常重视其内部科学能力的提升,以获得引领未来的前沿科学知识。
(2)增强吸收能力。企业的吸收能力将直接影响外部互补知识的吸收和整合,进而对企业的创新活动产生不同的影响。在开放科学过程中,企业自身的吸收能力起着非常重要的调节作用。通过开放科学,企业可以从外部获得新的互补知识和间接学习机会,加深对知识的理解,制定合理的创新活动计划,为企业成功开展创新活动奠定坚实基础[42]。首先,强大的吸收能力可以帮助企业准确识别知识存量中所需的互补知识。其次,所获得的互补知识需要内化和利用,转化为创新成果,而具有较强吸收能力的企业通常也具有较强的知识整合和内化能力,这促使企业将新知识与现有知识相结合,从而创造新的创新机会。
(3)培育科学能力。企业科学还建立了促进理解复杂技术前景的科学能力[17],从而以更准确的方式改进对应用发现的评估[43,44]。对基础科学研究的投资可以帮助企业吸收外部技术[45]。企业科学家在识别有前景的新发明、与外部研究人员合作以及适应外部技术方面发挥着至关重要的作用。科学披露和参与学术会议是企业融入外部科学网络并利用科学进步进行创新的有效途径。Marx和Hsu发现,企业的科学研究能力可以提高尖端技术的采用和业务发展,从而提高生产力[43]。
传统观点认为,为了获得持续的竞争优势,企业通常会对创新成果(知识)采取保密或专利的方式加以保护与独占[9,10]。开放科学会明显带来知识溢出与泄露的后果,竞争对手可以吸收和使用披露的知识,这可能使他们能够改进技术,并与披露企业进行更激烈的竞争。从基于资源的角度来看,通过出版物披露企业的知识可能会损害其竞争优势,因为这会降低其技术的不可复制性和独特性。披露企业的私人知识会降低投资回报,从而最终降低公开披露其研究成果的动机。因此,开放科学行为会产生一定的利益损失。尽管如此,企业的开放科学行为依然活跃,主要原因在于市场竞争催生了企业的开放科学行为。
(1)增强战略防御与威慑。开放科学具有战略防御性功能,即通过出版物阻止任何企业在知识领域强制执行专利权[20],包括战略威慑和延长专利竞赛。披露是一种防范“专利盗版”和防范不良专利的机制。Gill研究了一家领先企业在研究竞赛中发布中期研发成果的激励措施。他发现,企业通过披露部分创新或私有知识,可以向其竞争对手发出正式信号,表明其在这项技术上具有优势,并对其创新充满信心[47]。因此,竞争对手可能会停止与披露企业竞争。除了战略威慑之外,开放科学还可以扩大专利竞赛,因为披露会阻止任何人对创新申请专利。这一行动可能会进一步延长任何正在进行的专利竞争,并为披露企业赢得额外的领先时间优势[16,19]。
(2)促进营销或外部评价。开放科学可以揭示创新对潜在买家或金融市场的价值。知识披露是有价值的,因为它向金融市场发出了企业创新前景的可信信号。Anton和Yao认为,部分知识的披露可以作为未披露知识价值的信号,帮助购买者评估创新[48]。因此,企业可以选择披露其部分创新,以帮助潜在买家进行评估。披露也会对上游供应商或下游生产商产生溢出效应。例如,如果一家汽车制造商披露了一项钢铁生产创新,这将提高其上游供应商钢铁生产工艺的效率。反过来,汽车制造商也可以从提高的质量或生产效率中获益。同样,也可能对下游生产者产生溢出效应。当一项创新具有广泛的行业影响力时,披露信息可以加快某些技术的采用,甚至可以建立行业标准,披露企业反过来可能会从需求增加或成本降低中受益[4]。
(3)调节竞争强度。开放科学有时甚至会带来有害的溢出效应。随着技术市场的快速增长和产品市场竞争的加剧,企业投资科学研究的私人动机可能会下降,因为企业更容易获得外部知识和创新,并更多地关注其核心市场[17]。在竞争激烈的环境中,企业开放科学容易出现“搭便车”现象,从而削弱创新收益。动态竞争理论指出,竞争是一个动态的过程,企业的行为会引起其他竞争对手的反应。在竞争激烈的情况下,企业开放科学容易受到竞争对手的关注。基于这一理论逻辑,当行业竞争强度高时,源头企业的开放科学会改变竞争对手所面临的竞争环境,进而引起对手的一系列反应。竞争对手接受来源企业披露的核心知识并进行整合与利用,为了保持竞争优势,接受企业会削弱将整合后的知识反馈给来源企业的倾向,从而减少来源企业能够获得的外部互补知识。因此,在竞争激烈的情况下,源头企业的开放科学不仅无法获得外部的互补知识,反而导致自身核心知识被侵占吞噬,而不利于创新活动。因此,应该有针对性的调整开放科学策略以应对竞争强度的变化。
知识生产是一个集体过程,创新是集体行动的结果。创新通常被视为一组活动,涉及人与组织之间的互动和知识交流,它是个人与组织间互动的结果。为了更好地完成创新,企业通常会与其他利益相关者建立正式的合作关系或非正式的创新网络,在其中他们可以交流知识并分享特定的能力。集体创新催生了企业开放科学行为。
(1)集体创新的制度效应。经济学家Nelson研究提出产生发明创造的三种制度:大学等非营利机构、企业,以及个人发明家[39]。Allen根据对19世纪英国高炉工业的研究,提出了产生发明创造的第四种制度“集体发明”[3]。他研究了19世纪末英国克利夫兰地区高炉行业集体发明的现象。在这个特定的行业中,1850-1875年间,克利夫兰工业区的企业之间发生了许多知识交换的现象。高炉所有者分享了有关其最近高炉的技术和经济特性的信息,并将其公布在行业协会会议上。这些知识披露导致了熔炉尺寸和温度等重要的技术改进,从而显著降低了生产成本,其结果是高炉运行的快速创新和生产力的快速增长。Allen进一步解释说,知识是通过非正式(研究人员流动、召开会议)和正式(学术出版物)渠道传达和披露的[3]。这一发现是令人困惑的,企业为何会自愿向竞争对手披露知识。19世纪初伯克郡(新英格兰)地区的造纸机械化也是集体发明的另一个例子,工厂所有者通过分享商业和技术信息形成了一个社区,经验丰富的造纸商通过他们的非正式通信网络传递了各种信息。Von Hippel记录了美国钢铁行业中相互竞争的小型钢厂工程师之间的知识交易现象[49]。这些都是集体创新的典型例证,这种集体发明制度是工业化早期创新的重要来源。到目前为止,文献主要关注专利制度作为驱动创新的主要制度安排,集体发明的制度安排在文献中很少被考虑。
(2)集体创新的竞争效应。理解集体发明的关键在于群体内知识和信息的交流和自由流通,而不是特定企业或个人的创造性努力。为什么在激烈的竞争环境中,企业宁可承受降低竞争优势的风险也要分享相关技术信息。Allen认为有三个可能的因素促成了这种行为的发生[3]。首先,创新信息的泄露现象无法避免,因为员工流动与非正式交流会产生信息泄露问题。其次,企业家们正在进行创新竞争,即使牺牲一些利润他们也愿意发布信息,以展示自己正在进行的创新。第三,大多数企业家也是克利夫兰矿床的所有者,他们不仅对自己工厂的盈利能力感兴趣,还对该地区铁矿石精炼的整体效率感兴趣[3]。所有这些因素都促成了互利共享制度的出现,经济行为主体愿意向感兴趣的公众展示他们的创新,目的是促进企业之间的相互学习,进而进一步发展这些创新。因此,技术是通过反复的互动和反馈而发展起来的,信息是与整个创新系统共享的。
(3)集体创新的协同效应。虽然很清楚为什么企业可以从外部知识来源中获利,但不太清楚为什么他们愿意分享自己的知识。跨越企业边界的知识共享通常被描述为一种社会困境。如果每个人都分享自己的知识,社区中的所有合作伙伴在集体层面上都会表现得最好,但如果能够在不贡献自己知识的情况下利用合作伙伴的知识,那么在个人层面上的表现会更好。如果所有企业都遵循这种机会主义策略,联盟将无法实现其学习目标。有三个因素可以帮助企业解决这种社会困境:巨大的学习潜力、商业前阶段共享的低机会成本,以及塑造创新环境的选择性收益,这三个因素共同解释了为什么会出现集体发明制度。然而,一旦一项技术进入竞争的商业阶段,人们就会预期集体发明模式会崩溃。在主导技术轨迹出现后,随着企业争夺市场份额,竞争在特定主导设计中转向差异化,独占问题开始占主导地位,对技术潜力的探索会被对其商业价值的开发所取代[10]。
针对越来越活跃的企业开放科学行为和传统理论在解释其动因上的乏力,本文在文献综述基础上,采用文献计量与人工编码相结合的方法,通过对Web of Science数据库相关文献的分析,得出以下主要结论:
第一,企业开放科学行为已经是现实存在的,并呈现出向多领域、多类型企业和多地区拓展的趋势,相关研究已从现象认知深入到机理分析、效用分析方面。企业开放科学行为逻辑的复杂性也随之提升,呈现多元化。
第二,以文献聚类方法,凝练出企业开放科学行为的驱动力即行为逻辑,主要包括三个方面:即科学研究驱动、市场竞争驱动、集体创新驱动。从多角度理解企业开放科学的动因,形成了企业开放科学的理论分析框架,提升了理论解释力。
第三,从企业是否能在开放科学行为中获得竞争优势角度,通过机制分析给出企业开放科学三重行为逻辑的合理性:一是引领科技前沿、增强吸收能力、培育科学能力等形成了科学研究驱动逻辑;二是,增强战略防御与威慑、促进营销或外部评价、调节竞争强度等形成了市场竞争驱动逻辑;三是集体创新的制度效应、竞争效应、协同效应形成了集体创新驱动逻辑。
首先,企业开放科学行为的发展对科技政策带来新的议题,如适应“开放”特征的科技资源配置方式改革、知识产权管理与保护、国际科技合作规则对接等。需要研究“开放科学”模式对原有政策体系的冲击和新规则体系的建立。
其二,不同产业及不同类型企业的开放科学行为是否存在显著异质性,特别是人工智能、物联网、机器学习、合成生物学、制药、新一代电子信息等新兴产业,以及钢铁冶炼、纺织服装、汽车制造、机械制造、化工等传统产业之间,大型企业和中小企业等不同类型企业之间开放科学的异质性问题,需要通过大量的实证研究来探索它的基本规律。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72072050)
  • 河北省软科学重点项目(24457623D)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
David P A. The historical origins of "open science": An essay on patronage, reputation and common agency contracting in the scientific revolution[J]. Capitalism and Society, 2008, 3(2): Article5.
[2]
Merton R K. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
[3]
Allen R C. Collective inventions[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1983, 4(1): 1-24. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167268183900239
[4]
Pénin J. Open knowledge disclosure: An overview of the evidence and economic motivations[J]. Journal of Economic Surveys, 2007, 21(2): 326-347. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14676419/21/2
[5]
Hicks D. Published papers, tacit competencies and corporate management of the public/private character of knowledge[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 1995, 4(2): 401-424. https://academic.oup.com/icc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icc/4.2.401
[6]
Dasgupta P, David P A. Toward a new economics of science[J]. Research Policy, 1994, 23(5): 487-521. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0048733394010021
[7]
张学文, 陈劲. 开放科学对产业创新的影响:基于美国制造业的实证研究[J]. 科学学研究, 2013, 31(3): 368-376.
Zhang X W, Chen J. The influence of open science on industrial innovation: An empirical study based on manufacturing in USA[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2013, 31(3): 368-376.
[8]
Friesike S, Widenmayer B, Gassmann O. Opening science: Towards an agenda of open science in academia and industry[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2015, 40(4): 581-601. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10961-014-9375-6
[9]
Arrow K J. Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962.
[10]
Teece D J. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy[J]. Research Policy, 1987, 15(6): 285-305. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0048733386900272
[11]
Simeth M, Raffo J D. What makes companies pursue an open science strategy?[J]. Research Policy, 2013, 42(9): 1531-1543. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733313000929
[12]
Simeth M, Lhuillery S. How do firms develop capabilities for scientific disclosure?[J]. Research Policy, 2015, 44(7): 1283-1295. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733315000657
[13]
Harhoff D, Henkel J, Von Hippel E. Profiting from voluntary information spillovers: How users benefit by freely revealing their innovation[J]. Research Policy, 2003, 32(10): 1753-1769. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733303000611
[14]
Laursen K, Salter A J. The paradox of openness: Appropriability, external search and collaboration[J]. Research Policy, 2014, 43(5): 867-878. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733313001832
[15]
Henkel J, Schöberl S, Alexy O. The emergence of openness: How and why firms adopt selective revealing in open innovation[J]. Research Policy, 2014, 43(5): 879-890. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733313001595
[16]
Polidoro F, Theeke M. Getting competition down to a science: The effects of technological competition on firms' scientific publications[J]. Organization Science, 2012, 23(4): 1135-1153. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.1110.0684
[17]
Arora A, Belenzon S, Patacconi A. The decline of science in corporate R&D[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2018, 39(1): 3-32. https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/39/1
[18]
Rotolo D, Camerani R, Grassano N, et al. Why do firms publish? A systematic literature review and a conceptual framework[J]. Research Policy, 2022, 51(10): 104606. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733322001299
[19]
Alexy O, George G, Salter A J. Cui bono? The selective revealing of knowledge and its implications for innovative activity[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2013, 38(2): 270-291. http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amr.2011.0193
[20]
Johnson J P. Defensive publishing by a leading firm[J]. Information Economics and Policy, 2014, 28(1): 15-27. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016762451400016X
[21]
Gans J S, Murray F E, Stern S. Contracting over the disclosure of scientific knowledge: Intellectual property and academic publication[J]. Research Policy, 2017, 46(4): 820-835. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733317300392
[22]
Simeth M, Cincera M. Corporate science, innovation, and firm value[J]. Management Science, 2016, 62(7): 1970-1981. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2220
[23]
Ding W. The impact of founders' professional-education background on the adoption of open science by for-profit biotechnology firms[J]. Management Science, 2011, 57(2): 257-273. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1278
[24]
Jong S, Slavova K. When publications lead to products: The open science conundrum in new product development[J]. Research Policy, 2014, 43(4): 645-654. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733313002382
[25]
Hartmann P, Henkel J. The rise of corporate science in AI: Data as a strategic resource[J]. Academy of Management Discoveries, 2020, 6(3): 359-381.
[26]
Liu Y, Xu W, Yang Y. The impact of strategic knowledge disclosure on enterprise innovation performance[J]. Managerial and Decision Economics, 2023, 44(5): 2582-2592. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10991468/44/5
[27]
Hsu D H, Hsu P H, Zhao Q. Rich on paper? Chinese firms' academic publications, patents, and market value[J]. Research Policy, 2021, 50(9): 104319. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733321001207
[28]
Youtie J, Kay L. Acquiring nanotechnology capabilities: Role of mergers and acquisitions[J]. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 2014, 26(5): 547-563. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537325.2013.872773
[29]
Shapira P, Youtie J, Kay L. National innovation systems and the globalization of nanotechnology innovation[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2011, 36(6): 587-604. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10961-011-9212-0
[30]
Cockburn I, Henderson R. Absorptive capacity, coauthoring behavior, and the organization of research in drug discovery[J]. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 1998, 46(2): 157-182. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14676451/46/2
[31]
Lim K. The many faces of absorptive capacity: Spillovers of copper interconnect technology for semiconductor chips[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2009, 18(6): 1249-1284. https://academic.oup.com/icc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icc/dtp044
[32]
Lerner J, Tirole J. The open source movement: Key research questions[J]. European Economic Review, 2002, 45(4): 819-826. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014292101001246
[33]
Zhao Q, Luo Q, Tao Y. The power of paper: Scientific disclosure and firm innovation[J]. Finance Research Letters, 2023, 56: 104147. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1544612323005196
[34]
Pacheco J N, Turro A, Urbano D. Open social innovation: A systematic literature review and future research agenda[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2025, 216: 124160. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004016252500191X
[35]
Page M J, McKenzie J E, Bossuyt P M, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews[J]. BMJ, 2021, 372: n71.
[36]
Chen C, Ibekwe-Sanjuan F, Hou J. The structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters: A multiple-perspective cocitation analysis[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2010, 61(7): 1386-1409. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15322890/61/7
[37]
Thomas J, Harden A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews[J]. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2008, 8: 45.
[38]
Arora A, Belenzon S, Sheer L. Knowledge spillovers and corporate investment in scientific research[J]. American Economic Review, 2021, 111(3): 871-898. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20171742
[39]
Nelson R R. The simple economics of basic scientific research[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1959, 67(3): 297-306. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/258177
[40]
Rosenberg N. Why firms do basic research (with their own money)[J]. Research Policy, 1990, 19(2): 165-174. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0048733390900469
[41]
Stokes D E. Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation[M]. Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1997.
[42]
Fang J, He H, Li N. China's rising IQ (innovation quotient) and growth: Firm-level evidence[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2020, 147: 102561. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030438782030136X
[43]
Fleming L, Sorenson O. Science as a map in technological search[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2004, 25(8-9): 909-928. https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10970266/25/8-9
[44]
Pellens M, Della Malva A. Corporate science, firm value, and vertical specialization: Evidence from the semiconductor industry[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2018, 27(3): 489-505. https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/27/3/489/4717512
[45]
Audretsch D B, Belitski M. The role of R&D and knowledge spillovers in innovation and productivity[J]. European Economic Review, 2020, 123: 103391. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014292120300234
[46]
Marx M, Hsu D H. Revisiting the entrepreneurial commercialization of academic science: Evidence from "twin" discoveries[J]. Management Science, 2022, 68(2): 1330-1352. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2021.3966
[47]
Gill D. Strategic disclosure of intermediate research results[J]. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 2008, 17(3): 733-758.
[48]
Anton J J, Yao D A. The sales of ideas: Strategic disclosure property rights and contracting[J]. Review of Economic Studies, 2002, 69(3): 513-532. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/roes/69/3
[49]
Von Hippel E, Von Krogh G. Open source software and the 'private-collective' innovation model: Issues for organization science[J]. Organization Science, 2003, 14(2): 209-233. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.14.2.209.14992
2026年第44卷第8期
PDF下载
49
19
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 修回日期:2025-11-22
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(72072050)
河北省软科学重点项目(24457623D)
作者信息
    1 河北师范大学商学院, 河北石家庄 050010
    2 河北师范大学马克思主义学院, 河北石家庄 050010
    3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049

通讯作者:

杜天翔(1998-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxxyj/CN/1317436271115489497
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏