Article(id=1317436233844896181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749139200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-06, revisedDate=1752940800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030874929, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030874929, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030874929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030874929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436203545243877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1569', pageEnd='1792', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030867705, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031039088, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436922423792157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436922427986462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1734, endPage=1744, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436234037834166, articleId=1317436233844896181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The bidirectional impact of artificial intelligence and user innovation: A review and outlook of international literature, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The paper employ literature review to address theoretical questions related to user innovation under the paradigm of artificial intelligence (AI). It begins by defining AI and user innovation and then conducts a literature search, using specific keywords and inclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. The search strategy is designed to be comprehensive yet accurate, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published in English from 1991 to 2023. The authors use the Gioia methodology for data analysis. This methodology involves three stages: first-order categories, second-order themes, and overall dimensions, moving from a strict focus on empirical data to developing theoretical insights.

The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap between AI and user innovation research by identifying key themes and constructing an integrated framework that delineates the reciprocal impact of AI on user innovation and vice versa. The review aims to answer research questions such as "What impact does AI have on user innovation? Why and how can users improve or even innovate AI?" and to pave the way for future research focusing on the interplay of AI, enterprises, users, and multi-actor engagement. The study identifies eight key themes and constructs a comprehensive research framework that provides a systematic understanding of AI and user innovation.

The study found that the paths through which AI acts on user innovation include: ①Enterprises identify user innovations through AI; ② AI-driven innovation toolkits; ③AI as a medium reshaping enterprise-user co-creation relationships; ④AI empowering innovation communities; ⑤AI directly participating in innovation as an actor. The paths through which user innovation acts on AI include: ①Consumer users through participatory design. ②Optimizing AI systems through the "human-in-the-loop" framework; ③Enterprise users driving AI innovation through data assets, scenario applications, and multiple roles.

The paper enriches existing research results and promotes further research on the bidirectional impact of artificial intelligence and user innovation. It also identifies gaps in the literature and proposes a research agenda to advance innovation in AI users, contributing to the broader literature on user innovation management and providing a foundation for managing AI effectively in enterprises and user innovation processes.

We integrated these findings into an integrative framework that depicts AI and user innovation as a mutually constitutive system. Building on this synthesis, we propose a future research agenda that addresses five under-explored areas: At the firm level, future inquiry should shift from simply using machine learning to identify user insights toward investigating how retrieval-augmented generation and other generative-AI techniques can actively search for, synthesise and integrate user-generated knowledge and solutions. This includes clarifying the new boundaries and governance mechanisms that distinguish AI-native innovation communities from traditional digital ones, and critically examining data-acquisition M&A strategies—such as large firms buying hospitals to secure private health data—by unpacking their strategic motives and the attendant ethical risks of commodifying sensitive patient information. At the user level, in-depth case studies and experiments are needed to tease out the contextual contingencies of AI-driven innovation toolkits, moving AI from a passive “resource” to a co-evolving network actor. Particular attention should be paid to micro-level mechanisms through which (1) employees undergoing digital transformation tinker with or augment AI systems in situ, and (2) individual contributors in open AI communities iteratively refine algorithms via pull requests, issue tracking and human-in-the-loop feedback loops. At the multi-actor ecosystem level, research must go beyond marketing-oriented value co-creation to explore how AI infrastructures mobilise cross-domain collective intelligence in real time. Empirical studies should examine how heterogeneous actors dynamically orchestrate AI capabilities to sense, seize and scale transient digital opportunities within complex, rapidly changing environments.

, authors=Jin CHEN1, 2, Bin XIAO3, authorsList=Jin CHEN, Bin XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436235589726655, articleId=1317436233844896181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=人工智能与用户创新的双向影响研究——国外文献回顾与展望, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

尽管人工智能与用户创新的研究日益增多,但相关研究较为零散,且理论体系尚未形成。为弥合这一差距,对来自Web of Science数据库的75项研究进行了系统回顾,确定了2个聚合维度,8个关键主题,并构建了一个综合框架,阐明了人工智能与用户创新的双向影响。研究发现人工智能对用户创新作用路径包括:(1)企业通过人工智能识别用户创新;(2)人工智能驱动的创新工具箱;(3)人工智能作为媒介重塑企业-用户共创关系;(4)人工智能赋能创新社区。(5)人工智能以行动者身份直接参与创新。用户创新对人工智能的作用路径包括:(1)消费者用户通过参与式设计;(2)通过“人机回环”框架优化人工智能系统;(3)企业用户凭借数据资产、场景应用与多元角色驱动人工智能创新。未来研究需关注生成式智能驱动的创新搜索机制、人工智能创新社区治理、用户企业并购驱动的数据获取行为、人机协作中的角色动态,以及多主体生态系统下的人工智能赋能共创。

, authors=陈劲1, 2, 肖彬3, authorsList=陈劲, 肖彬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=肖彬, authorNote=

陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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肖彬(1994-),男,副教授, E-mail:。
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陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2021, 49(4):632-658., articleTitle=Understanding anthropomorphism in service provision: A meta-analysis of physical robots, chatbots, and other AI, refAbstract=An increasing number of firms introduce service robots, such as physical robots and virtual chatbots, to provide services to customers. While some firms use robots that resemble human beings by looking and acting humanlike to increase customers’ use intention of this technology, others employ machinelike robots to avoid uncanny valley effects, assuming that very humanlike robots may induce feelings of eeriness. There is no consensus in the service literature regarding whether customers’ anthropomorphism of robots facilitates or constrains their use intention. The present meta-analysis synthesizes data from 11,053 individuals interacting with service robots reported in 108 independent samples. The study synthesizes previous research to clarify this issue and enhance understanding of the construct. We develop a comprehensive model to investigate relationships between anthropomorphism and its antecedents and consequences. Customer traits and predispositions (e.g., computer anxiety), sociodemographics (e.g., gender), and robot design features (e.g., physical, nonphysical) are identified as triggers of anthropomorphism. Robot characteristics (e.g., intelligence) and functional characteristics (e.g., usefulness) are identified as important mediators, although relational characteristics (e.g., rapport) receive less support as mediators. The findings clarify contextual circumstances in which anthropomorphism impacts customer intention to use a robot. The moderator analysis indicates that the impact depends on robot type (i.e., robot gender) and service type (i.e., possession-processing service, mental stimulus-processing service). Based on these findings, we develop a comprehensive agenda for future research on service robots in marketing.), Reference(id=1317436244808806918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114019, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=165, issue=null, pageStart=114019, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296323003776, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Khan A N, Jabeen F, Mehmood K, journalName=Journal of Business Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Khan A N, Jabeen F, Mehmood K, et al. Paving the way for technological innovation through adoption of artificial intelligence in conservative industries[J]. 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Technovation, 2022, 110: 102375., articleTitle=Prerequisites for the adoption of AI technologies in manufacturing - Evidence from a worldwide sample of manufacturing companies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436244934636040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, doi=10.1093/jcr/ucz038, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=46, issue=4, pageStart=825, pageEnd=832, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Schmitt B, journalName=Journal of Consumer Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schmitt B. From atoms to bits and back: A research curation on digital technology and agenda for future research[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2019, 46(4): 825-832., articleTitle=From atoms to bits and back: A research curation on digital technology and agenda for future research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436245005939209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, doi=10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102321, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=74, issue=null, pageStart=102321, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160791X23001264, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Zahlan A, Ranjan R P, Hayes D, journalName=Technology in Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zahlan A, Ranjan R P, Hayes D. Artificial intelligence innovation in healthcare: Literature review, exploratory analysis, and future research[J]. Technology in Society, 2023, 74: 102321., articleTitle=Artificial intelligence innovation in healthcare: Literature review, exploratory analysis, and future research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436245119185418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, doi=10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.04.012, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=104, issue=null, pageStart=258, pageEnd=275, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019850122000864, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Pardo C, Wei R, Ivens B S, journalName=Industrial Marketing Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pardo C, Wei R, Ivens B S. Integrating the business networks and internet of things perspectives: A system of systems (SoS) approach for industrial markets[J]. Industrial Marketing Management, 2022, 104: 258-275., articleTitle=Integrating the business networks and internet of things perspectives: A system of systems (SoS) approach for industrial markets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436245198877195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, doi=10.1177/00081256231170028, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=65, issue=3, pageStart=27, pageEnd=47, url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00081256231170028, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Recker J, von Briel F, Yoo Y, journalName=California Management Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Recker J, von Briel F, Yoo Y, et al. Orchestrating human-machine designer ensembles during product innovation[J]. California Management Review, 2023, 65(3): 27-47., articleTitle=Orchestrating human-machine designer ensembles during product innovation, refAbstract=Product innovation increasingly involves both human designers (engineers, developers, lead users, creative geniuses, and other innovators) and machine designers (algorithmically organized software tools that autonomously collect and interpret data to make innovative design decisions). This article provides practical guidance about how firms can leverage different forms of machine designers in tandem with human designers to fundamentally change the way they engage in product innovation. It describes how successful companies have managed to optimally orchestrate the capabilities of human and machine designers to create both effective and ethical product innovations that were previously unthinkable.), Reference(id=1317436245270180364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, doi=10.1287/isre.2022.1184, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=3, pageStart=1191, pageEnd=1210, url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/isre.2022.1184, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Lysyakov M, Viswanathan S, journalName=Information Systems Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lysyakov M, Viswanathan S. Threatened by AI: Analyzing users’ responses to the introduction of AI in a crowd-sourcing platform[J]. Information Systems Research, 2022, 34(3): 1191-1210., articleTitle=Threatened by AI: Analyzing users’ responses to the introduction of AI in a crowd-sourcing platform, refAbstract=As artificial intelligence (AI) solutions are being rapidly deployed, they increasingly compete with human labor. This study examines designers’ strategies in response to the threat from the introduction of an AI system for simple logo designs in a crowdsourcing design platform. We find that, although designers with lower abilities are more likely to exit the platform, designers with higher abilities move away from the locus of threat in the lower-tier contests and switch to more-complex design contests after the introduction of the AI system. More interestingly, we find that, although unsuccessful designers respond to the threat from AI by increasing their participation across multiple contests, successful designers become more focused (i.e., they substantially increase the number of submissions within a contest) and more quality oriented (i.e., they increase emotional content and complexity of their designs) after the AI launch. Our findings show how designers can learn from the behaviors of the more successful designers to differentiate themselves from AI systems by leveraging the more-abstract design attributes. Platform operators would benefit from adopting better segmentations strategies: with AI solutions for simple design tasks, hybrid AI + human solutions for less-complex design tasks, and skilled human designers competing primarily for the more-complex design tasks.), Reference(id=1317436245345677837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, doi=10.3390/ijerph18042121, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=2121, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2121, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Maadi M, Akbarzadeh Khorshidi H, Aickelin U, journalName=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Maadi M, Akbarzadeh Khorshidi H, Aickelin U. A review on human-AI interaction in machine learning and insights for medical applications[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18(4): 2121., articleTitle=A review on human-AI interaction in machine learning and insights for medical applications, refAbstract=Objective: To provide a human–Artificial Intelligence (AI) interaction review for Machine Learning (ML) applications to inform how to best combine both human domain expertise and computational power of ML methods. The review focuses on the medical field, as the medical ML application literature highlights a special necessity of medical experts collaborating with ML approaches. Methods: A scoping literature review is performed on Scopus and Google Scholar using the terms “human in the loop”, “human in the loop machine learning”, and “interactive machine learning”. Peer-reviewed papers published from 2015 to 2020 are included in our review. Results: We design four questions to investigate and describe human–AI interaction in ML applications. These questions are “Why should humans be in the loop?”, “Where does human–AI interaction occur in the ML processes?”, “Who are the humans in the loop?”, and “How do humans interact with ML in Human-In-the-Loop ML (HILML)?”. To answer the first question, we describe three main reasons regarding the importance of human involvement in ML applications. To address the second question, human–AI interaction is investigated in three main algorithmic stages: 1. data producing and pre-processing; 2. ML modelling; and 3. ML evaluation and refinement. The importance of the expertise level of the humans in human–AI interaction is described to answer the third question. The number of human interactions in HILML is grouped into three categories to address the fourth question. 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Information Systems Research, 2013, 24(3): 659-682., articleTitle=Motivational differences across post-acceptance information system usage behaviors: An investigation in the business intelligence systems, refAbstract=We identify two post-acceptance information system (IS) usage behaviors related to how employees leverage implemented systems. Routine use (RTN) refers to employees' using IS in a routine and standardized manner to support their work, and innovative use (INV) describes employees' discovering new ways to use IS to support their work. We use motivation theory as the overarching perspective to explain RTN and INV and appropriate the rich intrinsic motivation (RIM) concept from social psychology to propose a conceptualization of RIM toward IS use, which includes intrinsic motivation toward accomplishment (IMap), intrinsic motivation to know (IMkw), and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (IMst). We also consider the influence of perceived usefulness (PU)—a representative surrogate construct of extrinsic motivation toward IS use—on RTN and INV. We theorize the relative impacts of the RIM constructs and PU on RTN and INV and the role of personal innovativeness with IT (PIIT) in moderating the RIM constructs' influences on INV. Based on data from 193 employees using a business intelligence system at one of the largest telecom service companies in China, we found (1) PU had a stronger impact on RTN than the RIM constructs, (2) IMkw and IMst each had a stronger impact on INV than either PU or IMap, and (3) PIIT positively moderated the impact of each RIM construct on INV. Our findings provide insights on managing RTN and INV in the post-acceptance stage.), Reference(id=1317436247501550100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, doi=10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102535, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=66, issue=null, pageStart=102535, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026840122200069X, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Wang X, Lin X, Shao B, journalName=International Journal of Information Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Lin X, Shao B. How does artificial intelligence create business agility? Evidence from chatbots[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2022, 66: 102535., articleTitle=How does artificial intelligence create business agility? 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Journal of Business Research, 2023, 162: 113878., articleTitle=Robots and firm innovation: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436240706777574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, awardId=72502124, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(72502124), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436240778080743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, awardId=2022YFF0903200, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划重点专项(2022YFF0903200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436240866161128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, awardId=GZC20240794, language=CN, fundingSource=国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240794), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436236495696320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, xref=1, 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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Research Center for Technological Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436238253109701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, companyId=1317436238236332483, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 清华大学技术创新研究中心, 北京 100084)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436238324412870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436238336995783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, companyId=1317436238324412870, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436238345384392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, companyId=1317436238324412870, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 华南理工大学工商管理学院, 广东广州 510641)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317436239737893340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Literature search strategy, figureFileSmall=0BmN0Iy2azDneZeBXZhi0Q==, figureFileBig=q7FAjyNSjOcao0NZRVAD/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436239846945245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献检索策略, figureFileSmall=0BmN0Iy2azDneZeBXZhi0Q==, figureFileBig=q7FAjyNSjOcao0NZRVAD/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436240056660446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Visualization of the data analysis process, figureFileSmall=CpRhF9MNGGqAlOogeSlPhw==, figureFileBig=mUlvdwCTq8g1joUeHHorQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436240115380703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, language=CN, label=图2, caption=数据分析过程可视化, figureFileSmall=CpRhF9MNGGqAlOogeSlPhw==, figureFileBig=mUlvdwCTq8g1joUeHHorQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436240182489568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of different types of user innovation toolkits, figureFileSmall=2KOU9TgKHIpusC2Nf9vcEg==, figureFileBig=rOYXOL0zGsOObaiTCnf/6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436240257987041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同类型的用户创新工具箱的比较, 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Studies on the relationship between artificial intelligence and user innovation from different perspectives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工具视角 媒介视角 行动者网络视角
视角描述 技术使任务得以实现,个人如何在日常工作中解释和使用技术 技术促进了人与人之间的跨组织互动,人们如何使用技术来完成联合工作 技术是系统中的行动者,多主体之间的互动如何影响工作
分析单位 与技术的互动 协调与协作 系统内多主体的相互作用(人类和技术)
技术角色 支持/影响用户的专业知识 人们工作中的边界对象 组织过程系统中的参与者
人工智能如何赋能用户创新 企业通过人工智能识别用户创新;人工智能驱动的用户创新工具箱;创新社区与人工智能 人工智能驱动的企业-用户共同创新;创新社区与人工智能 用户与人工智能协作
), ArticleFig(id=1317436240580948453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436233844896181, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同视角下人工智能与用户创新关系研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工具视角 媒介视角 行动者网络视角
视角描述 技术使任务得以实现,个人如何在日常工作中解释和使用技术 技术促进了人与人之间的跨组织互动,人们如何使用技术来完成联合工作 技术是系统中的行动者,多主体之间的互动如何影响工作
分析单位 与技术的互动 协调与协作 系统内多主体的相互作用(人类和技术)
技术角色 支持/影响用户的专业知识 人们工作中的边界对象 组织过程系统中的参与者
人工智能如何赋能用户创新 企业通过人工智能识别用户创新;人工智能驱动的用户创新工具箱;创新社区与人工智能 人工智能驱动的企业-用户共同创新;创新社区与人工智能 用户与人工智能协作
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人工智能与用户创新的双向影响研究——国外文献回顾与展望
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陈劲 1, 2 , 肖彬 3
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(8): 1734-1744
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (8) : 1734 -1744
人工智能与用户创新的双向影响研究——国外文献回顾与展望
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陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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陈劲1, 2, 肖彬3
作者信息
  • 1 清华大学经济管理学院, 北京 100084
  • 2 清华大学技术创新研究中心, 北京 100084
  • 3 华南理工大学工商管理学院, 广东广州 510641
通讯作者:
肖彬(1994-),男,副教授, E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。

The bidirectional impact of artificial intelligence and user innovation: A review and outlook of international literature
Jin CHEN1, 2, Bin XIAO3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2 Research Center for Technological Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3 School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15
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尽管人工智能与用户创新的研究日益增多,但相关研究较为零散,且理论体系尚未形成。为弥合这一差距,对来自Web of Science数据库的75项研究进行了系统回顾,确定了2个聚合维度,8个关键主题,并构建了一个综合框架,阐明了人工智能与用户创新的双向影响。研究发现人工智能对用户创新作用路径包括:(1)企业通过人工智能识别用户创新;(2)人工智能驱动的创新工具箱;(3)人工智能作为媒介重塑企业-用户共创关系;(4)人工智能赋能创新社区。(5)人工智能以行动者身份直接参与创新。用户创新对人工智能的作用路径包括:(1)消费者用户通过参与式设计;(2)通过“人机回环”框架优化人工智能系统;(3)企业用户凭借数据资产、场景应用与多元角色驱动人工智能创新。未来研究需关注生成式智能驱动的创新搜索机制、人工智能创新社区治理、用户企业并购驱动的数据获取行为、人机协作中的角色动态,以及多主体生态系统下的人工智能赋能共创。

用户创新  /  人工智能  /  文献综述  /  双向影响

The paper employ literature review to address theoretical questions related to user innovation under the paradigm of artificial intelligence (AI). It begins by defining AI and user innovation and then conducts a literature search, using specific keywords and inclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. The search strategy is designed to be comprehensive yet accurate, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published in English from 1991 to 2023. The authors use the Gioia methodology for data analysis. This methodology involves three stages: first-order categories, second-order themes, and overall dimensions, moving from a strict focus on empirical data to developing theoretical insights.

The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap between AI and user innovation research by identifying key themes and constructing an integrated framework that delineates the reciprocal impact of AI on user innovation and vice versa. The review aims to answer research questions such as "What impact does AI have on user innovation? Why and how can users improve or even innovate AI?" and to pave the way for future research focusing on the interplay of AI, enterprises, users, and multi-actor engagement. The study identifies eight key themes and constructs a comprehensive research framework that provides a systematic understanding of AI and user innovation.

The study found that the paths through which AI acts on user innovation include: ①Enterprises identify user innovations through AI; ② AI-driven innovation toolkits; ③AI as a medium reshaping enterprise-user co-creation relationships; ④AI empowering innovation communities; ⑤AI directly participating in innovation as an actor. The paths through which user innovation acts on AI include: ①Consumer users through participatory design. ②Optimizing AI systems through the "human-in-the-loop" framework; ③Enterprise users driving AI innovation through data assets, scenario applications, and multiple roles.

The paper enriches existing research results and promotes further research on the bidirectional impact of artificial intelligence and user innovation. It also identifies gaps in the literature and proposes a research agenda to advance innovation in AI users, contributing to the broader literature on user innovation management and providing a foundation for managing AI effectively in enterprises and user innovation processes.

We integrated these findings into an integrative framework that depicts AI and user innovation as a mutually constitutive system. Building on this synthesis, we propose a future research agenda that addresses five under-explored areas: At the firm level, future inquiry should shift from simply using machine learning to identify user insights toward investigating how retrieval-augmented generation and other generative-AI techniques can actively search for, synthesise and integrate user-generated knowledge and solutions. This includes clarifying the new boundaries and governance mechanisms that distinguish AI-native innovation communities from traditional digital ones, and critically examining data-acquisition M&A strategies—such as large firms buying hospitals to secure private health data—by unpacking their strategic motives and the attendant ethical risks of commodifying sensitive patient information. At the user level, in-depth case studies and experiments are needed to tease out the contextual contingencies of AI-driven innovation toolkits, moving AI from a passive “resource” to a co-evolving network actor. Particular attention should be paid to micro-level mechanisms through which (1) employees undergoing digital transformation tinker with or augment AI systems in situ, and (2) individual contributors in open AI communities iteratively refine algorithms via pull requests, issue tracking and human-in-the-loop feedback loops. At the multi-actor ecosystem level, research must go beyond marketing-oriented value co-creation to explore how AI infrastructures mobilise cross-domain collective intelligence in real time. Empirical studies should examine how heterogeneous actors dynamically orchestrate AI capabilities to sense, seize and scale transient digital opportunities within complex, rapidly changing environments.

user innovation  /  artificial intelligence  /  literature review  /  bidirectional impact
陈劲, 肖彬. 人工智能与用户创新的双向影响研究——国外文献回顾与展望. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1734 -1744 .
Jin CHEN, Bin XIAO. The bidirectional impact of artificial intelligence and user innovation: A review and outlook of international literature[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1734 -1744 .
随着信息革命深入和新一轮科技革命兴起,中国企业正迈入以数字化转型为主、智能化升级为辅的数智时代。人工智能(AI)作为引领新一轮科技革命的战略技术,将进一步释放历次科技革命与产业变革积蓄的巨大能量。《生成式人工智能应用发展报告(2024)》显示,我国已初步构建较全面的人工智能产业体系,相关企业超4500家,核心产业规模近6000 亿元,是数字经济增长的重要驱动力。人工智能的应用在各个领域备受关注,结合无处不在的数字传感器、网络及软件自动化,它正改变经济形态,重新定义数智化时代。同时,人工智能也改变了企业创新方式:传统商业环境中,企业多以单向供应的价值链形成产品主导的价值创造逻辑;而在人工智能等数字技术推动下,企业创新重心转向网络,大幅减少信息不对称与市场摩擦,提升合作伙伴间透明度及资源交换效率,进而能与更多伙伴(包括客户)开展开放式创新创造价值。传统以生产者为主导的单一创新范式已难以满足数字化时代需求,用户创新打破了生产者创新的单一模式,成为企业创新的重要来源[1]。为此,人工智能和用户创新的关系研究是一个重要议题。
用户创新这种由用户主导或参与的创新模式正逐步成为推动企业创新成果产出的重要方式,企业正通过人工智能逐步增强其对用户创新资源的访问和整合能力[2],这推进了关于人工智能影响用户参与创新的研究。此外,对用户发起人工智能改进乃至创新的研究也在与日俱增[3]。虽然这些研究是最近才进行的,但它们显然表现出两个特点:(1)它们似乎相当零散;(2)人工智能及用户创新学者对所研究的内容以及相关研究差距在哪里没有清晰、全面的了解,这些差距可能会为未来研究提供富有成效的途径。亟须对人工智能和用户创新的相关研究进行系统性研究综述。
本研究出于以上两个原因进行了综合文献综述。首先,综合了人工智能与用户创新研究,并说明了当前思路中的理论缺口和疏忽。其次,以综述的主题内容为基础,构建了一个完整的理论框架,并制定了未来的研究议程。并旨在回答以下研究问题:人工智能如何助推用户进行创新?用户为何以及如何对人工智能进行创新?
为了回顾与人工智能相关的用户创新研究,搜索分为三个阶段。首先,本文选择了具有代表性的用户创新和人工智能关键词,最终检索表达为TS=(人工智能或机器学习或算法)和(创新或新产品开发)以及(客户或用户参与、客户或用户共创、领先用户、用户社区)。同时考虑到人工智能和用户创新涉及商业、管理、信息系统和市场营销领域等多个领域,故不限制分区在Web of Science的SSCI核心集中搜集相应文献。通过关注在1991年至2024年间发表的研究,初步搜索生成了386条记录。第二步,按照以下标准排除与主题不相关的文献:(1)部分文献尽管与创新有关,但主体或参与主体并非用户;(2)部分文献尽管与新产品开发有关,但未涉及用户创新或用户参与。最后,使用滚雪球技术从另外60篇出版物中识别出其他文献,最终形成了包含75条记录的数据集(详见图1)。
人工智能和用户创新的相互影响仍然是相对较前沿的概念,本研究采用了扎根方法[4],这种方法非常适合开发新概念和理论框架。扎根方法包括三个相互关联的阶段——一阶概念、二阶主题和三阶维度,最终从数据中发展出理论见解。文献阅读和分类的过程由一位博士生和博士后共同完成。领域的教授被引入讨论和分析不同的分类结果,直到最终达成共识。根据编码结果,本研究从两个方面进行分类和总结:人工智能对用户创新的影响以及用户对人工智能的影响(见图2)。
人工智能的快速发展促进了增长和生产力的同时,加速了机器人对人力的替代,给劳动力带来了前所未有的挑战。Anthony等[5]从组织技术理论中汲取灵感,提出了关于AI与用户关系的观点。包括工具视角、媒介视角和行动者网络视角(见表1)。虽然此研究未探讨人工智能对用户创新过程的优化,但它突显了人工智能在工具和媒介视角下对用户创新的增强作用,以及在行动者网络视角下的替代作用(见表1)。
传统产品开发始于市场研究,聚焦主流需求而将领先用户视为异常,研究重需求、轻解决方案。得益于计算能力提升、成本降低、大数据及机器学习算法模型的进步,人工智能突破人类能力局限提供工具性帮助,为企业高效识别需求、创意、领先用户及用户方案。
以用户为导向的组织更重视人工智能的力量,其能提供关于客户行为、需求和偏好的关键见解与预测,助力用户参与企业创新。尤其机器学习在自动检测客户痛点方面潜力显著,Wang等[6]提出基于双聚类的市场细分方法,通过机器学习对客户相关数据及痛点信息进行聚类。Salminen等[7] 对比评估基于自然语言的机器学习模型,建议企业借助痛点分析深化对客户痛点的理解。
随着数字平台普及,大量设计师与用户在互联网贡献设计创意,如何准确搜索和识别用户创意及领先用户,成为开放式创新的重要问题。He等[8] 利用自然语言处理提取关键词作为创意描述中的核心概念,以核心-外围结构呈现概念空间,用于挖掘大规模众包创意的概念逻辑。Belz和Baumbach[9] 通过大数据网络图方法识别在线社区领先用户,发现 22% 的最活跃成员具备领先用户特征。
人工智能还可能刺激企业对解决方案的搜索,例如基于用户数据匹配需求与解决方案,优化定向推荐,这可通过分析需求信息、审查解决方案库、按客观参数匹配并排名潜在方案实现。消费者创新者常是创新先驱,比生产者更早开发使用新颖的需求-解决方案配对,而AI能协助企业完成这类配对。Ho-Dac[10]分析Sourceforge.net上16个月的1287个软件项目,发现用户生成内容对产品开发有用,从在线内容中学习有助于产品开发活动。von Hippel和Kaulartz[11]通过案例研究证实,机器学习方法可用于搜索早期需求-解决方案配对,通过识别相关发布及查询频率趋势评估用户创新的潜在普遍兴趣,并指出将这类识别纳入企业产品开发实践十分重要。
面对需求碎片化,厂商可放弃细分策略,改以AI驱动的“创新工具箱”赋能用户自定制。研究证明,数字工具箱能缩小新手与专家的设计差距[12]。尤其是DeepSeek和ChatGPT等生成式人工智能工具的大量涌现改变了用户进行计算机编程、信息获取和艺术创作的方式。具体而言,人工智能促进了用户创新工具箱的四个重要功能。
首先,工具箱让用户在定制设计时完成“实验—学习”闭环。人工智能即时获取知识、适应变化,强化试错学习,每次交互触发问题解决循环,以最新数据与算法迭代优化参数,持续生成并更新以用户为中心的方案。同时,自学习AI自动抓取网络等非结构化数据,实时提炼用户洞察。其次,工具箱必须是用户友好的,让缺乏技术背景的用户也能以熟悉的语言操作。人工智能把复杂功能封装成简单指令,例如Shap-E只需文本即可生成3D模型,一键打印,显著降低门槛,提升快速原型与复杂设计效率[13]。第三,工具箱须提供经过验证的组件与模块库。人工智能把人力驱动的细节设计转化为轻量、高强、省料的生成方案。诸多平台已集成自然语言处理、视觉等算法,通过清晰接口可重组、再配置成新应用,这种模块化分层架构为用户提供更多的机会来集成人工智能[14]。最后,工具箱必须包含有关用于制造产品生产过程的能力和限制信息,这确保了用户的设计是可生产的。人工智能打破规模限制,在人力密集型设计中,用户数量越多,洞察复杂性越高,就越难以关注个体。在人工智能场景中,用户数量越多,数据流越丰富和复杂,机器预测个体行为的能力就越强,解决方案就越可行。无需强人工智能,仅靠图像识别或自然语言处理就可以帮助用户执行简单任务[15]。低成本原型至关重要,例如AirBnB用人工智能将手绘稿秒变高保真原型。
传统的产品开发方法非常低效,往往是供应商完成预先开发、设计和构建产品原型的过程。而基于用户创新工具箱的新方法,将与用户需求相关的关键创新任务外包,使他们能够通过反复试验和错误来设计和开发所需的产品,并给予用户自由的空间进行创新。在人工智能的背景下,用户所做的不是设计解决方案(人工智能引擎生成这些解决方案),而是设计这些解决问题的循环(见图3)。如果设计得当,算法可以自主地为特定用户生成新的具体解决方案,而无需人类干预。更重要的是,随着新数据的不断收集,以及人工智能引擎嵌入的学习能力,解决问题的循环改善了他们对用户需求和行为的预测,从而随着时间的推移设计出更好的解决方案。这意味着,如果用户完成了设计过程,解决方案和测试可以由数据和算法驱动[16]。
人工智能打破企业与用户边界,重塑了双方关系。数字化工具普及前,企业与用户缺乏紧密联系,用户创新想法难用组织通用语言传递,导致用户创新与生产者创新边界明显,难以融入企业内部。而人工智能可从用户数据中挖掘特殊需求,助力企业提升内外部合作沟通效率,增强用户体验与参与度,从三方面促进企业-用户共同创新。
首先,人工智能增强企业风险预警与信息处理能力,提升了企业与用户在沟通、协作及资源交换各环节的效率,提高用户参与创新的效率。人工智能具备通信特性,可通过自然语言处理与人交流,凭借强大的信息整合与高效协调,能快速响应客户需求,实现跨层级、跨部门协作以建立持续客户关系。此外,依托服务公司的行业知识、业务专长及分析沟通能力,人工智能设备能更高效执行明确任务、更准确回答消费者问题,并依客户需求灵活实时调整,从而顺畅用户创新过程[17]。
其次,互动是技术环境的重要特征,作为共创基石,能促进学习、分享与客户需求评估,助力协作资源分配。人工智能重塑了用户与企业员工的互动:一方面,AI指能执行类人类认知任务的计算系统,涵盖多种互连技术。另一方面,有互动体验时客户更易接触企业,AI应用提升了客户与企业的接触程度。因其创新特性,人工智能能为客户提供更多与企业互动的机会,助力企业实现客户参与。Ayyagari等[18]认为,中小企业若能良好实施AI技术,组织与利益相关者的互动将更顺畅。
最后,人工智能具备自动化学习和解决问题等复杂的认知功能,可以简化创新或服务工作等任务。自主性需要预先配置的自动化来做出独立决策。自主性已被证明是工作满意度、高绩效、动机和用户服务创新的重要前提。人工智能自动化在价值共创中发挥着重要作用[19],它可以优化流程、降低体力劳动要求并实现资源的有效分配,它可以释放时间等资源,使个人能够专注于更高价值的活动。
用户创新通常广泛分布,而不是集中在少数几个高度创新的用户中。因此,找到方法将他们的努力结合起来并加以利用对于用户创新者至关重要。创新社区解释了“私人-集体”创新激励模式。
Mahotra和Majchrzak[20] 详细阐述了人工智能如何赋能众筹社区。首先,联结创造力与综合方案,帮成员发现知识关联。其次,生成诸多有效或无效案例,以刺激用户思考创造性的方法。最后,实时标记并推送新兴创意,激发头脑风暴。Olan等[21]发现,由人工智能支持的在线社区通过社交媒体等平台从消费者互动中创造新知识,因为消费者可以分享特定产品或服务的经验。Qi等[22]探讨了用户、人工智能等外部刺激及专业设计师这两类灵感来源对用户参与设计意愿的影响。实验显示,知识水平较低的用户相比专业设计师,更易从用户设计和人工智能生成设计中获灵感。实用产品方面,用户更倾向从用户设计和人工智能生成设计中获取灵感。而享乐产品用户则更倾向从专业设计师处获取灵感。开放创新社区应提供用户及人工智能的各类设计,以激励用户参与设计。
此外,数字化与虚拟化正重塑企业与社区的边界及协作方式。Mahr和Lievens[23]指出,虚拟社区中领先用户因提出解决方案而增值,显性知识可快速嵌入新品开发。Parmentier和Mangematin[24]通过四个案例研究企业需要开放边界并弱化产权,重塑身份以协调社区关系,激发热情以提升社区创造力。
随着数字技术发展,机器智能日益强大,展现出类人的外观与交互模式。用户借助数字进步更好地满足需求、共创价值,其互动已超越人类范畴,涵盖人工智能驱动的互动。无论是互联网智能客服、商场服务机器人,还是医院、银行中具备强大算力的机器学习算法,均体现了数字技术与人类在功能和形式上的某种等同性。行动者网络理论据此将人工智能视为与人类对等的主体[25]。新挑战是如何把人工智能视为共创伙伴并管理协作。
首先,研究关注影响用户采用人工智能的因素。多数研究基于技术接受模型[26]、技术接受和使用统一理论[27]及技术-组织-环境框架[28],分析影响用户采用人工智能的因素。对领先用户而言,其期望从满足自身需求的解决方案中获利,这会推动他们创新,也提升了使用人工智能辅助创新的意愿。功能与条件价值是企业人工智能技术转型决策的主要决定因素。而对个人用户,人工智能使用不仅受感知效用影响,还受社会情感因素作用[29],如感知社交互动性与社交存在。具有拟人特征的虚拟个人助理,通过类人手势、表情和言语创造熟悉舒适的体验,有助于清晰传达需求偏好,实现更自然直观的交互,进而增强用户采用AI进行创新的强度。
其次,研究发现,用户对人工智能的信任能提升人机合作有效性。就人类对机器人决策原则的理解而言,用户与机器人的创新合作或需改进。算法管理领域研究指出人类评估人工智能系统相对能力时,结果存在不确定性。学者长期认为,用户通常不偏好算法输出,算法的不完整性与不变性是其不信任的关键驱动因素。若人工智能提供可理解的输出或原因、用户能修改算法并使其决策人性化,或数据隐私得到保障[30],则信任会增强,人机协作水平也会提升。
最后,研究关注用户与人工智能的互补和竞争关系。产品创新中,人机协作日益普遍,涵盖工程师、开发者、领先用户等创新者与机器人的配合。许多领先企业利用人工智能开发创新产品,机器设计师能近乎实时自主处理海量数据、独立生成新设计选项,使创新不再完全由人类主导。互联网与智能产品的普及,让人机协作创新成为可能,但人工智能并非万能,企业需结合用户与人工智能优化现有创新流程。在互补关系上,一方面,人工智能未必只是“行动者-资源-活动”模型中的资源,也可作为创新主体[31]。Pardo等[31]的案例研究显示,客户可在智能物联网方案中重新配置机器并连接第三方机器,为供需双方创造意外价值。另一方面,Recker等[32]提供了企业如何结合不同形式的机器设计师与人类设计师协作、从根本上改变产品创新方式的实用指导,包括优化人机协同模式、明确适合机器设计师的数据源、规划有效工作场景,以及管理人机协作的道德与社会影响。在竞争关系上,引入人工智能系统(尤其在创造性任务中)时,人类可选择退出,或凭借创造力、直觉、想象力及情感表达与人工智能竞争。Lysyakov和Viswanathan[33] 考察了设计师应对众包设计平台引入人工智能进行简单标志设计的策略,在引入人工智能后,不成功的设计师增加了参赛次数,但未提升设计质量,相比之下成功的设计师则更专注于质量提升。
为什么用户应参与甚至独立进行人工智能创新?Maadi等[34]的研究给出了答案。首先,用人工智能解决复杂现实问题时,结果未必尽如人意,此时需用户与供应商合作或用户单独优化解决方案。其次,机器学习方法存在不透明、难解释的问题。人工智能过程机制若为“黑匣子”,可能降低用户信任,而用户参与人工智能创新或能提升信任。最后,人工智能的结果可能客观正确,却不符合人类接受度(尤其涉及道德问题时),此时用户可通过参与创新控制甚至修改算法或学习过程,以获取更理想的结果。
用户创新的定量研究表明,多个领域商业化中许多重要且新颖的产品与工艺,均由用户开发供内部使用[35]。用户创新者分为两类:消费者用户和中间企业用户。中间企业用户包括科学家、网站管理员、外科医生等,他们利用制造商提供的设备和技术创造商品与服务。在人工智能领域,尽管消费者用户在人工智能社区十分活跃,为AI算法与软件创新贡献显著,但更多参与设计或优化环节,市场上诸多领先人工智能技术则更多依赖企业用户[3]。
Tekic和Füller[36]指出,人工智能时代的创新需在人工智能实施者、互补者与工具间保持良好平衡。人工智能互补者作为任务设计者,会与人工智能实施者(创新工具建设者)密切合作,通过调整任务、算法和数据,设计并实施新创新工具。用户属于人工智能互补者,因对自身整个使用系统拥有更大控制权,凭借对“解决方案空间”的广泛掌控,可自由对其进行调整,还能为人工智能实施者提供人工智能应用任务的设计与分解。
参与式设计文献将多用户纳入涉及工作的社会技术系统设计,这与用户可能拥有的权力相关。用户了解任务实用性,能提出建议确保设计可行。Attarzadeh和Ow[37]指出,IT系统失败的主因之一是设计过程缺乏用户输入及包含用户需求的规范。社会物质观作为有力的本体论视角,可探究人工智能与用户、组织、机构相融合的一系列活动如何催生创新。而用户能参与人工智能系统设计,人工智能反过来也会塑造用户创新。Maguire[38]提出,社会系统发展步骤包括工作变化与用户互动、社会互动、使用自主性与灵活性、用户接受度与满意度,这些在人工智能系统设计中同样发挥重要作用。
人机回环(human-in-the-loop)框架用于审视人类如何参与机器、模型、算法的开发或运行,已应用于多种信息技术,关注人类输入与技术解决方案结合的系统。用户常参与数据收集、组织、算法开发及使用前测试,但以往研究多关注系统设计者,而非人工智能系统中的用户。不过,许多用户作为领域专家,拥有人工智能难以替代的丰富用户知识。
人机回环允许用户按专业知识在算法各阶段介入,持续优化输出,使AI能处理未知并适应动态环境。Nascimento等[39]在路灯自动化案例中发现,用户专家在某些条件下优于机器学习,但机器学习方法在其他条件下具有更好的性能。医疗场景用户参与人工智能循环尤为典型。Maadi等[34] 将医疗用户交互嵌入数据生成、建模、评估三大环节,并指出专业水平越高协同效果越好。Leone等[2] 以医疗保健组织为例,提出用户如何参与人工智能循环。第一个迭代循环将技术服务提供商与医疗保健用户连接起来,第二个迭代循环将医疗保健客户与患者联系起来,通过用户的知识增强操作实践,从而获得更好的护理和改善患者旅程。
企业用户通过平台获取大量数据成为领先用户。在诸多应用领域,开发竞争算法比创建、访问优质数据集更容易,而训练高价值人工智能需大数据集,因此收集数据是人工智能企业用户的主要任务之一。大型科技公司凭借庞大的数据资产,有着独特而复杂的人工智能需求,从人工智能进步中获得的利润也多于多数公司。Hartmann和Henkel[3]认为,活跃在人工智能研究领域的公司拥有并创建了重要的数据资产,是人工智能工具的领先用户。
许多企业用户基于场景进行人工智能创新。在商业智能场景下,Li等[40]提出了常规应用行为(员工以常规标准化方式使用信息系统支持工作)和创新应用行为(员工发现新方法使用信息系统支持工作)的概念。Wang等[41]进而提出人工智能的常规应用与创新应用,尤其聊天机器人的创新使用对创造业务敏捷性作用显著。Wang等[42]基于机器人应用场景,发现企业用户利用机器人技术进行创新,回归结果显示机器人与企业创新存在显著正相关。
企业用户在人工智能创新中扮演多种角色。Wei和Pardo[14]探讨了中小企业用户可能在人工智能平台中扮演的角色:用户角色因运营、功能和技术知识有限,仅能以特定方式使用平台嵌入的人工智能机制。设计师角色因运营知识丰富但功能和技术知识有限,能整合运营知识与平台AI技术。创意开发者角色拥有运营和功能专业知识丰富但技术知识有限,能准确识别自身需求及与平台增强、协作创新模块相关的工作背景。中介角色具备运营和功能知识但技术知识有限,通过各平台与中介互动收集数据、加深对电商市场的理解。创新者角色具备先进的运营、功能和技术知识,能更灵活地集成人工智能。
本文通过搜集相关主题的SSCI论文,采用人工编码的研究方法,对人工智能和用户创新的文献进行回顾,编码了2个聚合维度,8个主题,并在此基础上构建了综合研究框架(见图4)。
第一个维度关注人工智能对用户创新的影响,编码了5个主题。企业使用人工智能工具来识别用户需求、领先用户和解决方案(主题①)。人工智能驱动的用户创新工具箱经历了重大变化,促进了四个重要功能(②)。作为企业与用户之间的共创媒介,人工智能帮助企业和用户理解他们的协作工作并开发解决问题所需的知识(③)。在创新社区中,人工智能在用户互动和创新扩散中发挥媒介作用,为社区中的用户创新提供工具支持。此外,人工智能为企业管理创新社区提供工具支持(④)。最后,机器智能作为行动者与用户创新合作,在优化现有创新流程方面发挥了作用,通过结合用户和人工智能来实现这一目标是本主题的重点(⑤)。
第二个维度关注用户创新对人工智能的影响,编码了三个主题。由于消费者用户通常缺乏进行人工智能创新所需的大量数据和计算能力,他们更倾向于参与人工智能系统的或算法的设计(主题⑥),或参与人工智能的循环(主题⑦)。企业用户被认为是人工智能创新的领先用户,并且探讨了企业用户在人工智能创新中的作用(主题⑧)。
人工智能与企业。首先,现有研究多聚焦机器学习方法下的识别过程[11],对生成式人工智能的搜索过程探索较少。在当前生成式人工智能如此火热的背景下,企业如何结合这些模型搜索与用户创新相关的知识或解决方案,值得深入研究。其次,相关研究聚焦企业对数字创新社区的管理[23],但未关注人工智能创新社区。数字创新社区与人工智能创新社区有何区别?人工智能如何增强创新社区的管理机制?这些问题有待探索。第三,数据收集是企业进行AI创新的挑战,许多大公司会依据人工智能应用场景,通过成为最终用户获取数据源(如京东方等公司收购医院以获取私人数据、打造人工智能支持的医疗保健),这种并购驱动的人工智能创新现象值得进一步研究。最后,在人工智能研究领域,企业比大学具有相对优势[3],企业与大学用户在AI创新上的差异,也值得未来探索。
人工智能与用户。首先,本研究基于人工智能与设计之间的关系,提出了人工智能驱动的用户工具箱与传统创新方法之间的差异[16]。仍需要相关的案例研究和实验来深入探索人工智能驱动的创新工具箱。其次,之前的研究大多将人工智能视为一种资源或技术,但如何将人工智能视为用户创新的参与者,以及人工智能和用户网络如何共同进化、发展和维护,仍有待探索[31]。最后,在个人层面上,关于用户对人工智能的影响研究仍然较为匮乏。有两类个人用户值得关注。一是在数字化转型过程中进行人工智能创新或改进的员工。二是人工智能社区用户对人工智能的改进。
人工智能与多主体。首先,尽管有许多关于人工智能赋能企业和用户共创的相关文献,但更多的研究集中在营销领域的价值共创[17],关于人工智能赋予创新过程中的共创研究仍然相对匮乏。其次,人工智能从根本上改变了用户交互的创新方式和参与者。人工智能可以释放更广泛的集体智慧,形成一个有利于用户创新的生态系统。特别是在复杂和不断变化的数字环境中,只有通过与多个领域的不同类型客户及时合作,才能获得数字机会。目前,从生态系统背景的角度对人工智能和用户创新的实证研究较为欠缺。未来,可以探索人工智能如何通过基于生态系统背景的多主体参与来支持用户创新。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72502124)
  • 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2022YFF0903200)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240794)
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  • 接收时间:2025-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-06
  • 修回日期:2025-07-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72502124)
国家重点研发计划重点专项(2022YFF0903200)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240794)
作者信息
    1 清华大学经济管理学院, 北京 100084
    2 清华大学技术创新研究中心, 北京 100084
    3 华南理工大学工商管理学院, 广东广州 510641

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肖彬(1994-),男,副教授, E-mail:。
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