Article(id=1317436204031783142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751472000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-03, revisedDate=1763913600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030867822, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030867822, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030867822, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030867822, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436203545243877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1569', pageEnd='1792', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030867705, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031039088, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436922423792157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436922427986462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436203545243877, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1635, endPage=1646, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436204224721127, articleId=1317436204031783142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Identification and verification of influencing factors on the level of innovation consortium construction in China, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation, China has intensified its efforts in basic research and original innovation, with strategic emerging industries and future industry sectors experiencing rapid development. Innovation consortia—collaborative organizations led by enterprises and involving universities, research institutes, and other stakeholders—have emerged as critical vehicles for integrating the innovation and industrial chains and achieving breakthroughs in key core technologies. Despite significant progress in establishing such consortia—over 1,000 have been launched nationwide since 2019, including 24 at the national level coordinated by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission—challenges remain. Many local policies lack detailed implementation guidance, and issues such as unclear mechanisms for risk sharing, benefit distribution, and intellectual property rights have led to phenomena of “alliance without integration” or “cooperation without sharing.” As a result, the actual effectiveness and development level of many innovation consortia remain suboptimal. To address this gap, this study systematically investigates the factors that influence the construction and performance of innovation consortia in China.

Building on the strategic triangle framework—which integrates resource, institutional, and industrial dimensions—this research adopts a mixed-methods approach combining grounded theory and machine learning to identify and prioritize key influencing factors. First, through open coding of policy documents, academic literature, and case studies, 36 initial factors were extracted and categorized into three dimensions: resource (e.g., scientific and technological human resources, innovation resources, market-oriented resources), institution (e.g., internal governance mechanisms, outcome sharing and protection systems, government support policies), and industry (e.g., industrial cluster advantages, industrial chain structure, regional upgrading demands). A theoretical model was then constructed to conceptualize how these factors collectively shape the development level of innovation consortia.

To validate and rank the importance of these factors, empirical data from 1,734 publicly announced innovation consortia were collected and analyzed. Among them, 356 consortia that include listed enterprises were selected as the analytical sample due to the availability of more reliable and quantifiable performance indicators. A random forest algorithm—a robust machine learning technique suitable for handling complex, non-linear relationships among variables—was applied to assess the relative importance of each factor. The results were further refined by incorporating subjective evaluations from domain experts to ensure contextual accuracy and practical relevance.

The findings reveal that scientific and technological human resources and industrial cluster advantages are the two most influential factors in enhancing the development level of innovation consortia. These are followed by market-oriented resources and innovation resources, which also play a substantial role. At the institutional level, the system for sharing and protecting innovation outcomes, internal governance mechanisms within the consortium, and government incentive and support policies are moderately important, indicating that well-designed institutional arrangements are essential for sustaining collaboration. In contrast, factors such as regional industrial upgrading needs and basic characteristics of the industrial chain exhibit relatively lower importance, suggesting that while macro-industrial contexts matter, they are less directly impactful than resource endowments and institutional design.

This study contributes to both theory and practice. Theoretically, it extends the application of the strategic triangle framework to the context of innovation consortia and bridges qualitative insight with quantitative validation through an integrated methodology. Practically, it provides evidence-based policy recommendations, including strengthening the foundation of high-quality talent and R&D resources, leveraging existing industrial clusters to foster collaborative ecosystems, and refining institutional mechanisms to enhance trust and coordination among consortium members. By identifying the hierarchical structure of influencing factors, this research offers a systematic reference for policymakers and practitioners aiming to improve the quality and effectiveness of innovation consortia in China.

, authors=Hui-yue XU1, 2, Guo-hua XIAO1, 2, authorsList=Hui-yue XU, Guo-hua XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436207705993466, articleId=1317436204031783142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=我国创新联合体建设水平影响因素的识别与验证, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对当前我国创新联合体建设水平有待提升的现状,识别并验证影响其建设水平的因素。借鉴战略三角观,通过扎根理论编码提炼出“资源-制度-产业”三维度的创新联合体建设水平的影响因素并构建理论模型;引入随机森林算法对各影响因素重要性进行排序,并结合主观评价数据进行修正。结果表明,科技人力资源和产业集群优势对建设水平提升作用最为显著,相对重要的因素是产业集群优势、市场化资源和创新资源;其次重要的是成果共享与保护制度、创新联合体内部制度和扶持激励制度;所在产业升级需求、产业链基本情况因素的重要性程度相对较低。据此提出夯实人才与创新资源基础、发挥产业集群优势等政策建议,以期提升我国创新联合体建设水平。

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徐惠玥(2001-),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:。

肖国华(1975-),男,研究员,博士。

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Explorations on high-level research universities driving innovation consortium development: A case study of China's western science and technology innovation harbor[J]. Science of Science and Management of S.& T., 2022, 43(4): 21-39., articleTitle=Explorations on high-level research universities driving innovation consortium development: A case study of China's western science and technology innovation harbor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436218191753542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=An X, Tong L, journalName=Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=An X, Tong L. Research on the stable strategies for collaborative R&D in innovation consortiums formed by leading enterprises with multi-agent participation[J]. 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Research on innovation consortiums based on coopetition and collaborative innovation[J]. China Soft Science, 2022(11): 155-164., articleTitle=Research on innovation consortiums based on coopetition and collaborative innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436221471699290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, doi=10.1109/TEM.2019.2936678, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=68, issue=6, pageStart=1734, pageEnd=1744, url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8844250/, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Zhang W, Zhang Y J A W, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang W, Zhang Y J A W. Capabilities for collaborative innovation of technological alliance: A knowledge-based view[J]. 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Reaction视频的用户弹幕评论行为生成机制探索——基于认知-情感系统理论[J]. 数据分析与知识发现, 2023, 7(2):1-14., articleTitle=Reaction视频的用户弹幕评论行为生成机制探索——基于认知-情感系统理论, refAbstract=【目的】 探索Reaction视频(简称反应视频)用户的弹幕评论行为生成原因,并为弹幕视频内容创作中的价值共创提供理论支撑。【方法】 以哔哩哔哩视频网站的反应视频为例,选取不同分区的11个热门视频的弹幕信息资源作为分析样本,利用扎根理论开展编码研究。同时,结合认知情感系统理论(CAPS)框架,构建反应视频弹幕评论行为生成机制理论模型。【结果】 基于CAPS理论视角的反应视频用户弹幕评论行为总体遵循“情境-认知情感单元-行为”的路径。同时,用户的知识积累也会直接影响弹幕评论行为。【局限】 基于扎根理论构建的模型可能存在一定主观性偏差,仍需进一步对大样本反应视频进行分析以检验模型的普适性。【结论】 该模型为促进新兴数字内容的传播与弹幕视频内容创作中的价值增值、转化和共创提供了参考。), Reference(id=1317436221811437919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=7, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Ye X J, Zhao Y X, Zhang X H, journalName=Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ye X J, Zhao Y X, Zhang X H. Exploring the generation mechanism of user danmaku commenting behavior in reaction videos: Based on cognitive-affective system theory[J]. Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery, 2023, 7(2): 1-14., articleTitle=Exploring the generation mechanism of user danmaku commenting behavior in reaction videos: Based on cognitive-affective system theory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436221895324000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, doi=10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00216.x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=32, issue=1, pageStart=59, pageEnd=82, url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00216.x, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Yamakawa Y, Peng M W, Deeds D L, journalName=Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yamakawa Y, Peng M W, Deeds D L. What drives new ventures to internationalize from emerging to developed economies?[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2008, 32(1): 59-82., articleTitle=What drives new ventures to internationalize from emerging to developed economies?, refAbstract=The internationalization of new ventures from emerging economies to developed economies remains an unfilled gap at the intersection of the literature between international entrepreneurship and strategy in emerging economies. What drives some (but not all) new ventures from emerging economies to enter developed economies? We address this question by developing a comprehensive framework based on the three leading perspectives on strategy—industry–based, resource–based, and institution–based views. A series of propositions are proposed to explore the underlying logic behind new ventures’ entrepreneurial entries from emerging to developed economies.), Reference(id=1317436221983404385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=35, authorNames=朱丽叶·M, 科宾, 安塞尔姆·L, 施特劳斯, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱丽叶·M. 科宾, 安塞尔姆·L. 施特劳斯. 质性研究的基础:形成扎根理论的程序与方法(第3版)[M]. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436222067290466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Corbin J M, Strauss A L, journalName=Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3rd ed.), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Corbin J M, Strauss A L. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3rd ed.)[M]. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436217147371831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, awardId=E4C0002004, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院文献情报能力建设专项(E4C0002004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436217222869304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, awardId=GHJ-ZLZX-2025-20, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院战略研究与决策支持系统建设专项(GHJ-ZLZX-2025-20), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436207928291579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436207936680188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, companyId=1317436207928291579, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Annual analysis of the number of innovation consortiums at various levels, figureFileSmall=2+QQm5w6fl83Z3z0Sldk0Q==, figureFileBig=uanKZh4FP4DpOjzM6T5N8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436211317289240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各级创新联合体建设数量的年度分析, figureFileSmall=2+QQm5w6fl83Z3z0Sldk0Q==, figureFileBig=uanKZh4FP4DpOjzM6T5N8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436211396981017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Annual changes in the number of innovation consortia by province, figureFileSmall=dM4o5I1HeiPveRqe/n35VA==, figureFileBig=Jdq/azzyoLvfBElYMF0/yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436211652833562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各省份创新联合体数量的年度变化, figureFileSmall=dM4o5I1HeiPveRqe/n35VA==, figureFileBig=Jdq/azzyoLvfBElYMF0/yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436211749302555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Word cloud diagram of innovation consortium names and project titles, figureFileSmall=ntfYswKdV+gb/r+Fq5X/CA==, figureFileBig=UeWUVCTijHePX6S9Dlr+Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436212118401308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=图4, caption=创新联合体名称及项目词云图, figureFileSmall=ntfYswKdV+gb/r+Fq5X/CA==, figureFileBig=UeWUVCTijHePX6S9Dlr+Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436212193898781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Sunburst chart of policy issuance regions for innovation consortia, figureFileSmall=HCgCYnjU6EUYi8Ftly+/1g==, figureFileBig=ce0bA3px9L50S6AhuNAK8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436212512665886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=图5, caption=创新联合体政策发布地区旭日图, figureFileSmall=HCgCYnjU6EUYi8Ftly+/1g==, figureFileBig=ce0bA3px9L50S6AhuNAK8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436212609134879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Initial model of factors influencing the construction level of innovation consortia, figureFileSmall=ywfewuN5e1rTFO/3+P0tfw==, figureFileBig=u7Q4YC3CYEmMfqpMfxnJlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436212667855136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=图6, caption=创新联合体建设水平影响因素初始模型, figureFileSmall=ywfewuN5e1rTFO/3+P0tfw==, figureFileBig=u7Q4YC3CYEmMfqpMfxnJlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436212923707681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Heatmap of correlation coefficients for various influencing factors, figureFileSmall=lwYbu0aKWVb59cjE/SlmEQ==, figureFileBig=rv5q4TM7Op88hGovUPmqeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436213020176674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各影响因素相关系数热力图, figureFileSmall=lwYbu0aKWVb59cjE/SlmEQ==, figureFileBig=rv5q4TM7Op88hGovUPmqeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436213083091235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Ranking of the importance of influencing factors, figureFileSmall=8G4r18WW4BChULfygiDBqQ==, figureFileBig=wgau3GfYt1127CpQKjjhsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436213326360868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=图8, caption=影响因素的重要性排序, figureFileSmall=8G4r18WW4BChULfygiDBqQ==, figureFileBig=wgau3GfYt1127CpQKjjhsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436213431218469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Stacked line chart of the importance of influencing factors across different models, figureFileSmall=YqMedRm7wELg9+o53wB9LQ==, figureFileBig=BZNSqvaBZtXXBNR11bY9uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436213540270374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同模型的影响因素重要性堆积折线图, figureFileSmall=YqMedRm7wELg9+o53wB9LQ==, figureFileBig=BZNSqvaBZtXXBNR11bY9uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436213758374183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Segmentation results of innovation consortium names and project titles (partial)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
创新联合体名称分词词频统计(部分) 创新联合体承担科技项目分词词频统计(部分)
智能 198 关键技术 150 应用 181 工业 30
高端装备 144 新能源 64 材料 25 电池 18
生物 47 机器人 39 芯片 14 激光 11
半导体 35 智能化 34 储能 10 解决方案 9
药物 33 半导体 33 低碳 8 焊接 8
数字化 33 光伏 30 药物 8 孪生 7
AI 26 5G 21 玻璃 8 6G 6
), ArticleFig(id=1317436213846454568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

创新联合体名称及项目分词结果(部分)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
创新联合体名称分词词频统计(部分) 创新联合体承担科技项目分词词频统计(部分)
智能 198 关键技术 150 应用 181 工业 30
高端装备 144 新能源 64 材料 25 电池 18
生物 47 机器人 39 芯片 14 激光 11
半导体 35 智能化 34 储能 10 解决方案 9
药物 33 半导体 33 低碳 8 焊接 8
数字化 33 光伏 30 药物 8 孪生 7
AI 26 5G 21 玻璃 8 6G 6
), ArticleFig(id=1317436213942923561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of open coding (partial)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子范畴 初始范畴 原始材料示例
科技项目承担 优先支持科技项目承担、设立创新联合体科技项目攻关专题、依托重大研究课题、以科研任务为导向 在慈溪市,由当地政府与中国科学院宁波材料所共建的宁波慈溪生物医学工程研究所,近5年来承担了国家、中国科学院、省市地方及重点企业委托项目400余项。
成果保护制度 明确技术成果分享机制、知识产权保护程度、优先成果内部转化 比如在知识产权领域,长三角累计专利代理机构数量占全国的29.8%,专利商标质押融资金额占全国的1/2,国家级知识产权保护中心和知识产权快速维权中心数量占全国的近1/3。
企业综合实力 牵头企业的实力与行业号召力、牵头企业拆分技术需求的能力、企业对行业动态的灵敏感知、牵头企业营业收入要求 “这些企业不仅有雄厚的技术和资金实力,而且在行业内有一定的号召力,同时可以带动民营企业对创新的参与积极性。”
所在地方优势 聚焦当地重点产业和战略性新兴产业、所在地方优势产业、地方科技活动活跃 首批创新联合体涉及天津市重点发展的9条重点产业链及其子链,侧重于天津市重点发展的战略性新兴产业、未来产业以及产业安全等领域。
运行管理机制 市场化运行机制、灵活的管理制度、探索新型组织模式、完备的组织管理体系、“揭榜挂帅”机制 “构建创新联合体,市场配置资源是最有效率的形式。”市科技局副局长孙青山说。
专项支持政策 出台专项支持政策、政府部门联动机制、优先资格认定 今年1月,我市印发了《昆山市创新联合体建设实施意见》,通过实施6项重点任务、一系列真金白银的奖励举措,支持创新联合体聚焦产业链关键环节和核心问题
产业链协同程度 上下游关键节点龙头企业、发挥链主企业作用、处于产业链关键节点、产业链协同程度 “首批创新联合体拥有瑞普生物、金桥焊材、天地伟业等9家链主企业和62家链上重点企业,共包含成员单位170家。
企业类型 发挥央国企作用、科技企业队伍、细分领域特色企业 国资央企是我国战略科技力量的重要组成,……,强化创新主体地位,增强核心功能、提高核心竞争力
产业规模 有影响力产业集群、产业收入规模可观 同时,依托旭创光电产业园,搭建芯片半导体研发及量产公共平台,发起及参与设立10余只基金,打造光通信产业集群。
产业资本投入 科技金融发展水平、产业投资基金体系、金融投资机构参与 目前,公司已经发起设立了累计认缴总规模达295亿元的广东先进制造业产业投资基金体系,围绕我省战略性产业开展投资布局,在广州参与了广汽埃安引战、明珞汽车、万协通芯片等项目
), ArticleFig(id=1317436214039392554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

开放式编码结果(部分)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子范畴 初始范畴 原始材料示例
科技项目承担 优先支持科技项目承担、设立创新联合体科技项目攻关专题、依托重大研究课题、以科研任务为导向 在慈溪市,由当地政府与中国科学院宁波材料所共建的宁波慈溪生物医学工程研究所,近5年来承担了国家、中国科学院、省市地方及重点企业委托项目400余项。
成果保护制度 明确技术成果分享机制、知识产权保护程度、优先成果内部转化 比如在知识产权领域,长三角累计专利代理机构数量占全国的29.8%,专利商标质押融资金额占全国的1/2,国家级知识产权保护中心和知识产权快速维权中心数量占全国的近1/3。
企业综合实力 牵头企业的实力与行业号召力、牵头企业拆分技术需求的能力、企业对行业动态的灵敏感知、牵头企业营业收入要求 “这些企业不仅有雄厚的技术和资金实力,而且在行业内有一定的号召力,同时可以带动民营企业对创新的参与积极性。”
所在地方优势 聚焦当地重点产业和战略性新兴产业、所在地方优势产业、地方科技活动活跃 首批创新联合体涉及天津市重点发展的9条重点产业链及其子链,侧重于天津市重点发展的战略性新兴产业、未来产业以及产业安全等领域。
运行管理机制 市场化运行机制、灵活的管理制度、探索新型组织模式、完备的组织管理体系、“揭榜挂帅”机制 “构建创新联合体,市场配置资源是最有效率的形式。”市科技局副局长孙青山说。
专项支持政策 出台专项支持政策、政府部门联动机制、优先资格认定 今年1月,我市印发了《昆山市创新联合体建设实施意见》,通过实施6项重点任务、一系列真金白银的奖励举措,支持创新联合体聚焦产业链关键环节和核心问题
产业链协同程度 上下游关键节点龙头企业、发挥链主企业作用、处于产业链关键节点、产业链协同程度 “首批创新联合体拥有瑞普生物、金桥焊材、天地伟业等9家链主企业和62家链上重点企业,共包含成员单位170家。
企业类型 发挥央国企作用、科技企业队伍、细分领域特色企业 国资央企是我国战略科技力量的重要组成,……,强化创新主体地位,增强核心功能、提高核心竞争力
产业规模 有影响力产业集群、产业收入规模可观 同时,依托旭创光电产业园,搭建芯片半导体研发及量产公共平台,发起及参与设立10余只基金,打造光通信产业集群。
产业资本投入 科技金融发展水平、产业投资基金体系、金融投资机构参与 目前,公司已经发起设立了累计认缴总规模达295亿元的广东先进制造业产业投资基金体系,围绕我省战略性产业开展投资布局,在广州参与了广汽埃安引战、明珞汽车、万协通芯片等项目
), ArticleFig(id=1317436214186193195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of axial coding

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主范畴 子范畴
成果共享与保护制度 成果保护制度、创新氛围、法律制度保障
扶持激励制度 资金支持、宣传推广、专项支持政策、科技项目承担
创新联合体内部制度 运行管理机制、组建制度
产业集群优势 产业规模、所在地方优势
产业链基本情况 产业链覆盖程度、产业链协同程度
所在产业升级需求 行业转型需求、产业发展问题
创新资源 研发资源、基础研究资源、技术资源、参与标准制定、共享创新平台
市场化资源 成果转化能力、企业类型、成果转化平台、科技金融发展水平、企业综合实力
科技人力资源 人才引进、人才共建、专家团队、研发团队
), ArticleFig(id=1317436215859720492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主轴编码结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主范畴 子范畴
成果共享与保护制度 成果保护制度、创新氛围、法律制度保障
扶持激励制度 资金支持、宣传推广、专项支持政策、科技项目承担
创新联合体内部制度 运行管理机制、组建制度
产业集群优势 产业规模、所在地方优势
产业链基本情况 产业链覆盖程度、产业链协同程度
所在产业升级需求 行业转型需求、产业发展问题
创新资源 研发资源、基础研究资源、技术资源、参与标准制定、共享创新平台
市场化资源 成果转化能力、企业类型、成果转化平台、科技金融发展水平、企业综合实力
科技人力资源 人才引进、人才共建、专家团队、研发团队
), ArticleFig(id=1317436215947800877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of selective coding

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核心范畴 主范畴 各范畴对应内涵
制度基础 成果共享与保护制度 涵盖知识产权保护、创新氛围营造以及法律保障的制度体系
扶持激励制度 包含资金、宣传、专项政策及项目承担等方面的激励措施
创新联合体内部制度 涉及运行管理及组织架构搭建的内部规定
产业基础 产业集群优势 体现产业规模及地方资源优势的集群特性
产业链基本情况 反映产业链完整度与协同性的基本状况
所在产业升级需求 产业升级所需转型方向及面临的问题
资源基础 创新资源 研发、基础研究、技术、标准制定及共享平台等创新资源
市场化资源 成果转化、企业类型、平台、金融及综合实力等市场化要素
科技人力资源 人才引进、共建、专家及研发团队等人力资源情况
), ArticleFig(id=1317436216274956590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

选择编码结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核心范畴 主范畴 各范畴对应内涵
制度基础 成果共享与保护制度 涵盖知识产权保护、创新氛围营造以及法律保障的制度体系
扶持激励制度 包含资金、宣传、专项政策及项目承担等方面的激励措施
创新联合体内部制度 涉及运行管理及组织架构搭建的内部规定
产业基础 产业集群优势 体现产业规模及地方资源优势的集群特性
产业链基本情况 反映产业链完整度与协同性的基本状况
所在产业升级需求 产业升级所需转型方向及面临的问题
资源基础 创新资源 研发、基础研究、技术、标准制定及共享平台等创新资源
市场化资源 成果转化、企业类型、平台、金融及综合实力等市场化要素
科技人力资源 人才引进、共建、专家及研发团队等人力资源情况
), ArticleFig(id=1317436216358842671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Indicator compilation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 指标 计算方法
A成果共享与保护制度 知识产权保护水平 所在城市当年知识产权审判结案数和生产总值的比值
B扶持激励制度 政府补助金额 当年会计报表中披露的政府补助项目金额总和
科技项目投融资金额 当年实际投入科技项目内的募集资金金额
C创新联合体内部制度 创新联合体级别 赋值法,国家级=4、区域级=3、省级=2、市级=1
D产业集群优势 产业集群规模 所在产业集群的科技企业数量、营业收入规模
E产业链基本情况 上游供应商集中度HHI 前五大供应商采购额占总采购额比率平方之和
空间区位竞争 1+距离上市公司i最近的5家同行业上市公司与上市公司i的平均地理距离并取自然对数
下游客户集中度HHI 前五大客户销售额占总销售额比率平方之和
F所在产业升级需求 所处行业类型 将国民经济行业代码与《战略性新兴产业分类(2018)》进行匹配。赋值法,战略性新兴产业=1、传统行业=2
数字化转型需求 组织赋能、环境支撑、数字化成果三个层面的数字化转型程度
G创新资源 各创新主体的创新资源 选择高校、科研机构、企业当年的研发投入经费和授权的专利数量衡量
H市场化资源 地区市场化水平 综合政府与市场、非国有经济的发展、产品市场的发育程度、要素市场的发育程度等五个维度的各地区市场化指数
企业成员综合实力 企业的市场占有率、科技类型和经营性质。赋值法,私营企业=4、中外合资=3、国营或国有控股=2、集体企业=1
科技服务机构 拥有的国家级科技企业孵化器、国家级生产力促进中心、国家技术转移机构、具有国家级资质产品检验检测机构、金融服务机构等数量加总
I科技人力资源 企业人才 创新联合体内所有企业的研发人员数量总和
高校人才 教学与科研人员队伍中的教授人数加上研究与发展人员和R&D成果应用及科技服务人员中的科学家和工程师数量
科研机构 从事基础研究、应用研究及试验发展的人员总数
Y建设水平 科技成果产出 当年的产出专利总量、累计获国家级科技成果奖的数量
科技成果转化 科技成果转移使用技术市场合同成交数量进行衡量;
科技成果产业化使用新产品销售收入进行衡量
生产力带动效应 从劳动力、生产工具两方面测算企业新质生产力;
从科技、绿色、数字三方面测算地区新质生产力
), ArticleFig(id=1317436216455311664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

指标整理

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 指标 计算方法
A成果共享与保护制度 知识产权保护水平 所在城市当年知识产权审判结案数和生产总值的比值
B扶持激励制度 政府补助金额 当年会计报表中披露的政府补助项目金额总和
科技项目投融资金额 当年实际投入科技项目内的募集资金金额
C创新联合体内部制度 创新联合体级别 赋值法,国家级=4、区域级=3、省级=2、市级=1
D产业集群优势 产业集群规模 所在产业集群的科技企业数量、营业收入规模
E产业链基本情况 上游供应商集中度HHI 前五大供应商采购额占总采购额比率平方之和
空间区位竞争 1+距离上市公司i最近的5家同行业上市公司与上市公司i的平均地理距离并取自然对数
下游客户集中度HHI 前五大客户销售额占总销售额比率平方之和
F所在产业升级需求 所处行业类型 将国民经济行业代码与《战略性新兴产业分类(2018)》进行匹配。赋值法,战略性新兴产业=1、传统行业=2
数字化转型需求 组织赋能、环境支撑、数字化成果三个层面的数字化转型程度
G创新资源 各创新主体的创新资源 选择高校、科研机构、企业当年的研发投入经费和授权的专利数量衡量
H市场化资源 地区市场化水平 综合政府与市场、非国有经济的发展、产品市场的发育程度、要素市场的发育程度等五个维度的各地区市场化指数
企业成员综合实力 企业的市场占有率、科技类型和经营性质。赋值法,私营企业=4、中外合资=3、国营或国有控股=2、集体企业=1
科技服务机构 拥有的国家级科技企业孵化器、国家级生产力促进中心、国家技术转移机构、具有国家级资质产品检验检测机构、金融服务机构等数量加总
I科技人力资源 企业人才 创新联合体内所有企业的研发人员数量总和
高校人才 教学与科研人员队伍中的教授人数加上研究与发展人员和R&D成果应用及科技服务人员中的科学家和工程师数量
科研机构 从事基础研究、应用研究及试验发展的人员总数
Y建设水平 科技成果产出 当年的产出专利总量、累计获国家级科技成果奖的数量
科技成果转化 科技成果转移使用技术市场合同成交数量进行衡量;
科技成果产业化使用新产品销售收入进行衡量
生产力带动效应 从劳动力、生产工具两方面测算企业新质生产力;
从科技、绿色、数字三方面测算地区新质生产力
), ArticleFig(id=1317436216551780657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Descriptive statistics of variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A成果共享与
保护制度
B扶持激励制度 C创新
联合体
内部制度
D产业集群优势 E产业链
基本情况
F所在产业
升级需求
G创新
资源
H
市场化
资源
I科技
人力资源
Y建设
水平
count 356 356 356 355 356 356 355 355 356 356
mean 217,823,159 224,633,912 7 630,336,503,532 4 40 225,255,074 1,906 22,345 72,391
std 2,275,382,621 928,314,284 6 507,083,697,746 4 25 742,771,047 3,206 11,731 981,154
min 53,408 612,669 1 7,071,732,000 0.1 21 59,285 255 3,657 112
25% 267,026 10,516,483 2 191,539,197,000 2 27 14,260,670 877 12,243 2,114
50% 2,243,225 46,883,312 4 451,643,570,000 3 39 37,525,468 1,186 22,346 7,316
75% 9,801,747 141,806,632 8 981,144,310,000 4 51 119,646,296 1,838 31,346 23,760
max 30,012,533,062 15,736,285,418 40 1,906,647,949,000 33 116 6,755,331,697 38,139 62,857 18,515,138
), ArticleFig(id=1317436216652443954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

变量描述统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A成果共享与
保护制度
B扶持激励制度 C创新
联合体
内部制度
D产业集群优势 E产业链
基本情况
F所在产业
升级需求
G创新
资源
H
市场化
资源
I科技
人力资源
Y建设
水平
count 356 356 356 355 356 356 355 355 356 356
mean 217,823,159 224,633,912 7 630,336,503,532 4 40 225,255,074 1,906 22,345 72,391
std 2,275,382,621 928,314,284 6 507,083,697,746 4 25 742,771,047 3,206 11,731 981,154
min 53,408 612,669 1 7,071,732,000 0.1 21 59,285 255 3,657 112
25% 267,026 10,516,483 2 191,539,197,000 2 27 14,260,670 877 12,243 2,114
50% 2,243,225 46,883,312 4 451,643,570,000 3 39 37,525,468 1,186 22,346 7,316
75% 9,801,747 141,806,632 8 981,144,310,000 4 51 119,646,296 1,838 31,346 23,760
max 30,012,533,062 15,736,285,418 40 1,906,647,949,000 33 116 6,755,331,697 38,139 62,857 18,515,138
), ArticleFig(id=1317436216761495859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Importance of factors as determined by three methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征重要性 IncMSE IncNodePurity
A成果共享与保护制度 0.0889 0.6063 11.9444
B扶持激励制度 0.0821 1.8579 10.9532
C创新联合体内部制度 0.0758 1.2222 12.0845
D产业集群优势 0.1276 0.2837 8.8272
E产业链基本情况 0.0864 1.3075 14.9138
F所在产业升级需求 0.0885 2.9369 12.5608
G创新资源 0.1114 1.6876 17.8881
H市场化资源 0.1149 5.5644 18.4999
I科技人力资源 0.2244 6.1872 33.7648
), ArticleFig(id=1317436216836993332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

3种方法得出的因素重要性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征重要性 IncMSE IncNodePurity
A成果共享与保护制度 0.0889 0.6063 11.9444
B扶持激励制度 0.0821 1.8579 10.9532
C创新联合体内部制度 0.0758 1.2222 12.0845
D产业集群优势 0.1276 0.2837 8.8272
E产业链基本情况 0.0864 1.3075 14.9138
F所在产业升级需求 0.0885 2.9369 12.5608
G创新资源 0.1114 1.6876 17.8881
H市场化资源 0.1149 5.5644 18.4999
I科技人力资源 0.2244 6.1872 33.7648
), ArticleFig(id=1317436216912490805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comparison of revised influencing factors ranking

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影响因素 原始重要性排序 修正后综合排序
科技人力资源 1 (22.4%) 1 (≈17.5%)
产业集群优势 2 (12.8%) 2 (≈12.3%)
市场化资源 3 (11.5%) 3 (≈11.2%)
创新资源 4(11.1%) 4 (≈11.2%)
成果共享与保护制度 5(8.9%) 5 (≈10.2%)
创新联合体内部制度 9(7.6%) 6 (≈9.5%)
扶持激励制度 8(8.2%) 7 (≈9.4%)
所在产业升级需求 6(8.9%) 8 (≈9.0%)
产业链基本情况 7(8.6%) 9 (≈9.0%)
), ArticleFig(id=1317436217021542710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436204031783142, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

修正后的影响因素排序对比

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影响因素 原始重要性排序 修正后综合排序
科技人力资源 1 (22.4%) 1 (≈17.5%)
产业集群优势 2 (12.8%) 2 (≈12.3%)
市场化资源 3 (11.5%) 3 (≈11.2%)
创新资源 4(11.1%) 4 (≈11.2%)
成果共享与保护制度 5(8.9%) 5 (≈10.2%)
创新联合体内部制度 9(7.6%) 6 (≈9.5%)
扶持激励制度 8(8.2%) 7 (≈9.4%)
所在产业升级需求 6(8.9%) 8 (≈9.0%)
产业链基本情况 7(8.6%) 9 (≈9.0%)
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我国创新联合体建设水平影响因素的识别与验证
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徐惠玥 1, 2 , 肖国华 1, 2
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(8): 1635-1646
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (8) : 1635 -1646
我国创新联合体建设水平影响因素的识别与验证
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徐惠玥1, 2 , 肖国华1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299
  • 2 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190
作者简介:

徐惠玥(2001-),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:。

肖国华(1975-),男,研究员,博士。

Identification and verification of influencing factors on the level of innovation consortium construction in China
Hui-yue XU1, 2 , Guo-hua XIAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
  • 2 Department of Information Resources Management, School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15
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针对当前我国创新联合体建设水平有待提升的现状,识别并验证影响其建设水平的因素。借鉴战略三角观,通过扎根理论编码提炼出“资源-制度-产业”三维度的创新联合体建设水平的影响因素并构建理论模型;引入随机森林算法对各影响因素重要性进行排序,并结合主观评价数据进行修正。结果表明,科技人力资源和产业集群优势对建设水平提升作用最为显著,相对重要的因素是产业集群优势、市场化资源和创新资源;其次重要的是成果共享与保护制度、创新联合体内部制度和扶持激励制度;所在产业升级需求、产业链基本情况因素的重要性程度相对较低。据此提出夯实人才与创新资源基础、发挥产业集群优势等政策建议,以期提升我国创新联合体建设水平。

创新联合体  /  扎根理论  /  随机森林  /  影响因素

In the context of a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation, China has intensified its efforts in basic research and original innovation, with strategic emerging industries and future industry sectors experiencing rapid development. Innovation consortia—collaborative organizations led by enterprises and involving universities, research institutes, and other stakeholders—have emerged as critical vehicles for integrating the innovation and industrial chains and achieving breakthroughs in key core technologies. Despite significant progress in establishing such consortia—over 1,000 have been launched nationwide since 2019, including 24 at the national level coordinated by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission—challenges remain. Many local policies lack detailed implementation guidance, and issues such as unclear mechanisms for risk sharing, benefit distribution, and intellectual property rights have led to phenomena of “alliance without integration” or “cooperation without sharing.” As a result, the actual effectiveness and development level of many innovation consortia remain suboptimal. To address this gap, this study systematically investigates the factors that influence the construction and performance of innovation consortia in China.

Building on the strategic triangle framework—which integrates resource, institutional, and industrial dimensions—this research adopts a mixed-methods approach combining grounded theory and machine learning to identify and prioritize key influencing factors. First, through open coding of policy documents, academic literature, and case studies, 36 initial factors were extracted and categorized into three dimensions: resource (e.g., scientific and technological human resources, innovation resources, market-oriented resources), institution (e.g., internal governance mechanisms, outcome sharing and protection systems, government support policies), and industry (e.g., industrial cluster advantages, industrial chain structure, regional upgrading demands). A theoretical model was then constructed to conceptualize how these factors collectively shape the development level of innovation consortia.

To validate and rank the importance of these factors, empirical data from 1,734 publicly announced innovation consortia were collected and analyzed. Among them, 356 consortia that include listed enterprises were selected as the analytical sample due to the availability of more reliable and quantifiable performance indicators. A random forest algorithm—a robust machine learning technique suitable for handling complex, non-linear relationships among variables—was applied to assess the relative importance of each factor. The results were further refined by incorporating subjective evaluations from domain experts to ensure contextual accuracy and practical relevance.

The findings reveal that scientific and technological human resources and industrial cluster advantages are the two most influential factors in enhancing the development level of innovation consortia. These are followed by market-oriented resources and innovation resources, which also play a substantial role. At the institutional level, the system for sharing and protecting innovation outcomes, internal governance mechanisms within the consortium, and government incentive and support policies are moderately important, indicating that well-designed institutional arrangements are essential for sustaining collaboration. In contrast, factors such as regional industrial upgrading needs and basic characteristics of the industrial chain exhibit relatively lower importance, suggesting that while macro-industrial contexts matter, they are less directly impactful than resource endowments and institutional design.

This study contributes to both theory and practice. Theoretically, it extends the application of the strategic triangle framework to the context of innovation consortia and bridges qualitative insight with quantitative validation through an integrated methodology. Practically, it provides evidence-based policy recommendations, including strengthening the foundation of high-quality talent and R&D resources, leveraging existing industrial clusters to foster collaborative ecosystems, and refining institutional mechanisms to enhance trust and coordination among consortium members. By identifying the hierarchical structure of influencing factors, this research offers a systematic reference for policymakers and practitioners aiming to improve the quality and effectiveness of innovation consortia in China.

innovation consortium  /  grounded theory  /  random forest  /  influencing factor
徐惠玥, 肖国华. 我国创新联合体建设水平影响因素的识别与验证. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1635 -1646 .
Hui-yue XU, Guo-hua XIAO. Identification and verification of influencing factors on the level of innovation consortium construction in China[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (8) : 1635 -1646 .
当前,随着新一轮科技革命和产业变革演进,我国基础性研究和原始性创新不断加强,技术创新进入密集活跃期,战略性新兴产业集群蓬勃发展,未来产业新赛道有序展开,并逐渐形成以科技型企业、科研院所和高等学校为主体的协同创新体系。根据世界知识产权组织(WIPO)发布的《2024年全球创新指数报告》,中国拥有26个由高密度分布的科研机构、高校、企业和创新产业构成的百强科技集群。与此同时,随着科学研究范式的深刻变革,重大科技创新难度不断提高,以往由大学、科研院所牵头建立研发联盟或产学研联盟进行技术攻关的方式,已难以适应当下技术研发突破的需要。创新联合体作为产学研合作的创新模式,有效打通基础研究到生产上市的全链条,是实现国家科技发展重大突破、促进产业链创新链深度融合的重要载体。
目前,我国创新联合体建设工作卓有成效。2019年以来,国务院国资委围绕战略性新兴产业和未来产业等重点领域,组织各类创新主体组建了24个创新联合体;各省市政府和科技部门围绕当地重点产业积极布局创新联合体建设工作,目前已公布一千多个创新联合体。然而,由于发展时间相对较短,创新联合体机制还需进一步完善。部分地方政府发布的创新联合体政策不全面,缺乏具体指导措施的构建。此外,在风险分担、收益共享、产权分配等核心要素尚未明确的情况下,部分企业缺乏牵头组建和加入创新联合体的意愿,联合体内也存在着“联而不合”“合而不享”等现象,如何提高创新联合体的建设水平成为当前亟待解决的问题之一。基于此,本研究运用扎根理论方法提取创新联合体建设的影响因素,引入随机森林算法对影响因素重要性进行排序,旨在为我国提升创新联合体建设水平提供有价值的参考和借鉴。
“创新联合体”这一概念最早在2018年提出,其内涵目前尚处于探索阶段,多数学者认为创新联合体与传统的产学研联盟有较大不同,是更加强调发挥牵头企业主体作用,以关键核心技术突破[1]和创新成果转化为目标导向[2],以承担“揭榜挂帅”等科技项目为手段,充分发挥市场机制的新型联合攻关组织。与此同时,目前创新联合体相关数据尚未被系统搜集,现有研究大多采用案例分析法,通过总结国内外先进创新联合体实践[3-5]得到可复制推广的结论建议;也有较多文献采用博弈论方法,通过探究创新联合体内各主体关系,提出相应建设意见[6-8]。
关于创新联合体建设水平的影响因素探究,从宏观层面上看,现有研究侧重于整体制度和战略路径。袁野等人通过案例分析总结出关键技术攻关、现代产业体系构建及国家创新效能提升的路径[9]Jianli等人利用演化博弈模型探讨了创新联合体对技术创新的推动作用[10]。从中观层面出发,研究主要聚焦于联合体内部的知识共创与转移机制。董云昭等人借助系统动力学探讨了数字技术、创新文化等对创新联合体内知识转移效率的影响[11];Grimpe等人通过对欧盟“地平线2020”计划进行内容分析,发现创新联合体建设重点关注因素已从技术新颖性和市场创造等转向创新生态系统[12];微观层面的研究聚焦于企业在联合体中的角色及协同效应。李亚兵等人认为企业内外部关系的嵌入有助于创新联合体创新能力[13]的提升;王晓东等人通过网络分析证明适当放宽牵头企业遴选标准可正向促进创新联合体创新产出[14]。同时,Caloffi、张羽飞和高茜滢等人的研究分别利用层次贝叶斯、多元回归方法验证了创新联盟对中小企业生产力[15]、创新绩效[16]及协同创新能力[17,18]的正向影响。
综上所述,创新联合体作为新的研究议题,相关数据缺乏系统整理,因此现有研究主要采用案例研究等定性分析方法,部分实证研究也主要局限于问卷调查、回归分析、系统仿真等传统定量方法。基于此,本研究全面搜集现已公布的1734个创新联合体相关数据,对我国创新联合体基础建设情况进行统计分析;在此基础上,选择其中拥有上市企业成员的356个创新联合体为研究样本进行实证分析,同时将扎根理论与随机森林方法相结合,能够弥补以往研究数据缺乏且方法单一的不足,为深入理解创新联合体建设工作提供全局性的分析框架。
(1)战略三角观
战略三角观整合资源、产业与制度三个核心要素,提供了一个全面的战略分析框架[19]。首先,资源基础观认为人力、技术等关键资源的合理配置能够实现战略目标与市场竞争力的最大化。其次,产业基础观认为战略选择受到行业结构和竞争态势的直接影响。最后,制度基础观指出组织战略选择在很大程度上受到制度环境的约束。最初战略三角观主要应用于跨国企业战略管理领域,但由于该理论不限制各维度下的具体因素,具有较强灵活性[20],目前在其他领域中也有广泛应用,因此本研究尝试将战略三角观应用于创新联合体领域。
(2)扎根理论
扎根理论强调理论应通过系统的收集和分析数据逐步形成,克服了定量研究单一化的思维局限,特别适用于相关研究的问题。然而,扎根理论难以对宏观现象进行整体分析[21]。而战略三角观由于其对产业、制度等因素的关注,在宏观上具有极强的建构性[22]。因此,考虑到扎根理论在微观层面的理论深度以及战略三角观在宏观层面的理论广度,本研究采用程序化扎根理论,包括开放式编码、主轴编码和选择编码步骤。同时,在选择编码阶段借鉴战略三角框架,避免因过早引入理论影响扎根理论工作质量[23]。
(3)改进的随机森林
随机森林算法是一种基于集成学习的方法,其基本思想是通过组合多个决策树的预测结果来提高模型的准确性和稳定性。随机森林回归算法能够计算出各特征对模型预测的贡献度,从而进行特征选择和模型解释。本研究将利用随机森林算法,对识别出的创新联合体建设水平影响因素进行排序,进而筛选出具有代表性的影响因素。同时,为纠正原始数据可能存在的公开性偏差,本研究在传统随机森林模型基础上增加一项小样本问卷调查,以获取创新联合体内部视角对各影响因素重要性的主观评价。在获得问卷主观权重后,我们采用定量模型结果与主观评价相结合的方法,对影响因素的重要性排序进行修正。
(1)扎根理论原始资料搜集
本研究的扎根理论原始资料的具体搜集步骤如下:①遵循资料的权威性原则,搜集各省市政府网站上发布的创新联合体建设工作指引文件,数据搜集工作截至2024年12月,最终获得初始材料38篇;②根据全面性、代表性原则,从各大新闻网站、各地政务网站定向搜集包含“创新联合体”的报道全文。同时,删除重复率在90%以上和部分信息量过少的报道。数据搜集工作截至2024年12月,最终获得初始材料58篇,其中包括国资委直接指导的创新联合体13篇、区域性(长三角地区等)创新联合体9篇、省级(直辖市、自治区)创新联合体16篇、市级(区)创新联合体20篇。
(2)创新联合体数据搜集
本研究的创新联合体数据搜集步骤如下:首先从全国各省(市)科学技术厅(局)下载历年创新联合体名单,获取创新联合体名称及成员单位信息;对于未披露成员信息及披露不全的创新联合体,利用创新联合体名称进行二次定向深度检索,手工从新闻报道、公司官网、年报等渠道搜集整理。最终得到1734个创新联合体,数据搜集工作截至2024年12月。
如图2所示,2020-2024年,我国创新联合体建设呈现以下特征:从层级分布来看,创新联合体覆盖市级、省(直辖市)级、区域级及国资委指导四个层级,其中省(直辖市)级和市级显著领先,累计成立数量分别为831个和880个;从时间趋势看,2020-2024年整体规模持续增长,创新联合体数量从4个增长至693个。
从创新联合体建设数量排名前20的地区看(如图3),江苏省创新联合体数量体量和增长幅度最为突出,从2022年的52个增长至2024年的322个;其他东部省份中,浙江省、湖北省、山东省创新联合体数量紧随其后。西部地区中,2024年内蒙古自治区创新联合体数量达118个,陕西省达25个,2023年四川省为14个,新疆生产建设兵团和宁夏回族自治区皆为16个,总体数量规模较小。直辖市层面,天津市和上海市创新联合体数量逐年增加,2024年公布的创新联合体数量分别为22个和39个。总体而言,我国创新联合体建设规模东部省份显著高于西部,西部地区及部分北方省份仍处于初步建设阶段,区域差异显著。需要特别指出的是,由于创新联合体承担任务涉密等级不同,各地、各层级披露意愿差异显著,导致公开数据存在“披露偏误”(disclosure bias)。如图2、图3所示,东部省份数量显著高于西部,但该分布更多反映“可检索”联合体而非“实际建设”联合体。
本研究基于Python的jieba分词工具对我国创新联合体名称及科研项目文本进行分词处理,同时基于表1的词频统计结果绘制如图4的词云图。首先,可以初步得出四大核心建设领域:新一代信息技术(5G、AI等)、新能源与储能技术(电池、光伏等)、高端装备制造(机器人、高端装备等)及生物医药(生物、药物等);其次,创新联合体“智能+”(智能化、AI等)与“数字+”(数字化、互联网等)的跨领域协同特征显著;此外,从创新联合体所处产业链看,硬件层聚焦半导体、精密传感等基础器件,软件层着力算法、数字孪生等关键技术。
本研究从北大法宝平台搜集到创新联合体相关地方工作文件和地方规范性文件共计131项,数据截至2024年12月31日,得到如图5的创新联合体政策发布地区分布。从区域维度看,华东地区发文量位列第一,总计为39篇;东北、华中、西南地区政策发文量相对较少,区域间政策强度差异明显。从省级层面看,发文量排名前五的分别为江苏省(16篇)、浙江省(10篇)、广西壮族自治区(16篇)、陕西省(13篇)和辽宁省(10篇)。在重点城市维度,排名前五的城市分别为西安市、大连市、南京市、杭州市和厦门市,展现出区域中心节点的作用。
(1)开放式编码
开放式编码作为扎根理论中的一级编码流程,其核心任务在于对原始文本资料进行系统性解构与标签化处理,进而形成具有理论抽象性的概念范畴。本研究基于Nvivo11对创新联合体原始材料实施三级编码操作,在开放式编码阶段共标记1269个有效参考点,最终归纳形成95个初始范畴及26个子范畴(见表2)。
(2)主轴编码
主轴编码作为扎根理论中的二级编码程序,其本质是通过建立典范模型来系统化建构理论框架。本研究最终凝练出成果共享与保护制度、扶持激励制度、创新联合体内部制度、产业集群优势、产业链基本情况、所在产业升级需求、创新资源、市场化资源和科技人力资源9个主范畴(详见表3)。
(3)选择编码
选择性编码是在主轴编码的基础上,聚焦于核心类别,将所有其他类别围绕核心类别整合,最终构建一个连贯的理论框架。本研究在次步骤借鉴“战略三角观”理论框架,最终得到如表4的3个核心特征,构建了如图6的创新联合体建设水平影响因素的初始模型。
(4)编码检验
为了验证编码的可靠性和有效性,本研究预留了15份原始资料进行编码检验。这些资料未参与初始编码的生成,旨在检验所提炼范畴与编码的适配度以及理论模型的解释力。经过反复对比,结果并未找到存在任何实质性分歧的评估主范畴、次要范畴及初始范畴,因此可以判定本研究评估模型已达到理论饱和度。
(1)模型构建与变量测量
为了进一步验证创新联合体建设水平的影响因素,本研究将前文识别出的各影响因素作为自变量,将创新联合体建设水平作为因变量,构建随机森林回归模型,对各影响因素的重要性进行排序。同时,构建如表5的指标体系,利用熵值法计算各指标的权重。由于各级创新联合体的评定采取“自下而上”推荐制,往往在公示前已有实质性的产学研合作基础,因此本研究的自变量选取创新联合体公布前两年数据,因变量建设水平选取创新联合体公布当年数据。此外,考虑到数据的可获得性,本研究以拥有上市企业成员的356个创新联合体为研究样本。企业相关数据从国泰安数据库获取,高校及科研院所相关数据来自《中国科技统计年鉴》《中国教育统计年鉴》,知识产权保护数据来自北大法宝网司法案例库。
(2)数据处理与相关性分析
表6列示了各变量的描述性统计。被解释变量Y建设水平均值为7.72,标准差为 6.98,呈现显著右偏态分布,并且均值远小于最大值,表明高水平建设案例集中于少数主体,整体建设水平较低,存在较大的提升空间。各影响因素的最小值与最大值存在明显差异,表明本研究样本覆盖范围比较广,对研究结论有促进作用。同时,填补缺失值并归一化处理,构建变量间相关系数矩阵,绘制如图7的热力图。整体来看,各影响因素与建设水平变量都具有一定相关性,可进一步探究各因素重要性程度。
(3)特征重要性排序
运用随机森林回归得到如图8所示的各影响因素重要性。科技人力资源以0.18的重要性值显著领先,成为驱动建设水平的最关键变量,其贡献度是第2名产业集群优势重要性的1.5倍,印证人才要素在创新联合体中的核心地位。市场化资源与创新资源分列第3、第4位,体现资源配置效率对联合体运营的基础作用。在制度维度的因素中,成果共享与保护制度相对突出,而扶持激励制度和内部制度要性相对较低,反映出“风险共担、成果共享”机制对创新联合体建设发展的重要作用,同时也说明创新联合体的等级对建设水平的影响作用较小。在产业维度的因素中,产业链基本情况与产业升级需求两个因素的贡献度都小于产业集群优势,说明依托于当地优势产业建设创新联合体能够更好发挥出创新联合体优势。
为了降低模型的随机性,本研究进一步选择均方误差和节点纯度对应的IncMSE和IncNodePurity指标来对各自变量的重要性进行排序。当这两个指标呈现较高数值时,意味着对应自变量在模型构建中具有更强的解释力度。由表7的数据可得,以上3种方法得到的重要性结果差异较小,说明本研究的排序结果具有较好的稳健性。其中,科技人力资源在3种方法中的重要性位次均为第一,是驱动创新联合体建设水平的最关键变量。
(4)模型检验
为进一步增强模型的稳健性,本研究分别选用决策树(decision tree)、极致梯度提升(eXtreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)和梯度提升(gradient boosting)三种机器学习模型替代随机森林验证创新联合体建设水平的影响因素。如图9的结果表明,不同模型下的影响因素相对重要性趋势大体一致,证明本研究采用的模型具有稳健性,研究结论相对可靠。
(5)权重修正
为纠正原始数据可能存在的公开性偏差,本研究拟增加一项小样本问卷调查,以获取创新联合体内部视角对各影响因素重要性的主观评价。本文采用“理论抽样”原则,依据①创新联合体层级(中央/省级/市级)、②区域分布(东/西部)两个维度构建3×2矩阵,共确定6个典型创新联合体作为问卷调查对象。向相关领域专家发放问卷,围绕前期研究识别的九大影响因素设计主观重要性评价指标,每位受访者被要求针对每个因素进行评分。验证性因子分析(CB-SEM,n=8)结果表明,CFI=0.94,TLI=0.93,RMSEA=0.048,SRMR=0.041,满足Bagozi推荐阈值;HTMT比率均<0.85,表明区分效度良好。在获得问卷主观权重后,我们采用定量模型结果与主观评价相结合的方法,对影响因素的重要性排序进行修正。设定随机森林客观权重和问卷主观权重的权重系数各为50%,计算每个因素的综合权重并据此排序。如表8的结果显示,科技人力资源由于在客观数据和主观评价中均被视为核心要素,仍然保持最高的重要性排名。产业集群优势依然位居第2。市场化资源和创新资源在综合权重下相近,基本占据第3、第4位;联合体内部制度因素综合权重明显上升,从第9位上升至第6位左右;扶持激励制度的排名也由第8位提升至第7位左右。与此同时,产业链基本情况从第7位降至第9位,所在产业升级需求从第6位降至第8位。这表明受访者相对而言认为,比起宏观产业背景因素,创新联合体内部制度和外部政策支持对建设成效的影响更大。
本研究以我国创新联合体作为研究对象,全面搜集现已公布的1734个创新联合体数据,首先对2020-2024年间我国创新联合体建设情况进行统计分析,得到创新联合体在建设数量、领域和相关政策方面的基本规律;其次,通过扎根理论三级编码步骤,从原始资料中提炼创新联合体建设影响因素。在此过程中借鉴“战略三角观”三维理论框架,更好地整合宏微观视角;接着,以拥有上市企业成员的356个创新联合体为研究样本,运用随机森林算法对扎根理论所识别的因素进行量化验证与重要性排序,同时引入多种机器学习算法进行模型检验;最后,为弥补公开文本对“制度变量”可见性不足导致的系统性偏差,本文采用“问卷调查+权重修正”的混合策略改进影响因素的排序结果。
(1)扎根理论阶段,本文识别出影响创新联合体建设水平的9个核心因素,并将其归纳为资源基础、产业基础和制度基础3个维度。其中,资源基础包括创新资源、市场化资源和科技人力资源;产业基础涵盖产业集群优势、产业链基本情况和产业升级需求;制度基础包括成果共享与保护制度、扶持激励制度和联合体内部治理。
(2)随机森林回归阶段,本研究进一步验证上述因素对创新联合体建设水平的影响,并揭示各因素影响作用相对强弱。总体而言,识别出的九大影响因素的贡献度都满足重要性的基本要求。其中,科技人力资源被证实为提升创新联合体建设水平的最关键因素,相对重要的因素是产业集群优势、市场化资源和创新资源;其次重要的是成果共享与保护制度、创新联合体内部制度和扶持激励制度;所在产业升级需求、产业链基本情况因素的重要性程度相对较低。不同机器学习模型对因素重要性排序基本一致,说明本研究结论具有稳健性和可靠性。
(1)将科技人才资源作为创新联合体建设第一原动力。要把人才战略摆在突出位置,加大高层次科技人才的引进和培养力度,鼓励产学研各方人才柔性流动与共享,打造高效的专家团队和研发队伍。建议地方政府与科研院校、企业联手,设立专项人才基金、税收优惠和科研奖励措施,重点引进具有国际视野的高端技术人才和研发团队。
(2)促进市场化资源、创新基础集聚。加大对联合体相关科研项目的经费支持和创新资源投入,推动共性技术平台、实验室等创新资源开放共享,提升联合体的研发能力。通过完善科技成果中试和转化平台,强化企业与科研机构间合作互动,提供充足的物质保障和智力支持,夯实联合体建设的资源基础。
(3)完善知识共享、成果保护及激励机制。参考美国和日本联办的“先进存储研究联合体”的成功经验,建议构建以多方利益平衡为核心的合作机制,明确各方在知识产权归属、技术成果转化和收益分配等方面的规则。例如,可设立专门的联合体成果保护平台和争议解决机制,降低合作风险,增强各成员间的信任与协同效应。
(4)针对不同层级和类型的创新联合体,政府应制定差异化扶持政策。例如,对于以科研院所或者以大型中央企业为主导的创新联合体,应重点鼓励基础性、原创性研究,给予充足的科研资金和成果奖励;而对于区域性或市级创新联合体,则可侧重于提供专项资金支持、技术服务和信息共享平台建设。
  • 中国科学院文献情报能力建设专项(E4C0002004)
  • 中国科学院战略研究与决策支持系统建设专项(GHJ-ZLZX-2025-20)
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2026年第44卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2025-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03
  • 修回日期:2025-11-24
基金
中国科学院文献情报能力建设专项(E4C0002004)
中国科学院战略研究与决策支持系统建设专项(GHJ-ZLZX-2025-20)
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    1 中国科学院成都文献情报中心, 四川成都 610299
    2 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系, 北京 100190
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