Article(id=1317436196721120045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=1758211200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030866078, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030866078, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030866078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030866078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436114500170416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1793', pageEnd='2016', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030846476, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031015367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1924, endPage=1934, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436197954245423, articleId=1317436196721120045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The effects of firms' basic research on technology breakthrough, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Innovation is the fundamental engine of economic growth, and basic research constitutes the cornerstone of long-term technological advancement. Unlike applied research, whose outcomes can be privately appropriated through patents or trade secrets, basic research produces knowledge with strong public-good characteristics and positive externalities. While universities and public institutes have traditionally dominated this domain, firms are increasingly emerging as important contributors. In 2023, business enterprises accounted for 77.7% of R&D expenditures in China, although Chinese firms still lag in both the scale and intensity of such activities relative to advanced economies. Using firm-level panel data from Shanghai high-technology enterprises between 2008 and 2018, this paper provides new evidence on the patterns, motivations, and innovation effects of firms' basic research. Empirically, we document robust positive effects of firms' academic publications on technological output. Each additional firm-authored academic paper is associated with a 1.7% increase in total invention patent applications and a 0.8% increase in breakthrough patent applications (measured as patents among the top 20% by citations within their primary classification). Mechanism tests indicate that the effects operate through three channels: (i) increased knowledge density (higher forward and backward citation intensities), (ii) expanded technological boundaries (more newly entered technology fields and patents covering new fields), and (iii) enhanced economic value of inventions (larger claim counts and claim lengths). We further document heterogeneous effects across industries. The positive impact of basic research on breakthrough innovation is stronger in industries with greater R&D human capital intensity, while mere R&D expenditure intensity does not amplify the effect. Industries with strong product-based technological revenues exhibit larger research-driven gains, while sectors dominated by service-based technology revenues show weaker effects. These findings yield three main contributions. First, by analyzing a large and representative sample of roughly 63,000 science and technology enterprises, the paper provides new high-quality micro evidence that firms in an emerging economy are increasingly engaging in basic research. Second, it identifies direct productivity linkages from firm basic research to applied R&D outputs and technological breakthroughs, complementing prior literature that emphasized indirect reputational or absorptive channels. Third, the study demonstrates that corporate basic research can generate breakthrough innovations that strengthen firms' sustainable competitive advantage, suggesting a viable pathway for innovation upgrading in emerging markets. From a policy perspective, the results imply targeted public interventions. Because basic research is high-risk and generates diffuse externalities that may discourage private investment, governments should expand dedicated funding for corporate basic research, particularly for small and medium-sized high-tech firms, and enhance tax incentives (for example, higher R&D tax credits for basic research expenditures). Policy design should be sector-sensitive: industries with dense R&D human capital and product-oriented technological returns merit stronger support to catalyze core technology breakthroughs. Finally, since basic research depends critically on highly educated personnel, policymakers should facilitate talent mobility and firm-university collaboration through joint research centers, industry-academia chairs, and flexible arrangements that allow researchers to hold part-time or full-time positions across institutions.

, authors=Jin-yue TANG1, Shou-gui LUO1, 2, Ya-hui SUN3, authorsList=Jin-yue TANG, Shou-gui LUO, Ya-hui SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ya-hui SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436199195759413, articleId=1317436196721120045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=企业基础研究对技术突破的影响研究, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

创新是经济增长的第一驱动力,基础研究是推动创新增长、激发突破性创新的关键来源。本文基于2008-2018年6.3万家上海市科技企业年度调查、专利申请、论文发表数据,为企业基础研究的趋势、动机与创新突破效应提供新证据。研究发现:第一,企业基础研究对技术突破具有促进作用,企业论文发表每增加1篇,突破性发明专利申请数提高0.8%。第二,基础研究的效应存在异质性,与行业的研发投入、人力资本、技术收益强度及类型相关。第三,基础研究通过知识密度增加、技术边界扩大、经济价值提高三个机制促进技术突破。本文的结论为发挥企业创新主体作用、实现科学驱动创新、加快实施创新驱动发展战略提供理论支持与政策参考。

, authors=唐锦玥1, 罗守贵1, 2, 孙雅慧3, authorsList=唐锦玥, 罗守贵, 孙雅慧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙雅慧, authorNote=

唐锦玥(1999-),女,博士后。

罗守贵(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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孙雅慧(1995-),女,讲师,博士,E-mail:。
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=基础研究), Keyword(id=1317436207592756054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=研究与开发)], refs=[Reference(id=1317436211640259430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104530, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=160, issue=null, pageStart=104530, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014292123001599, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Gersbach H, Schetter U, Schmassmann S, journalName=European Economic Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gersbach H, Schetter U, Schmassmann S. 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Journal of Financial Research, 2012(8): 166-179., articleTitle=Is higher the level of technological innovation, better the financial performance?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436217583588234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=745, pageEnd=766, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=36, authorNames=吴淑娥, 仲伟周, 卫剑波, journalName=经济学(季刊), refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴淑娥, 仲伟周, 卫剑波, 等. 融资来源、现金持有与研发平滑——来自我国生物医药制造业的经验证据[J]. 经济学(季刊), 2016, 15(2): 745-766., articleTitle=融资来源、现金持有与研发平滑——来自我国生物医药制造业的经验证据, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436217642308491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=745, pageEnd=766, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Wu S E, Zhong W Z, Wei J B, journalName=China Economic Quarterly, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu S E, Zhong W Z, Wei J B, et al. 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Some problems and solutions, refAbstract=When studying an outcome Y that is weakly positive but can equal zero (e.g., earnings), researchers frequently estimate an average treatment effect (ATE) for a “log-like” transformation that behaves like log (Y) for large Y but is defined at zero (e.g., log (1 + Y), $\\operatorname{arcsinh}(Y)$). We argue that ATEs for log-like transformations should not be interpreted as approximating percentage effects, since unlike a percentage, they depend on the units of the outcome. In fact, we show that if the treatment affects the extensive margin, one can obtain a treatment effect of any magnitude simply by rescaling the units of Y before taking the log-like transformation. This arbitrary unit dependence arises because an individual-level percentage effect is not well-defined for individuals whose outcome changes from zero to nonzero when receiving treatment, and the units of the outcome implicitly determine how much weight the ATE for a log-like transformation places on the extensive margin. We further establish a trilemma: when the outcome can equal zero, there is no treatment effect parameter that is an average of individual-level treatment effects, unit invariant, and point identified. We discuss several alternative approaches that may be sensible in settings with an intensive and extensive margin, including (i) expressing the ATE in levels as a percentage (e.g., using Poisson regression), (ii) explicitly calibrating the value placed on the intensive and extensive margins, and (iii) estimating separate effects for the two margins (e.g., using Lee bounds). We illustrate these approaches in three empirical applications.), Reference(id=1317436218149819282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=155, pageEnd=173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=44, authorNames=李玉花, 林雨昕, 李丹丹, journalName=中国工业经济, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李玉花, 林雨昕, 李丹丹. 人工智能技术应用如何影响企业创新[J]. 中国工业经济, 2024(10): 155-173., articleTitle=人工智能技术应用如何影响企业创新, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436218212733843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=155, pageEnd=173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Li Y H, Lin Y X, Li D D, journalName=China Industrial Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Y H, Lin Y X, Li D D. How does the application of AI technologies affect firm innovation[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2024(10): 155-173., articleTitle=How does the application of AI technologies affect firm innovation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436218284037012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=6, pageStart=60, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=46, authorNames=唐锦玥, 罗守贵, journalName=研究与发展管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐锦玥, 罗守贵. 智能产品制造与企业价值链分工位置攀升[J]. 研究与发展管理, 2023, 35(6): 60-70., articleTitle=智能产品制造与企业价值链分工位置攀升, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436218367923093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=6, pageStart=60, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Tang J Y, Luo S G, journalName=R&D Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang J Y, Luo S G. Intelligent product manufacturing and rising position of division of labor in the enterprise value chain[J]. R&D Management, 2023, 35(6): 60-70., articleTitle=Intelligent product manufacturing and rising position of division of labor in the enterprise value chain, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436218447614870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, doi=10.1007/s10887-015-9114-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=20, issue=null, pageStart=223, pageEnd=262, url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10887-015-9114-3, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Aghion P, Howitt P, Prantl S, journalName=Journal of Economic Growth, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aghion P, Howitt P, Prantl S. Patent rights, product market reforms, and innovation[J]. Journal of Economic Growth, 2015, 20: 223-262., articleTitle=Patent rights, product market reforms, and innovation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436211304715107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, awardId=72174117, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(72174117), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436211384406884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, awardId=2024EJC001, language=CN, fundingSource=上海哲学社会科学基金青年项目(2024EJC001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436211464098661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, awardId=XMSB20240711051, language=CN, fundingSource=科技智库青年人才计划(XMSB20240711051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436199673910070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436199686492983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436199673910070, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436199694881592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436199673910070, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院, 上海 200030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436199954928441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436199963317050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436199954928441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Research Center of Knowledge Competitiveness and Regional Development, Shanghai 200030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436199971705659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436199954928441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 上海市知识竞争力与区域发展研究中心, 上海 200030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436200047203132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436200059786045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436200047203132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Economics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436200063980350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436200047203132, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 合肥工业大学经济学院, 安徽合肥 230601)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317436207924106071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Time trends of firms' basic research and technological innovation, figureFileSmall=uRFHeESymJw12QSZ1V7kXg==, figureFileBig=U0TaFvDkYjd75TFe6HeK9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436208016380760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=图1, caption=企业基础研究与技术创新的时间趋势, figureFileSmall=uRFHeESymJw12QSZ1V7kXg==, figureFileBig=U0TaFvDkYjd75TFe6HeK9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436208364507993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variable definitions and descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 定义 均值 标准差
Patent 发明专利申请数(件) 0.931 10.786
Break 突破性技术的发明专利申请数(件) 0.144 2.107
PPatent 引用基础研究的发明专利申请数(件) 0.219 2.774
FCite 发明专利申请的前向引用关系总数(次) 0.152 0.976
BCite 发明专利申请的后向引用关系总数(次) 0.187 1.608
NField 发明专利申请的新技术领域总数(个) 0.406 2.234
PField 有新技术领域的发明专利申请数(件) 0.511 3.384
NRight 发明专利申请的权利要求总项数(个) 0.747 8.889
WRight 发明专利申请的权利要求总字数(字) 25.235 337.682
BR 学术期刊论文发表数(篇) 0.233 2.927
RD 研发支出额(百万元) 5.384 56.166
Emp 总雇员(人) 83.131 374.512
Asset 总资产(百万元) 144.198 1894.189
Debt 总负债(百万元) 82.351 2477.904
Age 企业年龄(年) 7.795 5.947
DA 资产负债率 1.024 20.088
ROA 资产利润率 -0.273 20.390
企业数 63,028
样本量 178,517
), ArticleFig(id=1317436208465171290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量定义与描述统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 定义 均值 标准差
Patent 发明专利申请数(件) 0.931 10.786
Break 突破性技术的发明专利申请数(件) 0.144 2.107
PPatent 引用基础研究的发明专利申请数(件) 0.219 2.774
FCite 发明专利申请的前向引用关系总数(次) 0.152 0.976
BCite 发明专利申请的后向引用关系总数(次) 0.187 1.608
NField 发明专利申请的新技术领域总数(个) 0.406 2.234
PField 有新技术领域的发明专利申请数(件) 0.511 3.384
NRight 发明专利申请的权利要求总项数(个) 0.747 8.889
WRight 发明专利申请的权利要求总字数(字) 25.235 337.682
BR 学术期刊论文发表数(篇) 0.233 2.927
RD 研发支出额(百万元) 5.384 56.166
Emp 总雇员(人) 83.131 374.512
Asset 总资产(百万元) 144.198 1894.189
Debt 总负债(百万元) 82.351 2477.904
Age 企业年龄(年) 7.795 5.947
DA 资产负债率 1.024 20.088
ROA 资产利润率 -0.273 20.390
企业数 63,028
样本量 178,517
), ArticleFig(id=1317436208767161179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of firms' basic research on technological breakthroughs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 技术创新 突破性技术创新
指标 Patent Patent Patent Break Break Break
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
BR 0.040*** 0.026*** 0.017*** 0.016*** 0.010*** 0.008***
(0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
控制变量 否 是 是 否 是 是
企业固定效应 否 否 是 否 否 是
年份固定效应 否 否 是 否 否 是
样本量 178,517 169,847 146,203 178,517 169,847 146,203
解释度 0.040 0.122 0.679 0.034 0.119 0.606
), ArticleFig(id=1317436208842658652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

企业基础研究对技术突破的影响效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 技术创新 突破性技术创新
指标 Patent Patent Patent Break Break Break
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
BR 0.040*** 0.026*** 0.017*** 0.016*** 0.010*** 0.008***
(0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
控制变量 否 是 是 否 是 是
企业固定效应 否 否 是 否 否 是
年份固定效应 否 否 是 否 否 是
样本量 178,517 169,847 146,203 178,517 169,847 146,203
解释度 0.040 0.122 0.679 0.034 0.119 0.606
), ArticleFig(id=1317436208951710557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Robustness checks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 突破性技术创新
指标 Break2 Break Break Break Paper Break
测度 自然对数 反正弦对数 计数 自然对数 计数 自然对数
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
BR 0.004*** 0.011*** 0.032*** 0.009*** 0.013***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.007) (0.001) (0.003)
IV 0.079***
(0.011)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
企业固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是
行政区-行业-年份固定效应 是
样本量 146,203 146,203 146,203 145,723 146,203 146,203
解释度 0.568 0.596 0.798 0.613 0.883 0.009
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209039790942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

稳健性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 突破性技术创新
指标 Break2 Break Break Break Paper Break
测度 自然对数 反正弦对数 计数 自然对数 计数 自然对数
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
BR 0.004*** 0.011*** 0.032*** 0.009*** 0.013***
(0.001) (0.001) (0.007) (0.001) (0.003)
IV 0.079***
(0.011)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
企业固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是
行政区-行业-年份固定效应 是
样本量 146,203 146,203 146,203 145,723 146,203 146,203
解释度 0.568 0.596 0.798 0.613 0.883 0.009
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209140454239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 突破性技术创新(Break)
调节变量 行业研发投入强度 行业人力资本强度 行业技术收益强度
调节指标 IRD IRDEmp IEEmp ISEmp ITPro ITSer
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
BR 0.009*** 0.006*** 0.005*** 0.009*** -0.017** 0.016***
(0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.007) (0.004)
BR × M -0.009 0.007*** 0.041*** -0.014** 0.001*** -0.001*
(0.031) (0.002) (0.011) (0.007) (0.000) (0.000)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
企业固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
行业-年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
样本量 146,196 146,196 146,196 146,196 107,422 146,196
解释度 0.606 0.607 0.607 0.607 0.630 0.606
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209236923232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

异质性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 突破性技术创新(Break)
调节变量 行业研发投入强度 行业人力资本强度 行业技术收益强度
调节指标 IRD IRDEmp IEEmp ISEmp ITPro ITSer
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
BR 0.009*** 0.006*** 0.005*** 0.009*** -0.017** 0.016***
(0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.007) (0.004)
BR × M -0.009 0.007*** 0.041*** -0.014** 0.001*** -0.001*
(0.031) (0.002) (0.011) (0.007) (0.000) (0.000)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
企业固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
行业-年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
样本量 146,196 146,196 146,196 146,196 107,422 146,196
解释度 0.606 0.607 0.607 0.607 0.630 0.606
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209320809313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mechanisms analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机制 基础研究支撑 知识密度增加 技术边界扩大 经济价值提高
被解释变量 产生引用基础
研究的专利
引用基础研究
的专利数
前向引用
关系数
后向引用
关系数
专利中的新
技术领域数
有新技术领
域的专利数
权利要求
项数
权利要求
字数
指标 DPatent PPatent FCite BCite NField PField NRight WRight
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
BR 0.006*** 0.013*** 0.001*** 0.001*** 0.014*** 0.014*** 0.003* 0.007**
(0.001) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.003)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
企业固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
样本量 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203
解释度 0.475 0.612 0.281 0.281 0.597 0.607 0.299 0.296
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209404695394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

企业基础研究对技术突破的影响机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机制 基础研究支撑 知识密度增加 技术边界扩大 经济价值提高
被解释变量 产生引用基础
研究的专利
引用基础研究
的专利数
前向引用
关系数
后向引用
关系数
专利中的新
技术领域数
有新技术领
域的专利数
权利要求
项数
权利要求
字数
指标 DPatent PPatent FCite BCite NField PField NRight WRight
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
BR 0.006*** 0.013*** 0.001*** 0.001*** 0.014*** 0.014*** 0.003* 0.007**
(0.001) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.003)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
企业固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
样本量 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203 146,203
解释度 0.475 0.612 0.281 0.281 0.597 0.607 0.299 0.296
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唐锦玥 1 , 罗守贵 1, 2 , 孙雅慧 3
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(9): 1924-1934
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (9) : 1924 -1934
企业基础研究对技术突破的影响研究
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[Author(id=1317436200143672128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317436200428884802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, authorId=1317436200143672128, language=EN, stringName=Jin-yue TANG, firstName=Jin-yue, middleName=null, lastName=TANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317436200521159491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, authorId=1317436200143672128, language=CN, stringName=唐锦玥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院, 上海 200030, bio={"content":"

唐锦玥(1999-),女,博士后。

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唐锦玥1, 罗守贵1, 2, 孙雅慧3
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院, 上海 200030
  • 2 上海市知识竞争力与区域发展研究中心, 上海 200030
  • 3 合肥工业大学经济学院, 安徽合肥 230601
通讯作者:
孙雅慧(1995-),女,讲师,博士,E-mail:。
作者简介:

唐锦玥(1999-),女,博士后。

罗守贵(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

The effects of firms' basic research on technology breakthrough
Jin-yue TANG1, Shou-gui LUO1, 2, Ya-hui SUN3
Affiliations
  • 1 Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
  • 2 Research Center of Knowledge Competitiveness and Regional Development, Shanghai 200030, China
  • 3 School of Economics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15
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创新是经济增长的第一驱动力,基础研究是推动创新增长、激发突破性创新的关键来源。本文基于2008-2018年6.3万家上海市科技企业年度调查、专利申请、论文发表数据,为企业基础研究的趋势、动机与创新突破效应提供新证据。研究发现:第一,企业基础研究对技术突破具有促进作用,企业论文发表每增加1篇,突破性发明专利申请数提高0.8%。第二,基础研究的效应存在异质性,与行业的研发投入、人力资本、技术收益强度及类型相关。第三,基础研究通过知识密度增加、技术边界扩大、经济价值提高三个机制促进技术突破。本文的结论为发挥企业创新主体作用、实现科学驱动创新、加快实施创新驱动发展战略提供理论支持与政策参考。

企业创新  /  突破性创新  /  基础研究  /  研究与开发

Innovation is the fundamental engine of economic growth, and basic research constitutes the cornerstone of long-term technological advancement. Unlike applied research, whose outcomes can be privately appropriated through patents or trade secrets, basic research produces knowledge with strong public-good characteristics and positive externalities. While universities and public institutes have traditionally dominated this domain, firms are increasingly emerging as important contributors. In 2023, business enterprises accounted for 77.7% of R&D expenditures in China, although Chinese firms still lag in both the scale and intensity of such activities relative to advanced economies. Using firm-level panel data from Shanghai high-technology enterprises between 2008 and 2018, this paper provides new evidence on the patterns, motivations, and innovation effects of firms' basic research. Empirically, we document robust positive effects of firms' academic publications on technological output. Each additional firm-authored academic paper is associated with a 1.7% increase in total invention patent applications and a 0.8% increase in breakthrough patent applications (measured as patents among the top 20% by citations within their primary classification). Mechanism tests indicate that the effects operate through three channels: (i) increased knowledge density (higher forward and backward citation intensities), (ii) expanded technological boundaries (more newly entered technology fields and patents covering new fields), and (iii) enhanced economic value of inventions (larger claim counts and claim lengths). We further document heterogeneous effects across industries. The positive impact of basic research on breakthrough innovation is stronger in industries with greater R&D human capital intensity, while mere R&D expenditure intensity does not amplify the effect. Industries with strong product-based technological revenues exhibit larger research-driven gains, while sectors dominated by service-based technology revenues show weaker effects. These findings yield three main contributions. First, by analyzing a large and representative sample of roughly 63,000 science and technology enterprises, the paper provides new high-quality micro evidence that firms in an emerging economy are increasingly engaging in basic research. Second, it identifies direct productivity linkages from firm basic research to applied R&D outputs and technological breakthroughs, complementing prior literature that emphasized indirect reputational or absorptive channels. Third, the study demonstrates that corporate basic research can generate breakthrough innovations that strengthen firms' sustainable competitive advantage, suggesting a viable pathway for innovation upgrading in emerging markets. From a policy perspective, the results imply targeted public interventions. Because basic research is high-risk and generates diffuse externalities that may discourage private investment, governments should expand dedicated funding for corporate basic research, particularly for small and medium-sized high-tech firms, and enhance tax incentives (for example, higher R&D tax credits for basic research expenditures). Policy design should be sector-sensitive: industries with dense R&D human capital and product-oriented technological returns merit stronger support to catalyze core technology breakthroughs. Finally, since basic research depends critically on highly educated personnel, policymakers should facilitate talent mobility and firm-university collaboration through joint research centers, industry-academia chairs, and flexible arrangements that allow researchers to hold part-time or full-time positions across institutions.

firm innovation  /  breakthrough innovation  /  basic research  /  research and development
唐锦玥, 罗守贵, 孙雅慧. 企业基础研究对技术突破的影响研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1924 -1934 .
Jin-yue TANG, Shou-gui LUO, Ya-hui SUN. The effects of firms' basic research on technology breakthrough[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1924 -1934 .
创新是经济增长的第一驱动力。基础研究是长期繁荣和持续创新的关键要素[1,2],推动由科学驱动的新技术形成[3]。不同于应用研究和开发形成的新技术、产品、工艺可以通过专利、版权和贸易保密来保护,基础研究的成果在公开的科学出版物中披露,作为公共物品有更强的正外部性[4]。因此,基础研究通常被认为是由大学等公共研发部门进行,由政府公共基金资助[5-7]。但数据表明,许多重大的科学突破不是来自大学,而是来自企业的实验室和科学家[8]。2023年,美国基础研究经费投入为1129.9亿美元,企业支出374.0亿美元、占比33.1%①(①数据来源:美国国家科学基金会发布的《National Patterns of R&D Resources 2022-2023》。)。同年,中国总R&D经费投入达33357.1亿元,企业R&D经费为25922.2亿元、占比77.7%②(②数据来源:中国国家统计局发布的《2023年全国科技经费投入统计公报》。)。然而,中国企业基础研究R&D经费存量和增速与西方国家仍存在差距[9]。
企业可能缺乏开展基础研究的足够激励:其具有高风险和高不确定性,难以形成短期回报[10];相比应用研究和开发,其成果具有更强的公共物品特征和外部性[6,8]。这一观点在近期研究中得到进一步验证[11,12]。然而,部分研究为企业通过基础研究而获得上游知识来源和提高生产力提供直接证据[8]。企业通过基础研究能够获取和交换外部知识,刺激应用研究、新产品和新工艺产生,提高发明活动及总生产率[13,14]。基于中国企业的发现也佐证了基础研究对企业创新的积极影响[15-17]。
本文基于2008-2018年上海市科技企业年度调查数据,为企业基础研究的趋势、动机与创新突破效应提供新证据。研究发现,企业学术论文发表每增加1篇,发明专利申请数提高1.7%,突破性发明专利申请数提高0.8%。这一效应与行业的研发投入、人力资本、技术收益及类型相关,通过知识密度增加、技术边界扩大、经济价值提高这三个机制实现。本文具有以下研究贡献。第一,基于高质量、高代表性的科技企业数据,为企业基础研究提供特征事实。已有研究对于企业是否具有足够激励开展基础研究存在广泛争议[6,10,11]。作者统计6.3万家科技企业,发现其学术期刊论文发表具有稳定、明显的增长趋势,为新兴经济体中知识和技术密集型企业的基础研究活动提供直接证据。第二,检验了企业基础研究对技术增长的促进效应,据此阐明企业开展基础研究的关键动机。不同于通过研究活动来建立声誉等对企业生产率形成的间接效应[18],本文识别基础研究对应用研究与技术开发的直接效应[14]。第三,检验了企业基础研究对技术突破的积极影响,为中国企业建立核心竞争优势提供可行路径。作者发现基础研究对突破性技术创新有显著促进作用。新兴经济体中的企业有望据此形成创新增长效应,进一步建立可持续的市场竞争力[8]。
科学对技术的贡献决定了基础研究在技术突破中的重要性。基础研究通过扩展知识前沿、提供理论支持和培养创新人才,为应用技术提供工具箱,增强发现新现象、催生颠覆性创新的可能性[5,7]。基础研究的知识溢出通过科学论文、人才流动和校企合作等路径传播至企业主体,并成为推动技术突破的重要力量[1,2]。基础研究的实际价值取决于其与应用研究和产业需求的连接[19,20]。相比于来自高校、科研院所等公共部门的基础研究,企业内部开展基础研究能够更贴合技术开发的实际需求,降低知识共享和流动的屏障,以及技术转让的交易成本。因此,企业开展基础研究虽然不直接产生经济利益,并可能面对潜在收益无法完全内部化等问题[6]。但其成果能够更高效、更直接地被企业的应用研究所吸收,满足企业技术突破的具体需求,加速研究成果的商业化。据此,提出以下假设:
H1: 企业基础研究对技术突破有促进作用。
基础研究致力于探索自然现象和技术问题背后的基本原理,它所产出的知识往往具有高度的抽象性和普适性,为复杂问题提供解决策略的知识元素[21]。企业在持续投入基础研究的过程中,会在内部积累大量前沿性的理论知识,从而显著提升其知识密度。这种高密度的知识环境不仅丰富了企业的技术储备,更重构了研发人员的认知边界,使其具备从更本质的层面理解技术问题的能力[3]。与面向具体产品或短期市场需求的应用性知识不同,基础研究所带来的知识具有较强的通用性和理论性,在后续研究与开发环节中存在更大的不确定性,更可能推动企业进行跨越式的技术组合与重组,驱动突破性创新[22]。突破性创新有可能重塑现有市场,创造新市场,并促使新技术轨迹的出现[23,24]。据此,提出以下假设:
H2: 企业基础研究通过增加知识密度促进技术突破。
基础研究能够扩大技术边界。这种扩展包括企业对现有产品的技术边界延伸,和对未知技术领域的探索性和融合性创新。通过对原理性问题和通用性方法的研究,企业能够接触到更多尚未商业化或尚未成体系的前沿技术,从而构建多元化的技术体系[25]。随着企业技术范围的多样性、复杂度和系统性上升,企业研发人员更容易发现不同技术之间潜在的联系,实现跨领域技术整合,并实现从基础理论到实际应用的转化。在此过程中,基础研究显著提高企业识别和把握颠覆性机会的能力,促进从渐进性创新向突破性创新的转变[26]。基础研究不仅为技术突破提供理论支撑,更通过不断拓展的技术边界,推动企业在市场竞争中获得优势[10]。据此,提出以下假设:
H3: 企业基础研究通过扩大技术边界促进技术突破。
基础研究虽然以探索原理为核心,但其长期积累的知识成果往往具备巨大的潜在应用价值[12]。随着企业对这些原理性知识的深入理解与系统吸收,能够更有效地识别技术转化路径,从而推动关键技术的商业化应用。这种从基础知识到应用技术的跃迁,不仅能够提高产品性能或降低成本,还可能催生全新的产品形态与商业模式,进而带来显著的经济回报[27]。在这个过程中,技术突破成为驱动经济价值提升的核心引擎,形成基础研究、技术创新与商业成功之间的良性循环。经济价值提高进一步促进企业在研究与开发上进行投资,资金约束的放松有助于企业开展风险高、周期长的研发活动,为新一轮技术突破提供潜在机会[28]。据此,提出以下假设:
H4: 企业基础研究通过提高经济价值促进技术突破。
数据来源包括2008-2018年上海市科技企业年度调查数据及其1990-2024年期刊论文发表数据和1990-2023年专利申请数据。
(1)2008-2018年上海市科技企业调查数据来自由市科学技术委员会和市统计局于2008-2018年间联合开展的市内科技企业统计年报工作,对符合《上海市科技企业界定参考标准》的企业展开调查。被调查的企业需报告本企业的名称、经营范围、财务、人员、研发等经营状况。数据构成共计17.9万观测的非平衡面板,统计形成《上海统计年鉴》中的“主要年份科技型企业状况”一表,极大地保证了数据的可靠性。
(2)1990-2024年期刊论文发表数据包括上述科技企业被中国知网收录的学术期刊论文发表,具体包括其发表的作者、单位、时间、期刊和题目。据此,计算得到样本企业各年的论文发表数,作为对企业基础研究的直接衡量。其论文发表总数量的跨年变化如图1所示。
(3)1990-2023年专利申请数据包括上述科技企业的发明、实用新型、外观设计专利的申请、授权、转让、引用等信息,包括专利的申请人名称、时间等。计算得到样本企业各年的专利申请和授权数,并主要以技术复杂度高、创新强、经济价值高的发明专利作为对企业技术创新和突破的测度。科技企业发明专利总数量的跨年变化如图1所示。6.3万家科技企业在2021年的发明专利申请数共计5.2万件,占同年上海市发明专利申请数(9.3万件)的55.8%,并占同年中国总量(142.7万件)的3.6%③(③数据来源:IncoPat专利数据库收录的被调查企业2021年发明专利申请,及同年国家统计局年度发布的《知识产权统计年报》。)。即反映了科技企业研发活动密集、创新能力突出的特征,并佐证了本文所用数据库的重要性和代表性。
图1反映了企业的基础研究和技术研发自2000年后呈现出稳定的逐年增长趋势。
(1)企业基础研究
采用出版物来衡量企业的基础研究。企业的基础研究往往不直接转化为产品或技术,难以用新产品销售额、专利申请等传统的创新产出指标来衡量[29]。同时,考虑到数据库中企业未披露基础研究的研发支出等输入数据,采用公开的、可观测的输出数据——来自中国知网的学术期刊论文发表数据,追踪企业基础研究的增长,并借此保证指标的可靠性和可比性[30]。
(2)企业技术突破
采用高被引发明专利来衡量企业的技术突破。专利的被引用数被长期应用于对其突破性、创新性的衡量,高引用专利表示后续技术对其有更广泛的学习和参考,属于更具突破性的创新,也往往具有更高的市场价值[31,32]。计算样本企业总专利申请中,各年份不同主分类下每个专利的被引数量排名,将其中前20%的专利认定为突破性创新的专利,并以此类专利的当年数量作为企业的技术突破指标。此外,在稳健性检验中,将这一阈值进一步缩放至前10%,以识别更具有突破性的技术创新。
(3)控制变量
控制变量包括企业的总雇员、总资产、总负债、研发支出、年龄、资产负债率、资产利润率,以控制企业的人力资本、融资约束、研发强度等其他影响技术突破的因素。表1列示了主要变量定义与描述统计。
采用双向固定效应模型,检验企业开展基础研究是否促进技术突破。回归方程如下:
$Y_{i t}=\alpha+\beta B R_{i t}+X_{i t} \gamma+\mu_{i}+v_{t}+\varepsilon_{i t}$
其中,i表示企业,t表示年份。Yit为企业i在t年的技术突破水平,以企业当年各主分类号下被引次数前20%的发明专利数量(Break)作为衡量,在回归方程中采用该数量加1的自然对数。BRit为企业i在t年的基础研究强度,以企业当年学术期刊论文的发表数量作为衡量。Xit为企业层面控制变量,包括总雇员数(Empit)、总资产(Assetit)、总负债(Debtit)、研发支出(RDit)、年龄(Ageit)、资产负债率 (DAit)、资产利润率(ROAit)。μi和vt分别控制企业固定效应和年份固定效应。εit为误差项。
表2汇报了基准回归结果。列1至3以企业当年发明专利申请数(Patent)加1的自然对数为被解释变量,以检验基础研究对技术创新的总增长效应。逐步加入控制变量、企业固定效应和年份固定效应,系数均显著为正,即企业开展基础研究促进技术创新的总体增长。列3的结果显示,基础研究(BR)系数为1.7%,即企业的学术期刊论文发表每增加1篇,总发明专利申请数平均增加1.7%,且在1%的水平下显著。列4至6以企业当年各主分类号下被引次数前20%的发明专利数(Break)加1的自然对数为被解释变量,以检验基础研究对技术突破的影响。逐步加入控制变量、企业固定效应和年份固定效应,系数均显著为正,即企业开展基础研究促进技术突破,验证了假设H1。以列6为基准结果,基础研究(BR)系数为0.8%,即企业的学术期刊论文发表每增加1篇,突破性技术的专利申请数平均增加0.8%,且在1%的水平下显著。
表3汇报了稳健性检验结果。第一,更换对企业技术突破的衡量指标。在基准回归中,被解释变量采用企业当年各主分类号下被引次数前20%的发明专利数。列1将其替换为企业当年各主分类号下被引次数前10%的发明专利数(Break2),即这类专利更具有影响力和突破性。结果显示,基础研究(BR)的系数为0.4%,且在1%的水平上显著。即将衡量指标设定为更具有突破性的发明专利时,结果保持稳健。
第二,更换被解释变量的测度形式,以避免自然对数的测度问题[33]。列2至3分别以企业当年各主分类号下被引次数前20%的发明专利数(Break)的反正弦对数、计数为被解释变量,其中基础研究(BR)的系数均正向显著,即企业学术期刊论文发表每增加1篇,突破性技术的发明专利申请数平均显著增加0.03件。结果与基准结果一致,即结论具有稳健性,不受到变量测度形式的影响。
第三,基准回归模型可能存在遗漏变量,包括随时间变化的行业外生冲击、区域政策干预等,这可能对结论造成影响。列4在原控制变量的基础上进一步控制高维度固定效应,即行政区、行业、年份交乘的联合固定效应。控制高维度固定效应后,基础研究(BR)系数为0.9%,与基准回归的系数数值大小接近,即在控制潜在外生冲击后,结论具有稳健性。
第四,基准回归模型可能存在反向因果等内生性问题,如以突破性技术创新为主要竞争优势的企业会对基础研究的回报和收益有较高的预期,因而更倾向开展基础研究,对估计造成偏误。列5至列6以企业前1至10年的学术期刊论文发表累积数为工具变量,原因是:一方面,累计论文发表越高、企业的知识库规模越大,这有助于企业在当年的基础研究产出强度提高,即该工具变量与解释变量具有相关性;另一方面,已发表的论文被认为是所有企业均能够享有的公共知识、不具有排他性[2],不排除其他企业基于此类公共知识形成新的技术发明,因此不再构成企业当年技术突破的竞争优势、不影响企业当年的技术创新产出,即该工具变量不直接影响被解释变量、具有外生性。结果显示,第一阶段中,工具变量(IV)与解释变量(BR)的系数为7.9%,并在1%的水平上显著。第二阶段中,基础研究(BR)的系数为1.3%,并在1%的水平上显著,即考虑内生性问题后,结果依然保持稳健。KP LM统计量为3.320,KP Wald F统计量为49.909,即通过了识别不足检验和弱工具变量检验。此外,工具变量回归系数与基准结果较为接近,虽然存在一定的系数膨胀,但膨胀幅度较小,再次证明了该工具变量的可靠性。
(1)行业研发投入强度
表4汇报了异质性检验结果。列1和列2分别以行业内企业平均研发支出额(IRD)和平均研发人员数(IRDEmp)为调节变量,以检验不同研发投入强度行业间,基础研究对企业技术突破的异质性效应。结果表明,行业研发支出强度未显著影响该效应(列1),而行业研发人员投入强度显著影响这一效应(列2)。基础研究对行业研发人员投入强度(IRDEmp)更高的企业技术突破的影响更强。即单一的研发资金投入并不一定能放大基础研究的技术产出效应,效应的发挥更依赖于人力资本这一实际的知识载体。在研发部门人力资本越高的行业,企业对基础研究成果的吸收、应用越强,转化为新技术的能力越强[34]。
(2)行业人力资本强度
列3和列4分别以行业内企业平均高教育水平人员数(IEEmp)和平均高技能水平人员数(ISEmp)为调节变量,以检验不同人力资本强度的行业间,基础研究对企业技术突破的异质性效应。其中,高教育水平人员以具有硕士以上学历的人员为衡量,高技术水平人员以具有中级以上技术职称的人员为衡量。结果表明,行业高教育水平人力资本越高(列3)则基础研究的效应越强,而行业高技能水平人力资本越高(列4)则基础研究的效应越弱。这与预期一致,即基础研究的开展和转化过程对研发人员的知识积累和研究能力有更强的要求,而对研发人员技能的依赖程度更低。
(3)行业技术收益强度
列5和6分别以行业内企业平均科技产品销售额(ITPro)和平均科技服务销售额(ITSer)为调节变量,以检验不同技术收益强度的行业间,基础研究对技术突破的异质性效应。结果表明,科技产品收益更强的行业中,基础研究的效应更大(列5);而科技服务收益更强的行业中,基础研究的效应更小(列6)。即如半导体、材料、新能源等科技产品收益更强的行业更加依赖技术突破,对基础研究提供的科学原理与知识探索有更强的需求[35]。在这些行业中,基础研究直接驱动核心技术突破,从而带来新的产品形态与商业化机会。
(1)基础研究支撑
表5列示了机制检验结果。上文发现基础研究驱动企业的技术突破,列1和列2对此进行了进一步的验证,即基础研究的开展促进了企业产生更多与基础研究有关的技术[5]。被解释变量分别为企业当年是否产生引用基础研究的虚拟变量(DPatent)和企业当年产生的引用基础研究的专利数(PPatent),即测度企业发明专利申请与学术期刊论文的关系。值得注意的是,被引用的基础研究不只是包括目标企业产生的学术期刊论文,而是指任一学术期刊论文。原因是企业在基础研究过程中可能吸收来自高校、企业、研究院所等其他创新主体的知识,并对其论文产生引用,这也形成了从基础研究向应用研究的成果转化,属于本文所探讨的基础研究支撑技术突破范畴。列1和列2的结果显示,基础研究促进了企业产生与基础研究相关的技术创新。具体地,企业当年学术期刊论文发表(BR)每增加1篇,企业当年产生引用基础研究的发明专利申请的可能性显著提高0.6%,该类专利的数量显著提高1.3%。
(2)知识密度增加
列3和列4对基础研究促进企业技术创新的知识密度增加进行验证。前向引用关系数(FCite)和后向引用关系数(BCite)是知识密度的常用测度,前者表示企业被后续其他专利引用的次数,后者表示企业引用之前专利的次数。被频繁引用的专利通常位于知识网络的核心位置,前向引用的数量反映了该专利对后续创新的推动作用,后向引用的数量反映了该专利整合了多少现有知识。列3和列4的结果表明,基础研究促进知识密度的显著增加。企业当年学术期刊论文发表(BR)每增加1篇,前向引用关系数(FCite)和后向引用关系数(BCite)分别平均提高0.1%,且在1%的水平上显著。即企业基础研究通过增加知识密度促进技术突破,验证了假设H2。
(3)技术边界扩大
列5和列6对基础研究促进企业技术创新的技术边界扩大进行验证。采用两个指标来衡量技术边界,即企业所有发明专利中当年新出现的技术领域数(NField)和企业当年产生的有新技术领域的发明专利申请数(PField)。前者表示企业的技术边界扩大程度,后者表示企业技术边界扩大有关的专利数量。列5和列6的结果表明,基础研究促进技术边界的显著增加。具体地,企业当年学术期刊论文发表(BR)每增加1篇,新技术领域数(NField)和有新技术领域的专利数(PField)分别平均提高1.4%,且在1%的水平上显著。即企业基础研究通过扩大技术边界促进技术突破,验证了假设H3。
(4)经济价值提高
列7和列8对基础研究促进企业技术创新的经济价值提高进行验证。专利权具有排他性,能够使得企业在知识产权制度的保护下借助独占技术进步形成商业化的比较优势,获得其所带来的利润,因而专利权的要求反映了该专利的经济价值[36]。采用两个指标来衡量经济价值,即企业所有发明专利中权利要求总项数(NRight)和权利要求总字数(Wright)。列7和列8的结果表明,基础研究促进经济价值的显著增加。企业当年学术期刊论文发表(BR)每增加1篇,发明专利申请中的权利要求项数(NRight)提高0.3%,权利要求字数(Wright)提高0.7%,且在10%的水平上显著。即企业基础研究通过提高经济价值促进技术突破,验证了假设H4。
基础研究是长期繁荣和持续创新的关键要素,推动了由科学驱动的新技术形成。本文基于2008-2018年上海市科技企业年度调查数据,为企业基础研究的趋势、动机与创新突破效应提供了新证据。企业论文发表数于1990-2024年存在稳定且明显的增长趋势,基础研究强度不断提高。检验基础研究对企业新技术增长的影响发现,企业学术论文发表每增加1篇,同年发明专利申请数显著提高1.7%,突破性发明专利申请数提高0.8%,即企业基础研究对技术增长和技术突破的影响在经济意义上是显著的。基础研究的效应存在异质性,与行业的研发投入、人力资本、技术收益强度及类型相关,并通过知识密度增加、技术边界扩大、经济价值提高三个机制促进技术突破。
本文具有以下政策启示。第一,企业基础研究对技术突破存在显著的促进效应,但其可能因为该类研究具有风险高、外部性大的特征而产生资金约束和动力不足的问题。政府需对企业开展基础研究进行特别资助。扩大对企业基础研究的专项资助比例,尤其是对中小型高科技企业的支持,减轻其基础研究的初期投入压力。完善研发费用加计扣除政策,将基础研究投入纳入更高比例的税收优惠政策范畴,鼓励企业持续增加基础研究支出。第二,企业基础研究的行业异质性显著,政府在鼓励基础研究开展时,需按行业特征实施差异化扶持。针对研发强度高、人力资本密集的行业,加大对其基础研究支持,引导其向核心技术领域突破。第三,企业基础研究的开展依赖于高教育水平的人力资本,政府需引导企业与高校、科研院建立人才交流和流动机制。设立协同创新中心、联合实验室,开放高校学生、科研人员从事企业的全职或兼职基础研究岗位,推动科研人员在高校和企业间的双向流动。
本文存在一定的不足,有待后续研究进行补充和改进。第一,本研究基于中国知网论文收录数据,直接获取了被调查企业的论文发表数据。作者未进一步分析不同类型的基础研究及其对创新的差异化影响。一方面,论文发表数据的拆解,有助于详细定义由企业单独开展、企业与企业联合,以及企业与高校、科研院所合作的基础研究活动。另一方面,补充企业为基础研究而进行的人员招聘、研发资产采购和研发服务外包合同,有助于对基础研究活动形成更为微观的观测。因此,补充相关数据并据此拆解基础研究活动特征,是未来可行的研究方向。第二,基础研究被认为存在广泛的溢出效应。本文仅检验了企业开展基础研究对其内部技术突破的直接影响,而其可能还会对合作企业、周边企业等创新主体产生知识溢出。因此,通过空间计量模型等方法,探索不同形式下基础研究的溢出效应,有助于对其如何影响总体福利产生更全面的估计。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72174117)
  • 上海哲学社会科学基金青年项目(2024EJC001)
  • 科技智库青年人才计划(XMSB20240711051)
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  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 修回日期:2025-09-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72174117)
上海哲学社会科学基金青年项目(2024EJC001)
科技智库青年人才计划(XMSB20240711051)
作者信息
    1 上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院, 上海 200030
    2 上海市知识竞争力与区域发展研究中心, 上海 200030
    3 合肥工业大学经济学院, 安徽合肥 230601

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孙雅慧(1995-),女,讲师,博士,E-mail:。
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