Article(id=1317436196721120045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=1758211200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030866078, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030866078, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030866078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030866078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436114500170416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1793', pageEnd='2016', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030846476, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031015367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1924, endPage=1934, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436197954245423, articleId=1317436196721120045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The effects of firms' basic research on technology breakthrough, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Innovation is the fundamental engine of economic growth, and basic research constitutes the cornerstone of long-term technological advancement. Unlike applied research, whose outcomes can be privately appropriated through patents or trade secrets, basic research produces knowledge with strong public-good characteristics and positive externalities. While universities and public institutes have traditionally dominated this domain, firms are increasingly emerging as important contributors. In 2023, business enterprises accounted for 77.7% of R&D expenditures in China, although Chinese firms still lag in both the scale and intensity of such activities relative to advanced economies. Using firm-level panel data from Shanghai high-technology enterprises between 2008 and 2018, this paper provides new evidence on the patterns, motivations, and innovation effects of firms' basic research. Empirically, we document robust positive effects of firms' academic publications on technological output. Each additional firm-authored academic paper is associated with a 1.7% increase in total invention patent applications and a 0.8% increase in breakthrough patent applications (measured as patents among the top 20% by citations within their primary classification). Mechanism tests indicate that the effects operate through three channels: (i) increased knowledge density (higher forward and backward citation intensities), (ii) expanded technological boundaries (more newly entered technology fields and patents covering new fields), and (iii) enhanced economic value of inventions (larger claim counts and claim lengths). We further document heterogeneous effects across industries. The positive impact of basic research on breakthrough innovation is stronger in industries with greater R&D human capital intensity, while mere R&D expenditure intensity does not amplify the effect. Industries with strong product-based technological revenues exhibit larger research-driven gains, while sectors dominated by service-based technology revenues show weaker effects. These findings yield three main contributions. First, by analyzing a large and representative sample of roughly 63,000 science and technology enterprises, the paper provides new high-quality micro evidence that firms in an emerging economy are increasingly engaging in basic research. Second, it identifies direct productivity linkages from firm basic research to applied R&D outputs and technological breakthroughs, complementing prior literature that emphasized indirect reputational or absorptive channels. Third, the study demonstrates that corporate basic research can generate breakthrough innovations that strengthen firms' sustainable competitive advantage, suggesting a viable pathway for innovation upgrading in emerging markets. From a policy perspective, the results imply targeted public interventions. Because basic research is high-risk and generates diffuse externalities that may discourage private investment, governments should expand dedicated funding for corporate basic research, particularly for small and medium-sized high-tech firms, and enhance tax incentives (for example, higher R&D tax credits for basic research expenditures). Policy design should be sector-sensitive: industries with dense R&D human capital and product-oriented technological returns merit stronger support to catalyze core technology breakthroughs. Finally, since basic research depends critically on highly educated personnel, policymakers should facilitate talent mobility and firm-university collaboration through joint research centers, industry-academia chairs, and flexible arrangements that allow researchers to hold part-time or full-time positions across institutions.
, authors=Jin-yue TANG
1, Shou-gui LUO
1, 2, Ya-hui SUN
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创新是经济增长的第一驱动力,基础研究是推动创新增长、激发突破性创新的关键来源。本文基于2008-2018年6.3万家上海市科技企业年度调查、专利申请、论文发表数据,为企业基础研究的趋势、动机与创新突破效应提供新证据。研究发现:第一,企业基础研究对技术突破具有促进作用,企业论文发表每增加1篇,突破性发明专利申请数提高0.8%。第二,基础研究的效应存在异质性,与行业的研发投入、人力资本、技术收益强度及类型相关。第三,基础研究通过知识密度增加、技术边界扩大、经济价值提高三个机制促进技术突破。本文的结论为发挥企业创新主体作用、实现科学驱动创新、加快实施创新驱动发展战略提供理论支持与政策参考。
, authors=唐锦玥
1, 罗守贵
1, 2, 孙雅慧
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唐锦玥(1999-),女,博士后。
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1 Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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1 上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院, 上海 200030
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罗守贵(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。
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20: 223-262., articleTitle=Patent rights, product market reforms, and innovation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436211304715107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, awardId=72174117, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(72174117), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436211384406884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, awardId=2024EJC001, language=CN, fundingSource=上海哲学社会科学基金青年项目(2024EJC001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436211464098661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, awardId=XMSB20240711051, language=CN, fundingSource=科技智库青年人才计划(XMSB20240711051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436199673910070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436199686492983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436199673910070, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436199694881592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436199673910070, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院, 上海 200030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436199954928441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436199963317050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436199954928441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Research Center of Knowledge Competitiveness and Regional Development, Shanghai 200030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436199971705659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436199954928441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 上海市知识竞争力与区域发展研究中心, 上海 200030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317436200047203132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436200059786045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436200047203132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 School of Economics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436200063980350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, companyId=1317436200047203132, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 合肥工业大学经济学院, 安徽合肥 230601)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317436207924106071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Time trends of firms' basic research and technological innovation, figureFileSmall=uRFHeESymJw12QSZ1V7kXg==, figureFileBig=U0TaFvDkYjd75TFe6HeK9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436208016380760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
企业基础研究与技术创新的时间趋势, figureFileSmall=uRFHeESymJw12QSZ1V7kXg==, figureFileBig=U0TaFvDkYjd75TFe6HeK9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436208364507993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Variable definitions and descriptive statistics
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 定义 | 均值 | 标准差 |
| Patent | 发明专利申请数(件) | 0.931 | 10.786 |
| Break | 突破性技术的发明专利申请数(件) | 0.144 | 2.107 |
| PPatent | 引用基础研究的发明专利申请数(件) | 0.219 | 2.774 |
| FCite | 发明专利申请的前向引用关系总数(次) | 0.152 | 0.976 |
| BCite | 发明专利申请的后向引用关系总数(次) | 0.187 | 1.608 |
| NField | 发明专利申请的新技术领域总数(个) | 0.406 | 2.234 |
| PField | 有新技术领域的发明专利申请数(件) | 0.511 | 3.384 |
| NRight | 发明专利申请的权利要求总项数(个) | 0.747 | 8.889 |
| WRight | 发明专利申请的权利要求总字数(字) | 25.235 | 337.682 |
| BR | 学术期刊论文发表数(篇) | 0.233 | 2.927 |
| RD | 研发支出额(百万元) | 5.384 | 56.166 |
| Emp | 总雇员(人) | 83.131 | 374.512 |
| Asset | 总资产(百万元) | 144.198 | 1894.189 |
| Debt | 总负债(百万元) | 82.351 | 2477.904 |
| Age | 企业年龄(年) | 7.795 | 5.947 |
| DA | 资产负债率 | 1.024 | 20.088 |
| ROA | 资产利润率 | -0.273 | 20.390 |
| 企业数 | 63,028 | | |
| 样本量 | 178,517 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436208465171290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
变量定义与描述统计
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 定义 | 均值 | 标准差 |
| Patent | 发明专利申请数(件) | 0.931 | 10.786 |
| Break | 突破性技术的发明专利申请数(件) | 0.144 | 2.107 |
| PPatent | 引用基础研究的发明专利申请数(件) | 0.219 | 2.774 |
| FCite | 发明专利申请的前向引用关系总数(次) | 0.152 | 0.976 |
| BCite | 发明专利申请的后向引用关系总数(次) | 0.187 | 1.608 |
| NField | 发明专利申请的新技术领域总数(个) | 0.406 | 2.234 |
| PField | 有新技术领域的发明专利申请数(件) | 0.511 | 3.384 |
| NRight | 发明专利申请的权利要求总项数(个) | 0.747 | 8.889 |
| WRight | 发明专利申请的权利要求总字数(字) | 25.235 | 337.682 |
| BR | 学术期刊论文发表数(篇) | 0.233 | 2.927 |
| RD | 研发支出额(百万元) | 5.384 | 56.166 |
| Emp | 总雇员(人) | 83.131 | 374.512 |
| Asset | 总资产(百万元) | 144.198 | 1894.189 |
| Debt | 总负债(百万元) | 82.351 | 2477.904 |
| Age | 企业年龄(年) | 7.795 | 5.947 |
| DA | 资产负债率 | 1.024 | 20.088 |
| ROA | 资产利润率 | -0.273 | 20.390 |
| 企业数 | 63,028 | | |
| 样本量 | 178,517 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436208767161179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Effects of firms' basic research on technological breakthroughs
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 被解释变量 | 技术创新 | 突破性技术创新 |
| 指标 | Patent | Patent | Patent | Break | Break | Break |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| BR | 0.040*** | 0.026*** | 0.017*** | 0.016*** | 0.010*** | 0.008*** |
| (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
| 控制变量 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
| 企业固定效应 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
| 年份固定效应 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
| 样本量 | 178,517 | 169,847 | 146,203 | 178,517 | 169,847 | 146,203 |
| 解释度 | 0.040 | 0.122 | 0.679 | 0.034 | 0.119 | 0.606 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436208842658652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
企业基础研究对技术突破的影响效应
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 被解释变量 | 技术创新 | 突破性技术创新 |
| 指标 | Patent | Patent | Patent | Break | Break | Break |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| BR | 0.040*** | 0.026*** | 0.017*** | 0.016*** | 0.010*** | 0.008*** |
| (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
| 控制变量 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
| 企业固定效应 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
| 年份固定效应 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
| 样本量 | 178,517 | 169,847 | 146,203 | 178,517 | 169,847 | 146,203 |
| 解释度 | 0.040 | 0.122 | 0.679 | 0.034 | 0.119 | 0.606 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436208951710557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Robustness checks
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 被解释变量 | 突破性技术创新 |
| 指标 | Break2 | Break | Break | Break | Paper | Break |
| 测度 | 自然对数 | 反正弦对数 | 计数 | 自然对数 | 计数 | 自然对数 |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| BR | 0.004*** | 0.011*** | 0.032*** | 0.009*** | | 0.013*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.001) | | (0.003) |
| IV | | | | | 0.079*** | |
| | | | | (0.011) | |
| 控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 企业固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 是 | 是 |
| 行政区-行业-年份固定效应 | | | | 是 | | |
| 样本量 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 145,723 | 146,203 | 146,203 |
| 解释度 | 0.568 | 0.596 | 0.798 | 0.613 | 0.883 | 0.009 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209039790942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
稳健性检验
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| 被解释变量 | 突破性技术创新 |
| 指标 | Break2 | Break | Break | Break | Paper | Break |
| 测度 | 自然对数 | 反正弦对数 | 计数 | 自然对数 | 计数 | 自然对数 |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| BR | 0.004*** | 0.011*** | 0.032*** | 0.009*** | | 0.013*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.001) | | (0.003) |
| IV | | | | | 0.079*** | |
| | | | | (0.011) | |
| 控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 企业固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 是 | 是 |
| 行政区-行业-年份固定效应 | | | | 是 | | |
| 样本量 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 145,723 | 146,203 | 146,203 |
| 解释度 | 0.568 | 0.596 | 0.798 | 0.613 | 0.883 | 0.009 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209140454239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Heterogeneity analysis
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| 被解释变量 | 突破性技术创新(Break) |
| 调节变量 | 行业研发投入强度 | 行业人力资本强度 | 行业技术收益强度 |
| 调节指标 | IRD | IRDEmp | IEEmp | ISEmp | ITPro | ITSer |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| BR | 0.009*** | 0.006*** | 0.005*** | 0.009*** | -0.017** | 0.016*** |
| (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.004) |
| BR × M | -0.009 | 0.007*** | 0.041*** | -0.014** | 0.001*** | -0.001* |
| (0.031) | (0.002) | (0.011) | (0.007) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
| 控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 企业固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 行业-年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 样本量 | 146,196 | 146,196 | 146,196 | 146,196 | 107,422 | 146,196 |
| 解释度 | 0.606 | 0.607 | 0.607 | 0.607 | 0.630 | 0.606 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209236923232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
异质性检验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 被解释变量 | 突破性技术创新(Break) |
| 调节变量 | 行业研发投入强度 | 行业人力资本强度 | 行业技术收益强度 |
| 调节指标 | IRD | IRDEmp | IEEmp | ISEmp | ITPro | ITSer |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| BR | 0.009*** | 0.006*** | 0.005*** | 0.009*** | -0.017** | 0.016*** |
| (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.004) |
| BR × M | -0.009 | 0.007*** | 0.041*** | -0.014** | 0.001*** | -0.001* |
| (0.031) | (0.002) | (0.011) | (0.007) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
| 控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 企业固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 行业-年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 样本量 | 146,196 | 146,196 | 146,196 | 146,196 | 107,422 | 146,196 |
| 解释度 | 0.606 | 0.607 | 0.607 | 0.607 | 0.630 | 0.606 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209320809313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Mechanisms analysis
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| 机制 | 基础研究支撑 | 知识密度增加 | 技术边界扩大 | 经济价值提高 |
| 被解释变量 | 产生引用基础 研究的专利 | 引用基础研究 的专利数 | 前向引用 关系数 | 后向引用 关系数 | 专利中的新 技术领域数 | 有新技术领 域的专利数 | 权利要求 项数 | 权利要求 字数 |
| 指标 | DPatent | PPatent | FCite | BCite | NField | PField | NRight | WRight |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
| BR | 0.006*** | 0.013*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.014*** | 0.014*** | 0.003* | 0.007** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) |
| 控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 企业固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 样本量 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 |
| 解释度 | 0.475 | 0.612 | 0.281 | 0.281 | 0.597 | 0.607 | 0.299 | 0.296 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317436209404695394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436196721120045, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
企业基础研究对技术突破的影响机制
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 机制 | 基础研究支撑 | 知识密度增加 | 技术边界扩大 | 经济价值提高 |
| 被解释变量 | 产生引用基础 研究的专利 | 引用基础研究 的专利数 | 前向引用 关系数 | 后向引用 关系数 | 专利中的新 技术领域数 | 有新技术领 域的专利数 | 权利要求 项数 | 权利要求 字数 |
| 指标 | DPatent | PPatent | FCite | BCite | NField | PField | NRight | WRight |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
| BR | 0.006*** | 0.013*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.014*** | 0.014*** | 0.003* | 0.007** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) |
| 控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 企业固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 样本量 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 | 146,203 |
| 解释度 | 0.475 | 0.612 | 0.281 | 0.281 | 0.597 | 0.607 | 0.299 | 0.296 |
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