Article(id=1317436178085827279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750608000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-23, revisedDate=1756051200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030861636, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030861636, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030861636, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030861636, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436114500170416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1793', pageEnd='2016', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030846476, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031015367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1959, endPage=1970, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436180388500176, articleId=1317436178085827279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Why does scientific misconduct persist?——Evidence based on research activities in China, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By creating a novel theoretical framework based in the sociology of science but adapted to China's particular state-led system, this study tackles the ongoing problem of scientific misconduct in the country's research landscape. China has a disproportionately high retraction rate (0.3%, three times the global average), according to an analysis of global retraction data from 2001 to 2020. There are also clear trends, with emerging science nations like China seeing rising retraction shares that surpass their publication output while established powers saw declines. The prevalence of plagiarism and fabrication gave way to more complex types of misconduct, such as paper mills, which had an especially negative effect on the fields of biology and medicine during China's explosive rise in these domains. Historically, universities were the main providers, but in the past ten years, hospitals—which are primarily associated with paper mills—have risen to over half of retractions.

These patterns reveal the shortcomings of Western-centric theories such as Merton's concept of "priority" competition. This framework positions China's "Competition for Meritocracy" (You Sheng Quan) as fundamental. Government dominance fosters a resource allocation model characterized by "competition for excellence," compelling researchers to engage in intense rivalry during a "shortlist-selection" process. Success is fundamentally dependent not on absolute "priority" but on attaining relative superiority within a candidate pool, reflecting the principles of "meritocracy." This generates distinct pressure dynamics: the main stressor is uncertainty stemming from the performance escalation of peers within the cohort, rather than from fixed benchmarks. Accelerated average peer growth significantly increases pressure, which, when it surpasses the limitations of national integrity policies and scientific self-regulation, results in misconduct.

This framework underwent empirical validation via a rigorous micro-level quantitative analysis of Chinese biology researchers, a field characterized by high levels of misconduct. A matched-pair sample was created consisting of 116 researchers with retractions from 2001 to 2020, paired with 116 controls matched on institution, department, gender, age, education, career stage, and honors, but lacking retractions. The longitudinal career and performance data from 2001 to 2020 resulted in an unbalanced panel comprising 3,920 observations. Logistic regression incorporating time fixed effects validated the primary hypotheses. 1) Increased perceived competitive pressure, indicated by the deviation of individual publication growth from personal moving averages, significantly elevated the probability of misconduct; 2) Accelerated average peer publication growth within the department (lagged) notably heightened misconduct, supporting the peer-driven pressure mechanism; 3) The existence of an active institutional misconduct policy substantially diminished the pressure-misconduct relationship, highlighting the essential role of organizational governance in mitigation.

Consequently, the persistence of misconduct in China is fundamentally rooted in the systemic pressures arising from competition for relative status within a meritocratic allocation framework. Effective solutions necessitate structural reform: shifting resource allocation from solely competitive selection to hybrid models that include thresholds; enhancing the governance capacity of research organizations to enforce integrity policies; and promoting collaborative ecosystems to reduce hyper-competition and redirect research towards meaningful innovation. Addressing these systemic drivers is essential for ensuring sustainable research integrity in China and comparable contexts.

, authors=Jing-yan CHEN, Lan XUE, authorsList=Jing-yan CHEN, Lan XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lan XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436184679273184, articleId=1317436178085827279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=学术不端为何屡禁不止?——基于中国科研活动的证据, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探索学术不端行为发生的原因与机制是科研诚信领域研究的核心前沿议题。然而,以科学社会学为代表的主流理论在非西方语境中解释力不足。本文立足科学社会学理论视角和分析范式,结合中国科研体系特征,构建了中国视角下学术不端成因与机制的解释框架。本研究认为我国科研体系长期遵循“竞争择优”的资源分配机制,迫使研究者围绕优胜权展开竞争。在此环境中,关键压力源并非绝对的评价标准,而是候选人群体内部相对的表现变化。当其他候选人科研表现快速提升时,研究者感知到的压力急剧增大,进而使得科研规范系统的约束被突破,学术不端行为由此发生。基于此,本文通过微观层面(研究者个体)的定量分析对核心因果推断进行了实证检验,结果表明本文的理论框架对中国情境下学术不端行为的原因与机制有较强解释力。最后,本文从科研资源分配、科研组织建设和科研生态培育三个方面提出了政策建议。

, authors=陈婧嫣, 薛澜, authorsList=陈婧嫣, 薛澜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=薛澜, authorNote=

陈婧嫣(1992-),女,博士,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
薛澜(1959-),男,教授。
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陈婧嫣(1992-),女,博士,E-mail:。

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From the perspective of academic fraud in papers: The problem of academic dishonesty in China[J]. Journal of South China Normal University (Social Science Edition), 2006 (6):151-153., articleTitle=From the perspective of academic fraud in papers: The problem of academic dishonesty in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436191037838100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e318257ee6a, pmid=22622208, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=87, issue=7, pageStart=877, pageEnd=882, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Kornfeld D S, journalName=Academic Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kornfeld D S. Research misconduct: The search for a remedy[J]. Academic Medicine, 2012, 87(7): 877-882., articleTitle=Research misconduct: The search for a remedy, refAbstract=Research misconduct-fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism-is an insidious problem in the scientific community today with the capacity to harm science, scientists, and the public. Federal agencies require that research trainees complete a course designed to deter such behavior, but the author could find no evidence to suggest that this effort has been effective. In fact, research shows that most cases of misconduct continue to go unreported.The author conducted a detailed examination of 146 individual Office of Research Integrity reports from 1992 to 2003 and determined that these acts of misconduct were the results of individual psychological traits and the circumstances in which the researchers found themselves. Therefore, a course in research misconduct, such as is now federally mandated, should not be expected to have a significant effect. However, a course developed specifically for support staff, who currently do not receive such training, might prove effective.Improving the quality of mentoring is essential to meaningfully deal with this issue. Therefore, the quality of mentorship should be a factor in the evaluation of training grants for funding. In addition, mentors should share responsibility for their trainees' published work. The whistleblower can also play a significant role in this effort. However, the potential whistleblower is deterred by a realistic fear of retaliation. Therefore, institutions must establish policies that acknowledge the whistleblower's contribution to the integrity of science and provide truly effective protection from retaliation. An increase in whistleblowing activity would provide greater, earlier exposure of misconduct and serve as a deterrent.), Reference(id=1317436191125918485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0163251, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=11, issue=9, pageStart=e0163251, pageEnd=null, url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163251, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Tijdink J K, Bouter L M, Veldkamp C L, journalName=PloS one, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tijdink J K, Bouter L M, Veldkamp C L, et al. Personality traits are associated with research misbehavior in Dutch scientists: A cross-sectional study[J]. 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Academic improper behaviors from scholars in different universities and colleges vary greatly in academic misconduct behaviors. 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The case of marketing, refAbstract=The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of international involvement in the editorial boards and content of the leading journals of the marketing discipline to investigate a reported bias against non‐US material.), Reference(id=1317436194200343330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=15, issue=4, pageStart=629, pageEnd=642, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Merilainen S, Tienari J, Thomas R, journalName=Organization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Merilainen S, Tienari J, Thomas R, et al. Hegemonic academic practices: Experiences of publishing from the periphery[J]. Organization, 2008, 15(4): 629-642., articleTitle=Hegemonic academic practices: Experiences of publishing from the periphery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436194514916131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=5, issue=2, pageStart=e00064, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Casadevall A, Fang F C, journalName=MBio, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Casadevall A, Fang F C. Causes for the persistence of impact factor mania[J]. 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Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2012, 27(11): 587-588., articleTitle=An academia beyond quantity: A reply to Loyola et al. and Halme et al, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436194925957925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Holtfreter K, Reisig M D, Pratt T C, journalName=Studies in Higher Education, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Holtfreter K, Reisig M D, Pratt T C, et al. The perceived causes of research misconduct among faculty members in the natural, social, and applied sciences[J]. Studies in Higher Education, 2019: 1-13., articleTitle=The perceived causes of research misconduct among faculty members in the natural, social, and applied sciences, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436194997261094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=10.1038/489179a, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=489, issue=7415, pageStart=179, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Beall J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Beall J. Predatory publishers are corrupting open access[J]. Nature, 2012, 489(7415): 179., articleTitle=Predatory publishers are corrupting open access, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436195097924391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=10.1002/leap.2018.31.issue-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=31, issue=2, pageStart=141, pageEnd=147, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17414857/31/2, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Kurt S, journalName=Learned Publishing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kurt S. Why do authors publish in predatory journals?[J]. Learned Publishing, 2018, 31(2): 141-147., articleTitle=Why do authors publish in predatory journals?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436195336999720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=90, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Abad-García M F, journalName=Anales de Pediatría, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abad-García M F. Plagiarism and predatory journals: A threat to scientific integrity[J]. Anales de Pediatría, 2019, 90(1): 57-e1., articleTitle=Plagiarism and predatory journals: A threat to scientific integrity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436195441857321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.025, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=48, issue=2, pageStart=401, pageEnd=413, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Biagioli M, Kenney M, Martin B R, journalName=Research Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Biagioli M, Kenney M, Martin B R, et al. Scientific misconduct, misrepresentation and gaming: A reassessment[J]. Research Policy, 2019, 48(2): 401-413., articleTitle=Scientific misconduct, misrepresentation and gaming: A reassessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436195508966186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=350, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=2, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Clark J, Smith R, journalName=British Medical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Clark J, Smith R. Firm action needed on predatory journals[J]. British Medical Journal, 2015, 350: 1-2., articleTitle=Firm action needed on predatory journals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436195613823787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1979, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=267, pageEnd=278, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Merton R K, journalName=The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Merton R K. The normative structure of science[J]. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, 1979: 267-278., articleTitle=The normative structure of science, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436195672544044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=1, issue=null, pageStart=87, pageEnd=138, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Zuckerman H, journalName=Deviance and Social Change, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zuckerman H. Deviant behavior and social control in science[J]. Deviance and Social Change, 1977, 1: 87-138., articleTitle=Deviant behavior and social control in science, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436189884404486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, awardId=20241090014, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市科技计划“人工智能与数据要素驱动的科研新范式探索及模式研究”(20241090014), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436184947708641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436184956097250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, companyId=1317436184947708641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Policy & Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436184964485859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, companyId=1317436184947708641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=清华大学公共管理学院, 北京 100084)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317436186629624566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Global share of total S&T papers published and retracted by major countries (2001-2020), figureFileSmall=A6IQr2fOFSlro2K8be5Yew==, figureFileBig=9Bm7sl45cQtEnI9Ljp5e2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436186960974583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=CN, label=图1, caption=主要国家科技论文发表总量与撤稿总频次的全球占比(2001-2020)

注:数据来源为SCOPUS(发表数据)及撤稿观察数据库(撤稿数据)。

, figureFileSmall=A6IQr2fOFSlro2K8be5Yew==, figureFileBig=9Bm7sl45cQtEnI9Ljp5e2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436188756136696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Proportion of plagiarism and fabrication among total academic misconduct papers in China (2001-2020), figureFileSmall=S/CmG8eGK0yp8fO81iG13Q==, figureFileBig=3G+m1TWAfmMDvtAlo18jXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436188869382905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国学术不端撤稿论文总篇次中剽窃和造假占比(2001-2020)

注:数据来源为撤稿观察数据库。

, figureFileSmall=S/CmG8eGK0yp8fO81iG13Q==, figureFileBig=3G+m1TWAfmMDvtAlo18jXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436188940686074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Proportion of academic misconduct retractions in major disciplines (2001-2020), figureFileSmall=RlNQX6nkufN9b24OrFBX7g==, figureFileBig=iMLvyWeYzoqVcAl4iofv3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436189007794939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=CN, label=图3, caption=主要学科领域学术不端撤稿频次占比(2001-2020)

注:数据来源为撤稿观察数据库。

, figureFileSmall=RlNQX6nkufN9b24OrFBX7g==, figureFileBig=iMLvyWeYzoqVcAl4iofv3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436189079098108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Mechanism of academic misconduct occurrence from the perspective of sociology of science, figureFileSmall=aa/fT7NZrv0WDxESBCrc1g==, figureFileBig=SzN+nTF+pCyiMehCBNzQrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317436189154595581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=CN, label=图4, caption=科学社会学理论视角下学术不端等越轨行为的发生机制

注:图为作者根据Merton(1979)和Zuckerman(1977)观点自制。

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Descriptive statistics of variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 样本量 均值 标准差 中位数 最小值 最大值
学术不端行为是否发生 3920 0.05 0.21 0.00 0.00 1.00
竞争压力感知 3920 0.05 0.71 0.00 -2.89 6.00
他人科研表现变化速度 3920 0.26 0.53 0.12 -1.00 6.83
规范约束 3920 0.33 0.47 0.00 0.00 1.00
年龄 3920 41.41 8.78 41.00 22.00 67.00
性别 3920 0.68 0.47 1.00 0.00 1.00
海外经历 3920 0.49 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.00
在职学位 3920 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.00 1.00
累计论文发表数量(篇) 3920 17.02 29.83 6.00 0.00 282.00
教学与科研人数(人) 1981 4065.36 3949.51 2525.00 90.00 23230.00
科研投入金额(百万元) 1981 645.55 903.88 285.30 2.59 4419.64
承担课题数 1981 2077.32 2314.15 1251.00 58.00 10052.00
人均科研投入(千元/人) 1981 175.58 200.82 148.60 2.09 2720.76
人均承担课题数 1981 0.61 0.54 0.53 0.05 6.94
985高校 3880 0.30 0.46 0.00 0.00 1.00
211高校 3920 0.25 0.43 0.00 0.00 1.00
普通本科高校 3920 0.44 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1317436189615969027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 样本量 均值 标准差 中位数 最小值 最大值
学术不端行为是否发生 3920 0.05 0.21 0.00 0.00 1.00
竞争压力感知 3920 0.05 0.71 0.00 -2.89 6.00
他人科研表现变化速度 3920 0.26 0.53 0.12 -1.00 6.83
规范约束 3920 0.33 0.47 0.00 0.00 1.00
年龄 3920 41.41 8.78 41.00 22.00 67.00
性别 3920 0.68 0.47 1.00 0.00 1.00
海外经历 3920 0.49 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.00
在职学位 3920 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.00 1.00
累计论文发表数量(篇) 3920 17.02 29.83 6.00 0.00 282.00
教学与科研人数(人) 1981 4065.36 3949.51 2525.00 90.00 23230.00
科研投入金额(百万元) 1981 645.55 903.88 285.30 2.59 4419.64
承担课题数 1981 2077.32 2314.15 1251.00 58.00 10052.00
人均科研投入(千元/人) 1981 175.58 200.82 148.60 2.09 2720.76
人均承担课题数 1981 0.61 0.54 0.53 0.05 6.94
985高校 3880 0.30 0.46 0.00 0.00 1.00
211高校 3920 0.25 0.43 0.00 0.00 1.00
普通本科高校 3920 0.44 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1317436189708243716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of logistic regression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学术不端行为发生的概率 (1)
基准回归
(2)
机制分析
(3)
调节作用
竞争压力感知 0.656***
(4.36)
0.677***
(5.30)
其他候选人平均科研表现变化速度 0.436**
(2.55)
竞争压力感知×学术不端治理机制 -0.695***
(-2.61)
学术不端治理机制 -0.252
(-0.89)
年龄 -0.026
(-1.14)
-0.025
(-1.10)
-0.023
(-1.17)
性别 -0.083
(-0.28)
-0.125
(-0.43)
0.027
(0.10)
海外经历 -0.239
(-0.86)
-0.272
(-1.00)
-0.061
(-0.29)
在职学位 0.569*
(1.65)
0.526
(1.55)
0.215
(0.78)
职称内累计论文发表数量 0.018***
(3.91)
0.016***
(3.50)
0.011***
(3.63)
教学与科研人数 0.000
(1.28)
0.000
(1.20)
科研投入金额 -0.001**
(-2.55)
-0.001**
(-2.56)
承担课题数 0.000*
(1.86)
0.000*
(1.91)
人均科研投入水平 0.005***
(2.84)
0.005***
(2.80)
人均承担课题数 -1.568**
(-2.10)
-1.541**
(-2.07)
985高校 -1.815
(-1.29)
-1.504
(-1.08)
211高校 -1.745
(-1.28)
-1.378
(-1.02)
普通高校 -1.315
(-0.97)
-1.013
(-0.76)
Constant -2.977*
(-1.81)
-3.077*
(-1.89)
-2.793**
(-2.52)
年份固定效应 是 是 是
学院固定效应 否 否 是
样本量 3559 1981 3470
), ArticleFig(id=1317436189779546885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436178085827279, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

回归结果:竞争压力感知对学术不端行为发生概率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学术不端行为发生的概率 (1)
基准回归
(2)
机制分析
(3)
调节作用
竞争压力感知 0.656***
(4.36)
0.677***
(5.30)
其他候选人平均科研表现变化速度 0.436**
(2.55)
竞争压力感知×学术不端治理机制 -0.695***
(-2.61)
学术不端治理机制 -0.252
(-0.89)
年龄 -0.026
(-1.14)
-0.025
(-1.10)
-0.023
(-1.17)
性别 -0.083
(-0.28)
-0.125
(-0.43)
0.027
(0.10)
海外经历 -0.239
(-0.86)
-0.272
(-1.00)
-0.061
(-0.29)
在职学位 0.569*
(1.65)
0.526
(1.55)
0.215
(0.78)
职称内累计论文发表数量 0.018***
(3.91)
0.016***
(3.50)
0.011***
(3.63)
教学与科研人数 0.000
(1.28)
0.000
(1.20)
科研投入金额 -0.001**
(-2.55)
-0.001**
(-2.56)
承担课题数 0.000*
(1.86)
0.000*
(1.91)
人均科研投入水平 0.005***
(2.84)
0.005***
(2.80)
人均承担课题数 -1.568**
(-2.10)
-1.541**
(-2.07)
985高校 -1.815
(-1.29)
-1.504
(-1.08)
211高校 -1.745
(-1.28)
-1.378
(-1.02)
普通高校 -1.315
(-0.97)
-1.013
(-0.76)
Constant -2.977*
(-1.81)
-3.077*
(-1.89)
-2.793**
(-2.52)
年份固定效应 是 是 是
学院固定效应 否 否 是
样本量 3559 1981 3470
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科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(9): 1959-1970
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (9) : 1959 -1970
学术不端为何屡禁不止?——基于中国科研活动的证据
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陈婧嫣 , 薛澜
作者信息
  • 清华大学公共管理学院, 北京 100084
通讯作者:
薛澜(1959-),男,教授。
作者简介:

陈婧嫣(1992-),女,博士,E-mail:。

Why does scientific misconduct persist?——Evidence based on research activities in China
Jing-yan CHEN , Lan XUE
Affiliations
  • School of Public Policy & Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15
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探索学术不端行为发生的原因与机制是科研诚信领域研究的核心前沿议题。然而,以科学社会学为代表的主流理论在非西方语境中解释力不足。本文立足科学社会学理论视角和分析范式,结合中国科研体系特征,构建了中国视角下学术不端成因与机制的解释框架。本研究认为我国科研体系长期遵循“竞争择优”的资源分配机制,迫使研究者围绕优胜权展开竞争。在此环境中,关键压力源并非绝对的评价标准,而是候选人群体内部相对的表现变化。当其他候选人科研表现快速提升时,研究者感知到的压力急剧增大,进而使得科研规范系统的约束被突破,学术不端行为由此发生。基于此,本文通过微观层面(研究者个体)的定量分析对核心因果推断进行了实证检验,结果表明本文的理论框架对中国情境下学术不端行为的原因与机制有较强解释力。最后,本文从科研资源分配、科研组织建设和科研生态培育三个方面提出了政策建议。

学术不端  /  科学社会学  /  优胜权  /  竞争择优机制

By creating a novel theoretical framework based in the sociology of science but adapted to China's particular state-led system, this study tackles the ongoing problem of scientific misconduct in the country's research landscape. China has a disproportionately high retraction rate (0.3%, three times the global average), according to an analysis of global retraction data from 2001 to 2020. There are also clear trends, with emerging science nations like China seeing rising retraction shares that surpass their publication output while established powers saw declines. The prevalence of plagiarism and fabrication gave way to more complex types of misconduct, such as paper mills, which had an especially negative effect on the fields of biology and medicine during China's explosive rise in these domains. Historically, universities were the main providers, but in the past ten years, hospitals—which are primarily associated with paper mills—have risen to over half of retractions.

These patterns reveal the shortcomings of Western-centric theories such as Merton's concept of "priority" competition. This framework positions China's "Competition for Meritocracy" (You Sheng Quan) as fundamental. Government dominance fosters a resource allocation model characterized by "competition for excellence," compelling researchers to engage in intense rivalry during a "shortlist-selection" process. Success is fundamentally dependent not on absolute "priority" but on attaining relative superiority within a candidate pool, reflecting the principles of "meritocracy." This generates distinct pressure dynamics: the main stressor is uncertainty stemming from the performance escalation of peers within the cohort, rather than from fixed benchmarks. Accelerated average peer growth significantly increases pressure, which, when it surpasses the limitations of national integrity policies and scientific self-regulation, results in misconduct.

This framework underwent empirical validation via a rigorous micro-level quantitative analysis of Chinese biology researchers, a field characterized by high levels of misconduct. A matched-pair sample was created consisting of 116 researchers with retractions from 2001 to 2020, paired with 116 controls matched on institution, department, gender, age, education, career stage, and honors, but lacking retractions. The longitudinal career and performance data from 2001 to 2020 resulted in an unbalanced panel comprising 3,920 observations. Logistic regression incorporating time fixed effects validated the primary hypotheses. 1) Increased perceived competitive pressure, indicated by the deviation of individual publication growth from personal moving averages, significantly elevated the probability of misconduct; 2) Accelerated average peer publication growth within the department (lagged) notably heightened misconduct, supporting the peer-driven pressure mechanism; 3) The existence of an active institutional misconduct policy substantially diminished the pressure-misconduct relationship, highlighting the essential role of organizational governance in mitigation.

Consequently, the persistence of misconduct in China is fundamentally rooted in the systemic pressures arising from competition for relative status within a meritocratic allocation framework. Effective solutions necessitate structural reform: shifting resource allocation from solely competitive selection to hybrid models that include thresholds; enhancing the governance capacity of research organizations to enforce integrity policies; and promoting collaborative ecosystems to reduce hyper-competition and redirect research towards meaningful innovation. Addressing these systemic drivers is essential for ensuring sustainable research integrity in China and comparable contexts.

scientific misconduct  /  sociology of science  /  meritocracy  /  competitive merit mechanisms
陈婧嫣, 薛澜. 学术不端为何屡禁不止?——基于中国科研活动的证据. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1959 -1970 .
Jing-yan CHEN, Lan XUE. Why does scientific misconduct persist?——Evidence based on research activities in China[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1959 -1970 .
学术不端是科学制度运行过程中的内生现象[1],如今已成为不容忽视的全球性治理难题。从全球整体来看,本世纪以来学术不端问题日益频发[2-4],其中我国情况尤为严峻。2025年《自然》杂志研究显示:2014年至2024年全球约4万篇撤稿论文中,中国学者参与的超过2万篇,占比近60%;中国整体撤稿率达0.3%,是全球平均水平的3倍(美、英等国约为0.04%);全球撤稿率前10位的机构中有7家来自中国[5]。这些数字警醒着我们:学术不端已经成为我国科学事业蓬勃发展背后的重大隐患,值得引起各方高度重视。
科研诚信是科技创新的基石,是实施创新驱动发展战略、实现世界科技强国目标的坚实基础。2018年3月,习近平总书记于中央全面深化改革委员会第一次会议上强调要加强科研诚信建设并推进其制度化。党的二十届三中全会将科研诚信建设纳入全面创新体制机制,明确要求“深化科技评价体系改革,加强科技伦理治理,严肃整治学术不端行为”。当前,我国处于建设科技强国的关键时期,科研作风学风事关科技事业的成败。为此,我们不仅需要研判我国学术不端问题的现状及趋势,更要结合我国独特的科研体系特征,剖析问题频发的系统性根源与机制。唯有实事求是把握问题本质,方能推动科研诚信建设取得切实突破。
近年来,基于国际期刊撤稿记录分析学术不端问题发展趋势已成为重要研究路径[6]。在现代科学制度中,期刊有权对确认存在学术不端问题的论文进行撤稿并发布撤稿声明[7]。这些撤稿声明被视为观察学术不端现象的重要切口[8]。因此,部分机构和研究者致力于构建撤稿数据库,以期通过统计分析把握学术不端问题的演变过程与核心规律。
然而,既有研究存在不足[9,10]:一是缺乏对学术不端问题长期发展趋势的刻画,跨学科领域、国家地区和学术不端形式的比较分析不足;二是未能准确刻画中国学术不端现状及其在全球背景下的特征。为此,本文基于2001年至2020年间全球撤稿数据,结合全球趋势剖析中国现状,为把握我国学术不端问题的全貌提供事实依据。
第一,全球撤稿规模剧增,老牌科技强国与新兴科技大国发展趋势差异显著。21世纪以来,全球学术不端撤稿论文数量激增,从2001年171篇增至2020年2298篇,增长12.4倍,年均增幅16.7%。国家维度对比鲜明:以美、日、德、英为代表的老牌科技强国,其学术不端撤稿频次占比在21世纪初时最高,但随后逐年下降,且整体低于其论文发表量的全球占比;相反,以中、俄、印、伊、韩为代表的新兴科技大国,学术不端撤稿频次的全球占比逐年上升,且高于其论文发表量的全球占比(见图1)。这直观反映了新兴科技大国在论文质量和科研水平上与老牌科技强国的显著差距。
第二,学术不端形式趋于复杂、隐蔽,剽窃、造假主导的同时新形式涌现。21世纪以来,剽窃和造假始终是学术不端的主要形式。每年全球学术不端撤稿论文中二者占比之和始终保持在80%左右,直至2017年后明显下降。下降的主要原因是操纵同行评议、论文工厂等新型不端行为的规模化涌现。中国的趋势与全球一致,且形式更趋复杂隐蔽。一方面,剽窃占比显著下降,造假占比不断上升(见图2);另一方面,论文工厂自2012年起由中国发端向他国扩散,已成为近年来我国科研成果可靠性受到质疑的焦点。
第三,全球学术不端集中频发于生物学和医学领域,我国亦受到剧烈冲击。如图3所示,21世纪生物学、医学领域学术不端撤稿频次全球占比分别高达19.09%和15.23%,问题最为突出。同时,这20年也是中国在生物学、医学领域论文发表增长最快时期:Medline收录的论文中,中国学者论文发表量全球占比从1.5%上涨至17.1%,增长了29.3倍(同期全球总量增长仅2.6倍)。高度竞争的科研环境及实验科学范式下造假的便利性,使生物学、医学成为学术不端问题的重灾区,科研产出激增的中国亦深陷其中。
第四,我国学术不端集中发生于高校,论文工厂问题与医院紧密关联。我国学术不端撤稿论文主要源自高校、科研院所和医院。2010年前,每年有超过一半的学术不端撤稿论文来源于高校。2011年至2020年,医院占比快速上升,从30.66%提升至54.38%;高校占比则被挤压下降,从56.78%降低至37.54%。值得注意的是,近十年我国医学领域撤稿论文中超过八成来自医院,而医院撤稿论文中近九成与论文工厂相关。
以上事实表明,21世纪全球学术不端撤稿规模急剧扩张,新兴科技大国与老牌科技强国在论文质量和科研水平方面差距明显。学术不端形式虽长期以剽窃与造假为主,但操纵同行评议、论文工厂等新型隐蔽方式近年来迅速涌现。生物学、医学领域因竞争的激烈性及造假的便利性成为重灾区,中国在该领域科研产出迅猛增长的同时亦被卷入其中。此外,高校始终是我国学术不端的主要发生地,但近十年医院占比激增,与论文工厂问题高度关联。这些基本特征深刻揭示了当前学术不端现象的严峻性、演变趋势及中国的特殊性。下文将以此为基础,系统梳理既有文献对相关问题的探讨。
在中国科技创新突飞猛进的同时,学术不端问题日益加剧。深入剖析中国科技发展的生态环境,对理解学术不端行为至关重要。本文基于现实关切提出以下研究问题:第一,学术不端行为发生的原因是什么?第二,学术不端行为发生的机制是什么?
与本文研究问题相关的文献可归纳为两支:一是对学术不端行为致因的广泛讨论;二是科学社会学对学术不端行为发生机制的解释。下文将对这两支文献分别进行回顾。
既有研究表明,学术不端行为的致因涉及个体、组织和制度三个层面。个体层面强调研究者从事学术不端行为的内在倾向性,主要涉及道德水平和性格特质。既有研究认为自身道德水平低下[11]或存在急功近利[12]、完美主义[13]、马基雅维利主义[14]等性格特质的研究者更有可能采取学术不端行为。组织层面强调研究者所处的组织环境的影响,包括组织文化、监督力度和竞争强度,即当组织内存在容忍或鼓励不当行为的组织文化[15,16]、缺乏有效的监督程序[17,18]或常年处于高度竞争状态[19,20]时,学术不端行为更有可能发生。制度层面则聚焦更广泛的系统性问题,既有研究将过度依赖量化指标的考核与评价制度视为学术不端行为产生的根源[21-26],并认为开放获取制度催生的“掠夺性期刊”[27-31]也为学术不端行为提供了更多机会。
既有研究为理解学术不端问题提供了良好基础,但在分析框架和研究方法层面仍存在明显局限。一方面,多数研究侧重于识别和验证新的解释变量,却未能深入探究个体、组织、制度三个层面因素之间的相互作用及共同影响,缺乏整合性的解释框架;另一方面,问卷或访谈被作为主要实证资料来源,依赖样本反馈的研究方法极易受到自选择问题的影响,从而难以全面客观地反映真实状况。
科学社会学将科学视为一种社会建制,认为科学系统的运行有赖于规范系统和奖励系统的互动[32]。在科学社会学假定的“理想状态”下,科学家遵守科研规范,通过发表贡献新知识,并按规则获取奖励,从而保证科学制度的平稳运行。学术不端作为偏离这种理想状态的反常现象,被视为规范系统和奖励系统冲突的结果。默顿等科学社会学家认为对科学发现优先权的激烈争夺是学术不端等越轨行为①(①越轨(deviance)是社会学领域中的一个重要的概念,指的是行为、状态和个人与社会标准之间的差异。越轨行为指任何违背社会规范的行为,这些行为会引起(或是被发现后可能会引起)社会的反对甚至负面的制裁。科学中的越轨行为即违背科学规范的失常行为。)发生的根源。当科学制度将独创性视为最高价值并把大部分奖励集中授予首创者时,科学家们便被迫围绕优先权展开排他性竞争。竞争的加剧使得完成首创发现愈发艰难,科学家们面临的压力进一步加大。在重压处境下,当科学家们认为通过规范行为无法在竞争中获胜时,规范系统对其行为的约束被突破,以学术不端为代表的各种越轨行为随之发生。
科学社会学从科学制度内部规范系统与奖励系统互动的角度阐释了学术不端等越轨行为发生的原因和机制。然而,这一理论框架内含的关于西方科学制度的先验性假定使其在非西方语境中的解释力不足。因此,本文尝试将中国科研环境的特殊性与科学社会学的论证逻辑结合,推动非西方语境下的理论构建。
科学社会学对学术不端行为的解释根源于西方科学制度的特殊语境,这限制了其在非西方语境中的解释力。为此,本文试图以科学社会学的理论视角为遵循,结合中国科学制度的突出特质构建新的理论框架,从而为学术不端行为寻找制度性、系统性根源。
第一,政府主导与资源竞争性分配构成了中国科研体系的核心特质。中国的科研活动由政府主导,这源于科研组织的事业单位属性、科研人员的事业编制和科研资金的公共来源共同塑造的。政府主导性决定了科研人员高度依赖公共资金且资源获取渠道相对固定。相应地,科研人员待遇、收入及声望的提高必须通过不断争取科研项目、各类奖励及完成职称晋升来实现。在我国的科研环境中,资源的竞争性分配遵循有限名额下的“入围-选拔”机制,即在众多入围者中择优选拔出相对更优秀的候选人,并将资源分配给这部分优胜者。
第二,研究者之间竞争的本质是对“优胜权”而非“优先权”的争夺。在西方科学制度下,科学价值中对独创性的过分追求及将奖励集中授予首创者的分配方式使得科学家们围绕“优先权”展开竞争。类似地,中国的科研体系中同样广泛存在着激烈的竞争,但本质上与西方科学社会有所不同,本文将其抽象为“优胜权”之争。与优先权所强调的“绝对领先”地位不同,优胜权强调的是“相对领先”。优胜的本义是成绩优良胜过他人,其核心是在与他人的比较中胜出。从科学社会学的理论视角出发,竞争的本质与奖励分配机制密切相关。在西方科学制度下,奖励只被授予独创性成果,因而“最”尤为重要;在我国的科研环境中,科研资源通过竞争择优机制在候选人群体中的优胜者中分配,因而“更”才是关键。换言之,中国研究者的目标是成为能获得奖励的优胜者群体中的一员,而并不必须成为该领域中绝对的第一名。
第三,研究者的压力源于无法预期他人表现的不安全感。在对优胜权的争夺中,每个人对自己能否胜出的判断取决于对其他候选人水平的评估,而该信息在竞争者间并不公开。因此,在无法控制其他人行为的前提下,每位候选人都难以确切知道自己要做到什么程度才能成为这个群体中相对优秀者。换言之,研究者对压力的感知与其他候选人(即潜在竞争者)的表现密切相关:当其他候选人的表现提升越快时,研究者所感受到的压力越大;当其他候选人的表现没有迅速提升时,研究者感受到的压力则相对较小。
本节将立足科学社会学理论视角和分析范式,结合中国科研体系的突出特征,提出非西方语境下理解学术不端行为原因和机制的理论框架。
第一,压力是学术不端行为发生的根源。科学社会学将“压力”作为解释科学中越轨行为的核心变量,认为学术不端行为发生的可能性与研究者所感知的压力大小密切相关。第二,优胜权之争是我国研究者最重要的压力来源。经典科学社会学理论认为压力源于优先权争夺中日益激烈的竞争。本文则认为中国研究者的压力核心源于对优胜权的争夺,这是由中国科研体系资源分配的择优竞争机制决定的。在此情境下,研究者们追求的并非绝对领先(优先权),而是相对领先(优胜权)。第三,学术不端行为的发生机制是研究者在压力增大时对规范系统约束的突破。我国科研系统中的规范性力量来源有二:一是国家政策,即国家层面针对科研规范、科研诚信、学术不端等问题制定的纲领、方案、意见等,通过政府层级传达至科研组织对研究者产生约束作用;二是科学系统的自我规制,即科学领域中发展形成的约束性制度与规则,如同行评议等。国家政策和科学系统的自我规制共同构成了有约束力的规范系统,而学术不端行为的发生本质上就是研究者对规范系统约束的突破。
由此,本文构建了从个体压力感知增加到突破规范系统约束的完整因果链条。新的理论框架植根于中国科研现实,重新识别了中国语境下研究者的压力来源,并强调了规范系统中政策规制及科学共同体自治的约束作用。
根据本文提出的理论框架,研究者在“入围-选拔”机制下争夺优胜权时,其感知到的压力越大,学术不端行为发生的可能性也越大。其中,研究者感知到的压力强度与其所在候选人群体的平均科研表现变化密切相关:当候选人群体平均科研表现提升越快时,研究者感知到的压力越大。为检验上述理论框架对学术不端行为发生原因和机制的解释力,本节将在研究者个体这一微观尺度上采用定量分析方法进行实证研究。
本文的理论框架将研究者对竞争压力感知的变化视为解释学术不端行为发生概率变化的核心变量。这一设想具有深厚的理论基础和现实依据。理论层面,经典科学社会学将研究者压力增大视为竞争加剧的必然结果,并认定其为导致越轨行为发生的根本原因[33]。现实层面,大量问卷调查结果显示,研究者常常迫于竞争压力而选择从事学术不端行为。由此,本文提出假设1:
假设1:研究者感知到的竞争压力越大,学术不端行为越有可能发生。
在此基础上,本文进一步识别出研究者压力感知变化背后的潜在机制。在中国科研活动的语境中,优先权之争被优胜权之争所取代,研究者压力感知的变化主要与其所在科研组织内部其他候选人科研表现的平均提升速度密切相关。从对现实的观察中可以发现,不同的科研组织中研究者所感知到的压力存在差异,在平均科研表现快速提升的组织中,科研人员的压力往往是巨大的。由此,本文提出假设2:
假设2:组织内平均科研表现提升越快,学术不端行为越有可能发生。
此外,基于本文的理论框架,学术不端行为是否发生本质上是内部竞争压力感知程度与外部规范系统约束力度之间博弈的结果。当竞争压力对个体采取不当行为的推动作用增大到足以突破规范系统的约束作用时,学术不端行为便会发生。为此,我们考察科研组织对研究者的管理力度,将其视为起约束作用的外部规范因素。随着我国科研诚信制度建设工作的推进,各科研组织开始自觉地制定并推行学术不端治理机制。如果科学建制中的规范性因素能够有效约束学术不端行为,那么我们应该能够观察到:当科研组织内部存在良好运行的学术不端治理机制时,竞争压力对个体采取不当行为的推动作用会受到削弱。由此,本文提出假设3:
假设3:与不存在组织内部学术不端治理机制的情况相比,组织内部学术不端治理机制能够显著抑制压力增大对学术不端发生概率的正向影响。
(1)样本构建
学术不端归根结底是研究者的个体行为,故本文选择从研究者个体这一微观层面出发对前文提出的理论假设进行实证检验。近二十年来,我国生物学领域学术不端行为发生频率最高,且集中发生于高校。因此,本文基于我国生物学领域高校研究者群体进行样本构建。首先,我们从2001年至2020年间我国生物学领域学术不端撤稿论文中识别出所有第一作者及通讯作者的基本信息(姓名及供职机构)。在去除无法查明具体身份的研究者、论文发表时为在校学生但毕业后未继续从事科研工作的研究者、高校附属医院中非科研岗位研究者以及军事院校研究者后,最终确定了116位曾因学术不端行为导致被撤稿的研究者作为基础样本。其次,为了克服样本选择性偏误问题,本文为基础样本中的每位研究者在同一院系范围内,人工匹配了另一位在性别、年龄、教育背景、工作任职经历和荣誉奖励等方面条件最为相似,但无任何学术不端撤稿记录的研究者作为对照组。经过匹配后,我们成功获取了116位合格的研究者,两组研究者仅在是否曾有过学术不端行为方面存在区别。将基础样本与匹配得到的对照组合并,形成了包含232位研究者的总样本。
在确认了总样本中232位研究者的身份后,本文通过高校官方网站、研究者个人主页、知网和Web of Science等公开渠道系统收集每位研究者的详细履历信息,包括研究者的背景资料(性别、民族、出生年月、籍贯等)、学习经历(本科、硕士、博士所在学校等)、工作任职经历(供职单位、职称变动、国际交流经历等)、获得帽子和奖励情况、科研表现(职业期内每年学术论文发表数量、按年份被引用次数、五年内H-index等)。最终构建起以研究者个体为分析单元,时间跨度为2001年至2020年的非平衡面板,共包含3920条观察。
(2)变量测量
本文的被解释变量为学术不端行为是否发生。测量方式:以样本中的研究者在对应年份是否有学术不端撤稿经历为依据对变量进行0/1赋值,其中在对应年份中有学术不端撤稿经历的记为1,反之则记为0。对于单年有多次学术不端撤稿记录的研究者,无论有多少次,均记为1。
研究者对竞争压力的感知是本文第一个核心解释变量。测量方式:研究者当年论文发表量较前一年的增幅与研究者当前职称内移动平均发表量增幅(滞后一期)的差值。其中,研究者当前职称内移动平均发表量增幅为研究者处于当前职称第n年时,从进入该职称第一年开始到第n年为止的年发表量增幅平均值。这种测量方式的优势在于:年发表量增幅较基准增幅的偏移能够更好地刻画那些短期内可能发生剧烈变化的因素的影响,比如竞争压力。
其他候选人平均科研表现变化速度是本文的第二个核心解释变量,构建这一变量是为了检验压力来源及压力感知变化的机制。测量方式:研究者所在学院除其本人外论文发表量的年增幅(滞后一期)。
此外,为了在以研究者为个体的样本中检验科学建制中外部与研究者个体的规范因素是否对主效应存在调节作用,本文将对应年份研究者所在高校内部是否存在学术不端治理机制作为对规范约束这一调节变量的测量。判断高校内部是否存在学术不端治理机制的标准是:对应年份中该校是否有已经生效的、针对学术不端行为的、具有明确查处机制的政策文件。
文本的控制变量涉及研究者个体特征及其所在高校科研活动情况两个方面。其中,研究者个体特征层面的控制变量包括研究者的年龄、性别、海外学习或工作经历、最高学位是否为在职攻读取得以及职称内累计论文发表数量。研究者所在高校科研活动情况层面的控制变量包括教学与科研人数、科研投入金额、承担课题数、人均科研投入水平、人均承担课题数以及高校类型(985高校、211高校及普通本科高校)。
(3)模型设定
根据样本特征、数据结构以及被解释变量的二元属性,本文选择使用Logistics回归模型,并加入时间固定效应②(②本文的Logistics模型中未加入个体固定效应的原因在于:样本中有一半研究者在2001年至2020年间从无学术不端行为,即在被解释变量上的取值从未发生过变化。在面板Logistics模型中加入固定效应进行估计时,会导致这部分样本丢失,从而使得模型估计的结果产生严重偏差。):
$logit{\left(Misconduct\right)}_{it}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}Pressur{e}_{it}+A\text{'}Controls+{\gamma }_{it}+{\gamma }_{t}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
为了检验高校学术不端治理机制的调节作用,进一步加入交互项:
$logit{\left(Misconduct\right)}_{it}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}Pressur{e}_{it}\times Polic{y}_{it}+{\alpha }_{0}Pressur{e}_{it}+{\alpha }_{1}Polic{y}_{it}+A\text{'}Control{s}_{it}+{\gamma }_{t}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
在上述两个模型中,被解释变量logit(Misconduct)it为研究者i在第t年学术不端撤稿的概率。Pressureit为研究者i在第t年所感知到的竞争压力。Policyit为研究者i所在高校第t年是否存在学术不端治理机制。Controls为年龄、性别是否有海外留学或工作经历、是否在职攻读博士学位、职称内累计论文发表数量等与研究者个体特征及科研活动相关的控制变量。γt为时间固定效应,控制样本期内那些可能对研究者学术不端撤稿概率存在潜在影响但不随时间变化的因素;εit为随机误差项。
(1)回归结果与机制讨论
表2报告了本文实证部分的三组核心回归结果。模型(1)至模型(3)分别为基于Logistics模型的基准回归结果、更换核心解释变量后的回归结果以及加入调节变量后的回归结果。模型(2)和模型(3)的回归结果将为本节的机制分析和拓展性讨论部分提供证据支持。
模型(1)的回归结果显示,研究者的竞争压力感知对学术不端行为发生的概率有显著的正向影响。随着研究者压力感知的增强,学术不端行为发生的概率增大。从控制变量的情况来看,研究者个人特征、高校类型及高校教研人员总体规模对学术不端行为发生的概率均不存在显著影响;而研究者职称内累计论文发表数量和人均科研投入水平对学术不端行为发生的概率存在显著的正向作用。可见,对研究者的科研能力及其可能拥有的科研资源水平进行控制是必要的。
模型(2)的回归结果显示,其他候选人平均科研表现变化速度对学术不端行为发生概率存在显著的正向影响。从本文的理论框架出发,我们认为,真正对研究者压力感知产生影响的是其所在科研组织内部其他候选人平均科研表现的提升速度。因此,我们通过将核心解释变量更换为其他候选人平均科研表现变化速度的方式进行机制检验。在替换核心解释变量后,我们观察到其他候选人平均科研表现提升速度对学术不端行为发生概率存在显著的正向影响。这一结果验证了我们关于我国研究者压力来源的假设,即我国科研人员的压力来源于潜意识中与其他潜在竞争对手的比较。
模型(3)检验了组织内部学术不端治理机制对主效应的调节作用。回归结果显示,竞争压力感知与学术不端治理机制的交乘项系数显著为负,说明高校的学术不端治理机制的确对主效应存在负向调节作用。也就是说,当高校中存在学术不端治理机制时,竞争压力增大对学术不端行为发生概率的正向影响会受到抑制,即研究者在竞争压力的推动下从事学术不端的可能性会比没有学术不端治理机制时更低。可见,高校的学术不端治理工作的确取得了显著的成效,说明科研组织在约束研究者行为、抑制学术不端发生方面具有不可忽视的作用。
(2)稳健性检验
在基准回归中,本文尝试将高校层面可能对学术不端行为发生概率产生潜在影响的因素作为控制变量加入到了回归模型中。在稳健性检验中,本文在回归模型中加入研究者所在学院虚拟变量,并以此取代基准回归中高校层面的控制变量。通过对各个学院而非各个高校层面的特征进行控制,本文进一步强化了基准回归模型的约束条件。在剔除高校层面控制变量并加入学院固定效应后,核心解释变量竞争压力感知的系数方向和显著性均未发生变化,说明基准回归结果稳健。
本文立足科学社会学的理论视角和分析范式,结合中国科研体系的突出特征,构建了非西方语境下解释学术不端行为原因和机制的理论框架,并通过定量分析方法对相关因果机制进行了实证检验。本文的主要发现如下:
第一,优胜权之争是中国科研领域竞争的本质。本文基于中国科研体系的突出特征对科学社会学将优先权之争作为竞争本质的观点进行了拓展,提出了非西方语境下优胜权之争才是竞争本质的新判断。优胜权之争是我国科研资源和奖励分配长期遵循竞争择优机制的必然结果,研究者唯有在相对比较中超越其他候选人,才更有可能获得所需资源与认可。
第二,其他竞争者科研表现的变化是研究者的重要压力来源。在对优胜权的争夺中,研究者对压力的感知受到其所在科研组织中其他潜在候选人平均科研表现变化的影响。实证结果表明,当组织内其他候选人平均科研表现快速提升时,研究者感知到的压力增大,进而使得学术不端行为发生的概率显著提高。
第三,科学建制中规范性因素能够通过科研组织内部的治理机制对个体学术不端行为产生约束作用。学术不端行为是否发生本质上取决于内部竞争压力感知程度与外部规范系统约束力度之间的博弈结果。实证结果表明,当科研组织内部存在良好运行的学术不端治理机制时,竞争压力对个体采取不当行为的推动作用会受到削弱。
本研究始于对我国科研诚信建设工作的现实关切,所得成果也须能够为这一治理难题提供启发。因此基于以上研究发现,本文提出如下三条政策建议:
第一,推动科研资源和奖励的分配由“选拔制”向“兼顾选拔制和达标制”转变。科研资源与奖励分配的竞争择优机制迫使研究者们围绕优胜权展开竞争,竞争的加剧进一步加大研究者的压力并诱发学术不端行为。相较之下,逐渐向“兼顾选拔制和达标制”转变则能够在保证效率的同时,缓解研究者之间竞争的激烈程度,纾解研究者们对竞争压力的感知。
第二,加强国家在科研诚信建设领域的政策部署,充分发挥科研组织对研究者的管理职能。科研组织是勾连国家政策与研究者个体行为的重要渠道,在落实国家政策、发挥科学系统自我规制作用方面均能够发挥独特作用。充分利用并发挥科研组织对研究者的管理职能有望成为未来学术不端治理的有效举措之一。
第三,缓解科研领域的过度竞争状态,倡导构建以合作为核心的科研生态。科研领域的过度竞争氛围深刻制约着我国科研事业的健康发展。内卷化趋势的加剧不仅会导致每位研究者的单位投入超过实际所需,更有可能迫使研究者在巨大的压力下采取学术不端行为。为此,必须引导科研活动回归追求高质量知识创新的本源,使研究者能够摆脱对短期表现的焦虑,专注于深度思考和持久探索,从而真正释放科研群体的创造潜力。
  • 北京市科技计划“人工智能与数据要素驱动的科研新范式探索及模式研究”(20241090014)
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2026年第44卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2025-06-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-23
  • 修回日期:2025-08-25
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北京市科技计划“人工智能与数据要素驱动的科研新范式探索及模式研究”(20241090014)
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    清华大学公共管理学院, 北京 100084

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薛澜(1959-),男,教授。
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