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Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs), as intelligent entities deeply involved in constructing social order in the AI era, shift the focus to transportation—a dimension often overlooked in mainstream communication studies—thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for highlighting their significance in communication studies. Under current socio-technological conditions, the interactive activities jointly participated in by humans and ICVs epitomize the reality of human-machine integrated communication. The technological evolution and social embeddedness of ICVs reveal the practical role of such integration.In terms of technological evolution, ICVs establish cross-node connectivity among humans, vehicles, infrastructure, and networks. Building upon this foundation, large-scale AI models trigger interaction generalization, ultimately transcending "geofencing" and bridging spatial divides. Regarding social embeddedness, ICVs provide a preliminary basis for constructing a "multi-scalar communicable" environment and fostering barrier-free societies. However, they also face two paradoxes: energy consumption and unemployment crises, while legal and ethical dilemmas remain unresolved issues.

, authors=Kang-yue LI1, Rong HUANG2, authorsList=Kang-yue LI, Rong HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rong HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436177074991149, articleId=1317436176609423403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=车轮上的人机融合传播——智能网联汽车的技术演进与社会卷入, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

智能网联汽车是人工智能时代深度参与社会秩序建构的智能体,聚焦被主流传播研究所忽视的交通,为智能网联汽车的传播学意涵之彰显提供了学理基础。在现有社会技术条件下,人与智能网联汽车共同参与的交往活动是人机融合传播的现实映现,智能网联汽车的技术演进与社会卷入揭示了人机融合传播的实践作用。在技术演进方面,智能网联汽车建立了与人、车、基础设施与网络的跨节点连接,且以此为基础在大模型的作用下引发了交互泛化,最终将超越“地理围栏”,弥合空间断裂的鸿沟。在社会卷入方面,智能网联汽车为“多尺度可沟通”环境的建构和无障碍社会的生成提供了前置基础,但也面临着能源消耗和失业危机的两种悖论,法律与伦理困境仍旧是被悬置的问题。

, authors=李康跃1, 黄荣2, authorsList=李康跃, 黄荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄荣, authorNote=

李康跃(1993-),男,讲师,博士。

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黄荣(1977-),女,讲师,博士,E-mail:。
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车轮上的人机融合传播——智能网联汽车的技术演进与社会卷入
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李康跃 1 , 黄荣 2
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(9): 1985-1993
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (9) : 1985 -1993
车轮上的人机融合传播——智能网联汽车的技术演进与社会卷入
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李康跃(1993-),男,讲师,博士。

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李康跃(1993-),男,讲师,博士。

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李康跃1, 黄荣2
作者信息
  • 1 中共湖北省委党校(湖北省行政学院)文史教研部, 湖北武汉 432200
  • 2 广东金融学院财经与新媒体学院, 广东广州 510520
通讯作者:
黄荣(1977-),女,讲师,博士,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李康跃(1993-),男,讲师,博士。

Human-machine fusion communication on wheels: Technological evolution and social embeddedness of intelligent connected vehicles
Kang-yue LI1, Rong HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Culture and History, Party School of the CPC Hubei Provincial Committee (Hubei Provincial Institute of Public Administration), Wuhan 432200, China
  • 2 College of Economic Communication and New Media, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou 510520, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15
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智能网联汽车是人工智能时代深度参与社会秩序建构的智能体,聚焦被主流传播研究所忽视的交通,为智能网联汽车的传播学意涵之彰显提供了学理基础。在现有社会技术条件下,人与智能网联汽车共同参与的交往活动是人机融合传播的现实映现,智能网联汽车的技术演进与社会卷入揭示了人机融合传播的实践作用。在技术演进方面,智能网联汽车建立了与人、车、基础设施与网络的跨节点连接,且以此为基础在大模型的作用下引发了交互泛化,最终将超越“地理围栏”,弥合空间断裂的鸿沟。在社会卷入方面,智能网联汽车为“多尺度可沟通”环境的建构和无障碍社会的生成提供了前置基础,但也面临着能源消耗和失业危机的两种悖论,法律与伦理困境仍旧是被悬置的问题。

智能网联汽车  /  人机融合  /  传播地理围栏  /  多尺度可沟通  /  无障碍社会

Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs), as intelligent entities deeply involved in constructing social order in the AI era, shift the focus to transportation—a dimension often overlooked in mainstream communication studies—thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for highlighting their significance in communication studies. Under current socio-technological conditions, the interactive activities jointly participated in by humans and ICVs epitomize the reality of human-machine integrated communication. The technological evolution and social embeddedness of ICVs reveal the practical role of such integration.In terms of technological evolution, ICVs establish cross-node connectivity among humans, vehicles, infrastructure, and networks. Building upon this foundation, large-scale AI models trigger interaction generalization, ultimately transcending "geofencing" and bridging spatial divides. Regarding social embeddedness, ICVs provide a preliminary basis for constructing a "multi-scalar communicable" environment and fostering barrier-free societies. However, they also face two paradoxes: energy consumption and unemployment crises, while legal and ethical dilemmas remain unresolved issues.

intelligent connected vehicles  /  human-machine fusion communication  /  geofencing  /  multi-scalar communicability  /  barrier-free society
李康跃, 黄荣. 车轮上的人机融合传播——智能网联汽车的技术演进与社会卷入. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1985 -1993 .
Kang-yue LI, Rong HUANG. Human-machine fusion communication on wheels: Technological evolution and social embeddedness of intelligent connected vehicles[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1985 -1993 .
智能技术的创新扩散与机器传播主体的生成形塑了一个人机共构的社会系统,其中既存在人机竞争,也包含着人机在主体、功能等维度的合作与共融,人机融合智能也成为了探索社会生态演进不可忽视的重要面向。人机融合智能理论着重描述一种由人、机、环境系统相互作用而产生的新的智能形式,它既不同于人的智能也不同于人工智能,它是一种物理性与生物性相结合的新一代智能科学体系[1]。人机融合智能所创制的人机融合主体(humachine)正融入人的社会交往,由广义人际传播、人机传播到人机融合传播的演进脉络逐渐清晰。人机融合传播是指人机融合主体内部人机之间发生的以及人机融合主体参与的传播活动[2]。它既包含了人机传播的特征,即机器被赋予传播主体身份后,深度融入人类社会交往体系之中的、人机之间的交流;又具有超越性,凸显了融合主体与人、机器主体的差异性。该概念的提出是传播理论框架在交叉学科视野中的拓展与延伸。
目前,脑机连接是最具前瞻性的、人机深度互嵌的融合实践。与之不同的是,具有强社交属性的智能网联汽车在与人的互动中融合而生成了一种可选择性解耦的共生主体,一个车轮上的人机融合传播图景已然浮现。智能网联汽车(intelligent & connected vehicles,简称“ICV”)是指搭载先进的车载传感器、控制器、执行器等装置,并融合现代通信与网络技术,实现车与X(人、车、路、云端等)智能信息交换、共享,具备复杂环境感知、智能决策、协同控制等功能,可实现“安全、高效、舒适、节能”行驶,并最终可实现替代人来操作的新一代汽车[3],其技术发展路径包含了网联式智能与自主式智能两方面。网联式智能指代了汽车与人、物、环境的连接,自主式智能则标志着人驾驶行为的解放。前者是在符号流动层面的传播,指向的是车与万物的互联,是后者的技术依托;后者是交通运输层面的传播,指向的是智能驾驶,是终极的技术产品形态。智能网联汽车的演进可分为L0到L5 6个阶段,分别指代了纯人工驾驶、驾驶自动化、辅助驾驶、自动辅助驾驶、自动驾驶、无人驾驶。当下主流的智能网联汽车已经能够完成L2级别的辅助驾驶,并正在向L3级别的自动辅助驾驶的稳定大规模运用阶段过渡。
在此背景下,本文聚焦于智能网联汽车这一新型交通工具,通过对其技术演进和社会卷入两方面的梳理与探讨,试图回答两方面问题。其一,智能网联汽车的技术演进轨迹如何,其应用中存在着何种人机融合传播活动?其二,在此种人机融合传播活动中,人们的社会生活发生了何种突变?
智能网联汽车是兼具符号流动与交通运输功能的传播主体。自电报出现之后,作为传播的交通一度被主流学界所忽视。而戴维·莫利(David Morley)以“重新定义传播”的方式打破了以往传播研究过度关注虚拟符号流动的积弊,强调了地理空间层面的物质运输之于传播的重要意义[4]。这种将物质与符号关联起来的方式不仅拓展了传播研究的议程,也体现了交通与传播的不可分割性。传播是观念的交通[5],交通是移动的交流[6],二者的勾连与拟合构成了社会意义上的交往与共通。通过地理学、经济科学等不同领域的跨学科研究,传播在象征领域依然会有作为,而流动性问题以及传播研究的“物质化”向度,可在未来研究中释放更多的活力[7]。目前,面向汽车等交通工具的研究不断涌现,智能网联汽车以物联网、大模型等技术为依托,超越了传统汽车的工具属性,获取了传播主体身份,并在人机共同主导的交通活动中生成了具有灵活解耦权的人机融合传播主体,无论是车辆驾驶还是社会交互抑或信息交流,人类都可以采取个性化组合模式,甚至拥有车内空间中人机耦合和解耦的自由。人机之间以及人机融合主体参与的交互行为需要被传播研究所观照。因此,有必要追寻历史的足迹,从传播方式的演化角度来洞悉智能网联汽车对交往方式的变革。
迄今为止,考古界发现的最古老的车轮可追溯至约公元前3200年,一种带轴木轮被发现于卢布尔雅那的沼泽地区,该木轮在当时主要被用于生产运输。在此之前,人类使用身体来传情达意,人际传播是最早的主流交往模式。随后,在人类超越身体空间限制的努力中,延伸出了符号流动和交通运输两种传播方式的演化路向。在符号流动层面,人们曾通过烽烟、旗语、号角来延伸传播的空间距离,电报的出现则标志着人类进入了电气通信时代。此后,电话、广播等设备进一步促进了符号流动,互联网的蔓延更是勾勒了一个宏大且丰裕的数字交往图景。在交通运输层面,为了扩展传播的空间距离,人们发明并依赖车辆等交通工具来完成远距离的面对面沟通,车辆成为了地理空间交往中不可或缺的物质媒介,一个车轮上的交通传播史得以形成,马车、火车、自行车、汽车次第登场,不断形塑和改变着人类社会交往惯习。本质上,符号流动方式的演进是在最大程度满足人交往需求的基础上进行的去身体化传播,人参与交通运输的传播则是在地理空间角度对同步面对面沟通的寻唤。
站在两种传播方式变革路向的交汇点上,智能网联汽车出现并中断了人驾驶各类车的时代,开启了新型汽车在超越人类体能基础上超越人类专有技能和智能的新时代,由此构建了日趋复杂的车人关系、车车关系、车与环境的关系、车与社会的关系以及车与公共信息系统的关系。人的融入也为智能网联汽车注入了主导性“灵魂”,人与机器主体之间的协作与互动同时推动了交往行为的展开。归根结底,智能网联汽车的有效运行是人机融合传播的实践性展演,人与智能驾驶汽车的双向增强是传播方式升维与演进的基石。
智能网联汽车以符号流动为核心方式建立了贯通人机融合主体内外的跨节点连接。在此基础上,模型的主体赋能也引发了交互的泛化。面向未来,在空间智能技术的推动下,智能网联汽车将超越“地理围栏”,弥合空间断裂的鸿沟。可以说,智能网联汽车所建构的人机融合传播打破了原有的传播技术范式,此种过程中的技术演进图景显露无遗。
智能网联汽车的底层依托是在符号流动层面建立跨节点连接。随着高性能计算芯片、传感设备、高速网络以及智能操作系统嵌入汽车之中,智能网联汽车正在以车联万物的方式达成交互和运输方式的初代变革。V2X(vehicle to everything)技术是该变革的重要凭借,同时也使汽车打破手机的垄断,成为新一代的移动智能终端。V2X技术是指车辆依托自身的摄像头、雷达等传感器以及外界的信号终端设备来在二者之间建立联系,并促进符号流通的一系列技术集,其主要功能包含了车与人的连接(vehicle to pedestrian,V2P)、车与车的连接(vehicle to vehicle,V2V)、车与基础设施的连接(vehicle to infrastructure,V2I)以及车与网络的连接(vehicle to network,V2N)四个方面。此种连接既完成了车与万物的信息交互,也以车的物质基础为代具,在人机融合智能的作用下实现了初阶智能驾驶。
车与人的连接是指车通过自身的传感设备和人所携带的智能设备来获取人的位置、方向和移动行为,同时依据自身的行驶状态,对人进行信息提示,尽可能规避潜在的安全风险。可以说,此种连接是消除车与交通弱势群体之间信息壁垒,重构二者之间权力结构,避免交通误判和突发事件发生的有效方式。同理,车与车的连接也超越了以往通过喇叭、后视镜、车灯等声、光信号来建立沟通的方式,使车辆之间能够利用车内音响、屏幕等设施来实时传递声音、文字、图片、视频等信息,这建构了一个赛博互动场域。此外,交通信号灯、摄像头、基站等基础设施之中所隐匿的信号传输设备将自身转换为了交通环境中的固定锚点,并持续为途经的车辆提供道路信息和操控指引,从而梳理交通环境,建构车路协同机制,此为车与基础设施的连接。车与网络的连接指的是车接入互联网以及云端平台,成为大互联网生态的子系统,并以此来完成数据的收集、分析与储存。一方面,车辆能够通过网络连接来进行实时导航、远程操控、故障诊断、紧急救援。另一方面,用户可以将车作为手机、电脑一般的娱乐、通讯、社交、工作设备,车内不再仅仅是单一向度的流动性空间,而是进化为了娱乐空间、商务空间,其俨然已经成为了“流动的家”和“流动的办公室”。
本质上,V2X技术就是在多种信息终端之间建立传播机制,通过实时计算来规避安全风险、建构互动场域、梳理交通环境、转换空间属性。但囿于基础设施条件差异,该阶段的智能网联汽车虽然能够较为通畅地完成车联万物,却难以实现高阶智能驾驶。此时,贯通人机融合主体内外的符号流动更加活跃,而交通运输传播仍旧需要人的深度参与。在此之上,大模型(large model)作为主体涌现的技术存在,促进了人机之间的深度融合,并为交通运输层面的人机融合传播构筑了根基。
大模型是指具有庞大规模和复杂结构的人工智能模型,它们具有数以亿计的参数和深层次的神经网络架构[8],其主要能力是通过复杂涌现和人机对齐的方式赋能自然语言处理、计算机视觉等领域,以适应纷乱的任务与场景。事实上,大模型的涌现与对齐为智能传播开拓了一个螺旋(spiral)上升的通路,其在认知与价值方面的生成性已经使自身成为了传播主体,人机传播的机制与影响开始被关注。从广义来说,机器作为主体参与的各种能达及人的智能传播活动都可以算作人机传播,机器自动化新闻生产、算法分发等也可以包括在内[9]。人机传播为传播研究突破人类中心主义的本体论限度提供了可能的进路,亦为传播观念的间性论转向提供了有力的起点[10]。如今,大模型嵌入智能网联汽车已经使其与驾驶者融合成为了一种共生主体,不仅汽车的交互主体性被释义,人机融合主体内部的交互行为及其参与的传播活动也得以显现。具体表现为智能座舱中的人机交互,以及智能驾驶中人机融合主体与环境的交互两方面。
车内空间的交互是人机融合主体内部人机之间传播活动的现实映现。传统人机之间的交互是通过一系列物理按键来实现,而在车机系统中加载大模型之后,大模型的语义理解能力与巨量知识储备将汽车从冰冷的机器升级为了智能助手。换言之,车载系统承袭了大模型的交互主体地位。有学者自哈贝马斯(Jürgen Habermas)的交往行为理论出发,认为以大模型为技术内核的ChatGPT与人之间是异质主体间性的关系,异质主体间性的交往模式是用开放、对话和自反的状态来应对机器与人各自的属性和能力,在人机交往中逐渐显现的过程[11]。如今,ChatGPT等大模型产品已然“基础设施化”,人与车机系统的交互本质是将此类产品于车内环境的挪用,以适应特定的交互需求。此外,车载系统可以通过听觉、视觉等多重感应来完成语音交互、手势交互等,以提供多模态的交互服务体验,并最终实现千人千面的交互效果。
车外空间中人机融合主体对人身心的高度解放是其通过环境交互深度参与交通运输活动的意义彰显。大模型的引入促使智能驾驶由原来高度依赖模块化的“感知—决策—控制”框架,进化为“端到端(end to end)”的“感知与决策一体化”框架。所谓端到端自动驾驶是指直接从原始传感器数据输入到车辆控制输出的端到端学习方法,旨在简化自动驾驶系统的复杂性并提高系统性能[12],该技术范式通过大模型的神经网络来生成和模仿人的思考与判断行为,以达到高度类人,甚至超越人的驾驶方式。目前,特斯拉的FSD(full self-driving)系统已经能够通过大量数据训练和深度学习模型优化来实现部分道路中的高阶智能驾驶,人的身心进一步解放。这之中的人机融合传播活动表现为人与车的互动接管:即作为驾驶行为一级决策者和第一责任主体的人,具有随时打断和重置驾驶活动的主导权;作为具有自主行动能力的智能驾驶系统,能够在驾驶者行为谬误或突发状况来临时进行紧急避险。
“地理围栏(geo-fencing)”是一种基于位置的服务技术,它使用GPS、Wi-Fi或其他定位技术来规划虚拟的地理边界。当一个移动设备进入或离开这个预设的地理区域时,可以触发预定义的动作,如发送警报、推送通知或执行特定的任务[13]。该技术通常被用于定向营销、安全监控、实时追踪等活动之中。在交通运输领域,地理围栏的设立既保证了交通环境的安全性,也有利于技术的实践与提升。一方面,汽车能够感应地理位置,并在紧急状况下动态调整车辆状态,规避交通事故的发生。例如,当车辆驶入学校、住宅区等特殊区域时,车辆会自动减速,以最大程度地保证交通安全。另一方面,地理围栏也赋予车主随时监控车辆运行数据和状态的权利,并为驾驶者提供个性化的出行服务。举例而言,当车辆行驶在特定地点时,会主动汇报行车状态,并自动按照相应预设来调整座椅位置或温度。
此外,在L5阶段的无人驾驶技术还未能完全普及的当下,限制驾驶行为的地理围栏是不得不选择的妥协方案。“萝卜快跑”是国内商业化程度最高的无人驾驶网约车应用,但其也只在上海嘉定区、广州科学城等特定城市的定点区域内落地运营,全域自由的无人驾驶仍是尚未实现的想象。2024年1月,五部委联合印发了《关于开展智能网联汽车“车路云一体化”应用试点工作的通知》,其中明确指出要“推动智能化路侧基础设施和云控基础平台建设”,并以此健全道路交通安全保障能力,推动智能网联汽车的产业化发展[14]。“试点区域”设立的本质也是以地理围栏的方式来防止车辆运行偏误的扩大化,这实质上也表征了人的技术使用与技术想象之间的断裂,是新旧交通体系过渡的“中间地带”。在此种境况下,空间智能或是未来高阶智能驾驶应用大规模落地的破局之道。
空间智能(spatial intelligence)是多元智能理论中的一个重要组成部分,具体是指个体在空间环境中理解和处理信息的能力,包括对形状、方向、距离和空间关系的理解和操作能力[15]。人工智能专家李飞飞致力于研究计算机如何像人一样理解复杂的三维世界,并与之产生互动。在她看来,Sora所建构的世界模型仍旧是基于二维的平面图像,只有三维空间智能才能实现AGI(artificial general intelligence)[16]。她所领导的团队正在为计算机获取像人一样的空间智能而努力。随着机器空间智能的崛起,智能网联汽车于交通环境中的空间感知、决策和交互的能力将发生质的飞跃,并使人、机器主体、人机融合主体在三维空间中完全融入社会交往场域之中。此时,人机融合主体所参与的人机交互活动依然活跃,而交通运输层面的主要行动者将是汽车自身,人走向更高层次的身心解放。由此,规避智能驾驶技术风险的地理围栏逐渐被消解,围栏内外的空间裂痕被弥合,一个开放的空间智能世界将破壳而生。
事实上,智能网联汽车技术演进中相伴而生的人机融合传播活动从未停歇,贯通融合主体内外的符号流动及交互活动始终旺盛,在交通运输层面,与人的驾驶行为不断解放同步的是人在接近无涉的情况下空间交往距离的扩张,这与千百年来传播方式的演进路向相吻合,也凸显了人机之间同频的互动及人机融合主体参与传播活动的实践作用。
智能网联汽车应用过程中的人和车的主体作用均不可或缺,由此生成的人机融合传播活动不仅引导了由“可沟通交通工具”到“可沟通城市”的升维,形成了“多尺度可沟通”环境,也遵循“数字正义”的理念促进了无障碍社会的建构。然而,这也诱发了多种难以调和的悖论与困境,由智能网联汽车所引发的人机社会变革正在悄然发生。
(1)“多尺度可沟通”环境的建构
德国学者克劳斯·昆茨曼(Klaus R. Kunzmann)最早于1997年提出了“可沟通城市”的概念,随后不同学者从各自视角给予了该概念不同的阐释。复旦大学信息与传播研究中心将沟通/传播视为人类的生存方式和城市的构成基础,各类主体通过信息传递、社会交往和意义生成等多种传播实践活动,实现城市的多元融合、时空平衡、虚实互嵌和内外贯通,即在人性充分实现维度上的多重“可沟通性”[17]。从交通运输角度而言,城市中的信息传递、社会交往和意义生成离不开交通工具和交通环境的可沟通性,智能网联汽车应用过程中人与车的深度融合在本体层面提升了人机之间的可沟通性,同时也建构了可沟通的智慧交通,实现了以智慧路网、智慧装备、智慧出行、智慧管理为重要内容的交通发展新模式,具有信息联通、实时监控、管理协同、人物合一的基本特征[18]。不仅如此,其也以此为中介环境彰显了可沟通城市实现的可能性,且最终的落脚点在于智慧城市的创设上。由此,以可沟通的交通工具为出发点,以可沟通的智慧城市为落脚点的“多尺度可沟通”形成了一个逻辑闭环,智能网联汽车应用中的人机融合传播活动则是其中的关键推动力量。
一方面,智能网联汽车于符号流动层面的可沟通性在于以V2X为技术架构,连接了人、车、基础设施与网络,建立了道路交通环境中的跨节点连接,车内驾驶者由此可以完成信息传递、社会交往与意义生成。另一方面,智能网联汽车的交通属性也使其能够作为城市交通系统的主体之一,参与到社会运转中来,并完成人、物的流动性交往与共通。以此为基点,智能网联汽车穿梭于城市交通网络之间,通过对智慧交通的赋能,建构了一个“城市物理世界与数字世界相互映射、协同交互的融合系统”[19]。这种融合系统是智慧城市的灵魂,是城市治理的主导性力量源泉,其强化了城市生命体的可沟通性,弥合了生命体内外各主体及子系统之间的信息壁垒和发展不均衡的鸿沟,最终形成了整体层面上的、贯通生命体内外的一体化沟通。
(2)走向数字正义:无障碍社会的来临
人机融合传播彰显了数字正义理念,弥合了残障人士参与社会交往的鸿沟,由此所建构的无障碍社会正在来临。据世界卫生组织2022年12月发布的《全球残障人士健康平等报告》数据显示,全世界有严重残障的人数约为13亿,占全球人口的16%[20]。眼、耳、口、手等器官功能的缺失限制了残障人士的信息交互和行动自由,这是其生活质量降低的首因,而当下技术管理体系与现实状况的脱域间接将残障人士排除在符号流动和交通运输体系之外,如何建构无障碍社会成为了治理领域的一个重要命题。2023年6月28日,十四届全国人大常委会第三次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国无障碍环境建设法》,旨在加强无障碍环境建设,保障残疾人、老年人平等、充分、便捷地参与和融入社会生活。该法规的提出是国家积极促进数字正义的重要体现。严格来讲,数字正义是司法领域的概念,其基本内涵是数据资源的合理分配、数字权利的充分配置、算法决策的公开透明和代码规制的规范有效,主要表现为分配正义、程序正义、互动正义和信息正义四种形式[21]。有学者将这一概念引入数字治理的研究范畴,用来指代弥合数字鸿沟的具体举措[22],媒体践行数字正义的责任、功能和可能性也在被探讨和论证。美国传播学者克利福德·G.克里斯琴斯(Clifford G. Christians)指出,“正义是美好生活中的关键概念。作为一种社会/文化现象,新媒体的核心道德规范可以说是正义”[23]。在智能技术深度卷入社会结构的当下,人机融合传播在无障碍沟通和无障碍行动两个层面为数字正义理念的遵循提供了能力支撑。
在无障碍沟通层面,智能网联汽车作为代替和超越手机的移动终端,不仅几乎可以兼容时下任何手机应用程序,同时可以通过人机融合主体内部的交互将残障人士“环抱”于车内环境之中,提供了一个不同于手机使用场景的无障碍沟通“场所”。视觉、听觉、触觉等多重感官沟通渠道被车内的音响、屏幕、摄像头等功能设施所贯通,患有视力、听力、肢体等缺陷的残障人士可以依托语音识别、手势识别等技术参与信息传播活动,如“在家”一般的无障碍畅联成为可能。此外,人机融合主体参与的外部信息交互也能够帮助残障人士与外界环境建立关联。
在无障碍行动层面,智能网联汽车延伸了残障人士的地理空间交往距离,有力维护了空间正义。艾德里安·巴克斯特(Adrian Buxton)指出,“空间正义是所有人在城市和社会空间中享有平等的权利和机会”[24],而这种权利和机会在以往对于部分残障人士来说却遥不可及。残障人士因身体缺陷而难以在脱离人或数字基础设施的状况下独自参与社会空间交往,享受社会空间福利。而人机融合传播则赋予了残障人士以空间地理环境中的行动权力,消除了社会交往中的空间不平等,建构了一个包容的无障碍行动体系。
(1)两种悖论:能源消耗与失业危机
保罗·克鲁岑(Paul J. Crutzen)和尤金·斯托尔默(Eugene F. Stoermer)在2002年“国际地圈生物圈计划(IGBP)”研讨会中提出了“人类世”的概念,以指代人类活动对地球气候和地质环境所造成的影响[25],这一概念的提出也表示人类开始对自身影响地球生态系统的行为展开反思。在人类影响力不断深化的背景下,城市化进程成为当代社会发展的主基调,其既与“人类世”的历程同频,也是人类不断迈向高等文明的必经之路。杰弗里·韦斯特(Geoffrey West)在“人类世”基础上提出了“城市世(urbanocene)”的概念,用来指代以城市的快速增长为特征的时代[26],城市扩张和升级对人类文明的推动以及对地球的种种影响均被考虑在内,如何遏制能源消耗与环境污染是人们反思“城市世”的关键议题。事实上,减少化石能源的消耗是电动汽车发展的初衷之一,而对智能网联汽车来说,高阶智能化功能的实现伴随而来的却是极大的电力资源消耗和碳排放。国家能源局数据显示,2022年我国火力发电量占总发电量的69.8%,电力供应也伴随着化石能源消耗与环境污染。不仅如此,斯坦福人工智能研究所发布的《2023年AI指数报告》数据显示,GPT-3一次训练的耗电量高达1287兆瓦时,相当于552吨二氧化碳的排放量,这也使人们不禁慨叹“AI的尽头是能源”。智能网联汽车虽然建构了智慧城市体系,同时也不可避免地引发了“城市世”的一系列问题,这似乎是一个难以弥合的悖论。
此外,技术的演进总是与失业危机相伴而生。2024年7月,“萝卜快跑”无人驾驶网约车在武汉的运营激起了巨大反响,并登上了微博热搜。起因是“萝卜快跑”无人驾驶网约车的廉价性使其订单量飙升,并引发了当地出租车司机和网约车司机的强烈不满。司机们以无人驾驶网约车的技术弱点为突破口,展开了一场反智能之战,人机竞争陷入此消彼长的零和博弈困境。从表面看,该行为是部分利益相关者对此种人机融合传播活动的实践性抵抗,实质上则隐喻着工业革命以来的社会竞争设计和分配方式与新兴技术革命规则的不适配。据网约车监管信息交互系统数据显示,截至2024年10月底,各地共发放网约车驾驶员证748.3万本、车辆运输证320.6万本[27]。当L5级无人驾驶汽车落地,与传统司机岗位相关的技能培训系统、交通秩序维护系统及其道德法规秩序将会崩塌。如何缓解智能网联汽车冲击下司机的失业困局也成为了当下政府亟需调和的社会矛盾,这也暴露出了智能技术的沿革所带给社会的阵痛。
(2)被悬置的问题:法律与伦理困境
智能网联汽车中的人机融合传播活动对目前的法律体系造成了一定冲击,交通事故中的法律责任归属仍旧是个悬而未决的问题,这也是目前制约高阶智能驾驶产品落地的重要原因之一。在L2阶段的人机融合传播活动中,驾驶者无疑是唯一的法律主体,而进入L3阶段,人驾驶行为的高度解放使驾驶者身份发生了偏移,谁来承担交通事故中的法律责任成为了一个待解之题。有学者主张完全免除驾驶员的责任,并将责任转移给车辆制造商[28]。德国通过永久性立法,用强制安装“黑匣子”并分析车辆数据的方法来确保制造商和驾驶员之间责任的准确分配。美国主张废除妨碍智能网联汽车发展的过时法规,倡导构建统一的监管和运营环境。目前,我国尚无智能网联汽车的相关法律,但学术界的争论却不绝于耳。真正无人驾驶交通时代仍然需要长达几十年的发展期,在这期间,L0到L5级的车辆混合穿行,传统驾驶责任分配框架与不同级别智能网联汽车责任分配框架复杂共生,构成复杂场景的责任嵌套组合。此外,在现行的法律框架下,车企为了规避责任风险,即使达到了更高级别的智能驾驶能力,也不得不称之为L2级。诚如杰卡布斯坦(Neil Jacobstein)所言,智能驾驶技术是拯救数百万人生命的不完美之路[29],政策制定者应与利益相关者建立沟通机制,以确保在大规模高阶智能驾驶汽车普及之前建立公平的法律体系[30]。
道德伦理困境也是智能网联汽车备受争议的焦点,是所有人工智能产品都无法回避的系统性问题,其中最受关注的两个问题是电车困境和隐私泄露。电车困境是指在一个假设情境中,面对一辆失控的电车即将撞向轨道上的多人,而通过扳动道岔可使其驶向另一条轨道撞向少数人,让人在牺牲少数拯救多数这一艰难抉择中陷入道德两难的思想实验。对智能网联汽车进行道德设置的必要性在于两方面。首先,智能网联汽车无法绝对规避交通事故,其必须具备做出道德决策的能力。其次,作为交通活动的一部分,智能网联汽车需要以正确的决策来获取信任。在面对电车困境时,机器主体、人机融合主体也与人自身一样面临着道德挑战。康尼策(Vincent Conitzer)等人指出人工智能道德决策具有复杂性,道德困境中并不总是有一个正确的答案。从相互冲突的道德原则或价值观中得出可接受的共同结论依赖于监管机构、政策制定者和伦理学家之间的合作。将该原则纳入人机融合传播的行动体系之中,或许可以为适应不同道德价值观的道德人工智能系统铺平道路[31]。
此外,智能网联汽车的隐私问题也日渐突出,其通过摄像头收集图像和视频数据,以识别人、障碍物和其他车辆。这些数据包含人脸、车牌、个人位置等信息,此类信息的泄漏将直接导致个人“匿名旅行”能力丧失或降低。尽管历经立法努力和算法技术的改进,自治系统的隐私问题依然没有得到充分解决,隐私数据的管理、隐私法的遵守以及隐私效用权衡等问题存在黑箱,公众“隐私裸奔”的困境仍未消除。更多学者担心,除了收集数据供车辆做出决策外,公共交通还需要收集信息提供给政府部门,以便通过监控维持法律和秩序。在此情况下,企业将不得不暂时保留用户的个人隐私数据。这引发了人们的忧虑,即如何相信这些信息和数据仅提供给所需的当局,而不会落入未知的第三方手中并被滥用。[32]由此可知,人机融合传播如何跨越道德伦理困境而安全有效地建构新的社会秩序仍旧是一个被悬置的问题。
智能网联汽车是符号流动和交通运输的载体,其与人的融合建构了一种可选择性解耦的共生主体,该主体参与社会交往的过程本质上是人机融合传播活动的实践性展演。对智能网联汽车技术演进和社会卷入两方面的厘清为人们认知当下和未来技术社会中的人机融合传播效果提供了清晰的观测视角。在技术演进角度,智能网联汽车通过跨节点连接、交互的泛化与超越“地理围栏”来持续促进车与万物的信息联通,且分阶段解放了人的驾驶行为,数字环境和物理环境中人的社会交往可能性被释放。在社会卷入角度,一方面,人与智能网联汽车的融合建构了“多尺度可沟通”环境,贯通城市生命体内外的一体化沟通得以生成。同时,其也彰显了“数字正义”的基本理念,推动了无障碍社会的建构,并为之提供了主体支撑。另一方面,与智能网联汽车高阶技术能力的规模化落地相伴而生的是能源消耗和失业危机两种难以化解的悖论,且法律与伦理困境仍旧是被悬置的问题。当然,对于技术失控风险的把握和认识也需要适当地跳出人类中心主义的范畴,否则技术的伦理问题将会使数字交往实践消失在我们对技术追捧、焦虑、批判与控诉中[33]。无论如何,技术发展和政策支持使智能网联汽车加速普及,人机融合传播也作为一种新型传播类型正在不断扩展传播学的研究边界,其对经济、政治、文化等方面的影响仍需更多学者从多重角度进行剖析和阐明。
  • 国家社会科学基金重点项目(22AZD064)
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2026年第44卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19
  • 修回日期:2025-11-27
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国家社会科学基金重点项目(22AZD064)
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    1 中共湖北省委党校(湖北省行政学院)文史教研部, 湖北武汉 432200
    2 广东金融学院财经与新媒体学院, 广东广州 510520

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黄荣(1977-),女,讲师,博士,E-mail:。
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