Article(id=1317436148474032981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750348800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-20, revisedDate=1762963200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030854576, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030854576, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030854576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030854576, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436114500170416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1793', pageEnd='2016', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030846476, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031015367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1865, endPage=1879, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436148725691222, articleId=1317436148474032981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Breaking the "involution" in the new energy vehicle industry——A dual perspective of flexible evolution and advantage emergence, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, "involutionary competition" has emerged as a salient and defining feature of China's new energy vehicle (NEV) industry. Between 2018 and 2024, approximately 400 NEV firms exited the market amid intensified price wars, excessive capacity expansion, and escalating cost pressures. While involutionary competition may initially accelerate market selection and resource reallocation, prolonged competition driven by aggressive price-cutting and extreme cost compression has increasingly undermined technological innovation, distorted industrial ecosystems, and constrained high-quality development. Against this backdrop, a critical question arises: how can firms break through involutionary traps and construct sustainable competitive advantages under conditions of persistent and system-wide competitive pressure?

Existing studies on involution primarily adopt a macro-institutional perspective, emphasizing policy regulation, industrial governance, and the restoration of market order. These studies have contributed valuable insights into the structural and institutional origins of involutionary competition, particularly the role of government intervention in shaping industry dynamics. However, they provide limited explanations of how firms, at the organizational level, respond to and survive under sustained involutionary pressure. This limitation is especially evident in the NEV industry, where rapid technological iteration, high capital intensity, and converging technological trajectories expose firms to continuous environmental shocks. As a result, the micro-level mechanisms through which firms adapt to involution and achieve strategic breakthroughs remain theoretically underexplored.

To address this gap, this study introduces an organizational flexibility perspective and develops a process-oriented analytical framework to explain how firms achieve the continuous emergence of competitive advantages in involutionary environments. Drawing on theories of organizational flexibility and emergence, this research conceptualizes competitive advantage not as a deliberately designed or static outcome, but as an evolutionary process shaped by ongoing interactions between firms and their environments. Organizational flexibility is understood as a firm's capacity to adjust resource configurations, strategic orientations, and organizational arrangements in response to environmental disturbances. Extending prior static interpretations, this study emphasizes the dynamic evolution of flexibility itself under sustained competitive pressure.

Methodologically, this research adopts a comparative case study design, examining XPeng Motors and WM Motor-two Chinese NEV manufacturers that were exposed to similar external conditions but experienced divergent outcomes. By systematically comparing a "breakthrough" firm with an "exited" firm, this study constructs an analytical framework of "involutionary environment-flexible construction-advantage emergence" to reveal how different flexibility trajectories shape organizational evolution. The comparative approach enables the identification of key mechanisms through which flexibility influences firm survival and strategic outcomes under involutionary competition.

The findings reveal three main insights. First, the involutionary environment of the NEV industry evolves through three distinct stages: uncertainty, structural convergence, and polarization. Each stage imposes different adaptive pressures on firms. Second, under escalating involutionary pressure, organizational flexibility evolves from foundational flexibility to partial flexibility and ultimately to global flexibility. Foundational flexibility enables low-cost experimentation and rapid adjustment in uncertain environments; partial flexibility supports coordinated responses at critical organizational nodes; and global flexibility integrates resources, structures, and strategies into a system-wide adaptive capability. Third, driven by the evolution of flexibility, firms' competitive advantages emerge along a continuous path, progressing from agile trial-and-error advantages to path-based collaboration advantages and finally to system-level synergy advantages.

This study makes three primary theoretical contributions. First, it develops a process model that explains firm breakout mechanisms within China's involutionary context, thereby localizing organizational theory to a distinctive competitive environment. Second, it extends organizational flexibility theory by demonstrating how flexibility dynamically evolves under high-frequency environmental disturbances. Third, it reconceptualizes competitive advantage as a multi-stage emergent process driven by flexible evolution rather than static resource endowments.

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在新能源汽车产业的“内卷式”竞争背景下,企业如何突破内卷困局、构建持续性的竞争优势成为亟待探讨的重要议题。本研究采用双案例对比研究法,以“小鹏”和“威马”为研究对象,构建“内卷环境—柔性建构—优势涌现”的分析框架,探析企业如何在内卷情境中通过柔性机制实现竞争优势的连续性涌现。研究发现:(1)新能源汽车产业的内卷环境分别呈现出“不确定性”“结构化”和“极化”的阶段特征;(2)在内卷压力下,柔性机制经历了“基础柔性—局部柔性—全域柔性”的演化过程;(3)企业竞争优势在柔性机制的推动下,呈现出“敏捷型试错优势—路径型协作优势—系统型协同优势”的连续性涌现路径。本研究拓展了柔性理论在高频动态环境下的适用边界,并进一步建构了本土内卷语境下企业突围的过程模型,为企业应对产业内卷提供了理论依据和实践参考。

, authors=徐彦申, 范旭, authorsList=徐彦申, 范旭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

徐彦申(1993-),女,博士研究生,E-mail:。

范旭(1962-),男,教授。

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徐彦申(1993-),女,博士研究生,E-mail:。

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We further provide recommendations for managers, theoretical contributions and suggestions for future research.), Reference(id=1317436159660241837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=12, issue=9, pageStart=1337, pageEnd=1342, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=22, authorNames=蒋峦, 李忠顺, 谢卫红, journalName=管理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒋峦, 李忠顺, 谢卫红, 等. 组织柔性与环境动态性下时间节奏对创新绩效的影响[J]. 管理学报, 2015, 12 (9): 1337-1342,1360., articleTitle=组织柔性与环境动态性下时间节奏对创新绩效的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436159718962094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=12, issue=9, pageStart=1337, pageEnd=1342, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Qin L, Li Z S, Xie W H, journalName=Chinese Journal of Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qin L, Li Z S, Xie W H, et al. 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Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, 2019(2): 138-146., articleTitle=The impact of organizational flexibility on firm innovation performance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436161589621681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=46, issue=1, pageStart=131, pageEnd=140, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=26, authorNames=刘博, 刘超, 刘新梅, journalName=当代经济科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘博, 刘超, 刘新梅. 组织创造力与创新绩效:长期导向与战略柔性的联合调节作用[J]. 当代经济科学, 2024, 46 (1): 131-140., articleTitle=组织创造力与创新绩效:长期导向与战略柔性的联合调节作用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436161656730546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=46, issue=1, pageStart=131, pageEnd=140, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Liu B, Liu C, Liu X M, journalName=Modern Economic Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu B, Liu C, Liu X M. 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Administrative Science Quarterly, 2019, 64(1): 1-44., articleTitle=Bowing before dual gods: How structured flexibility sustains organizational hybridity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317436161849668532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=521, pageEnd=533, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=29, authorNames=李婉红, 王帆, journalName=科学学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李婉红, 王帆. 数字创新、战略柔性与企业智能化转型——考虑环境复杂性的调节效应[J]. 科学学研究, 2023, 41(3): 521-533., articleTitle=数字创新、战略柔性与企业智能化转型——考虑环境复杂性的调节效应, refAbstract=利用数字创新推动企业智能化转型,已成为推进实体经济与数字经济深度融合发展、加快建设数字中国的新动能。本文采用机器学习方法刻画企业数字创新水平,并提出数字创新如何通过影响战略柔性对企业智能化转型的直接和间接作用机制。研究发现:数字创新显著促进了企业智能化转型,并通过资源柔性和协调柔性正向影响企业智能化转型程度。同时,考察环境复杂性对数字创新与企业智能化转型关系所发挥的调节效应,发现企业所处环境复杂性越高,数字创新对智能化转型的促进作用越强。研究结论有助于揭示“环境-创新-战略”三轮驱动下的企业智能化转型升级“黑箱”,也为推动数字技术应用与发展提供了新的证据与政策启示。), Reference(id=1317436161929360309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=521, pageEnd=533, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Li W H, Wang F, journalName=Studies in Science of Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li W H, Wang F. Digital innovation, strategic flexibility and enterprise intelligent transformation: Based on the moderating effect of environmental complexity[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2023, 41(3): 521-533., articleTitle=Digital innovation, strategic flexibility and enterprise intelligent transformation: Based on the moderating effect of environmental complexity, refAbstract=With the rapid development of China's digital economy, digital technology has become a new engine that promotes the transformation and upgrading of enterprises and achieves high-quality industrial development. In recent years, with the development of the digital age, research on corporate digital innovation has received extensive attention from academia from the theoretical and practical levels. Although existing studies have discussed the relationship between digital innovation and enterprise intelligent transformation, they only stay at the level of theoretical analysis. Empirical research systematically exploring the influence path and important role between digital innovation and enterprise intelligent transformation is relatively scarce. Moreover, existing research has not incorporated strategic flexibility factors and environmental complexity factors into the analysis framework of the relationship between digital innovation and corporate intelligent transformation. Given the gaps in existing research and the phenomenon of digital innovation, we are going to investigate the relationship between digital innovation and enterprise intelligent transformation based on the triple perspectives of information resource acquisition, organizational management changes, and flexible production methods. On this basis, we introduce strategic flexibility variables, explore the influence mechanisms of resource flexibility and coordination flexibility on the intelligent transformation of enterprises, and provide a reference for intelligent transformation and upgrading. Secondly, we examine the moderating role of environmental complexity and enrich theoretical research on digital innovation and digital management reform. Based on datasets of China's new energy vehicle enterprises from 2011 to 2019, this study adopts machine learning method to verify our hypothesis. The empirical results show that: First, digital innovation has a positive and significant promotion effect on the intelligent transformation of enterprises, and the results are robust after using the two-stage model estimation of instrumental variables, substitution of core variables, consideration of missing variables, and reduction of corporate samples. Second, strategic flexibility has an intermediary effect between digital innovation and enterprise intelligent transformation. Specifically, digital innovation can not only strengthen resource flexibility, integrate and restructure existing resources and external resources, but also promote coordination flexibility and rational use and allocation of innovative resources to assist enterprise intelligent transformation and upgrading. Finally, environmental complexity not only positively regulates the role of digital innovation in promoting resource flexibility and coordination flexibility, but also promotes the positive effect of digital innovation on the intelligent transformation of enterprises. For practical implications, we suggest that enterprises need to accelerate the development of digital innovation models, give play to the comparative advantages of the new generation of digital technology, and achieve the goals of maximizing the value of intelligent transformation. In addition, the in-depth promotion of industrial digitization and digital industrialization requires not only to strengthen resource integration and data open sharing within the industry, but also to enhance the wide-area application and deep integration of cross-industry digitization. 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Nankai Business Review, 2025, 28(2): 67-79., articleTitle=Breaking the technological blockade: Entrepreneur ship of large enterprises under the double dilemma of counter opportunity and resource scarcity: reduction based on resource bricolage and orchestration, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317436157080744853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, awardId=24AKS019, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重点项目(24AKS019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317436157240128406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, awardId=2023GZYB12, language=CN, fundingSource=广州市哲学社会科学规划项目(2023GZYB12), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317436150436967272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317436150441161577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, 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Data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 名称 人员 备注
一手资料 半结构化访谈 广州小鹏汽车科技有限公司 公共事务资深
经理
研发人员
共计3.6万字
安道拓(重庆)汽车部件有限公司肇庆分公司 技术主管
行政主管
副总经理
小鹏智能座椅主要供应商
共计1.6万字
广东嘉拓自动化技术
有限公司
技术主管
副总经理
人力资源部部长
威马自动化设备供应商
共计3万字
小鹏、威马旗舰车型消费者 6人 共计0.15万字
Z市(小鹏分厂所在地)市委、市工业和信息化局和发改局 7人 共计2.3万字
参与式观察 参观小鹏、安道拓的展厅及工厂 2次,共9人 共计0.45万字
二手资料 内部资料、微信公众号、官方微博、新闻报道及知网论文等 — 小鹏12份
威马30份
), ArticleFig(id=1317436154891318158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 名称 人员 备注
一手资料 半结构化访谈 广州小鹏汽车科技有限公司 公共事务资深
经理
研发人员
共计3.6万字
安道拓(重庆)汽车部件有限公司肇庆分公司 技术主管
行政主管
副总经理
小鹏智能座椅主要供应商
共计1.6万字
广东嘉拓自动化技术
有限公司
技术主管
副总经理
人力资源部部长
威马自动化设备供应商
共计3万字
小鹏、威马旗舰车型消费者 6人 共计0.15万字
Z市(小鹏分厂所在地)市委、市工业和信息化局和发改局 7人 共计2.3万字
参与式观察 参观小鹏、安道拓的展厅及工厂 2次,共9人 共计0.45万字
二手资料 内部资料、微信公众号、官方微博、新闻报道及知网论文等 — 小鹏12份
威马30份
), ArticleFig(id=1317436154971009935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evidence of foundational flexibility and agile trial-and-error advantages in firms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合构念 二阶主题 一阶概念 典型证据
内卷初现 技术机会泛化 技术路径不收敛 插电式混合动力汽车与纯电动、燃料电池技术一并被纳入新能源车汽车范畴。
核心技术开源 2014年6月12日,马斯克在特斯拉官网上宣布,开源特斯拉所有的专利技术,特别是涉及纯电车核心的三电系统。
潜在市场机会丰富 消费认知不足 2017年,新能源汽车的市场渗透率仅为2.65%。
车企数量激增 2014—2017年,新增新能源车企累计68家,新增车型累计达到283个。
柔性基础 资源运行轻量化 代工生产 此前小鹏是通过海马汽车代工生产,双方的合作始于2017年9月,代工车型为小鹏G3和P7。
轻资产运营 新势力们能够快速崛起,得益于把造车互联网化,能外包就外包,能买就买。
战略制定弹性化 战略高举高打 突出互联网基因……将互联网技术与汽车制造深度融合……以颠覆性口号进入市场。
战略取向模糊 没有一家汽车公司敢断定走哪条路必能通往成功。
刚性基础
(威马)
资源基础僵化 自建工厂 自2016年8月起,威马汽车在总部上海以外的浙江温州和湖北黄冈建设了两座生产基地,总计产能达到25万辆。
重资产运营 我们的厂是非常先进的,每个大概花了60亿……站在现在反思,我们对两个工厂的投入有点太多了,前期几乎有一半的资金都耗到整车厂去了。
战略空间压缩 坚持科技普惠 威马要秉持“科技普惠”的初心,做“用得爽、用得起”的产品
注重B端市场 前期的市场策略就是主打B端市场,尤其是网约车市场,大客户的批量采购是造车势力快速量产的捷径。
试错型
敏捷优势
低成本技术试错 外部资源吸纳 基于特斯拉电池技术和安卓系统……
技术反求 早期通过改装雷克萨斯NX300h开展三电系统与中控研发,绕开高成本整车开发路径。
敏捷式产品迭代 产品突破快速 2016年就发布了新车的Beta版本。
用户反馈机制 邀请互联网圈、科技圈,还有科技人士试乘试驾,得到了很多非常好的反馈意见。在反馈开发过程中,我们的车一直在做新一步的更新升级和下一步开发工作。
), ArticleFig(id=1317436155038118800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

企业基础柔性与试错型敏捷优势涌现典型证据援引

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合构念 二阶主题 一阶概念 典型证据
内卷初现 技术机会泛化 技术路径不收敛 插电式混合动力汽车与纯电动、燃料电池技术一并被纳入新能源车汽车范畴。
核心技术开源 2014年6月12日,马斯克在特斯拉官网上宣布,开源特斯拉所有的专利技术,特别是涉及纯电车核心的三电系统。
潜在市场机会丰富 消费认知不足 2017年,新能源汽车的市场渗透率仅为2.65%。
车企数量激增 2014—2017年,新增新能源车企累计68家,新增车型累计达到283个。
柔性基础 资源运行轻量化 代工生产 此前小鹏是通过海马汽车代工生产,双方的合作始于2017年9月,代工车型为小鹏G3和P7。
轻资产运营 新势力们能够快速崛起,得益于把造车互联网化,能外包就外包,能买就买。
战略制定弹性化 战略高举高打 突出互联网基因……将互联网技术与汽车制造深度融合……以颠覆性口号进入市场。
战略取向模糊 没有一家汽车公司敢断定走哪条路必能通往成功。
刚性基础
(威马)
资源基础僵化 自建工厂 自2016年8月起,威马汽车在总部上海以外的浙江温州和湖北黄冈建设了两座生产基地,总计产能达到25万辆。
重资产运营 我们的厂是非常先进的,每个大概花了60亿……站在现在反思,我们对两个工厂的投入有点太多了,前期几乎有一半的资金都耗到整车厂去了。
战略空间压缩 坚持科技普惠 威马要秉持“科技普惠”的初心,做“用得爽、用得起”的产品
注重B端市场 前期的市场策略就是主打B端市场,尤其是网约车市场,大客户的批量采购是造车势力快速量产的捷径。
试错型
敏捷优势
低成本技术试错 外部资源吸纳 基于特斯拉电池技术和安卓系统……
技术反求 早期通过改装雷克萨斯NX300h开展三电系统与中控研发,绕开高成本整车开发路径。
敏捷式产品迭代 产品突破快速 2016年就发布了新车的Beta版本。
用户反馈机制 邀请互联网圈、科技圈,还有科技人士试乘试驾,得到了很多非常好的反馈意见。在反馈开发过程中,我们的车一直在做新一步的更新升级和下一步开发工作。
), ArticleFig(id=1317436155117810577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evidence of partial flexibility and path-based collaboration advantages in firms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合构念 二阶主题 一阶概念 典型证据
内卷加剧 技术路径收敛 自动驾驶L2级普及 2022年,具备组合辅助驾驶功能的L2级乘用车新车渗透率达到了34.5%。
技术周期缩短 每款曾经具备一定技术领先性的产品,都过快地淹没在竞品的海洋中。
市场需求释放 消费意愿提升 2022年中国新能源乘用车市场规模接近600万辆,对乘用车市场的渗透率达到27.6%。
市场结构分化 新能源汽车的市场结构表现为低、高端车为主的“哑铃型”。
局部柔性 资源获取柔性 双重上市 2020年,小鹏在纽约证券交易所挂牌上市。
2021年,小鹏在香港交易所挂牌上市。
持续融资 截至上市之前,已经历了11轮融资。
资源利用柔性 建立生产基地 2019年小鹏肇庆工厂全面投产试用。
高强度研发投入 截至2020年6月30日,小鹏汽车3676名员工43%为研发人员。
自2018年至2022年第二季度末,小鹏已累计研发投入超110亿元。
战略主线锁定 智能化主线 就在这时……何小鹏认为小鹏汽车的核心竞争力是智能化,拥有自主研发的全栈式自动驾驶技术和操作系统。
战略推进有序 当时最初的这种,它叫XPILOT,应该叫1.0,当时应该刚出来。然后后面慢慢进化到2.0、2.5、3.0。
战略复线细化 平台技术战略 小鹏汽车每一个平台都能够生产不同的车型,每一个平台都能够满足不同客户的需求。
垂直研发战略 围绕在一款产品同一时间研发的垂直矩阵。
局部刚性 资源不可持续 连续上市失败 威马汽车曾经是上交所科创板的明星扶持企业……SH把目光直接对准了美股……他立马改弦更张,把目标对准了港股……2022年计划在港股上市,然而因销量及营收等未达到港股的上市要求,威马汽车上市中止。
销量回血困难 威马2022年1—11月累计销量为2.93万辆,月均销量仅2700台左右。
战略体系混乱 战略主线不清 一上来就希望造的车所有人都喜欢,希望成为大众、丰田,但仔细看,这些品牌的车都比较大众化,相对比较平庸。
战略支线混乱 创业之初,威马……采用的直销模式……2019年6月,威马回归传统车企采用的经销模式。2020年,威马更是开启了自产自销模式,鼓励高管开店做经销商……
路径型
协作优势
技术上:战略布局
引领资源配置
战略布局引导
资源跟随
作为一家专注于未来出行的科技公司,2018—2021年研发投入在新势力车企中持续稳定前三甲。
资源跟随强化
技术领先
技术储备就是在智能化这一块,我们认为比国内的这些厂商可能会领先12—15个月的这种水平。
产品上:资源重构
促进战略演化
资源重构促进
战略演化
现在碰到大量的成本挑战……因此,需要以全场景、低成本自动驾驶为标配形成抓手。
战略演化促进
产品升级
小鹏汽车的城市NGP功能于2022年9月在广州开放,并搭载P5产品。
), ArticleFig(id=1317436155201696658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

企业局部柔性与路径型协作优势涌现典型证据援引

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合构念 二阶主题 一阶概念 典型证据
内卷加剧 技术路径收敛 自动驾驶L2级普及 2022年,具备组合辅助驾驶功能的L2级乘用车新车渗透率达到了34.5%。
技术周期缩短 每款曾经具备一定技术领先性的产品,都过快地淹没在竞品的海洋中。
市场需求释放 消费意愿提升 2022年中国新能源乘用车市场规模接近600万辆,对乘用车市场的渗透率达到27.6%。
市场结构分化 新能源汽车的市场结构表现为低、高端车为主的“哑铃型”。
局部柔性 资源获取柔性 双重上市 2020年,小鹏在纽约证券交易所挂牌上市。
2021年,小鹏在香港交易所挂牌上市。
持续融资 截至上市之前,已经历了11轮融资。
资源利用柔性 建立生产基地 2019年小鹏肇庆工厂全面投产试用。
高强度研发投入 截至2020年6月30日,小鹏汽车3676名员工43%为研发人员。
自2018年至2022年第二季度末,小鹏已累计研发投入超110亿元。
战略主线锁定 智能化主线 就在这时……何小鹏认为小鹏汽车的核心竞争力是智能化,拥有自主研发的全栈式自动驾驶技术和操作系统。
战略推进有序 当时最初的这种,它叫XPILOT,应该叫1.0,当时应该刚出来。然后后面慢慢进化到2.0、2.5、3.0。
战略复线细化 平台技术战略 小鹏汽车每一个平台都能够生产不同的车型,每一个平台都能够满足不同客户的需求。
垂直研发战略 围绕在一款产品同一时间研发的垂直矩阵。
局部刚性 资源不可持续 连续上市失败 威马汽车曾经是上交所科创板的明星扶持企业……SH把目光直接对准了美股……他立马改弦更张,把目标对准了港股……2022年计划在港股上市,然而因销量及营收等未达到港股的上市要求,威马汽车上市中止。
销量回血困难 威马2022年1—11月累计销量为2.93万辆,月均销量仅2700台左右。
战略体系混乱 战略主线不清 一上来就希望造的车所有人都喜欢,希望成为大众、丰田,但仔细看,这些品牌的车都比较大众化,相对比较平庸。
战略支线混乱 创业之初,威马……采用的直销模式……2019年6月,威马回归传统车企采用的经销模式。2020年,威马更是开启了自产自销模式,鼓励高管开店做经销商……
路径型
协作优势
技术上:战略布局
引领资源配置
战略布局引导
资源跟随
作为一家专注于未来出行的科技公司,2018—2021年研发投入在新势力车企中持续稳定前三甲。
资源跟随强化
技术领先
技术储备就是在智能化这一块,我们认为比国内的这些厂商可能会领先12—15个月的这种水平。
产品上:资源重构
促进战略演化
资源重构促进
战略演化
现在碰到大量的成本挑战……因此,需要以全场景、低成本自动驾驶为标配形成抓手。
战略演化促进
产品升级
小鹏汽车的城市NGP功能于2022年9月在广州开放,并搭载P5产品。
), ArticleFig(id=1317436155277194131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evidence of global flexibility and systematic synergy advantages in firms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合构念 二阶主题 一阶概念 典型证据
内卷极化 技术创新
空间压缩
全行业智能化竞速 汽车产品、汽车企业和汽车产业都正在被AI重新定义,AI驱动将成为未来汽车企业的底层竞争力。
电池技术稳定 传统三元锂电池的能量密度已经接近极限……想要提高电池的能量密度或续航里程,难度非常大。全固态电池技术尚未成熟……
国内市场
竞争加剧
行业整体降价 新能源汽车市场走向“全面价格战”,纯电动车型平均降价3.9万元,降幅17%。北汽极狐阿尔法S5、一汽—大众ID.系列等车型降幅甚至超过20%。
中低端市场智能化竞赛 长安汽车宣布2025年要在10万元级别的车型上搭载激光雷达;零跑汽车宣布“智驾全民化”;吉利称,将“成为智能汽车AI科技的普及者”。
全域柔性 资源
整合柔性
外部资源内化 我们和小鹏首次创新了这种“厂中厂”模式。
内部资源共享 和大众汽车集团合作共享G9平台,提前解决了G9平台的平摊成本,换来约7亿美元增资。
垂直权力整合 五大委员会、三大产品矩阵。
结构柔性
部门重组有序 将小鹏汽贸和销售两个部门合二为一,大量中台放在前台,把原来大中台变成一块小的前台……
小鹏将技术开发部门拆成了三个部门,分别是AI端到端、AI应用、AI能效。
产品矩阵多元化 小鹏推行“车海战术”,在2025年密集发布多款新车,包括P7i、G6的改款车型及与滴滴合作的MONA M03。
战略
生态柔性
技术研发前瞻化 把端到端运用到自动驾驶领域……
创建云端模型工厂……
超前布局“物理AI”。
市场拓展全球化 小鹏汽车公布了其“出海2.0”规划……到2025年底,该公司目标为进入全球超过60个国家和地区市场。
运营效率精益化 小鹏依靠“木星计划”将全国24个销售区缩减为12个,并且逐步淘汰效率低下的直营门店,扩大代理经销商的门店规模。
全域刚性 资源整合
低效
资源配置集权 所有关键预算、节奏、节点都由SH主导,中层领导的执行权力非常小,推动项目非常依赖高层……
资源投放低效 威马走的是传统的经销模式……增加了中间的损耗成本,比如门店补贴,渠道返利等等。
核心技术依赖 因为百度强势的竞业条款限制了其自动驾驶技术的研发……
组织结构
僵化
部门内部冲突 如果想让产品上市时有竞争力,必须要改变……然而,H所领导的成都研究院答复做不了。
结构扩张过载 威马在以传统经销模式实现迅速扩张,……突破了621家合作伙伴门店,同比增长250%,但仅一年后,就关了四分之一。
战略转型
僵化
智能化布局落后 我认为真正的自动驾驶还早着呢。初创企业如果把自动驾驶作为真正的切入点,我认为是不现实的。
战略执行不畅 2021年10月,搭载3颗激光雷达的威马M7正式首发,预计2022年内交付。但时至今日威马M7都未能兑现诺言。
战略反馈弱化 连续几起“自燃”事件后,威马坚称自家汽车没有问题,随后抛出“碰撞导致自燃”的推辞。
系统型
协同优势
智能化技术
生态建构
智能化技术网络 “AI+”智能汽车生态
智能化座椅—天玑系统
XNGP城市自动驾驶生态
技术主体多元 与华为、高德、大众、滴滴等展开合作。
智能化产品
生态建构
跨行业产品矩阵 产品矩阵涵盖机器人、飞行汽车、电动汽车。
市场覆盖广泛 产品矩阵覆盖中低档(MONA M03)、中档(P7)和高档车型(G9、X9)。
国际市场也表现亮眼,小鹏G6是欧洲中高端纯电中型SUV市场销量最高的中国车型,G9则是欧洲中高端纯电中大型SUV市场销量最高的中国车型。
), ArticleFig(id=1317436155365274516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436148474032981, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

全域柔性与系统型协同优势涌现典型证据援引

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合构念 二阶主题 一阶概念 典型证据
内卷极化 技术创新
空间压缩
全行业智能化竞速 汽车产品、汽车企业和汽车产业都正在被AI重新定义,AI驱动将成为未来汽车企业的底层竞争力。
电池技术稳定 传统三元锂电池的能量密度已经接近极限……想要提高电池的能量密度或续航里程,难度非常大。全固态电池技术尚未成熟……
国内市场
竞争加剧
行业整体降价 新能源汽车市场走向“全面价格战”,纯电动车型平均降价3.9万元,降幅17%。北汽极狐阿尔法S5、一汽—大众ID.系列等车型降幅甚至超过20%。
中低端市场智能化竞赛 长安汽车宣布2025年要在10万元级别的车型上搭载激光雷达;零跑汽车宣布“智驾全民化”;吉利称,将“成为智能汽车AI科技的普及者”。
全域柔性 资源
整合柔性
外部资源内化 我们和小鹏首次创新了这种“厂中厂”模式。
内部资源共享 和大众汽车集团合作共享G9平台,提前解决了G9平台的平摊成本,换来约7亿美元增资。
垂直权力整合 五大委员会、三大产品矩阵。
结构柔性
部门重组有序 将小鹏汽贸和销售两个部门合二为一,大量中台放在前台,把原来大中台变成一块小的前台……
小鹏将技术开发部门拆成了三个部门,分别是AI端到端、AI应用、AI能效。
产品矩阵多元化 小鹏推行“车海战术”,在2025年密集发布多款新车,包括P7i、G6的改款车型及与滴滴合作的MONA M03。
战略
生态柔性
技术研发前瞻化 把端到端运用到自动驾驶领域……
创建云端模型工厂……
超前布局“物理AI”。
市场拓展全球化 小鹏汽车公布了其“出海2.0”规划……到2025年底,该公司目标为进入全球超过60个国家和地区市场。
运营效率精益化 小鹏依靠“木星计划”将全国24个销售区缩减为12个,并且逐步淘汰效率低下的直营门店,扩大代理经销商的门店规模。
全域刚性 资源整合
低效
资源配置集权 所有关键预算、节奏、节点都由SH主导,中层领导的执行权力非常小,推动项目非常依赖高层……
资源投放低效 威马走的是传统的经销模式……增加了中间的损耗成本,比如门店补贴,渠道返利等等。
核心技术依赖 因为百度强势的竞业条款限制了其自动驾驶技术的研发……
组织结构
僵化
部门内部冲突 如果想让产品上市时有竞争力,必须要改变……然而,H所领导的成都研究院答复做不了。
结构扩张过载 威马在以传统经销模式实现迅速扩张,……突破了621家合作伙伴门店,同比增长250%,但仅一年后,就关了四分之一。
战略转型
僵化
智能化布局落后 我认为真正的自动驾驶还早着呢。初创企业如果把自动驾驶作为真正的切入点,我认为是不现实的。
战略执行不畅 2021年10月,搭载3颗激光雷达的威马M7正式首发,预计2022年内交付。但时至今日威马M7都未能兑现诺言。
战略反馈弱化 连续几起“自燃”事件后,威马坚称自家汽车没有问题,随后抛出“碰撞导致自燃”的推辞。
系统型
协同优势
智能化技术
生态建构
智能化技术网络 “AI+”智能汽车生态
智能化座椅—天玑系统
XNGP城市自动驾驶生态
技术主体多元 与华为、高德、大众、滴滴等展开合作。
智能化产品
生态建构
跨行业产品矩阵 产品矩阵涵盖机器人、飞行汽车、电动汽车。
市场覆盖广泛 产品矩阵覆盖中低档(MONA M03)、中档(P7)和高档车型(G9、X9)。
国际市场也表现亮眼,小鹏G6是欧洲中高端纯电中型SUV市场销量最高的中国车型,G9则是欧洲中高端纯电中大型SUV市场销量最高的中国车型。
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新能源汽车产业“内卷”的破局之道——基于柔性演化与优势涌现的双重视角
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徐彦申 , 范旭
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(9): 1865-1879
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (9) : 1865 -1879
新能源汽车产业“内卷”的破局之道——基于柔性演化与优势涌现的双重视角
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徐彦申 , 范旭
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学公共管理学院, 广东广州 510641
作者简介:

徐彦申(1993-),女,博士研究生,E-mail:。

范旭(1962-),男,教授。

Breaking the "involution" in the new energy vehicle industry——A dual perspective of flexible evolution and advantage emergence
Yan-shen XU , Xu FAN
Affiliations
  • School of Public Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15
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在新能源汽车产业的“内卷式”竞争背景下,企业如何突破内卷困局、构建持续性的竞争优势成为亟待探讨的重要议题。本研究采用双案例对比研究法,以“小鹏”和“威马”为研究对象,构建“内卷环境—柔性建构—优势涌现”的分析框架,探析企业如何在内卷情境中通过柔性机制实现竞争优势的连续性涌现。研究发现:(1)新能源汽车产业的内卷环境分别呈现出“不确定性”“结构化”和“极化”的阶段特征;(2)在内卷压力下,柔性机制经历了“基础柔性—局部柔性—全域柔性”的演化过程;(3)企业竞争优势在柔性机制的推动下,呈现出“敏捷型试错优势—路径型协作优势—系统型协同优势”的连续性涌现路径。本研究拓展了柔性理论在高频动态环境下的适用边界,并进一步建构了本土内卷语境下企业突围的过程模型,为企业应对产业内卷提供了理论依据和实践参考。

组织柔性  /  优势涌现  /  新能源汽车  /  内卷式竞争

In recent years, "involutionary competition" has emerged as a salient and defining feature of China's new energy vehicle (NEV) industry. Between 2018 and 2024, approximately 400 NEV firms exited the market amid intensified price wars, excessive capacity expansion, and escalating cost pressures. While involutionary competition may initially accelerate market selection and resource reallocation, prolonged competition driven by aggressive price-cutting and extreme cost compression has increasingly undermined technological innovation, distorted industrial ecosystems, and constrained high-quality development. Against this backdrop, a critical question arises: how can firms break through involutionary traps and construct sustainable competitive advantages under conditions of persistent and system-wide competitive pressure?

Existing studies on involution primarily adopt a macro-institutional perspective, emphasizing policy regulation, industrial governance, and the restoration of market order. These studies have contributed valuable insights into the structural and institutional origins of involutionary competition, particularly the role of government intervention in shaping industry dynamics. However, they provide limited explanations of how firms, at the organizational level, respond to and survive under sustained involutionary pressure. This limitation is especially evident in the NEV industry, where rapid technological iteration, high capital intensity, and converging technological trajectories expose firms to continuous environmental shocks. As a result, the micro-level mechanisms through which firms adapt to involution and achieve strategic breakthroughs remain theoretically underexplored.

To address this gap, this study introduces an organizational flexibility perspective and develops a process-oriented analytical framework to explain how firms achieve the continuous emergence of competitive advantages in involutionary environments. Drawing on theories of organizational flexibility and emergence, this research conceptualizes competitive advantage not as a deliberately designed or static outcome, but as an evolutionary process shaped by ongoing interactions between firms and their environments. Organizational flexibility is understood as a firm's capacity to adjust resource configurations, strategic orientations, and organizational arrangements in response to environmental disturbances. Extending prior static interpretations, this study emphasizes the dynamic evolution of flexibility itself under sustained competitive pressure.

Methodologically, this research adopts a comparative case study design, examining XPeng Motors and WM Motor-two Chinese NEV manufacturers that were exposed to similar external conditions but experienced divergent outcomes. By systematically comparing a "breakthrough" firm with an "exited" firm, this study constructs an analytical framework of "involutionary environment-flexible construction-advantage emergence" to reveal how different flexibility trajectories shape organizational evolution. The comparative approach enables the identification of key mechanisms through which flexibility influences firm survival and strategic outcomes under involutionary competition.

The findings reveal three main insights. First, the involutionary environment of the NEV industry evolves through three distinct stages: uncertainty, structural convergence, and polarization. Each stage imposes different adaptive pressures on firms. Second, under escalating involutionary pressure, organizational flexibility evolves from foundational flexibility to partial flexibility and ultimately to global flexibility. Foundational flexibility enables low-cost experimentation and rapid adjustment in uncertain environments; partial flexibility supports coordinated responses at critical organizational nodes; and global flexibility integrates resources, structures, and strategies into a system-wide adaptive capability. Third, driven by the evolution of flexibility, firms' competitive advantages emerge along a continuous path, progressing from agile trial-and-error advantages to path-based collaboration advantages and finally to system-level synergy advantages.

This study makes three primary theoretical contributions. First, it develops a process model that explains firm breakout mechanisms within China's involutionary context, thereby localizing organizational theory to a distinctive competitive environment. Second, it extends organizational flexibility theory by demonstrating how flexibility dynamically evolves under high-frequency environmental disturbances. Third, it reconceptualizes competitive advantage as a multi-stage emergent process driven by flexible evolution rather than static resource endowments.

organizational flexibility  /  advantage emergence  /  new energy vehicles  /  involutionary competition
徐彦申, 范旭. 新能源汽车产业“内卷”的破局之道——基于柔性演化与优势涌现的双重视角. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1865 -1879 .
Yan-shen XU, Xu FAN. Breaking the "involution" in the new energy vehicle industry——A dual perspective of flexible evolution and advantage emergence[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1865 -1879 .
“内卷”已成为描绘中国新能源汽车产业阶段特征的代表性词汇。2018-2023年,已有大约300家新能源车企消亡在产业内卷的大潮当中。尽管内卷在一定程度上可以促进资源优化,并加速企业出清,但以“低价竞销”“极限成本战”为特征的价格内卷,往往导致“劣币驱逐良币”,破坏产业链生态,阻滞技术创新与高质量发展。基于此,2024年7月,中共中央政治局会议首次提出“强化行业自律,防止内卷式竞争”,将“内卷治理”正式纳入国家战略议题。此后,国家发展改革委、市场监管总局等部门密集表态,强调综合整治内卷式竞争,以解决行业竞争失序问题。
在此背景下,有关内卷治理的相关研究开始兴起。现有研究围绕“内卷”的概念内涵、现实表征、生成逻辑与治理策略展开,并强调政府在引导产业转型与优化市场秩序中的主导作用[1-3]。此外,在逆全球化的国际封锁情境下,学者注意到产业内卷由成熟产业向新兴产业的过渡趋势,并以此为落脚点,强化内卷突破的制度情境[4,5]。然而,这类研究普遍采用宏观制度取向,偏重政策层面的调控逻辑,对微观企业如何实现内卷突破的机制解释较为欠缺。尤其在新能源汽车这一技术复杂度高、竞争强度大、迭代速度快的战略性新兴产业,关于企业如何应对系统性竞争困局、如何在持续演化的内卷结构中实现情境突破[6],目前尚缺乏成熟的理论框架。
基于此,本研究引入组织柔性概念,旨在从环境进化与柔性演化的互动逻辑出发,揭示企业如何利用柔性机制在内卷环境中实现竞争优势的连续性涌现。柔性演化强调组织在不确定情境中的自适应调节,适用于刻画企业在复杂演化情境中的能力变迁与优势建构,这为本研究提供理论基础。基于此,本研究采用双案例对比研究法,选取在产业内卷中“突围”与“淘汰”的两家企业,基于相同的环境冲击,通过比对其响应行为模式的差异性,明确组织柔性在内卷环境中的演化优越性,并进一步分析柔性机制如何驱动组织优势在连续演化中逐步涌现。本研究不仅丰富了内卷研究的微观基础,也扩展了柔性理论在系统性竞争情境下的适用边界,旨在为新能源汽车产业内卷治理提供组织层面的理论支撑与实践参考。
组织柔性作为一种动态表现,可以反映组织对环境变化的应对能力[7]。它以组织资源为基础,并强调现有机会下资源利用的可调度和灵活性[8]。Sanchez将组织柔性划分为资源柔性与协调柔性,前者涉及资源的获取、转化与冗余支撑,后者则聚焦于资源利用的动态属性[9,10]。随着研究深入,柔性概念已扩展至结构、流程及战略等更多维度[11,12],并被广泛应用于企业创新绩效[13-15]与能力建构的研究当中[16-18]。尽管现有研究证实了组织柔性在少量扰动情境中的调节作用[9,19],但在面对新能源汽车产业内卷这一高频演化的系统情境时,传统柔性视角在维度划分、作用机制与动态演化方面稍显不足。为此,本研究借鉴Tiwari等人在频繁的变革环境中,注重资源与战略描绘的融合视角[20],将组织柔性拓展至战略性新兴产业,并引入“柔性演化”概念,观测企业如何基于持续的环境扰动,实现柔性建构,为在特定的产业边界内重构并验证组织柔性的演化机制提供理论参考。
传统战略研究将竞争优势视为企业通过资源、能力、定位等方式实现设计式构建(deliberate construction)的结果。但近年来,随着复杂性理论与系统理论的引入,学者开始关注“涌现”(emergence)现象,即企业优势并非预设计划的线性结果,而是在环境、战略与组织要素交互中,自然生成的非线性过程[21]。Chia和Holt认为企业的竞争优势更多来自实践中的“生成逻辑”(emergent logic),强调行动与环境协同所致的演化适应[22],将竞争优势研究从“构建式思维”转向“涌现式理解”。本研究由此将“优势涌现”视为企业在复杂变局中实现系统性调适后的自然产物。沿着资源基础观,部分学者将竞争优势整合进动态能力理论,提出动态能力是企业在变化环境中重构竞争优势的关键[23]。动态能力不仅强调组织的重构与变革能力,也揭示了企业在动态不确定条件下进行“适应性演化”的路径逻辑。这一理论为本研究基于柔性演化观测企业竞争优势涌现提供理论支撑。与动态能力强调“能力层级”的抽象观念不同,组织柔性关注企业如何在多源扰动下构建调节缓冲、结构冗余,以保持行为灵活性,具有比动态能力更加细致的微观视角。因此,透过组织柔性的研究视角,可以更加具体、更加动态地揭示企业在复杂系统环境中如何实现竞争优势的持续涌现。
基于上述分析,本研究构建“内卷环境—柔性建构—优势涌现”的理论框架(见图1)。首先,立足新能源汽车产业的发展背景,对内卷环境进行阶段划分,并从“技术—市场”维度识别其典型特征;其次,沿着“资源—战略”的逻辑路径,探讨组织柔性的建构过程;最后,为有效回应“技术—市场”的环境压力,本研究从“技术—产品”视角分析企业竞争优势的涌现路径,以实现理论闭环。
本研究采用双案例对比分析法,原因有三:其一,企业对复杂环境的动态响应具有情境嵌入性,案例研究有助于揭示产业环境与企业行为的互动逻辑;其二,新能源汽车企业在相似环境中展现出多样的策略响应,双案例有利于深入解析与跨案例比较;其三,为增强案例对比,本研究选取一家“突围”企业与一家“淘汰”企业,系统比较其响应模式的差异性,以提炼机制演化过程和优势涌现逻辑。
本研究选取广州小鹏汽车科技有限公司(以下简称“小鹏”)与威马汽车科技集团有限公司(以下简称“威马”)作为案例对象,原因如下:(1)两公司创立时间相近,所处外部环境相似,便于对比分析;(2)威马曾为新能源汽车行业的领军者,“高开低走”的发展历程有助于动态剖析企业失败的根本原因;(3)小鹏在行业发展中持续领跑,可作为突围企业的代表;(4)考虑到新能源汽车产业发展的动态性,本研究选取的“淘汰企业”是指截至研究节点已破产、进入司法重整程序或虽经收购但仍未恢复实际运营的企业①(①威马汽车于2023年申请破产重整,并于2025年被深圳翔飞汽车销售有限公司接管,目前仍处于资产交接阶段,尚未恢复生产运营。从生命周期视角来看,威马已完成“成立—成长—淘汰”的完整演化过程,为研究新能源汽车产业“内卷化”背景下企业竞争失效的内在逻辑提供了真实样本。因此,威马被收购接管的阶段性状态并不削弱其研究价值。)。两家公司发展历程详见图2。
本研究聚焦于新能源汽车产业的内卷现象,因而不涵盖产业发展的早期阶段。综合政策转向与市场竞争状态,选取2014年作为产业内卷的起始年份,并据此将整个内卷过程划分为三个阶段(见图3)。2014年起,购买新能源汽车的中央财政补贴向私人消费开放,行业准入门槛下调,引发民营资本集中涌入,企业数量激增,蔚来、小鹏、威马等“新势力”车企相继成立,内卷初现。此后,新能源汽车产业快速扩张,2017年补贴退坡机制实施,行业正式进入优胜劣汰阶段。2019年,中央补贴大幅削减,地方补贴同步跟进,企业生存压力剧增,退场现象频现,产业内卷进入加速阶段。2023年起,特斯拉掀起“价格战”,带动行业大范围降价,市场利润空间压缩,威马、高合等代表性企业相继淘汰,产业迈入内卷极化阶段。
本研究采用多种方法尽可能地扩充数据库资料,具体包括:(1)来源于半结构化访谈和参与式观察的一手数据;(2)来源于期刊文献、媒体文档和其他公开渠道的二手数据。数据收集的具体情况,见表1。
本研究遵循多案例分析的反复迭代和不断对比,并满足三角验证原则,分别完成单案例分析与跨案例对比分析,最后完成理论体系构建[24]。具体操作流程如下:(1)案例内分析。精读所有访谈文本和二手资料,分别梳理两家企业的发展历史、关键事件、公司战略及组织架构等;同时,本研究重点关注那些与环境互动的企业行为,并对其进行编码处理。(2)跨案例分析。通过对比案例的共性和差异性后发现,企业间的“柔性”特征与“刚性”特征对比强烈。本研究沿着这条主线,重新筛选编码,将企业的柔性行为、刚性行为以及柔性演化所衍生出的组织优势命名为一阶概念。在此基础上,将一阶概念进行分类形成二阶主题,并基于本研究的核心问题将二阶主题归纳为聚合构念。最后,遵循案例研究的复制逻辑,将因果链在两个案例中反复验证,直至理论饱和,进而构建完整的理论体系。本研究最终形成的数据结构,见图4。
(1)环境特征
内卷初现阶段,产业环境表现为技术机会泛化与潜在市场机会丰富。机会与挑战并存构成了初期产业环境的不确定性。技术方面,插电式混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车与燃料电池汽车并行发展,主导范式尚未形成,企业面临广阔的技术探索空间。同时,特斯拉开源关键专利,技术准入壁垒降低,潜在技术机会释放。尽管此时的需求市场尚未形成规模效应,但政策补贴与资本涌入推动了市场主体的非理性扩张,形成了典型的“去门槛化”竞争格局。这一阶段的环境压力表现为:企业如何在不确定的产业情境中,构建起一种快速响应的基础柔性,帮助企业在环境对抗中形成反复试错的敏捷优势,具体见图5(典型证据见表2)。
(2)基础柔性
基础柔性是指企业为应对环境扰动而构建的一种组织运行基调,旨在为组织提供充足的应变空间与调整冗余。它不仅支撑企业在复杂环境中实现快速响应,也为后续柔性演化奠定动态适应的弹性基础,表现为资源运行轻量化和战略制定弹性化。具体来看,在资源层面,小鹏采用代工生产,通过“小步快走”的轻资产运行模式,强化资源配置灵活性;在战略层面,小鹏采取“高举高打”的品牌定位,同时保留战略路径的模糊性,构筑弹性的战略调整空间。反观威马,一开始便采取重资产投入模式,自建工厂,并明确锁定B端市场,强化“科技普惠”的战略定位。固定资产的投入倾向导致其资源结构固化,战略空间因明确而狭窄的定位被压缩,从而在组织内部构建起与柔性基调相对应的刚性基调,降低了组织的适应性基础。
(3)敏捷型试错优势
敏捷型试错优势是企业基于基础柔性建构的一种竞争优势,是低成本技术试错与敏捷式产品迭代的能力组合。该优势强调“边学边试”的敏捷实践逻辑,是企业在不确定情境中构建生存优势的基础手段。具体来看,在技术维度,小鹏遵循成本技术开发的最小化原则,例如,基于特斯拉的开源技术以及安卓系统实现快速技术集成,并通过技术反求,降低整车研发成本;在产品维度,小鹏围绕Beta原型车,建立起高频次的用户反馈机制,加速产品迭代,构建敏捷的市场响应模式。
(1)环境特征
内卷加速阶段,产业环境在技术与市场上分别呈现路径收敛与需求释放的结构化特征。技术上,自动驾驶成为主流方向,L2级功能普及加快,技术迭代周期明显缩短。市场上,新能源汽车市场渗透率上升带动消费结构分化,需求市场表现出高端定制化与低端规模化并重的“哑铃型”格局。内卷环境的改变对企业提出了更高的适应性要求,促使其在收敛的技术路径内,局部性地发展柔性能力,并依托资源和战略的多类型耦合在技术和市场路径上涌现出协作优势,具体见图6(典型证据见表3)。
(2)局部柔性
局部柔性是指企业在初步构建基础柔性后,基于资源和战略的柔性生长,发展出的限定性调节能力,其特点在于柔性能力尚未在组织系统内部全面铺开,而是在关键节点、关键环节上实现局域性发育。这一柔性形态通常表现为:资源获取和利用的双元柔性、明确的战略主线和细化的战略支线。在资源获取上,小鹏构建开放的资本网络,通过“双重上市”与多轮融资保障资源输入的可持续;在资源利用上,小鹏采取“固定倾向”与“流动倾向”并重的配置策略,一方面强化产能布局,增强调度弹性,另一方面保持高强度的研发投入,巩固智能化优势。在战略维度,小鹏以“智能化”作为主线战略,聚焦自动驾驶与整车控制,形成品牌识别优势,并衍生出平台技术战略与垂直研发战略两大支线,以扩展产品矩阵,并提升研发响应效率。而威马基于内卷初期的刚性基础,发展出局部刚性。其资本路径受阻,连续上市失败,融资能力不足,限制了研发与产能的持续投入。同时,战略方向不明与路径频繁调整,削弱了组织对环境变化的适应性,最终错失智能化转型的关键窗口。
(3)路径型协作优势
路径型协作优势来源于局部柔性,是企业基于场景要求,通过资源与战略的差异化组合,实现技术和产品突破的一种组织协作优势,分别表现为“战略主导资源”的技术突破路径和“资源牵引战略”的产品突破路径。具体来看,在技术路径上,小鹏围绕“智能化”战略主线,优先布局核心赛道,投入行业领先的研发成本,以强化技术标签。在技术路径收敛的背景下,企业需要推动策略一致性,避免“战略漂移”[25]。因此,这种“战略先行”的要素组合旨在强调战略聚焦,通过强化资源配置的针对性,在固定技术路径上加速技术迭代。在产品路径上,面对成本压力,小鹏重构资源配置,将资源投入集中在应用场景丰富的NGP技术,通过“全场景、低成本”的战略定位,依托XPILOT平台展开迭代研发,推动NGP技术突破,并将其搭载至P5车型,实现产品升级。这种资源先行的要素配置方式,将资源置于企业发展的动因角色[26],在市场需求结构化的竞争环境中,资源作为企业竞争的核心要素主动赋能战略转型,帮助企业在不富裕的资源情境下,以拼凑方式快速实现资源整合,提升资源利用效率[27]。
(1)环境特征
内卷极化阶段,产业环境呈现出技术创新空间压缩与国内市场竞争加剧的双重特征。在技术维度,AI技术成为全行业共识,以电池技术为代表的“三电”技术趋于稳定,核心硬件创新边界收窄,技术竞争焦点朝着智能化方向深化。在市场维度,行业进入系统性降价周期,各大车企主张智能化技术下沉,引发中低端车型的智能化竞赛。在内卷极化压力下,企业需要超越“资源—战略”的局部柔性,建立起组织柔性的系统传输路径,形成面向组织整体的全域柔性,实现对复杂变局的全面响应,并以此完成协同优势的系统涌现,具体见表7(典型证据见表4)。
(2)全域柔性
全域柔性是柔性演化的高级形态,是指组织在资源、结构与战略三个关键层级协同推进柔性建设,进而形成的一种整体性、系统化的适应能力,其关键在于要素间的动态嵌合与整体联动。其中,结构柔性发挥着关键的中介作用:一方面,它通过最小化资源扰动与成本代价,提升组织重构效率;另一方面,它作为组织资源与战略之间的“缔联界面”,为二者构建起多样化、动态化的组合窗口,推动组织柔性的系统性扩散。以小鹏为例,其全域柔性建设体现出三个层级的联动演进。首先,在结构层面,小鹏推行垂直权力整合和部门重组,强化组织的架构灵活性与策略响应效率,这为组织的架构重组创建弹性基础。其次,在资源层面,小鹏借助结构柔性,释放组织边界,畅通内外资源互动,进而发展出资源整合柔性,表现为外部资源内化和内部资源共享:前者通过与零部件厂商创新“厂中厂”模式,降低模块开发与系统适配成本,后者通过共享G9平台与大众达成战略合作,强化平台资源协同能力。最后,在战略层面,结构重组为资源与战略组合在多个场域创建接口,进而发展出多维的柔性战略生态,包括“车海战术”推动下的产品矩阵多元化、“物理AI”引领下的技术研发前瞻化、“出海2.0计划”驱动下的市场拓展全球化,以及“木星计划”带动下的运营效率精益化。
相比之下,威马在该阶段发展出全域刚性,表现为资源整合低效、组织结构僵化和战略重构失效。究其原因,威马在内卷初现设定的刚性基调,伴随产业内卷的推进逐步强化,最终演化为组织系统层面的僵化表现,导致威马虽有转型意愿却缺乏路径支撑,进而陷入“想转不能转”的困境,最终错失组织系统重构的关键契机。
(3)系统型协同优势
系统型协同优势是企业基于全域柔性,通过组织要素间的高度嵌合,在技术和产品上建立起跨模块、跨平台、跨场景的生态优势,是企业对复杂演化环境进行系统性响应的综合能力体现。以小鹏为例,在内卷极化背景下,小鹏涌现出智能化技术生态和智能化产品生态的系统优势。在技术维度,通过“AI+”智能汽车生态、“天玑系统”智能化座椅、XNGP城市自动驾驶系统等关键节点的自适应耦合,小鹏涌现出了以平台为基础、模块互嵌为支撑的智能化技术网络。该网络不仅强化了内部技术的模块化整合能力,也通过与华为、高德、滴滴和大众等强势技术体展开技术合作,建立起开放式生态网络。在产品维度,小鹏通过飞行汽车、小鹏机器人与智能电动车的协同布局,打通应用场景的多维交互,涌现出面向未来出行生活场景的多元产品生态,在强化国内用户触点的同时,有效提升了海外市场的生态输出能力。
本研究构建了内卷情境下新能源车企柔性演化机制推动竞争优势连续性涌现的过程模型,如图8所示。
新能源汽车产业的内卷进化,本质上是技术路径收敛与市场空间挤压双重作用下,企业逐步陷入系统性竞争的强化过程。其演进轨迹呈现出“不确定性—结构化—极化”的复杂变迁:在技术维度上,表现出“技术路径分散—以自动驾驶为中心的技术聚焦—以智能化为轴心的焦点竞争”的演化轨迹;在市场维度上,表现出“市场需求不足—哑铃型需求分布—价格战常态化”的动态逻辑。这一动态变迁构成了柔性演化的情境动因,促使企业不断调整要素组成,以扩展柔性边界,形成“基础柔性—局部柔性—全域柔性”的演化机制。
在内卷初现阶段,企业通过资源运作的轻量化与战略制定的弹性化搭建基础柔性,构建起环境扰动的基础缓冲。进入内卷加速阶段,局部柔性开始发育,并围绕资源和战略展开,表现为资源获取与利用的双元柔性、战略主线与支线的网络延伸。局部柔性的核心在于组织内部构建起多个局部响应系统,通过资源与战略的多样化耦合提升对内卷环境的适应效率,是对早期柔性基础的局部发酵与局部调适。迈入内卷极化阶段,柔性机制超越“资源—战略”的局部系统,演化为“资源—结构—战略”三层联动的全域柔性,具体表现为资源整合柔性、结构柔性、战略生态柔性。其中,结构柔性基于最小的扰动成本,最大化架构重组的柔性潜力,并在资源与战略的柔性嵌合中发挥中介作用,进而将柔性能力扩散至组织整体。全域柔性的核心功能在于打通组织内外部要素的系统连接,实现多维柔性要素的动态嵌合,是组织面对内卷极化的系统性应对。相较而言,威马的发展路径呈现出“刚性基础—局部刚性—全域刚性”的逆向演化轨迹。内卷初期的重资产投入与战略锁定造成路径依赖;内卷加速阶段,资源供给的不可持续和混乱的战略体系导致组织的局部刚性开始发育,最终在低效的资源整合和结构与战略的僵化状态中,走向系统性的响应失效。
综上,柔性演化机制本质上是一种“调节能力扩域化”模式[11]。每一级柔性演化,既是对前一阶段机制功能的深化与再耦合,又为下一阶段的柔性升级奠定适应性基础。柔性演化标志着企业在复杂演化情境中由局部应变向系统适应跃升,最终实现竞争优势的动态涌现[22]。而刚性演化机制是组织在资源锁定、战略惯性与结构惰性共同作用下形成的一种系统性约束。它限制了组织对环境扰动的感知能力、响应能力与重构能力,是企业在内卷情境中走向失败的重要根源。
柔性演化不仅塑造了组织适应内卷环境的能力路径,更成为驱动竞争优势动态涌现的重要机制。本研究识别出企业竞争优势沿着“敏捷型试错优势—路径型协作优势—系统型协同优势”的路径涌现。基于此,本研究进一步揭示出柔性演化的不同阶段在优势涌现过程中的作用机理与功能价值。具体来看:
(1)基础柔性推动敏捷型试错优势涌现。敏捷型试错优势表现为低成本技术开发和敏捷式产品迭代的组合能力。从组织行为学视角来看,基础柔性是柔性发育的前提条件,它不直接带来成功,但它为组织创造了一种“柔性反应”的氛围条件,使组织建立起一种以“试错”为核心的适应机制,帮助企业与环境展开高频互动,在连续性的修正过程中积累认知经验,并建立起初步的市场认知与技术集成能力。
(2)局部柔性促进路径型协作优势涌现。路径型协作优势表现为战略和资源在技术和市场突破路径上的差异化组合能力。从涌现逻辑来看,局部柔性作为一种“微情境”调节能力,使企业能够在企业发展的关键节点、关键环节上,创建出资源与战略动态组合的多样化应对路径。这一能力激发企业以“场景适应”为导向,动态匹配路径选择,在有限的资源情境中,增加技术和市场突破的可能性。
(3)全域柔性驱动系统型协同优势涌现。系统型协同优势表现为企业在技术和产品上构建起的跨模块、跨平台、跨场景的生态能力。全域柔性通过打通资源、结构与战略之间的联动路径,建立起横跨多个系统边界的要素协同机制,促成以平台整合为基础、场景联动为导向的技术生态和产品生态,进而涌现出以“生态化”为特征的系统型协同优势。
综上,竞争优势涌现根植于组织柔性的生成机制,它体现为一种“由下至上”的能力积聚过程,以及“由内而外”的适应性扩展逻辑。柔性的核心价值不在于支撑特定技术或产品的短期成功,而在于推动组织将环境扰动转化为组织升级的驱动力,从而构建持续进化的能力基础,实现竞争优势的稳定生产。
本研究围绕新能源汽车产业内卷背景下企业如何依托柔性演化机制实现竞争优势突围,旨在揭示组织柔性在内卷情境中的动态演化机制与优势涌现逻辑。相较现有研究,理论贡献主要体现在以下三方面:
(1)构建本土内卷语境下企业突围的理论框架。本研究立足中国特色的内卷竞争情境,构建了“内卷环境—柔性建构—优势涌现”的分析框架,将内卷环境系统性地内化进组织行为的解析当中,并总结出内卷情境下新能源车企柔性演化机制推动竞争优势连续性涌现的过程模型,实现了组织行为理论在中国制度语境中的本土化发展。
(2)拓展柔性理论的适用边界。现有柔性理论多停留在静态维度,聚焦于流程调节或资源配置的短期适应。本研究从动态演化视角出发,将组织柔性的研究场域扩展至战略性新兴产业,揭示柔性能力如何在高频扰动中经历“基础—局部—全域”的演化过程,回应了Volberda等学者关于“柔性适应性边界扩展”的理论命题[11]。
(3)丰富竞争优势的涌现机制。区别于传统战略管理中以“构建式思维”为核心的优势观,本研究基于复杂性理论与涌现逻辑,指出竞争优势是在柔性机制推动下,跨越资源、结构与战略边界逐步生成的非线性过程,呼应Teece等学者关于“多维协同优势”形成路径的理论主张,强化了优势生成的动态理解[23]。
从政策层面看,政府应由“产能监管者”转向“制度调节者”,强化对非理性竞争行为的市场治理,推动行业规范与价格秩序机制建设。同时,应鼓励龙头企业与中小企业共建创新风险共担联合体,在智能驾驶、平台标准、电池技术等关键领域形成资源共享机制,避免重复研发与内卷式竞争。
从企业层面看,应主动加强组织柔性建设,强化战略聚焦与资源配置的动态调节能力。企业需从成本竞争转向差异化突围,通过模块化平台、智能化核心竞争力与灵活的供应链协同体系,提升对内卷环境的适应力。柔性机制不是企业生存的非必要选项,而是企业避免结构性淘汰、实现长期优势涌现的必由之路。
本研究聚焦于新能源汽车产业,揭示企业在内卷中的柔性突围机制与优势涌现路径。研究结果在其他战略性新兴产业中的适用性仍需验证,不同技术范式和制度结构可能影响其演化过程。同时,产业内卷仍在持续,本研究所选取的案例对象仅反映特定节点的企业状态,小鹏能否维持竞争优势、威马在被翔飞接管后能否重新突围,仍需更长时间尺度的案例跟踪。此外,未来研究可结合纵向数据与跨行业比较,进一步拓展研究结果的理论边界与应用价值。
  • 国家社会科学基金重点项目(24AKS019)
  • 广州市哲学社会科学规划项目(2023GZYB12)
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2026年第44卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2025-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-20
  • 修回日期:2025-11-13
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国家社会科学基金重点项目(24AKS019)
广州市哲学社会科学规划项目(2023GZYB12)
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    华南理工大学公共管理学院, 广东广州 510641
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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