Article(id=1317436130727936723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=1767369600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030850344, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030850344, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030850344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030850344, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436114500170416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1793', pageEnd='2016', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030846476, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031015367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1880, endPage=1889, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436130979594964, articleId=1317436130727936723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Computility governance: The governance of core resources in the digital era, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a core strategic resource in the era of artificial intelligence, the establishment of a governance system for computility is an urgent requirement for the modernization of national governance. This paper proposes for the first time the theoretical framework of "computility governance," elucidating its connotations through dual dimensions of resource attributes and instrumental attributes. In the resource dimension, computility as a novel derived resource necessitates addressing challenges such as sovereignty assurance, resource allocation, and cross-domain interoperability, enhancing national resource control capabilities through institutional design. In the instrumental dimension, computility empowers the modernization of national governance through dynamic adaptation, symbiotic governance, and digital-intelligent applications to enhance governance efficacy. Computility governance must transcend traditional resource governance paradigms to construct a novel framework aligned with its unique characteristics. Future efforts should innovate resource allocation models, reshape national governance logic, and promote the transformation of global power structures, achieving a transition from "technology adaptation" to "institutional empowerment," thereby providing a new governance paradigm for the era of digital civilization.

, authors=Ruo-fan CHEN, Zi-xing YANG, Bao-yong CHAI, authorsList=Ruo-fan CHEN, Zi-xing YANG, Bao-yong CHAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bao-yong CHAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436131726181081, articleId=1317436130727936723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=算力治理:数字时代的资源之治, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

算力作为人工智能时代的核心战略资源,其治理体系的构建是国家治理现代化的迫切需求。本文首次提出“算力治理”理论框架,从资源属性与工具属性双重维度阐释其内涵。在资源维度,算力作为新型派生性资源,需应对主权保障、资源分配及互联互通等挑战,通过制度设计提升国家资源掌控能力;在工具维度,依托算力赋能国家治理现代化,通过动态适配、共生治理及数智应用以提升治理效能。算力治理需突破传统资源治理范式,构建新型治理框架,以契合其独有特征。未来需通过革新资源配置模式、重塑国家治理逻辑、推动全球权力结构转型,实现从“技术适配”向“制度赋能”的跃迁,为数字文明时代提供治理新范式。

, authors=陈若凡, 杨子兴, 柴宝勇, authorsList=陈若凡, 杨子兴, 柴宝勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=柴宝勇, authorNote=

陈若凡(1999-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:。

杨子兴(2003-),男,硕士研究生。

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柴宝勇(1979-),男,教授、博士生导师。
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陈若凡(1999-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:。

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杨子兴(2003-),男,硕士研究生。

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Typical characteristics and differences of computility, data, and algorithms

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算力 数据 算法
可观测性 高 低 低
可量化性 高 中 中
竞争性 高 中 低
供应链集中程度 高 低 中
), ArticleFig(id=1317436139414340346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1317436130727936723, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算力、数据和算法的典型特征及其差异

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算力 数据 算法
可观测性 高 低 低
可量化性 高 中 中
竞争性 高 中 低
供应链集中程度 高 低 中
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算力治理:数字时代的资源之治
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陈若凡 , 杨子兴 , 柴宝勇
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(9): 1880-1889
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (9) : 1880 -1889
算力治理:数字时代的资源之治
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陈若凡 , 杨子兴, 柴宝勇
作者信息
  • 中国社会科学院大学政府管理学院, 北京 102488
通讯作者:
柴宝勇(1979-),男,教授、博士生导师。
作者简介:

陈若凡(1999-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:。

杨子兴(2003-),男,硕士研究生。

Computility governance: The governance of core resources in the digital era
Ruo-fan CHEN , Zi-xing YANG, Bao-yong CHAI
Affiliations
  • School of Government, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15
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算力作为人工智能时代的核心战略资源,其治理体系的构建是国家治理现代化的迫切需求。本文首次提出“算力治理”理论框架,从资源属性与工具属性双重维度阐释其内涵。在资源维度,算力作为新型派生性资源,需应对主权保障、资源分配及互联互通等挑战,通过制度设计提升国家资源掌控能力;在工具维度,依托算力赋能国家治理现代化,通过动态适配、共生治理及数智应用以提升治理效能。算力治理需突破传统资源治理范式,构建新型治理框架,以契合其独有特征。未来需通过革新资源配置模式、重塑国家治理逻辑、推动全球权力结构转型,实现从“技术适配”向“制度赋能”的跃迁,为数字文明时代提供治理新范式。

算力  /  算力治理  /  资源治理  /  治理能力

As a core strategic resource in the era of artificial intelligence, the establishment of a governance system for computility is an urgent requirement for the modernization of national governance. This paper proposes for the first time the theoretical framework of "computility governance," elucidating its connotations through dual dimensions of resource attributes and instrumental attributes. In the resource dimension, computility as a novel derived resource necessitates addressing challenges such as sovereignty assurance, resource allocation, and cross-domain interoperability, enhancing national resource control capabilities through institutional design. In the instrumental dimension, computility empowers the modernization of national governance through dynamic adaptation, symbiotic governance, and digital-intelligent applications to enhance governance efficacy. Computility governance must transcend traditional resource governance paradigms to construct a novel framework aligned with its unique characteristics. Future efforts should innovate resource allocation models, reshape national governance logic, and promote the transformation of global power structures, achieving a transition from "technology adaptation" to "institutional empowerment," thereby providing a new governance paradigm for the era of digital civilization.

computility  /  computility governance  /  resource governance  /  governance capacity
陈若凡, 杨子兴, 柴宝勇. 算力治理:数字时代的资源之治. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1880 -1889 .
Ruo-fan CHEN, Zi-xing YANG, Bao-yong CHAI. Computility governance: The governance of core resources in the digital era[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1880 -1889 .
算力,作为数字时代培育新质生产力的核心战略资源,既是驱动产业数字化转型的关键技术要素,也是建设数智中国的重要基础设施,其战略地位正日益凸显。党的二十届四中全会提出,“十五五”时期要“适度超前建设新型基础设施,推进信息通信网络、全国一体化算力网、重大科技基础设施等建设和集约高效利用,推进传统基础设施更新和数智化改造”[1]。这一部署从国家战略层面对算力发展作出了系统规划和重要指引。然而,当前算力发展在理论和实践两个方面都存在亟待解决的现实问题。在理论层面,国内社会科学研究对算力的认知深度与其战略地位尚不完全匹配,相应的算力治理框架亦未系统搭建,滞后于实践发展的迫切需求。尽管学者已开始关注算力的关键作用,但普遍仍将其视为数据治理与算法治理的基础性条件,未能在治理层面上将其作为独立议题加以系统探讨。而在实践层面,一方面,“东数西算”国家工程仍面临算网协同与调度机制等实施难题;另一方面,大语言模型研发因高端芯片供给受限而遭遇“算力瓶颈”,都亟待通过有效的治理理论寻求突破。因此,构建面向数字时代的“算力治理”理论体系,已成为当前的一项重大战略任务。有鉴于此,本文旨在对“算力治理”概念进行学理阐释与分析,并探讨其在推动国家治理现代化进程中的独特作用。
探讨算力治理,必须以对“算力”的清晰认识为前提。算力的通用定义是“计算机处理信息能力”,其强度是衡量计算机任务执行效率的核心指标[2]。然而,若将其置于更宏阔的历史与实践语境中考察,可以发现:尽管“算力”作为术语诞生于数字时代,人类借助计算手段提升治理能力的实践却由来已久,因此,其内涵亟需进一步拓展。从字面意义解读,算力即“计算能力”(computility)①(①过往“算力”通常直译为“computing power”,主要指向对计算性能的测量。然而,算力应用于治理实践的过程表明,其内涵需要进一步拓展。本文采用中国计算机学会计算机术语审定委员会的“computility”(“comp-”表“算”,“-utility”表“效用”)译法,以突出其效用属性与治理内涵,更准确地指代所讨论的算力概念。),可理解为在单位时间内处理信息、执行计算任务并输出结果的能力,其核心在于高效且大规模地将数据资源转化为有价值的信息、知识与智能决策能力,本质是治理能力的技术性延伸。
基于这一定义,不难发现早在人类文明的早期阶段,结绳记事、在岩壁、陶器或龟甲上刻符等原始符号化技术,构成了最初的计算实践,意味着人类首次借助外在工具延展认知能力,也是最早意义上的“算力供给”形式[3]。随着私有财产制度与阶级分化的出现,社会产生了对物质世界进行量化管理的迫切需求,管理新出现的私有财产,协调初步的社会分工,并进行集体资源的规划与分配等一系列实践活动催生了最基础的算力治理雏形,更奠定了未来更高层级治理活动所需的量化认知基础。步入农业社会后,组织能力的增强与技术工具的进步共同推动了算力的发展。同时,作为复杂组织形态的国家也对算力提出了更高需求,对农业税和人口税的征收需求使算力治理表现出鲜明的税收汲取导向[4]。但明朝土地清丈数据混乱等案例[5]说明,受限于计算工具的性能与国家组织化程度,农业社会的算力治理始终面临脆弱性问题,难以适应治理精密化的需求。进入工业社会以后,工业计算器的普及与专业统计方法的引入显著提升了数据处理效率。19世纪美国引入制表机将人口普查处理时间从8年缩短至数月,生动证明了机械算力的跨越式发展对政府治理效能的重大意义[6]。因此,能够为政治权力分配、福利制度设计及公共卫生政策提供精准依据的算力,成为现代国家治理的核心支柱能力。然而,受制于物理空间阻隔、高昂交通成本及主权疆域限制,算力的应用仍主要局限于处理有限规模的结构化数据、揭示平均规律或推演概率事件[7],未能实现治理模式的本质跃迁。
数字时代的到来,从根本上改变了算力的属性与地位。全球互联互通与数据规模的指数级增长,对国家治理的敏捷性、精准性与智能化提出了前所未有的要求。计算机、云计算与人工智能技术的迭代,不仅使计算能力实现了从“工具附属”到“核心引擎”的范式跨越,更使“算力”本身得以作为一个独立的战略性概念被提出、规划与争夺。当前,算力的内涵早已超越硬件性能指标,演进为一个融合先进算法、异构计算架构、大规模数据中心集群及产业生态的社会技术系统[8]。在我国,“新质生产力”理念的提出,将算力置于驱动经济社会高质量发展的核心位置。以“全国一体化算力网”国家战略为标志,算力发展目标已明确聚焦于实现泛在接入、智能调度与高效协同,旨在将其系统性地转化为提升国家治理能力、锻造产业竞争优势的坚实基础。因此,理解算力,必须认识到其双重演进逻辑:一是作为人类治理能力延伸的历史连续性;二是在数字时代蜕变为独立战略资源的时代变革性。这构成了算力治理理论构建的逻辑起点。
作为驱动数字文明的三大核心要素,算力、数据与算法各自分工明确、却又深度协同。数据是算力处理的原材料,海量数据输入赋予算力以信息加工和知识生成的可能;算法则构成了智能处理的规则系统,为算力运作提供逻辑结构与路径指引;而算力作为底层基础设施,为数据处理与算法执行提供必不可少的计算平台与动力支持。三者协同交织,共同构建了人工智能以及整个数字时代的基础技术架构。
人工智能训练流程中的算力、数据与算法三者深度协同,其机制如图1所示。在人工智能从概念构想到实际应用的全生命周期中,算力始终贯穿其中,不仅是算法设计与优化的技术支柱,更是激发数据价值、驱动模型演化的核心动力。人工智能的生命周期一般分为开发与部署两个阶段。开发阶段的核心任务是模型训练。该过程依赖于海量数据,通过持续优化算法结构,并在强大算力的支撑下进行深度学习与性能迭代,从而显著提升模型的准确性与泛化能力。进入部署阶段,训练完成的模型将在真实场景中投入运行。为确保其在应用中的高效与稳定,持续的算力支持同样重要,这具体体现在数据中心的可靠运维与分布式计算网络的动态调度能力上。可见,从开发到部署,算力始终作为支撑人工智能系统运转的“底座”,确保算法逻辑能够落地、数据价值得以释放,是连接数字技术要素与现实应用场景的关键枢纽。
尽管算力、数据与算法三者通过协同作用共同推动技术演进,但其内在属性的差异不容忽视。数据作为可存储、可流转的信息载体,算法作为可编码、可迭代的规则体系,算力则体现为可调度、可度量的基础设施资源。三者在本体特征上的差异,决定了它们在技术体系中的功能定位、配置机制与利用方式各不相同。具体而言,这些差异主要体现在可观测性、可量化性、竞争性与供应链集中程度等多个维度。对这些关键维度的系统性比较,有助于我们更清晰地理解各要素的运行逻辑与协作边界,从而为构建更具针对性的技术治理与资源配置机制提供分析基础,三要素的典型特征及其差异如表1所示。
在可观测性维度上,算力因具备明确物理基础而显著优于数据与算法,其表现形式如浮点运算能力等指标易于观测与评估。数据原始状态信息熵高、语义关联弱,需复杂加工以提升价值密度,观测成本高昂。算法虽可代码外化,但其内部结构存在数学不可逆性,决策路径难以完整逆向还原[9],当前对可解释性的追求,因方法论难以系统化而收效甚微[10]。根据威廉姆森交易成本理论,算力作为物理资产的观测成本低于作为信息资产的数据和作为知识资产的算法,从经济学视角印证了其可观测优势[11]。
在可量化性维度上,算力具备行业共识的、标准化的量化基准,使其价值能够获得精确的评估标准。虽然算法的训练端性能可被准确率精确量化,但其泛化能力与算法稳定性高度依赖训练数据的内在结构,难以独立实现普适、精确的度量[12]。数据的量化则更依赖特定应用目标,缺乏普遍适用的评估标准,在不同场景中往往需重新定义“高质量数据”的判定准则,从而使其在构建通用量化体系方面面临挑战。
在竞争性维度上,算力因以物理资源为载体,其获取与使用往往依赖于对高性能硬件的直接占有,或通过市场机制向云服务供应商租赁使用权,存在明显的使用边界和产权控制机制,因而具有强竞争性壁垒。数据虽在法律框架下具备一定的产权保护,但其非实体性使其更易被非法复制、泄露,排他性相对较弱。算法则更具“公共产品”属性,一经发布,其几乎零成本的复制特性使原始开发者难以限制其传播路径和使用对象,因此其竞争性在三者中最低[13]。
从供应链结构看,算力的集中化程度远高于数据与算法,主要在于算力硬件的生产呈现高度垄断结构。在芯片制造领域,台积电几乎独占高端工艺制程,EUV光刻技术被ASML垄断;在硬件应用层面,英伟达依靠CUDA架构掌控了GPU市场超过九成份额。这种从制造到应用的垂直垄断,使算力产业链呈现出全链条集中化特征。算法的供应链结构则呈现“基础集中化-应用分散化”的格局,即其基础设施层是由谷歌等少数技术寡头主导[14],而在应用层则针对垂直场景的算法工具呈现出高度碎片化状态。数据的供应链最为分散,主体多元、权属复杂,整合成本高,整体呈现出去中心化状态。
算力、数据与算法在可观测性、可量化性、竞争性与供应链结构等关键维度上存在根本性差异。这种结构性分野要求三者的治理框架走向分殊化设计。算力的高可观测、可量化及强竞争性,意味着其治理更接近于传统基础设施的规划与监管,核心是供给安全、公平接入与效率提升。数据的低可观测、弱竞争性,则呼唤以确权、流通、安全为核心的制度设计。算法的低可观测、公共品倾向,则强调透明度、问责与伦理审查。因此,将算力治理从数据治理和算法治理中独立出来,不仅必要,而且具有可操作性。而在探讨算力治理的具体应用路径之前,亟需对其核心内涵进行系统性廓清,以此作为构建其理论体系与实践范式的必要前提与逻辑起点。
随着数字化与智能化持续赋能国家治理实践,算力所承载的战略功能不断强化,其治理的重要性也愈加凸显。因此,有必要突破“算力附属于算法与数据”的传统视角,明确提出“算力治理”概念,并构建相应的理论体系。这既是理论创新的自然延伸,也是回应时代呼唤的必要之举。
相较于算力治理,学界对于数据治理与算法治理的研究已有较为清晰的定义。已有研究指出,数据治理是治理主体通过认识与把握数据,建构虚拟世界秩序的过程[15],并在此过程中推动社会治理模式的变革,塑造数字经济时代的新型生产关系[16]。算法治理则是行动者通过研发、部署和使用算法技术驱动经济社会发展的同时,借助政策、法律和伦理规范,系统应对其引发的衍生风险的治理活动[17],主要在技术、人和社会互动三个维度上设置公共议程与行动框架[18]。这些定义在功能定位与治理路径上清晰界定了数据与算法的治理特征,为探讨算力治理提供了必要的参照和对照。
通过对算力认识论的梳理,已经基本厘清了其作为战略资源与治理工具的双重属性,进而为科学界定算力治理的基本概念提供了必要支撑。可以认为,算力治理是国家主导的,围绕“算力”这一核心要素展开的系统性治理实践。其主要包含两个相互关联的核心维度。其一,在资源维度上,算力治理以算力本身为治理对象。算力依赖芯片、服务器、数据中心等硬件承载,具有客观实体性、高度可量化性与强竞争性,属于可投入社会再生产的新型派生性战略资源。这一维度的治理,焦点在于算力基础设施的硬件、软件、网络与能源供给体系。其核心任务是提升国家对该战略性资源的掌控能力,通过顶层设计、制度保障与政策统筹,系统应对全球产业链垄断、国内区域分配不均、跨域互联互通不畅等挑战,确保算力资源的自主、安全、高效与可持续供给,筑牢数字经济发展的基石。其二,在工具维度上,算力治理以算力应用为赋能手段。算力作为国家治理的信息处理核心引擎,构成驱动治理模式数字化转型的关键工具。这一维度的治理,目标在于通过算力的科学调度与应用,优化公共决策、城市管理、风险预警等治理流程。其有效性体现在能否构建从海量数据洞察到科学决策转化的高效闭环,从而提升国家治理的科学性、精准性与敏捷性,最终推动治理能力的整体跃升。
对算力治理内涵的界定,为其理论框架的建构提供了必要支点,并如图2所示自然延伸出两条互补的理论建构路径。从资源属性出发,算力治理可被视为资源治理理论在数字时代的延展。算力作为新时代战略资源,经典资源治理理论中有关稀缺资源的制度性配置、可持续管理与多元参与机制,为理解算力竞争、分配与主权保障提供了重要参照[19]。然而,也应关注到算力作为“人造资源”的独特性,其生产的高度全球化垄断、消耗的巨大能源依赖以及价值的网络效应倍增等要求治理理论必须超越传统范式,在价值链干预、竞争性分配与主权塑造等方面进行创新,推动治理从被动的“技术适配”转向主动的“制度赋能”。从工具属性出发,算力治理的核心在于探究算力如何有效赋能国家治理现代化,同数字治理所追求的“治理主体与客体之间的信息互动以及社会公众利用技术参与公共事务的能力”[20]的治理逻辑具有一致性。国家权力理论指出,国家治理能力的关键在于其渗透社会的能力——即基于充分协商、与社会共同执行意志的能力[21]。这在信息时代直接体现为信息获取、处理与响应的能力,而算力正是这种信息能力的核心引擎。因此,算力治理理论需纳入国家能力建设的整体框架,并因其与数据、算法的深度耦合及动态流动性,必须突破静态配置思维,发展出一套动态适配、协同共生的治理模型。
总的来看,随着算力跃升为数字时代的基础性战略资源与治理支撑,其治理问题已从单纯的效率优化,拓展为一项兼具国家安全、社会公平、经济发展与全球竞争的复合型制度议题。明确算力兼具“战略性资源”与“核心性工具”的双重属性,是理解和构建其治理逻辑的理论起点。这不仅廓清了算力治理的范畴,也为其直面生产与应用过程中的关键挑战、探寻系统优化路径,奠定了清晰的分析基础。
随着算力跃升为数字时代的核心战略资源,其治理价值日益凸显。作为关键治理资源,算力的产业链集中性、资源竞争性和流动需求性,分别衍生出关乎国家自主的主权保障问题、影响公平效率的资源分配问题以及制约效能释放的互联互通问题。
在算力领域,我国面临严峻的自主化挑战,主权保障成为当前最为突出的治理难题。作为人造资源,算力客观存在着产业链,其生产高度依赖硬件设备和基础设施的紧密协同。硬件设备是算力的物质基础,基础设施则是保障硬件高效稳定运行的关键。然而,目前全球算力硬件制造被少数外国科技巨头所垄断,形成了事实上的技术壁垒。由于我国相关产业高度依赖英伟达等外国企业提供的GPU产品,美国实施的全面管制政策导致数字技术产业面临严重的算力制约,严重阻碍了本土产业发展[22]。
“关键核心技术是要不来、买不来、讨不来的”[23]。为突破产业链垄断,保障算力产业发展的自主安全,我国目前正投入巨大努力进行技术攻关。尽管寒武纪、华为昇腾等国产高性能芯片逐渐崭露头角,但其在通用适配性、开发环境支持与大规模商用等方面仍存在差距。因此,技术创新始终是算力发展的核心驱动力,亟需进一步加大资源投入,聚焦产业长期发展目标,共同搭建国家级研发平台,深化产学研用协同创新。而鉴于作为算力未来发展方向的量子计算、碳纳米管等前沿技术尚处于实验性阶段[24],技术代差的逐步收敛为我国算力发展提供了新的机遇,使得我国能够在现有架构基础上寻求渐进式突破,通过提升算力治理水平实现“后发赶超”。
除技术“卡脖子”问题外,算力的主权保障问题还突出表现在国际技术标准制定层面。技术标准本质是技术路线的“制度化”,是衡量国家特定领域技术实力的关键因素[25]。从国际竞争的视角看,技术标准更是国家科技主权的重要体现。然而,在算力相关国际标准平台中,我国的参与程度、发言权及影响力明显滞后于产业规模,导致自主产品在国际市场上面临不公平的准入障碍。发达国家的经验表明,标准制定从来不是企业的单一行为,而是国家战略部署的重要一环。因此,推进国家主导的算力标准体系建设,应成为提升技术主权的核心抓手。
算力产业的高度集中推高了资源成本,其本身所具备的技术与资本门槛使算力呈现出高度竞争性,进而引发资源配置效率与公平性之间的张力。在国际层面,近年来部分领先国家推行的“小院高墙”(small yard,high fence) 战略,试图通过精准封锁关键算力资源来巩固其在人工智能等前沿技术中的竞争优势。算力产业链的技术寡头化趋势进一步加剧了全球资源分配的结构性不平等。尽管全球制造体系的开放性以及企业逐利动机在一定程度上促成了跨国算力资源的再分配,但核心资源仍高度集中于少数国家和企业之手。在此过程中,政府干预、市场机制与地缘政治的交织互动,成为展现算力治理复杂性的一个重要角度。
在国内层面,算力资源分配的不平衡性主要体现在两个方面:地域不平衡与种类不平衡。地域不平衡方面,以算力基础设施运作所需的电力资源为例,东部地区发电量小,但是算力需求大,能够借助经济优势与政策支持,集中部署超大型数据中心,调用算力资源进行计算;西部虽拥有丰富的能源资源,发电量大,却面临算力利用率低、跨区域调度成本高等结构性困境。研究表明,作为新型基础设施,算力在形成规模效应后,在资源配置效率提升和数字生产力发展上具有显著正外部性,通过在西部布局算力中心,可以为当地经济提供新的发展引擎[26]。因此,“东数西算”工程试图通过跨区域统筹规划,缓解东部地区土地与能源紧张同西部地区资源利用率不足之间的矛盾,初步实现了全国范围内的算力资源优化配置。种类不平衡方面,目前工程重点多集中于数据中心的基础建设,中游(算力调度)和下游(算力供给)环节的竞争优势与协同潜力尚未充分释放。这种“重建设、轻运营”的失衡,不仅造成了巨大的资源隐性浪费,更暴露出当前算力治理在推动国内标准协同、培育服务市场等软性维度的滞后。此外,参与主体权责边界模糊,影响了治理目标的均衡性与政策执行的稳定性[27]。因此,算力治理还需超越传统基础设施范式,拓展为对算力全产业链条中资源流动与制度安排的系统性管理。
算力供需结构的不匹配构成其流动性的基本动因[28]。算力具备显著的互联互通潜力:一方面,其需求具有周期性,资源闲置阶段具备交易动机;另一方面,其资源具备可分性与可观测性,有助于提高市场灵活性与透明度;此外,其物理特性还可在不接触源数据的前提下保障隐私安全,从而降低信任成本与制度风险[29]。作为算力资源走向实际应用的关键前置环节,算力交易的公平性与合规性直接影响企业运营安全与国家数字基础设施建设。尽管市场机制推动了资源在一定程度上的优化配置,但其弊端亦逐步显现。部分日益强大的跨国科技公司突破政府管制,通过围绕超大规模数据中心进行“土地掠夺”来构建资源优势,不仅侵蚀数据隐私与民主根基,更引发了关于数据治理、隐私保护及市场竞争公平性的广泛担忧,对开放、安全的全球数字生态构成潜在挑战[30]。
聚焦国内,尽管算力资源流通需求日益旺盛,但由于缺乏统一、规范的交易平台,算力市场尚未形成高效运作机制,导致资源利用率偏低,企业算力获取门槛偏高,并造成大量经济损失与能源浪费[31]。研究表明,交易平台的建立能够提升所在地区企业的新质生产力水平,并对企业的数字技术应用与技术整合能力产生正向调节作用[32]。因此,算力互联互通问题不仅是一个工程技术问题,更是一个关乎制度安排、平台治理与多主体协同的复杂治理议题,其核心在于破解交易信任壁垒,即如何缓解参与各方对平台运行机制、对手方信用以及算力资源可用性的多重不确定性。为此,应构建完善的算力市场化流通与交易制度,通过制度设计筑牢算力交易安全与公平的底线[33]。
算力不仅是治理的对象,更是驱动治理现代化的重要工具。聚焦其作为治理工具的核心功能,共生共治可能源于与数据、算法的协同增效,以正外部性提升整体治理效能;数智赋能应用则深刻重塑政府运行逻辑与公共服务供给。对算力的工具性价值进行剖析是构建动态治理体系的关键。
人工智能的飞速发展建立在算力、数据与算法三大要素深度融合的基础之上。当前,算力已从后台支撑走向前沿核心,其发展态势直接制约着人工智能创新的广度与深度。对算力治理模式的深入发展与创新,不仅是为了突破自身约束,更成为撬动数据与算法两大要素治理模式系统性变革的支点,进而驱动三者形成更高层次的协同共生关系。因此,如何通过算力的前瞻性、系统化发展,有效带动数据与算法的质效提升与治理革新就必然成为算力治理的一项核心命题。
算力治理对数据治理的革新主要体现在对数据挤出效应的改善。随着数据处理能力的不断提升,存储能力并未同步显著增强,导致数据被“内存墙”(memory wall)所阻碍,进而引发算力浪费与数据挤出,难以满足复杂数据价值的挖掘需求[34]。为应对这一难题,企业纷纷自发采用分布式存储,并在此基础上推进分布式计算,这本质上是通过优化算力资源的全局调度与能效比,来提升数据处理的速度与能力[35],更有效地保障数据的价值不被逸失,改善其利用效率。
算力治理对算法治理的驱动作用则兼具间接驱动和直接驱动两种形式。间接驱动是指数据挤出效应的改善意味着用于算法训练的数据规模得以扩大,从而为在更短时间内推进算法架构的优化提供了有力支撑[36]。而直接驱动则表现在,算力的持续提升使得算法架构设计能够进一步减少能耗与结构限制,推动其向更前沿的方向演进,实现从依赖“经验设计”到依托“计算发现”的关键跨越。此外,算力效能的进步还将促进常规算法的能耗降低,加速“算法即服务”的普及与应用[37]。
算力的共生性治理同样强调社会主体的协同共进。通过统筹安排算力治理,可在虚拟空间构建起“领军企业开放资源技术、中小企业深耕细分领域”的共同发展模式,从而同步提升产业资源利用率和产业发展韧性。此外,伴随着算法革新,技术和成本的双重突破推动了学术系统和政务系统的算力投入,使大模型实现快速落地部署,有效提升了服务能力[38]。算力支撑下数据流动性的提升促进了多方协同下权责边界的明晰,在达成“有效市场”与“有为政府”动态平衡的过程中,实现了算力普惠与可持续发展的统一。这为多元协同治理开辟了新的观察视角并提供了实践范例。
数智治理是以数据和算法为中枢,以平台为载体,融合数字化与智慧化,实现万物互联、人机协同的新型治理形态[39]。尽管算力在这一概念中是隐形的,但其同样在数智治理中发挥着不可或缺的基础支撑作用。政治决策过程本质上是信息处理的过程,涵盖信息的输入、转换和输出[40]。算力水平的跃升极大压缩了这一过程的周期,为信息在行政层级间的高速流转提供了核心驱动力。强大的数据分析能力重构了政府服务生态,对治理主体提出了新挑战,驱动政府调整传统层级结构,赋予组织网络化、扁平化的新特征,使得跨区域、跨部门、跨层级的协同治理模式成为可能。算力治理能够在不改变政府主导地位的前提下,将其从大包大揽的模式中解放出来,实现角色转型与能力聚焦,实质上提升而非削弱了政府能力。
然而,算力发展的失衡问题阻碍着数智治理的深化。长期以来,算力成本高昂、技术适配性不足、安全可控性薄弱等因素,严重掣肘着政府数智化转型进程。为了破除这一转型阻力,我国正在稳步构建全国一体化算力网络,为未来治理提供统一平台支持。当前的首要任务是“以网强算”,即通过建设多级数据中心节点,突破算力单点瓶颈,实现产业布局的结构性优化。下一阶段的发展目标将转向“以算促网”,着力于从需求端激发算力经济活力,并为下一代技术革新积累基础、探索方向,最终构建云网一体的运行模式[41]。而在一体化算力网络构建方面,现阶段,我国的核心任务是实现算力、网络及其他资源的协同供给、协同编排与协同运营。以关键的“算电协同”为例,计划依托一体化平台,构建算力与电力双向互动的高效协同机制[42]。下一阶段则将着力于有效串联各级数据节点,显著增强算力和数据的调度协同能力。最终目标是在“云网一体”阶段,实现全社会算力资源的高效并网与共生共治。作为新时代的超级工程,一体化算力网络将推动算力的价值定位跃升为治理生态的核心要素,引领数智治理从“效能优先”迈向“公平正义”,最终实现从“善政”到“善治”的跨越。
算力,作为驱动数字文明演进的核心动能,其治理体系的构建已超越短期技术优化层面,指向塑造未来数十年社会形态与全球格局的长期性命题。面向未来,构建前瞻性的算力治理体系,必须立足其技术本质与战略属性,深入把握算力在资源利用、国家治理与国际权力结构三个层面的系统性变革潜力。作为兼具新型生产要素与国家能力基石双重属性的核心资源,算力将持续释放结构性重构效应。唯有协同打造具有前瞻性、包容性、韧性与可持续性的全球治理架构,方能有效引导算力健康发展,规避其潜在风险,实现科技进步与人类社会长远福祉的动态平衡。由此,需要对算力治理未来的发展路径展开预测,为理论建构指引方向。
首先,算力治理将开启资源运作范式的结构性革新。算力作为数字时代的关键基础资源,在数字资源与传统物理资源之间架设起关键桥梁。这一独特属性使算力治理不仅能够借鉴传统资源治理的成熟经验,也能激发数字资源独有的创新动能。曾经,“南水北调”“西气东输”等重大工程有效缓解了区域资源不均衡问题,取得了显著的经济社会效益;如今,“东数西算”工程延续了这一治理逻辑,致力于实现算力资源的跨区域调度优化与协同发展。更重要的是,“东数西算”通过推动算力资源在中西部集聚和合理分布,不仅跳出了先环保后发展的生态补偿模式,也为提升西部地区数字治理能力、深化其参与国家数字经济体系提供了现实路径。算力一体化网络的加速建构,将进一步推动统一大市场格局形成,强化国家空间整合与发展平衡功能。因此,算力资源可视为重构新时代资源配置逻辑的关键要素。其所蕴含的高效性、协同性与普惠性,将成为推动高质量发展的战略引擎,支撑新质生产力的培育,进而转化为国家发展动能重构的根本力量。
其次,算力治理将重塑国家治理模式与治理逻辑。在国家治理维度,算力治理的核心议题是以算力为基础、以伦理为边界,在数字时代重塑公共治理的价值结构与实践路径。大模型、智能体等先进技术的部署,正在重构政府运作机制与服务模式。然而在政务系统内部,算力资源配置正呈现出新的不平衡:一方面,资源大量集中于特定平台机构,造成“冗余闲置”;另一方面,基层政务系统仍面临“无算可用”的瓶颈。这种“算力孤岛”现象反映的是传统科层治理逻辑与数字系统开放性要求之间的张力。与此同时,算力治理作为一个交叉性高度复杂的议题,要求跨学科、多主体的系统性协同。但当前学术界普遍存在刚性边界、沟通隔阂等结构性问题,严重制约了知识资源的有效协同与系统集成。这一困境表明,算力治理不仅是技术问题,更是伦理与制度协同问题。它呼唤一种突破“监管—服从”治理逻辑的嵌入式共建模式,推动从交易信任走向系统信任。面向新的发展挑战,我国需进一步深化问题导向,保持政策洞察与目标调适的敏锐灵活,既是稳健推动渐进式改革的关键所在,也是系统性构建面向未来的数字治理新环境的重要实践[43]。因此,应构建以“政府提供治理场景、企业优化技术方案、高校评估风险边界”为基本分工的治理协同机制,推动“技术—制度”双轮驱动下的治理范式转型。唯有在算力资源高效配置、算法权力透明可控、治理价值以人为本的框架内搭建算力平台,才能真正释放数字技术对治理现代化的结构性推动力,最终构建兼具温度与精度的数字文明治理新范式。
最后,算力治理将推动全球权力格局的重塑。依据结构性权力理论,主导国通过掌控安全、生产、金融和知识四种结构性权力维系其国际霸权[44]。然而,当前实践表明,在高度相互依存的全球经济体系中,部分技术霸权主义国家推行的单边限制政策正面临效力递减与战略反噬的双重困境。英伟达等受管制企业对相关政策的消极应对,以及中国自研芯片在政策高压下的逆境突破,有力折射出这一现实。在此背景下,以算力主权为核心的国际竞争,正在加速全球治理结构的多极化重构进程。中国顺应这一潮流,积极推进全球算力合作,致力于构建以开放、互利、包容为核心原则的全球治理新秩序。这不仅打破了传统资源博弈的零和思维,也规避了技术民族主义的排他性风险,体现出一种以合作共赢为内核的全球责任担当。中国经验的总结和中国方案的提出,为全球数字治理注入了新的范式与路径选择。在全球治理面临信任赤字、结构碎片化的当下,中国正在以构建人类命运共同体为愿景,推动数字空间的多边协作秩序,助力打造一个更加公正、有韧性和共享的数字未来。
  • 中国社会科学院大学科研创新支持计划(2026-KY-228)
  • 北京市社会科学基金重大项目(24LLDJA094)
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2026年第44卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
  • 修回日期:2026-01-03
基金
中国社会科学院大学科研创新支持计划(2026-KY-228)
北京市社会科学基金重大项目(24LLDJA094)
作者信息
    中国社会科学院大学政府管理学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

柴宝勇(1979-),男,教授、博士生导师。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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