Article(id=1317436117264220804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752163200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-11, revisedDate=1760457600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792030847135, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792030847135, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792030847135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792030847135, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317436114500170416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1793', pageEnd='2016', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792030846476, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792031015367, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317436822926504830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1317436114500170416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1793, endPage=1801, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317436117478130309, articleId=1317436117264220804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Disruptive innovation and path to resisting strategic containment: A case study of Chinese firms development in Southeast Asia’s digital economy market, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The digital economy has become a core area of strategic competition between the United States and China. In recent years, the United States has continuously intensified its strategic deployment in digital competition with China, escalating related competitive tactics and leveraging its influence to exert pressure on third countries and regions, attempting to comprehensively contain Chinese companies globally and thereby weaken their competitiveness in the international market. However, even under such immense external pressure, Chinese companies have consistently gained widespread recognition in overseas markets due to their inherent strengths and unique characteristics. This resilience of Chinese companies is largely due to their ability to engage in disruptive innovation. This article systematically reviews the theory of disruptive innovation. Two representative companies, Huawei and Alibaba, are selected as case studies for in-depth research. This article traces the growth journeys of these two companies from marginalized small enterprises to global technology leaders, analyzing the strategies and driving factors that shaped their disruptive innovation capabilities during this development process. This paper further discusses how Huawei and Alibaba leveraged the unique advantages of disruptive innovation to effectively resist Western isolation and containment in Southeast Asia, earning the trust and support of local markets and securing market positions in smart cities and 5G communications, respectively, that are difficult for Western companies to replace. This paper hopes to provide valuable theoretical guidance and practical insights, helping Chinese companies achieve steady growth amidst increasingly severe suppression and containment, and a complex and volatile international competitive environment.

, authors=Tian-yue MA1, Xie-lin LIU2, authorsList=Tian-yue MA, Xie-lin LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317436117771731590, articleId=1317436117264220804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=破坏性创新:中国企业抵御西方战略遏制的路径——以东南亚地区数字经济市场为例, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

数字经济已成为美国对华开展战略竞争的核心领域。近年来,美国不断强化其对华数字竞争的战略部署,持续升级相关竞争手段,并凭借其自身影响力对第三方国家或地区施压,妄图在全球范围内全方位对中国企业实施遏制与围堵,以此削弱中国企业在国际市场的竞争力。然而,即便面临如此巨大的外部压力,中国企业依然凭借自身实力与特质,在海外市场获得广泛认可。中国企业所具备的这种抗压韧性在很大程度上得益于其所拥有的破坏性创新能力。本文对破坏性创新理论展开系统回顾,明晰其独特内涵与本质特征。选取华为与阿里巴巴这两家代表性企业作为典型案例进行深入研究。回溯二者从最初处于边缘地位的小型企业逐步发展壮大成为全球科技领先企业的成长历程,剖析它们在这一发展进程中达成破坏性创新能力的塑造策略以及驱动因素。进而论述华为与阿里巴巴如何运用破坏性创新具备的独特优势,在东南亚市场有效抵御来自西方阵营的孤立与围堵,成功赢取当地市场的高度信任与支持,分别在智慧城市和5G通信领域获得了西方企业难以替代的市场地位。期望以此提供具有参考价值的理论方向与经验启迪,助力中国企业在日益严峻的打压遏制态势和复杂多变的国际竞争环境中稳健发展。

, authors=马天月1, 柳卸林2, authorsList=马天月, 柳卸林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

马天月(1984-),女,满族,副研究员,E-mail: 。

柳卸林(1958-),男,特聘教授。

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破坏性创新:中国企业抵御西方战略遏制的路径——以东南亚地区数字经济市场为例
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马天月 1 , 柳卸林 2
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(9): 1793-1801
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科学学研究 |热点议题 2026 , 44 (9) : 1793 -1801
破坏性创新:中国企业抵御西方战略遏制的路径——以东南亚地区数字经济市场为例
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马天月1 , 柳卸林2
作者信息
  • 1 中国国际发展知识中心, 北京 100010
  • 2 上海科技大学创业与管理学院, 上海 201210
作者简介:

马天月(1984-),女,满族,副研究员,E-mail: 。

柳卸林(1958-),男,特聘教授。

Disruptive innovation and path to resisting strategic containment: A case study of Chinese firms development in Southeast Asia’s digital economy market
Tian-yue MA1 , Xie-lin LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Center for International Knowledge on Development, Beijing 100010, China
  • 2 School of Entrepreneurship and Management, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15
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数字经济已成为美国对华开展战略竞争的核心领域。近年来,美国不断强化其对华数字竞争的战略部署,持续升级相关竞争手段,并凭借其自身影响力对第三方国家或地区施压,妄图在全球范围内全方位对中国企业实施遏制与围堵,以此削弱中国企业在国际市场的竞争力。然而,即便面临如此巨大的外部压力,中国企业依然凭借自身实力与特质,在海外市场获得广泛认可。中国企业所具备的这种抗压韧性在很大程度上得益于其所拥有的破坏性创新能力。本文对破坏性创新理论展开系统回顾,明晰其独特内涵与本质特征。选取华为与阿里巴巴这两家代表性企业作为典型案例进行深入研究。回溯二者从最初处于边缘地位的小型企业逐步发展壮大成为全球科技领先企业的成长历程,剖析它们在这一发展进程中达成破坏性创新能力的塑造策略以及驱动因素。进而论述华为与阿里巴巴如何运用破坏性创新具备的独特优势,在东南亚市场有效抵御来自西方阵营的孤立与围堵,成功赢取当地市场的高度信任与支持,分别在智慧城市和5G通信领域获得了西方企业难以替代的市场地位。期望以此提供具有参考价值的理论方向与经验启迪,助力中国企业在日益严峻的打压遏制态势和复杂多变的国际竞争环境中稳健发展。

破坏性创新  /  数字经济  /  大国博弈  /  东南亚

The digital economy has become a core area of strategic competition between the United States and China. In recent years, the United States has continuously intensified its strategic deployment in digital competition with China, escalating related competitive tactics and leveraging its influence to exert pressure on third countries and regions, attempting to comprehensively contain Chinese companies globally and thereby weaken their competitiveness in the international market. However, even under such immense external pressure, Chinese companies have consistently gained widespread recognition in overseas markets due to their inherent strengths and unique characteristics. This resilience of Chinese companies is largely due to their ability to engage in disruptive innovation. This article systematically reviews the theory of disruptive innovation. Two representative companies, Huawei and Alibaba, are selected as case studies for in-depth research. This article traces the growth journeys of these two companies from marginalized small enterprises to global technology leaders, analyzing the strategies and driving factors that shaped their disruptive innovation capabilities during this development process. This paper further discusses how Huawei and Alibaba leveraged the unique advantages of disruptive innovation to effectively resist Western isolation and containment in Southeast Asia, earning the trust and support of local markets and securing market positions in smart cities and 5G communications, respectively, that are difficult for Western companies to replace. This paper hopes to provide valuable theoretical guidance and practical insights, helping Chinese companies achieve steady growth amidst increasingly severe suppression and containment, and a complex and volatile international competitive environment.

disruptive innovation  /  digital economy  /  great power competition  /  Southeast Asia
马天月, 柳卸林. 破坏性创新:中国企业抵御西方战略遏制的路径——以东南亚地区数字经济市场为例. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1793 -1801 .
Tian-yue MA, Xie-lin LIU. Disruptive innovation and path to resisting strategic containment: A case study of Chinese firms development in Southeast Asia’s digital economy market[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (9) : 1793 -1801 .
随着中美战略博弈持续加剧,双方博弈范围从经贸扩展到科技、国防等多个领域,加速世界格局演变和国际秩序调整。美国将数字产业视为对华战略竞争重点,不断推动对华数字竞争系统全面升级。一方面扩大对华出口管制技术范围,设置市场准入障碍,渲染“中国威胁”,以“国家安全”为由审查和禁止中国数字企业进入美国及其他海外市场,出台法案禁止数据流向中国。另一方面,美国积极联合盟友建立数字技术联盟,企图主导数字技术标准制定,将中国排除在外,确保自身在数字经济规则中的话语权。同时对第三方国家施压,加大对中国数字企业的孤立和打压,依靠拉拢盟友提高关税壁垒,对中国进行贸易和投资限制,通过抹黑宣传误导民众认知,加强供应链干预,促进其他国家减少对中国产品和技术的依赖。
尽管面临日益加剧的外部压力,许多国家仍表现出对华接触的强烈意愿,希望与中国企业在数字经济领域继续开展合作。除基于大国平衡外交的考量外,这一做法在一定程度上也反映了中国产品和技术的不可替代性,能够切实满足发展中国家市场需求和发展关切。因而,尽管受到诸多封锁遏制,中国企业仍能顶住日趋严峻的外部压力,体现出较强的生存韧性,令美国在数字经济领域的联友遏华策略成效不及预期。本文就中国企业在海外特别是发展中国家具备抗压韧性的原因进行研究,以东南亚地区为例,论述中国技术和产品在这些国家的生存逻辑和比较优势,从而为应对不利于我的地缘政治环境及在此条件下谋求企业生存和发展空间提供参考。由于案例直接取材有一定难度,本文所用素材以二手资料为主。
科技就是权力。科学技术实力是国家综合国力的重要组成部分。技术的先进性推动了一国的经济增长和竞争力的提升。新技术的发明能够强化中心国家对边缘国家的控制,还能够减少国家变革国际体系的成本,推动国际格局的变迁[1]。技术的变革发展与战略布局是大国博弈的重要领域。随着国际安全环境的改变,大国的技术博弈也从军事领域转移到经济领域,从强调军事征服、领土占领转为对市场的控制[2]。在数字时代,网络技术和数据资源越来越成为国家的重要战略资产,其结构决定了一国的经济、科技与军事实力,进一步决定了国家安全,关系到一国经济发展和核心竞争力的巩固与提升。因而,大国间的竞争本质也转为数字产业竞争,以5G、大数据、人工智能等为代表的数字经济领域成为大国博弈的主要战场。
目前,关于中美数字经济领域博弈的研究文献主要分为三类。
一类是从国家战略层面讨论中美数字领域博弈举措。这类文献主要关注中美两国为赢得数字时代发展先机而制定实施的科技竞争措施。美国将包括数字技术在内的科技视为对华战略竞争的核心,出台了《关键与新兴技术国家战略》《美国创新与就业法案》《无尽前沿法案》《民主科技伙伴法案》《美国创新与竞争法案》等一系列政策方案,改革科技决策体系、加大科技创新投入、重构产业链安全管理体系、加强人才队伍建设[3],旨在巩固和加强新兴战略科技创新能力,保持科技领先优势,继续行使数字时代技术主导权。中国则积极推动落实《中国制造2025》《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》等自主创新战略,旨在加快科技强国建设,实现高水平科技自立自强。此外,为遏制中国数字经济发展,美国还采取“小院高墙”等策略,以安全为由限制对华技术出口、阻止中国资本、技术和科技人员进入,对中国领先科技企业进行孤立和打压,并通过制定新兴技术标准进行“规锁”[4]。美国的上述举措本质上是对数字技术主导权在物质、制度和观念层面的全方位争夺[5]。
第二类是从多边联盟和全球治理层面分析大国数字博弈的全球影响。随着美国数字地缘战略布局加快,中美双方数字领域博弈已逐步影响全球数字经济格局。在机制层面,美国推出民主科技联盟、美日印澳四边机制(QUAD)、美英澳三边安全伙伴关系(AUKUS)、美日韩三边协作机制、印太经济框架(IPEF),成立跨太平洋贸易与技术委员会以及七国集团数字与科技部长会议机制等联盟体系,以此主导数字领域相关技术标准和数据治理规则,强化安全标准输出,通过阵营化、集团化方式影响全球数字治理秩序的构建和发展方向,同时遏制中国企业在全球数字市场的影响力。中国则通过“数字丝绸之路”“二十国集团数字经济发展与合作倡议”“数字创新合作行动计划”、网络空间命运共同体建设合作机制,以及中国-东盟数字经济合作伙伴关系等推动数字领域多边合作发展。在规则层面,美国积极推行数据跨境自由流动,强调加强数字知识产权保护,呼吁减少政府对电子商务平台的干预,并制定一系列网络安全规则加强对网络内容的管理与监控。中国则致力于倡导网络空间命运共同体理念,提出全球数据跨境流动合作倡议,促进出台数字贸易便利化规则以及知识产权规则的平衡与包容。在产业链层面,美国提出《布拉格提案》《清洁网络计划》,成立OPEN-RAN开源5G联盟、芯片四方联盟,推动形成矿产安全伙伴关系、可持续关键矿产七国联盟、关键矿产买家俱乐部等,加大在5G、芯片、原材料等领域对中国数字技术、产品和工艺的孤立,推动全球数字供应链“去中国化”。中国企业则通过在新兴市场建立产业链体系和完善经济发展环境,塑造发展中国家经济秩序和经济发展战略[6]。
第三类是从第三方国家应对视角解读中美数字领域博弈对他国的影响。面对数字经济领域日益激烈的中美博弈,第三方国家和地区面临诸多压力和选择。欧洲已从平衡策略逐渐转为倾向于限制中国数字企业。一些国家以安全为由加强了对中国公司的审查,甚至干脆弃用或禁用部分中国公司的数字产品[7]。在东南亚,“印太战略”已影响到中国与东盟数字经济合作。美国诸多互联网巨头已相继占领东南亚市场,美国也依托“印太经济框架”等多边机制迫切推行其主张的数字规则和标准,并不断通过外交手段对东盟各国展开攻势,营造恐华、反华和疑华的政治氛围。随着美国在东南亚数字经济领域对中国形成合围之势,这些措施使东南亚国家和企业在选择与中国企业合作时面临较大压力,持续干扰中国与东盟数字经济合作[8]。在非洲,许多国家选择多元化合作策略用以对冲政治风险。如,塞内加尔在5G领域与中国的合作主要集中在数字基础设施方面,但在设备、应用程序和其他许可的采购上会选择同中美两国公司共同合作[9]。
综上,现有研究多关注对于数字领域中美博弈的国家战略、多边机制和第三方应对,但对美国及盟友在全球范围对华遏制的实际效果探讨不足。少量文献虽从供应链视角分析了中国企业优势,但缺少中美企业双向比较,难以解释在激烈的地缘博弈下中国企业如何化解来自西方围堵并保持韧性。此外,学界鲜少从破坏性创新(disruptive innovation)视角理解中国企业抵御围堵的能力。基于低成本的破坏性创新是中国经济崛起的重要法宝。在应对美国遏制时尤显其意义。但这一模式能否走向世界,学术界并没有一致意见。传统的国际投资理论,如邓宁的国际生产折衷(OLI)理论,强调了跨国企业的资源优势,新兴理论如陆亚东的“跳板”理论,强调了利用国外的优势资源来加强本国企业的能力。我们认为,企业跨国投资的动因还应包括在本国环境中形成的破坏性创新优势,并在国际市场中发挥作用。这一逻辑对新兴经济体尤为重要。本文通过对中国企业在东南亚数字经济市场的发展进行案例分析,证实基于中国市场而形成的破坏性创新模式,可以成为中国走向世界的国际商务模式。
本文选取东南亚作为考察区域,研究美国及其盟友对华数字经济领域打压取得的效果。作为大国博弈的前沿,东盟是美国“印太战略”的核心地域,是中国周边外交的优先方向,其地缘政治重要性以及在经济、军事等多方面影响力日益凸显。以东盟为考察对象研究中美数字领域博弈能够更好理解复杂地缘政治环境下发展中国家的应对策略与核心关切,以及由此而形成的企业生存韧性。此外,大国在东盟地区展开各种形式的外交、经济、安全等互动与竞争,以及东盟国家的政策倾向、区域合作进展和地缘政治态势的变化等都能在相当程度上反映出大国博弈的动态和走向,并且这种博弈态势也会通过东盟这一区域节点向全球其他地区产生传导效应,影响全球的政治、经济、安全格局等多方面秩序。因而,东盟在很大程度上可作为大国博弈对全球趋势影响的重要观测点,从而反映大国博弈下数字经济领域的全球格局和未来走向。
国际投资发展理论系统论述了企业跨国投资的动因及优势。早期的理论更多强调跨国企业需拥有其他企业不具备的竞争优势才会获利。如垄断优势理论指出跨国企业需拥有技术、品牌等垄断优势,以此赢得与当地企业的市场竞争[10]。又如邓宁的国际生产折衷理论(OLI),指出企业须同时具备所有权、内部化和区位优势才能开展对外直接投资并从中获益[11]。再如,边际产业扩张理论指出企业通过跨国投资将边际产业转移到国外,进而发挥其资本、技术和管理优势,而投资国也可借此优化产业结构[12]。总之,早期理论更多基于对发达经济体企业的跨国投资行为进行总结和诠释。随着新兴经济体对外投资规模不断扩大,国际投资理论也不断完善。陆亚东等从新兴经济体对外投资动因及特征出发提出“跳板”理论,指出来自新兴经济体的企业通过国际扩张作为跳板,突破国内制度和市场约束,获得品牌、技术等关键资源,补偿原本的竞争劣势,进而提升国际竞争力[13]。
本文提出,除上述动因外,来自新兴经济体的企业开展跨国投资,还可能基于其自身具备的独特国际竞争优势,这一优势在新兴市场更为突出,甚至在某些特定条件下优于发达国家的跨国企业。这一优势来源于企业在母国技术、人才、制度和市场环境中成长壮大所具备的破坏性创新禀赋,能够让企业在国际市场快速发现机会并加以利用,扩展海外市场份额、提升国际竞争力。而随着企业海外发展深耕,其破坏性创新禀赋得到持续巩固加强,甚至在新兴经济体市场具备与来自发达国家的跨国企业一竞高下的能力。
破坏性创新(disruptive innovation)概念由克里斯坦森在其著作《创新者的窘境》中提出。破坏性创新并不涉及特别复杂的技术变革,主要是将成品元件组装在一起,形成一种完全不同的产品组合。相比主流市场的成熟产品,破坏性技术产品通常结构较简单、性能较弱,不能满足主流市场的客户需求。但它们往往价格更低、功能更简、更便于使用,具有一些边缘客户(通常也是新客户)所看重的其他特性[14]。随着时间的推移,这些产品不断改进,最终能够满足主流消费者的需求,从而取代现有产品或服务。
破坏性创新的关键价值在于对原有技术路线的颠覆。在技术发展的曲线中,延续性技术表现为在原有技术轨迹上的渐进式提升,比较平滑地向上发展,是基于现有的主流技术,沿着主流客户所重视的性能维度进行技术改进,在已有的性能基础上逐步优化,以满足现有市场对产品性能不断增长的期望。而破坏性技术则是沿着自身独特的既定轨道进行,尽管在初期往往在主流性能指标方面不如现有技术,但在发展到一定水平时就能以极快的速度淘汰原有的成熟技术。领先企业通常会率先开发出各种延续性技术,以维持主流市场的竞争优势。而后来者则可能会选择完全不同的技术路线。通常是初创企业从利润率较低的新兴市场做起,在夹缝中寻求生存空间,逐渐积累技术和经验,随着产品性能的改善开始获得主流市场的认可,形成后发优势,实现弯道超车。
破坏性创新与连续性创新的本质区别在于二者嵌入的是完全不同的价值网络。成熟企业为保持其主流市场的竞争优势,需要投入大量研究、开发、营销和管理等费用,其创新活动需要嵌入到毛利率较高的价值网络才能覆盖各种开支,实现赢利。相比之下,初创企业面向的是对价格变化较为敏感的新兴市场,无需在技术研发方面有过多投入,只采购经过验证的组件技术进行生产加工,对成熟技术重新组合就能实现破坏性创新。因此,不同于成熟企业,这些初创企业所嵌入的价值网络只需要较低的毛利率就能实现盈利。尽管成熟企业与初创企业起初因嵌入不同的价值网络而遵循各自不同的技术轨道,但随着后者技术和产品性能的提升,当其发展能够满足另一价值网络所需要的性能和特性时,破坏性技术就能以极快的速度侵入这个价值网络,淘汰原有的成熟技术,以及使用这项技术的成熟企业。值得注意的是,由于领先企业需要承担过高的研发、管理等成本,就只能瞄准高利润、高回报的主流市场,而很难再回到规模小、需求不明确且利润较低的低端市场,这为小企业通过破坏性创新占领低端市场提供了生存空间。
本文重点研究破坏性创新主要因为这类创新更好解释了后来者如何利用其后发优势从面向边缘群体的低端市场开始逐步成长壮大,最终实现技术追赶和超越,一跃成为领先企业。更重要的是,破坏性创新为企业发展提供了抗压韧性,对于抵抗地缘政治压力、应对技术封锁和围堵起到了一定作用。
一是这些企业依靠较高的适用性优势能够更好契合新兴市场需求和国家发展目标,稳住目标市场份额。如20世纪80年代,日本汽车产业迅速崛起,以丰田为代表的日本汽车品牌依靠高质量、可靠性能、节能等优势在欧美市场大受欢迎。美国政府为保护本国产业曾对日本汽车实施了一系列贸易限制措施。但丰田凭借其燃油经济性、高品质等适用性优势在欧洲市场站稳脚跟,市场份额并未因来自美国方面的政治压力而受到影响。
二是拥有破坏性创新能力的企业往往较深地嵌入当地市场的价值网络和产业链供应链体系,短时间内较难撼动其市场地位。如三星电子在巴西、印度等国家建设了本地生产基地,响应当地政府倡议推进本地化生产、培育本土供应商、扩大产能和就业,同时开展合作研发,并与当地运营商共同建立销售网络等。因而,在遇到美国政治打压时,三星智能手机仍能在这些国家保持较高的市场份额。
三是通过长期经营,破坏性创新型企业已在第三方市场拥有较好的政府关系、较稳定的客户群体和合作伙伴,在一定范围内打造了一个良性循环的创新生态系统,对推动当地社会进步、促进民生发展起到积极作用,拥有一定的信任基础。这些都成为企业抵御外部压力的防护盾和稳定器。
近年来,美国在东南亚地区加紧对中国数字企业进行孤立和围堵,通过“QUAD+”、IPEF等机制拉拢东盟国家选边站队,并推出一系列与东盟数字合作的项目与中国企业争夺主导权。以5G和智慧城市为例,美国不仅对东盟国家施压,限制其与中国企业在上述领域合作,以安全为由对中国企业抹黑和污名化,更是加紧推出自身主导的产品及合作项目,妄图以此替代中国产品及服务,削弱中国在数字领域对东南亚的影响。然而,目前为止这些操作收效甚微,中资企业对这一区域的产业赋能作用难以替代。其根本原因是基于多年的深耕中资企业,在这一地区已具备了破坏性创新能力,足以抵御地缘政治的冲击。
早在2018年初,吉隆坡就引入了城市大脑项目。到2018年8月,第一阶段建设已经完成。吉隆坡的城市大脑项目采用阿里巴巴的云计算技术,希望利用人工智能(AI) 和大数据缓解交通拥堵等城市问题。城市大脑使用人工智能根据车辆数量和当前道路状况实时优化交通信号灯。在第一阶段,马来西亚首都吉隆坡的281个道路路口接入了城市大脑,该系统能够分析来自1,000多个摄像头和传感器的交通数据,实时调整交通信号时序,帮助优化高峰时段的交通流量。此外,该系统还使用人工智能根据历史数据和当前情况预测交通模式,提供实时交通警报并帮助进行事件管理,减少事故或其他干扰造成的延误,从而加快响应速度,检测交通事故,加快应急车辆优先通行[15]。
城市大脑项目取得了一定成效。据调查,在试验期,城市大脑成功将吉隆坡一些主要路口的交通拥堵减少了高达20%,在高峰时段出行时间减少15%。吉隆坡的救护车和消防车能节省48.9%的通行时间[16]。不仅能够一定程度上缓解拥堵,还为马来西亚搭建了开放的人工智能平台。该项目对于马来西亚其他城市具有示范作用,为马来西亚的数字化转型提供了借鉴和参考,也为其他国家的智慧城市建设提供了经验[17]。城市大脑试验项目的重要参与者Dr. Karl Ng获得了马来西亚“开放政府”授予的优秀奖[18]。
相比之下,许多西方倡议下的智慧城市项目进展缓慢,尤其智慧交通相关领域未能达到预期效果。以普吉岛智慧城市建设为例,泰国政府与诸多欧美领先企业合作,希望能够缓解交通拥堵和海洋生态破坏等问题。然而,自2018年项目启动以来,普吉岛在智慧交通领域尚未取得显著进展。尽管已安装了闭路电视,但未能推出类似“城市大脑”这类智能交通管理系统[19]。又如某欧美科技巨头曾开发的人工智能交通管理系统,希望通过优化信号灯缓解雅加达交通拥堵。然而非但没能减轻拥堵,反而使交通进一步恶化。
对比阿里巴巴城市大脑项目,尽管欧美企业技术更为领先,但在东南亚的智慧交通项目的效果不尽如人意,主要有以下原因:一是缺乏整合一体的智能交通方案。与阿里云“城市大脑”依托统一平台、多源数据实时动态调控相比,欧美企业提供的方案是以云计算资源和通用型AI工具为主,侧重于独立模块的技术输出,而非针对交通治理的全流程优化。其系统未能整合交通信号控制、事故预警、公交调度等关键环节,对于城市交通系统的整体优化作用有限[20]。二是算法本地化不足。东南亚国家的交通网络往往较为复杂,如道路狭窄、路口不规则、摩托车占比高、旅游城市旺季和淡季的交通流量差异大等。许多欧美企业的交通模型没能充分针对当地复杂的交通情况优化,其拥堵预测模型对当地制度下的车辆流动规律也缺乏适配[21]。三是成本较高。一些企业采用“按资源消耗付费”模式,政府需为数据存储和计算能力支付高额费用。此外,部分企业需要从本国采购先进的交通信号设备、监控摄像头等,运输距离远,加上设备的特殊性需要特殊的包装和运输方式,导致成本高昂[22]。
根本上,中资企业与欧美科技企业在东南亚国家的竞争力差异在于二者所嵌入的价值网络不同。中国作为发展中国家,国情与东南亚国家在某种程度上具有相似性。阿里巴巴基于对中国城市交通管理的大量经验,对东南亚国家具有一定适配性[23]。如在数据技术层面阿里巴巴借鉴了中国其他城市大脑项目的数据整合经验,构建了城市级数据共享交换平台,打破了数据孤岛效应,将交通、市政、公共安全等不同领域的数据进行融合,实现了多源数据的整合与分析,且能将摄像头、传感器、交通部门等多渠道的数据进行汇总分析,为城市的综合管理提供数据支持,提高数据的利用效率,从而更好了解城市的运行状况。在算法应用上基于此前城市大脑经验研发了一系列智能算法用于交通流量预测、信号灯配时优化等。这些算法经过实践检验,能够有效提高城市的运行效率,根据当地的交通状况和出行特点进行调整和优化,实现交通的智能化管理。如,通过对历史交通数据的分析,预测不同时间段的交通流量,提前调整信号灯时间,减少交通拥堵[24]。
此外,除技术条件外,阿里巴巴还努力嵌入当地数字生态体系,以此培养本地化、适用性和性价比优势。董事会主席蔡崇信强调,海外拓展须融入当地文化,赢得尊重[25]。2017年,阿里巴巴在马来西亚首次推出电子世界贸易平台(eWTP),帮助中小企业和青年进入全球市场、获得政府高度支持,奠定了良好的合作基础。马来西亚数字经济发展机构(MDEC)和阿里云还共同建设了天池平台,为本地科技企业和开发者提供技术扶持,计划培育数万大数据人才和数千家初创企业[26]。马来西亚数字经济发展机构官员指出,阿里巴巴能够“不计成本地投入”以及为当地培养科技人才和创新生态体系,是其愿与之合作的主要原因。在城市大脑项目中,政府帮助协调交通、市政等部门开放数据,使阿里巴巴获取交通信息、道路监控等资源,推动城市治理优化[27]。阿里巴巴也明确把数据存储在本地,确保安全使用,并与吉隆坡市政厅(DBKL)合作,验证和优化技术[28]。
相比之下,欧美企业来自发达国家,在国情、制度、文化等方面都与东南亚国家差异较大。又因这些企业依托先进的科技优势和广泛的品牌认可度,更多是在当地以技术输出方式构建自身营销网络,采用通用性技术和标准化服务拓展市场[29]。与阿里巴巴的深度本地化策略不同,领先科技企业主要依赖全球统一的技术和服务模式[30],采用全球采购方案,合作伙伴也往往是大型企业、政府机构和国际组织,向客户提供高端定价服务。技术领先优势让这些企业嵌入了对高价格更易接纳并能够主动适应其技术标准的价值网络,与中国企业所处价值网络相比,这些企业在成本控制和产品适用性等方面压力较小[31]。
综上,阿里巴巴所嵌入的价值网络是其破坏性创新能力的重要来源。相似的国情、深度的社会嵌入、良好的信任基础是吉隆坡城市大脑项目成功的关键。因此,尽管在算法、算力等技术领域阿里巴巴并不具备西方科技巨头的领先优势,但在成本控制、推进效率及技术适配方面更符合东南亚发展中国家的市场需求,因而具备技术领先企业难以替代的竞争优势。
尽管近年来面对外部强力施压,大多数东盟国家仍表示愿意与华为合作。2019 年菲律宾环球电信(Globe Telecome)推出 5G商用网服务,华为是其主要供应商,并协助推出了首款支持 5G 的智能手机。另一家电信供应商PLDT(菲律宾长途电话公司)也在华为和爱立信支持下推出5G网络服务。在马来西亚,华为是5G网络供应商之一,除提供设备外,还联合多家公司设立创新中心,推动先进5G应用研发,并与Maxis合作推进5.5G技术。在印尼,华为与Indosat Ooredoo合作推出5G服务,与XL Axiata推动智慧城市试点,并开展网络优化项目。在泰国,华为建成了该国首个5G测试平台,推动智慧医院项目,并与美的、AIS、中国联通共建东南亚首个5G全联接工厂,覆盖16万平方米专网,返工率降低75%,效率提升15%-20%,并荣获2024年亚洲移动大奖(AMO)[32]。与此相比,欧美制造业巨头在东南亚的数字工厂虽技术先进,但多依赖PLC和有线网络[33]。实施周期长、成本高,对客户技术要求高,难与华为的低成本、快速部署和灵活适配的5G方案竞争。
华为之所以能在地缘政治压力下仍获信任,关键在于其“破坏性创新”能力。这种能力并非单纯依靠技术领先,而是建立在成本、效率和市场适配性基础上的整体竞争力。以泰国5G智慧工厂为例,其基于5G专网的高可靠和低时延特性,将自动导引车、AI质检、机械臂等应用全面接入生产流程,实现了智能制造的快速升级。这类方案以较低投入带来显著收益,正是破坏性创新的典型体现。
华为的优势并非一蹴而就,而是长期深耕当地市场的结果。早在20世纪90年代末,华为就已进入东南亚农村市场。通过派遣销售人员和工程师到当地直接提供安装、改造和维护,以低成本和高效率迅速赢得客户[34]。在泰国,华为与本地运营公司合作,能够高效率完成所有设备的安装和调试,并根据客户实际需求开发出更多定制性功能及根据新增业务量需求进行扩容[35]。在柬埔寨,华为为主要运营商提供核心设备,逐步替代爱立信等西方供应商,并在市场上占据主导[36]。在新加坡,华为早在2001年就已参与“智慧国家”解决方案和全国宽带网络建设,并凭借快速部署和低成本优势帮助政府达成“投资省、建设快”的目标。这些案例显示,华为从一开始便通过“以性价比和服务换市场”逐步建立起价值网络[37]。
进入5G时代,华为凭借良好的兼容性和性能优势进一步扩大竞争力。其设备可与4G、3G无缝对接,大幅降低升级成本。在速率和时延方面,测试结果显示华为优于诺基亚和爱立信[38],能够更好满足高清视频、远程医疗、智能工厂等应用需求。同时,华为通过“硬件+服务”捆绑模式,帮助客户降低初期投入,并以标准化方案将部署周期缩短至数月,形成了欧美企业难以替代的成本效率优势。
此外,华为长期深耕本地合作关系与社会责任网络,为其市场地位奠定了坚实基础。在菲律宾,华为与环球电信建立长期合作伙伴关系,共同实施网络现代化计划,设立联合创新中心。在马来西亚,华为与Maxis保持十余年合作,推动其率先推出4G服务。在印度尼西亚,华为与XL Axiata是长期合作伙伴,负责其网络运维。在新加坡,华为帮助Singtel率先提供高速4G服务。在泰国,华为为多家运营商提供设备和服务,合作关系已延续数十年。这些长期合作使华为不仅是设备供应商,更成为东南亚电信业的重要伙伴[39]。
在社会责任方面,华为在多次自然灾害中快速投入资源恢复通信网络。如2018年印尼地震海啸期间,华为在两周内帮助修复大量受损基站和骨干网络;在马来西亚洪灾中,华为除派遣技术团队外,还提供物资与资金支持,赢得了政府和社会好评。通过这些努力,华为积累了良好声誉。
此外,华为还积极投身创新生态和人才培养。在泰国和新加坡设立的OpenLab为本地企业提供解决方案开发和测试平台,推动初创生态发展。在马来西亚设立的ICT培训中心已积累培训数万人,显著提升本地人才储备。通过这种深度本地化合作,华为与东南亚国家形成利益共同体,进一步稳固其市场地位。
综上,华为在东南亚的成功,并非单纯依赖技术突破,而是凭借破坏性创新能力,在成本控制、效率提升和市场适配性上形成了难以替代的竞争优势。从早期依靠低成本与服务切入市场,到5G时代通过技术迭代构建全新工业互联网生态,华为不断深化与当地的产业和社会联系。在地缘政治风险加剧的背景下,这种破坏性创新不仅是其抵御外部遏制的核心能力,也是继续获得东南亚国家信任的重要保障。正如任正非提出的“黑土地”模式,华为未来将通过深度本地化推动就业和技术升级,与东南亚国家共同成长,构建稳固的战略合作关系[40]。
本文以5G和智慧城市建设为例,考察以华为和阿里巴巴为代表的中国企业如何利用其破坏性创新能力,通过成本优势、效率优势和适用性优势破解来自美西方的遏制围堵,锻造了企业抵抗地缘政治压力的韧性,同时对东道国产业发展和创新能力形成助益。中国企业的破坏性创新能力来自在新兴经济体的差异性竞争优势和长期深耕合作。华为开发出适应新兴市场的低成本、高质量技术,培育本地合作伙伴,同时致力于创新孵化和人才培养,经营政府关系,在本地打造良性循环的数字技术生态体系。阿里巴巴依托良好的合作基础和丰富的应用经验,在智慧城市建设上取得了一定成效,在一定程度上促进了东道国的生产力发展和技术进步。相比而言,以对华打压遏制为目的的战略性部署短时间却难以取得理想效果。机制上,依托官方机构协调,部分企业“空降”,而非基于对新兴市场环境和需求的深入了解,在成本控制、技术适配等方面面临“水土不服”[41]。
当然,我们仍需重视补足基础研究和高科技短板。随着大国博弈日趋激烈,东盟国家将面临更大地缘政治压力,中国企业在新兴市场所面临的风险挑战还将持续加大。破坏性创新能力为中国企业实现战略突围、化解美西方的打压遏制提供了可行途径。未来,我国在夯实基础的同时,需要加快推进战略合作,特别是发挥适用性技术优势,积极扩大新兴市场开放与合作,并不断升级价值网络,共同打造良好的生态系统,加快构建全球数字命运共同体。

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2026年第44卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2025-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-11
  • 修回日期:2025-10-15
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    1 中国国际发展知识中心, 北京 100010
    2 上海科技大学创业与管理学院, 上海 201210
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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