Article(id=1316695318696145299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=1735056000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791854226993, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791854226993, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791854226993, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791854226993, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316695224617914963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791854204563, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791854713654, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316697359963239159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316697359963239160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=194, endPage=203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316695319052661140, articleId=1316695318696145299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Research on the mechanism and pathways for the integration of innovation chain and industrial chain driven by technology standards, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The disconnection between innovation chains and industrial chains has internally led to the long-term existence of the "two worlds paradox" between science and industry, and externally, it has exacerbated the economic and political risks associated with supply chain disruptions and the recurring issue of being hindered by key core technologies. Accelerating the integration of the two chains is urgent. Technology standards not only support industrial collaboration but also play a leading role in technological cooperation. Developing and promoting fundamental, universal, and advanced technical standards around key links and critical areas provides a viable and practical approach to achieving double-chain-integration. However, existing research has paid little attention to the driving role of technical standards. Based on its linkage role of technology standards in the integration, we dedicate to elucidating the theoretical logic and mechanisms through which technology standards drive the integration of innovation chains and industrial chains. We aim to answer the following questions. First, why can technology standards drive the integration between the innovation chain and the industrial chain? What are the rational logic and internal mechanisms? Second, how can technology standards drive the integration between the innovation chain and the industrial chain? What are the process and implementation pathways?

This article first takes the connotation and extension of technical standards and double-chain-integration as the premise, and extracts the process mechanism of technology-oriented standard diffusion, demand-driven standard development and two-way synergistic standard bridging. We then analyze the functional realization of dual-chain-integration driven by technology standards from the dimensions of participants, innovation elements and operation space. Finally, we construct multidimensional implementation pathways and operational mechanisms for the integration of both chains driven by technical standards through patent pool formation, strategic knowledge disclosure, and the development of derivative technologies. Based on the strategic needs of China's innovation development and local practical experience, the study reveals the internal law, operation mechanism and realization mode of technology standard-driven integration between the innovation chain and the industrial chain, thus providing a new direction for China to realize scientific and technological self-reliance at a high level.

The theoretical and practical contributions of this article are as follows. First, we construct a theoretical model of the double-chain-integration driven by technology standards, and probes into its integration process and mechanism, which helps to form a theoretical innovation on the double-chain-integration. Second, this article innovatively introduces technology standards into the analytical framework of the double-chain-integration, thus helping to expand the theoretical boundaries of technology standardization. The conclusions do not only help to deepen the rational understanding of the double-chain-integration driven by technology standards, but also offer new analytical ideas, diversified decision-making tools and alternative policy insights for the management practices of enterprises and governments.

, authors=Li-bing NIE1, 2, Xiu-ping LAI3, Qing ZHOU4, Wei YANG1, authorsList=Li-bing NIE, Xiu-ping LAI, Qing ZHOU, Wei YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiu-ping LAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1316695320076071323, articleId=1316695318696145299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=技术标准驱动双链融合的理论逻辑与实现路径, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

创新链与产业链的脱节对内导致了科技和产业“两个世界悖论”长期存在,对外加剧了“脱钩断链”和关键核心技术屡屡被“卡脖子”的经济风险和政治风险,加快实现“双链融合”迫在眉睫。技术标准既为产业协同提供支撑,也在技术协作中发挥牵引作用,从而为实现“双链融合”提供了切实可行的解题思路。研究基于技术标准的纽带作用,以技术标准和“双链融合”的理论逻辑关系为前提,阐明技术标准驱动“双链融合”的过程机理及其功能实现方式,即技术导向的标准扩散、需求牵引的标准研制以及双向协同的标准桥接;进一步构建战略性知识披露、专利池构建和衍生技术开发驱动“双链融合”的多维实现路径。研究创新性将技术标准引入“双链融合”的分析过程,既丰富“双链融合”的过程机制研究,拓展技术标准化的理论边界,也为企业和政府的管理实践提供新的思考方向。

, authors=聂力兵1, 2, 赖秀萍3, 周青4, 杨伟1, authorsList=聂力兵, 赖秀萍, 周青, 杨伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赖秀萍, authorNote=

聂力兵(1990-),男,特聘副教授,博士。

周青(1979-),男,教授、博士生导师。

杨伟(1977-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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赖秀萍(1995-),女,讲师,博士, E-mail:。
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技术标准驱动双链融合的理论逻辑与实现路径
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聂力兵 1, 2 , 赖秀萍 3 , 周青 4 , 杨伟 1
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(1): 194-203
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (1) : 194 -203
技术标准驱动双链融合的理论逻辑与实现路径
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2 之江科技智库成果转化与新质生产力研究基地, 浙江杭州 310018, bio={"content":"

聂力兵(1990-),男,特聘副教授,博士。

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聂力兵1, 2, 赖秀萍3 , 周青4, 杨伟1
作者信息
  • 1 杭州电子科技大学管理学院, 浙江杭州 310018
  • 2 之江科技智库成果转化与新质生产力研究基地, 浙江杭州 310018
  • 3 中国计量大学经济与管理学院, 浙江杭州 310018
  • 4 杭州电子科技大学数据科学与智能决策实验中心, 浙江杭州 310018
通讯作者:
赖秀萍(1995-),女,讲师,博士, E-mail:。
作者简介:

聂力兵(1990-),男,特聘副教授,博士。

周青(1979-),男,教授、博士生导师。

杨伟(1977-),男,教授、博士生导师。

Research on the mechanism and pathways for the integration of innovation chain and industrial chain driven by technology standards
Li-bing NIE1, 2, Xiu-ping LAI3 , Qing ZHOU4, Wei YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Management, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 2 Achievement Transformation and New Quality Productive Forces Research Base, Zhejiang Zhijiang Science and Technology Think Tank, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 3 College of Economics and Management, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 4 Experimental Center of Data Science and Intelligent Decision-Making, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15
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创新链与产业链的脱节对内导致了科技和产业“两个世界悖论”长期存在,对外加剧了“脱钩断链”和关键核心技术屡屡被“卡脖子”的经济风险和政治风险,加快实现“双链融合”迫在眉睫。技术标准既为产业协同提供支撑,也在技术协作中发挥牵引作用,从而为实现“双链融合”提供了切实可行的解题思路。研究基于技术标准的纽带作用,以技术标准和“双链融合”的理论逻辑关系为前提,阐明技术标准驱动“双链融合”的过程机理及其功能实现方式,即技术导向的标准扩散、需求牵引的标准研制以及双向协同的标准桥接;进一步构建战略性知识披露、专利池构建和衍生技术开发驱动“双链融合”的多维实现路径。研究创新性将技术标准引入“双链融合”的分析过程,既丰富“双链融合”的过程机制研究,拓展技术标准化的理论边界,也为企业和政府的管理实践提供新的思考方向。

技术标准  /  双链融合  /  驱动机理  /  实现路径

The disconnection between innovation chains and industrial chains has internally led to the long-term existence of the "two worlds paradox" between science and industry, and externally, it has exacerbated the economic and political risks associated with supply chain disruptions and the recurring issue of being hindered by key core technologies. Accelerating the integration of the two chains is urgent. Technology standards not only support industrial collaboration but also play a leading role in technological cooperation. Developing and promoting fundamental, universal, and advanced technical standards around key links and critical areas provides a viable and practical approach to achieving double-chain-integration. However, existing research has paid little attention to the driving role of technical standards. Based on its linkage role of technology standards in the integration, we dedicate to elucidating the theoretical logic and mechanisms through which technology standards drive the integration of innovation chains and industrial chains. We aim to answer the following questions. First, why can technology standards drive the integration between the innovation chain and the industrial chain? What are the rational logic and internal mechanisms? Second, how can technology standards drive the integration between the innovation chain and the industrial chain? What are the process and implementation pathways?

This article first takes the connotation and extension of technical standards and double-chain-integration as the premise, and extracts the process mechanism of technology-oriented standard diffusion, demand-driven standard development and two-way synergistic standard bridging. We then analyze the functional realization of dual-chain-integration driven by technology standards from the dimensions of participants, innovation elements and operation space. Finally, we construct multidimensional implementation pathways and operational mechanisms for the integration of both chains driven by technical standards through patent pool formation, strategic knowledge disclosure, and the development of derivative technologies. Based on the strategic needs of China's innovation development and local practical experience, the study reveals the internal law, operation mechanism and realization mode of technology standard-driven integration between the innovation chain and the industrial chain, thus providing a new direction for China to realize scientific and technological self-reliance at a high level.

The theoretical and practical contributions of this article are as follows. First, we construct a theoretical model of the double-chain-integration driven by technology standards, and probes into its integration process and mechanism, which helps to form a theoretical innovation on the double-chain-integration. Second, this article innovatively introduces technology standards into the analytical framework of the double-chain-integration, thus helping to expand the theoretical boundaries of technology standardization. The conclusions do not only help to deepen the rational understanding of the double-chain-integration driven by technology standards, but also offer new analytical ideas, diversified decision-making tools and alternative policy insights for the management practices of enterprises and governments.

technology standard  /  double-chain-integration  /  driven mechanism  /  realization path
聂力兵, 赖秀萍, 周青, 杨伟. 技术标准驱动双链融合的理论逻辑与实现路径. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (1) : 194 -203 .
Li-bing NIE, Xiu-ping LAI, Qing ZHOU, Wei YANG. Research on the mechanism and pathways for the integration of innovation chain and industrial chain driven by technology standards[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (1) : 194 -203 .
创新链与产业链深度融合是打破技术封锁、实现科技自立自强的关键。近年来,贸易保护主义抬头引发产业链脱钩和梗阻的严峻危机,削弱中国实现技术追赶的产业体系支撑[1];以美国为首的发达国家进一步对中国采取技术封锁,以技术断供和产业脱钩等形式,限制中国科技创新的引领带动作用[2]。例如,欧美国家的“芯片围攻”就凸显了我国在产业创新链关键环节受制于人的困境[3]。围绕这一国际科技竞争态势和国内科技创新形势,习近平总书记多次强调“要围绕产业链部署创新链、围绕创新链布局产业链,推动经济高质量发展迈出更大步伐”。这一重要论述突出技术创新与产业需求的紧密联系和互补互促,强调以科技创新与产业创新的深度融合畅通科技资源要素流动,最终推动创新链产业链自主可控、安全高效,实现高水平的科技自立自强。可见,作为完善国家创新体系的重要抓手,创新链产业链不仅存在各自整体效能提升的挑战,更要考虑二者“如何融合”的问题。
作为经济发展活动的技术支撑和制度安排,技术标准在产业协同和技术协作中扮演着纽带和驱动作用,有效推动产业体系和技术体系的协同发展。随着参与和主导标准制定日渐成为国家实施创新驱动发展战略的重要手段[4,5],中国政府积极鼓励创新主体参与技术标准化的进程当中,并取得了长足的进步。《“十四五”智能制造发展规划》指出,我国在智能制造领域已发布285项国家标准,牵头制定28项国际标准。技术标准可以被视为一套规范或协议,其管辖范围内的产品、流程、格式或程序的所有要素都必须符合这套规范,以建立兼容性和互用性[6,7]。围绕创新链产业链的关键环节和关键领域研制和推广基础性、通用性和先进性技术标准,不仅可以畅通从基础研究、应用研究到技术开发和扩散的全创新链[8],还可以实现从商业应用到下一代研究的逆向技术转移[9],从而减少创新研究与产业应用之间的摩擦,解决科技体系和产业体系长期存在的“两张皮”问题。例如,在纳米技术这一新兴领域,技术标准不仅实现了从研究到标准化以及从标准化到研究的技术转移,而且在从基础研究、应用研究、试验开发再到扩散的创新过程中发挥了重要的反馈循环作用[9]。因此,研究技术标准驱动创新链和产业链深度融合的内在机理和实现路径,是当前贯彻国家创新驱动发展战略的重要议题。
围绕上述主题,基于中国技术封锁情境下的技术自主体系构建,本研究主要回答以下关键问题:第一,技术标准为何可以驱动创新链与产业链的深度融合?其理论逻辑和内在机理是什么?当前研究多从技术和市场角度讨论双链融合的路径,而技术标准的制定和商业化过程本身就伴随着创新产业化和产业创新升级。遗憾的是,目前还没有研究探讨技术标准对“双链”深度融合的影响。第二,技术标准如何才能驱动创新链与产业链的深度融合?其实现路径是什么?“双链融合”遵循技术创新、扩散和共享研发成果的基本框架和原理。将技术标准嵌入“双链”的融合过程,可以看作是发挥技术标准的技术优势和制度优势减少链条内部和双链之间的摩擦。然而,这一过程具体如何实现仍然有待探究。通过回答上述问题,研究的理论意义主要体现在:首先,研究构建技术标准驱动创新链与产业链深度融合的理论模型,探讨其融合机理和功能实现,有助于形成关于“双链融合”的理论创新;其次,研究创新性地将技术标准引入“双链融合”的分析框架当中,从而拓展了技术标准化战略研究的理论边界。研究有助于深化技术标准驱动“双链融合”的理性认识,同时为相关部门制定创新驱动发展战略提供新的分析思路和政策启示。
技术标准对技术创新表现出“双刃剑”效应。一方面,技术标准可以促进技术创新。从创新方向来看,技术标准约束了多样化技术路线、减少了开发不兼容技术的浪费,可以促进技术进步的一致性[10]。从创新效率来看,技术标准提供了不同研发活动间的技术接口和界面,从而提高参与主体间协作效率[11]。从创新质量来看,技术标准能够在质量控制和秩序方面为创新活动提供基础平台,从而将市场需求与研发活动相结合,减少了无效创新损失[10]。此外,技术标准还可以通过提高市场认可度和信心,加快创新产品市场化速度和程度[12]。另一方面,学者也指出技术标准可能会导致技术锁定、许可费叠加等问题,从而限制和阻碍技术创新,尤其是突破性创新[13]。技术锁定又称为路径依赖,其形成是技术相互关联、规模经济和投资成本不可逆的结果[14]。学者认为落后技术标准以及由此带来的路径依赖阻碍了先进技术探索和开发[11],使得新兴技术难以吸引足够多的采用者。
虽然技术标准对技术创新存在“双刃剑效应”,但学界整体上认为技术标准的促进作用大于抑制作用[15,16],主要是因其在创新资源集聚整合和创新主体协同耦合等方面扮演的重要角色。首先,技术标准作为纽带可以整合创新链的技术资源,具备稀缺资源属性。拥有技术标准的企业意味着较强的技术实力,这向外界传递出明确的声誉信号[10,13],有助于要素主体组建创新网络,形成产业资源集聚效应。同时,技术标准的开源性、一致性和互操作性能够降低创新要素的初始匹配和搜索成本,并吸纳跨学科、跨组织、多领域的知识[17]。其次,技术标准推动着创新主体的互动耦合。技术标准依赖多方主体共同参与构建创新生态系统。面向统一技术标准的价值共识也有助于多主体间的协作和凝聚[5]。此外,也有学者从构成角度提出技术标准还为技术创新提供新的知识源,即技术标准本身包含大量开发过程的隐性知识[18]。
技术标准以其网络效应、互用性、兼容性等特征而在产业链发展中发挥着战略支撑和效能提升作用[19,20]。从产业创新来看,技术标准能够加速产业共性技术的扩散和互补技术的升级迭代。技术标准通过形成主导设计而推动共性技术和关键技术的传播扩散,以及与跨界技术的融合[5,21]。同时,技术标准的通用性和兼容性使得多元技术得以在产业链中共存共生,在技术演化中互为拓展、替代,从而支撑着产业创新体系的先进性和演化性[21,22]。从产业链经济效率来看,技术标准减少了多样化的技术路线,这有助于产业主体聚焦技术研发方向,实现生产与技术的规模效应[13]。先进技术标准发挥着规范技术轨道和淘汰落后技术的作用,明确了安全、性能和工艺要求,促进劳动分工、降低进入成本[16]。从产业竞争力来看,由于技术标准提高了产业链的经济效率和技术兼容性,这在更广范围和领域提升竞争力。在企业层面上,技术标准拥有者可以通过前瞻性创新布局而主导技术研发路线、选择产品更新迭代目标,提高其在技术转化与许可中的议价能力,进而获得贸易竞争优势和技术垄断优势[23]。在产业层面,先进技术标准制定和国际技术标准话语权有助于打造具有国际竞争力的产业体系,直接影响着未来产业形态和全球价值链位置[16,24]。
技术标准是衔接科技创新与产业应用、推动科技成果产业化、促进产业链转型升级的桥梁。当前,关于技术标准与“双链融合”关系的研究较少,相关研究聚焦于从技术标准扩散视角探索了创新链的科技成果如何向产业链转化与应用。技术标准具有开放性与公开性,其传播与扩散往往伴随着技术创新成果的溢出与产业化,从而提高标准追随者的创新绩效[23]。学者从社会网络视角验证了技术标准能显著促进网络内部知识转移,影响集群网络中隐性知识和复杂显性技术的扩散效率[25,26]。除技术创新可以通过技术标准而加速向产业体系传播转移之外,产业链需求也能通过技术标准牵引创新活动的方向和效率。研发主体有动机围绕市场需求开展研发活动,并通过将创新成果专利化、标准化而加速技术的市场化进程、扩大技术的采用范围,从而获取创新收益。技术创新成果被更多用户采纳也能加速新技术成为主导设计,推动标准的研制与推广[21]。
综上所述,关于技术标准与“双链融合”关系的研究大体可归纳为“技术标准-创新链”闭环、“技术标准-产业链”闭环、技术标准推动“产业-创新”螺旋等,这为本研究的开展提供了一定的理论支撑。然而,现有研究尚未形成技术标准驱动“双链融合”的整合分析框架,有关技术标准为何、如何驱动“双链融合”的机理和路径有待进一步探讨。鉴于此,本研究构建技术标准驱动“双链融合”的理论分析框架,在厘清过程机理和功能实现方式的基础上设计多维实现路径,深入挖掘不同路径的关键运行机制及核心节点,以弥合关于技术标准与“双链融合”整合研究的薄弱环节。
以技术标准和“双链融合”的内涵和外延为前提,分析技术标准驱动“双链融合”的内在逻辑和过程机理,是识别技术标准驱动“双链融合”实现方式的基础。从微观层面来看,技术标准驱动“双链融合”实质上是“双链”的各运行环节、行为主体和资源要素,以技术标准为纽带而互为前因、相互联系、持续耦合的过程。具体来说,技术标准在衔接创新链和产业链上主要发挥着以下作用:一是通过技术标准化建立梯度扩散模式,加快创新链中关键技术、成熟技术和共性技术转移到产业链当中,引导产业链上下游企业的技术能力提升,以创新链引领产业链升级;二是产业链转型升级、新兴产业和未来产业涌现,推动主导设计和事实标准形成,以产业链牵引创新链研发方向。基于这一分析逻辑,本研究构建“创新链-技术标准-产业链”的理论框架,认为技术标准可以通过技术导向的标准扩散、需求牵引的标准研制以及双向协同的标准桥接等过程嵌入“双链融合”的进程中(如图1所示)。
(1)技术导向的标准扩散。技术导向的标准扩散主要指的是将创新链产生的突破性、基础性、关键性和原创性的科技成果进行技术标准化,从而实现科技成果的商品化、产业化。技术导向的标准扩散可以推动新一代突破性技术与先进制造工艺加速融合,为产业高端化、智能化发展提供机遇。首先,技术标准能够加速科技成果转化的速度。将创新链中涌现的知识创新转化为技术标准,可以通过高质量技术标准的声誉机制为产业链市场主体和要素拥有者传递先进、成熟的信号,从而促进创新的采纳和应用。其次,技术标准能够将纷乱的创新成果统一在同一个系统框架中。技术标准既可以借助其作为特殊制度安排的强制性,快速扩大用户安装基础,形成网络效应,从而约束多样化的技术路线;也可利用技术标准的编码性和兼容性,降低企业的技术搜索难度和匹配成本,加速创新链研发成果的市场渗透效率和跨界融合水平,实现其在产业链中的推广和应用。
(2)需求牵引的标准研制。需求牵引的标准研制指的是面向产业链的升级和发展需求开展技术标准研制工作,以引导创新链的技术补位。当前,我国创新链的基础研究成果转化和产业链的科学知识利用上存在着功能和结构两张皮的问题,“双链融合”面临“两个世界悖论”。例如,我国在芯片、根服务器、高端机床、重型燃气轮机等关键领域存在创新链落后于产业链的难题,表现为关键核心技术被“卡脖子”,从而制约了产业链的效能释放。而需求导向的标准研制对于克服这一难题具有显著意义。一方面,战略性新兴产业、未来产业及高端化、智能化产业升级存在着前瞻性、先进性和不确定性,既可能自发地形成主导设计和事实标准,也可能对制约产业发展和升级的技术创新数量、结构和集成提出了标准化需求。以此为基础,围绕产业关键共性技术开展应用带动导向的新技术标准研制,既可以对创新链的技术攻关起到需求引领作用,开展问题导向的基础研究,促进创新技术补位,还可以提升创新链的效能。具体来说,以技术标准为纽带展开系列技术创新活动,以模块化的形式强化互操作性,可以协调整合分散创新资源、匹配研发主体技术能力、打破时空割据带来的低协同效率。
另一方面,围绕产业发展需求开展的技术标准研发、制定、实施、应用和推广等活动使得技术开发的方向更加明确、技术产业化更有保障,可以吸引更多开发者加入这一技术路线。更多创新者的加入意味着更有可能引发关键性技术突破以及新兴技术和互补技术涌现,从而为未来产业和新兴产业的快速发展和市场化奠定技术基础,也为我国争占战略性新兴产业和未来产业的发展高地、提升创新体系话语权提供了新的可能。
(3)双向协同的标准桥接。技术标准除了可以促进创新链到产业链的技术转移、产业链到创新链的需求牵引之外,还可以作为沟通和协作的桥梁,推动创新链和产业链的双向协同。首先,在“双链融合”情境下,致力于畅通创新链和产业链关键堵点、难点的技术标准通常离不开创新主体和市场主体就需求描述、技术架构、规格参数、接口协议等达成一致性。也即,技术标准可以促进技术创新知识和产业工艺知识的供需匹配。其次,高质量技术标准研制既离不开原始创新的支撑,也离不开产业主体的应用和认可。一项关键性、基础性的技术标准,往往是产业间和科研界进行产学研协同的产物。最后,通常情况下,技术标准不是一家企业制定的,而是由多个行为主体共同合作。他们可能采取标准联盟的形式,加入标准制定组织。可见,技术标准可以促进技术研发的供需匹配、产学研协同和形成标准联盟,从而加强创新资源的高效配置和创新主体之间的高效协作,实现知识的整合和匹配。
无论是从创新链到产业链的标准扩散、从产业链到创新链的标准研制,还是双向协同的标准桥接,其本质都是充分发挥技术标准在“双链”行为主体协同、资源要素匹配、运行环节衔接方面的纽带作用(如图2所示),实现参与主体、创新要素和运行空间的跨组织跨层次融合。
(1)技术标准驱动创新链与产业链的参与主体动态耦合。从主体构成来看,技术标准的参与主体是创新链和产业链参与主体的交集,因而可以发挥主体耦合的作用。知识创新研发主体和产业创新应用主体分别是创新链和产业链的主要参与者。前者主要包括高校、科研院所、科技型领军企业等,后者则主要包括链主企业、上下游中小企业、专精特新小巨人、中介服务机构等。而技术标准的开发和制定主体主要包括高校、企业、行业协会、政府等,是“双链”主要参与者的交集。从耦合机理来看,技术标准的研制和应用是产业创新和技术创新主体共同发展的,在一些特定领域还离不开政府的牵头引导。换言之,技术标准可以促进构建以市场为导向、企业为核心、产学研深度融合的创新体系。技术标准研制鼓励科技型领军企业牵头组建创新联合体,瞄准共性难题和国家战略需求进行技术攻关;技术标准扩散则促进产业链上下游企业围绕创新链成果,面向市场需求展开应用导向的二次创新;技术标准还在研发决策、创新投入、成果转化和科研组织等方面发挥桥接作用,吸引离散创新主体向同一方向靠拢。
(2)技术标准驱动创新链与产业链的创新要素精准匹配。知识、技术、信息、资金、人才等是创新链和产业链的内隐构成要素,其流动和共享是“双链融合”的重要载体。当前,创新链与产业链的创新体系长期独立运行的双链结构易导致资源发生错配,创新管理难以衔接,协作研发和技术转移受阻。充分发挥技术标准的平台属性和中介桥梁作用,可以驱动“双链”的创新要素精准匹配与高效整合。首先,先进技术标准研制的预期网络效应将提升创新要素匹配的内生动力,促进不同维度的创新要素升级、新旧要素转换。其次,技术标准扩散改变了“双链”创新要素的配置方式和交换效率,通过编码性、通用性和兼容性缓解了信息不对称,使得创新要素能够根据“双链”融合特征和发展需求进行精准配置。最后,面向未来产业新兴产业的技术标准探索,释放了创新要素活力,缓解了要素流动阻碍和管理体制束缚,实现创新要素在更高水平上的供需平衡与流通活力。
(3)技术标准驱动创新链与产业链的运行空间衔接。运行空间衔接是指不同系统在空间维度相互作用的程度与性质,是参与主体耦合和创新要素匹配的落脚点。从知识流动来看,技术标准的开发和制定吸引异质创新主体的参与协同,如学术会议、组建研讨小组、开发联盟等。频繁的交流加速隐性知识传播和主体交流合作,从而提升技术创新方向和产业创新应用之间的一致性。从知识应用来看,高质量技术标准作为风向标,吸引区域内产业创新体系的参与和靠拢,强化知识应用实施载体的建设,为培育新产业环节、凝聚新产业结构、拔高技术发展层次、完善创新网络形成高技术源开放了更多可能。换言之,依托于产业集群、孵化器、联合实验室等空间载体,技术标准可以通过加快知识流动、促进知识应用从而强化主体间产业联系和知识信息共享、要素资源流动以及跨产业跨组织创新,显著提升创新链与产业链的协同。
以技术标准驱动“双链融合”的过程机理和功能实现方式为指导逻辑,基于创新链引领产业链、产业链支撑创新链、产业链创新链协同发展的分析路线,研究进一步凝练出基于战略性知识披露、专利池构建和衍生技术开发的多维实现路径,探索不同路径的价值动因要素和关键运行机制(见图3)。
战略性知识披露是指有选择的、主动的知识公开行为,对应的是技术导向的标准扩散这一过程。技术标准公布后,相关主体需要披露标准制定和实施过程中不可避免的必要专利。这促进了创新链主体的战略性知识披露行为,实现知识溢出效应、知识取回效应和知识创造效应来推动“双链”知识流动。首先,技术标准通过战略性知识披露推动知识溢出效应。标准必要专利公开行为就是将先进技术有选择地、主动地对外披露过的程。这既扩大了创新链研发成果的影响范围,使得产业链上下游企业可以自由访问技术标准的知识池,同时也能通过降低研发不确定性和提升创新成果产出可能性来吸引异质性互补技术加入知识池。
其次,技术标准通过战略性知识披露推动知识取回效应。知识取回效应即标准必要专利的拥有方通过观察学习、联合研发和重组利用等路径获得知识溢出的逆向收益。一方面,战略性知识披露能够增加技术拥有方观察学习的机会,即技术接收方对知识进行重组创新和二次开发的全过程;另一方面,战略性知识披露能够增加技术拥有方获得互补资产的机会。技术接收方对知识进行重组创新的同时也扩大了知识池,其对创新成果的产业化探索增加了关联度高、可行性强、应用场景明确的知识源。技术拥有方可以以较低的搜索难度和成本获得这些知识。
再次,技术标准通过战略性知识披露推动知识创造效应。关于技术标准的战略性知识披露能够统一技术规范和市场准则,协调后续参与者的研究方向和技术路线,促进行业有序发展[23]。与此同时,技术标准视角下的战略性知识披露推动知识元素通用化、编码化,形成共性知识,在引领产业技术发展方向的同时,推动了后续创新数量;而创新数量的累积扩大了用户安装基础,助力标准的网络效应形成,从而加速了创新链研究成果在产业层面上的经济效益获取。
基于专利池构建的技术标准驱动路径与需求导向的标准研制过程相对应,即基于产业链结构转型升级以及未来产业和新兴产业发展需要,通过技术标准化的顶层设计布局创新链的技术研发方向,构建技术标准导向的专利池,从而通过产业关键核心技术攻关带动“双链”在知识创新维度深度融合。首先,围绕技术标准的专利池构建能够提升“双链”的合作研发能力。从合作研发投入来看,自主标准研制往往意味着产业竞争的主动权和制高点,这显著刺激着创新主体参与度和资源投入度。从合作研发过程来看,专利池相互许可制度减少创新主体的学习成本、提升创新主体的研发速率。从合作研发产出来看,面向产业实践的技术标准专利池构建能够拓展技术应用场景和经济收益。产业需求导向的技术标准专利池的典型特征在于引导创新链研发紧跟市场需求,这增加了创新成果快速获得市场和商业化成功的可能性。其次,围绕技术标准的专利池构建能够加快“双链”的技术扩散和应用。专利池作为高级形态的战略联盟,能够为成员提供高效便捷的知识学习和共享平台,有效促进创新链与产业链之间的知识流动和技术转移。而专利池技术基于技术标准的网络效应和跨组织研发的良好社会声誉,其被采纳的速率和范围也会显著改善。
基于衍生技术开发的技术标准驱动路径对应着双向协同的标准桥接过程,是指产业链上下游企业围绕创新链的关键性、核心性、基础性和共性技术研发成果,通过生产工序承接和终端市场识别,独立发展和衍生出来的附属性技术和微创新活动[3]。衍生技术开发意味着创新链成果向产业链转移的无序向有序演化,主要表现为以下几种方式:(1)技术源头型衍生技术开发。围绕关键核心技术研制技术标准的立项、研发攻关和落地过程,必然经历技术路线选择、科学原理探索和配套技术开发环节。在不断迭代创新和持续试错中,周边衍生技术不断产生,形成了“沿途下蛋”乘数效应,构成技术源头型的衍生技术开发。(2)知识重组型衍生技术开发。经历技术标准化的创新链科技成果具备了通用性、平台性和兼容性等特征,这意味着大量知识流动和知识再创造的可能性。尤其是创新链研究成果与产业链现有节点碰撞产生新思路和新灵感,通过技术重构实现重组创新、集成创新和价值增值,进而推动衍生技术发展。(3)生产应用型衍生技术开发。基于市场终端机会识别的技术转移和组合创新可以推动产业链层面的生产应用型衍生技术开发。一方面,技术向商业化的跨越要求对核心技术进行市场导向的投入、扩散和渗透,以达到最终产品需求,这需要持续修正技术,以匹配现有生产工艺和生产流程;另一方面,出于构建配套技术、生产体系和取得规模效应的考虑,核心技术创造方有动力主动与产业主体进行深层次知识交流和资源共享,这将推动产业链上下游企业基于自身知识基础和市场需求开展二次创新,从而推动配套技术研发,完善技术生态构建。
研究直面创新链和产业链脱节、产业链供应链脱钩断链的重大现实困境,将技术标准作为创新链与产业链融合的关键解题思路,揭示技术标准与“双链融合”的交互演变关系。研究结论如下:首先,以技术标准和“双链融合”的内涵和外延为前提,提炼出技术导向的标准扩散、需求牵引的标准研制以及双向协同的标准桥接的过程机理;进一步从参与主体、创新要素和运行空间等维度,解析技术标准驱动“双链融合”的功能实现方式;最后,结合技术标准驱动“双链融合”的过程机理和功能实现,凝练出基于战略性知识披露、专利池构建和衍生技术开发的技术标准驱动多维实现路径,从知识流动视角深入分析其价值动因和作用机理。研究立足中国创新发展战略需求和本土实践经验,揭示技术标准驱动“双链融合”的内在规律、运行机制以及实现方式,从而为我国有效推动“双链融合”、高水平实现科技自立自强提供了新的思考方向,其理论意义和实践价值主要体现在:
首先,研究构建技术标准驱动“双链融合”的理论模型,探讨其融合机理和实现方式,有助于形成基于中国本土创新驱动发展实践的理论创新。随着全球产业链格局重塑和创新技术范式更迭,技术标准日益成为后发国家实现超越追赶的战略工具。研究基于“双链融合”的理论逻辑和复杂情境,回答技术标准“为何”以及“如何”有效驱动“双链融合”的关键问题。研究揭示技术标准驱动的作用机理及其实现路径,丰富了“双链融合”的过程机制研究。
其次,研究创新性地将技术标准引入“双链融合”的分析框架当中,拓展技术标准化战略研究的理论边界。“双链融合”的动态情境下,技术标准的技术元素和制度元素在不断变动,其政治属性和社会属性逐步涌现,从而扩大了技术标准的外沿。研究依据“双链融合”过程中主体耦合、要素匹配和空间衔接的堵点,结合技术标准的发展阶段和属性特征,剖析技术标准驱动“双链融合”的实现机理和作用机制,有助于拓展技术标准研究的理论边界。研究总结中国行动者的经验和智慧,还可为后发国家和新兴经济体的标准化战略研究提供借鉴。
最后,研究成果为推进技术标准驱动“双链融合”提供实践经验和政策启示。技术标准化战略和“双链融合”是我国创新驱动发展战略的重要内容。技术标准驱动“双链融合”是这两大重要国家战略的有机结合,也是中国突破技术封锁、实现科技自立自强、推进经济高质量发展的重要抓手。研究在剖析技术标准驱动“双链融合”的内在逻辑的基础上,从知识流动的角度提炼多维实现路径。研究理论成果可应用于企业和政府管理实践,为加快以技术标准驱动“双链融合”提供决策参考和政策建议。
由于篇幅和方法限制,研究尚存在不足之处。未来可以从以下方面开展研究:首先,聚焦技术标准如何破解创新成果向产业链转移的难题,围绕创新主体、研发环节和技术类型等方面完善创新链的组织模式、优化创新资源,以提高科技成果转化水平,推动创新驱动战略在产业链的纵深发展。其次,未来研究需要将产业先进技术发展方向及其所依赖的创新网络纳入技术标准驱动的考虑范畴,探索如何依托基于产业链需求的高质量技术标准研制,实现创新链研发方向聚焦和资源整合,以解决基础研究与应用研究不匹配、不一致的问题。再次,聚焦技术标准的双向协同作用,以案例研究的方式揭示技术标准如何搭建“双链”的协同平台、桥接“双链”的知识流动。最后,研究是对技术标准驱动“双链融合”的理论分析,未来可以新能源汽车行业等具体场景为落脚点,推动涌现情境化的理论发现。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(72404073)
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(24&ZD283)
  • 浙江省软科学一般项目(2024C35135)
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2026年第44卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
  • 修回日期:2024-12-25
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(72404073)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(24&ZD283)
浙江省软科学一般项目(2024C35135)
作者信息
    1 杭州电子科技大学管理学院, 浙江杭州 310018
    2 之江科技智库成果转化与新质生产力研究基地, 浙江杭州 310018
    3 中国计量大学经济与管理学院, 浙江杭州 310018
    4 杭州电子科技大学数据科学与智能决策实验中心, 浙江杭州 310018

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赖秀萍(1995-),女,讲师,博士, E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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