Article(id=1316695301247844793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732118400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-21, revisedDate=1741190400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791854222833, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791854222833, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791854222833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791854222833, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316695224617914963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791854204563, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791854713654, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316697359963239159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316697359963239160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=178, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316695301432394170, articleId=1316695301247844793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Implementation characteristics of fiscal science and technology policies and the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To smooth the channels for the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements and convert these achievements into real productive forces, the effective support of fiscal policies is required. The commercialization of scientific and technological achievements is characterized by large capital requirements, long commercialization cycles, complex property rights relations, and high commercialization risks. Market entities such as enterprises often find it difficult to independently bear the huge capital investment and risks involved in the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, which results in certain constraints on the commercialization of these achievements under the market mechanism. This requires the government to formulate specific fiscal and scientific and technological policies and establish a service platform that connects the supply and demand of technological elements for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. It should be noted that the effectiveness of fiscal and technological policies is not solely achieved by increasing financial investments. It also requires a systematic examination of the complex characteristics exhibited during the specific implementation of these policies, so that flexible policy formulation and implementation can effectively promote the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements.

From the perspective of policy implementation, this paper explores the implementation characteristics of policies from the aspects of implementation intensity, policy orientation, and policy stability, and further constructs a theoretical framework for analyzing the impact of fiscal science and technology policy implementation characteristics on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements. Moreover, it constructs a panel data sample covering 174 Chinese cities from 2017 to 2021, and empirically examines the effect of implementation characteristics of fiscal science and technology policies.

The research indicates that the government's strengthening of the implementation intensity of fiscal science and technology policies is conducive to promoting the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements. When the policy is highly targeted and the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements is taken as the goal of policy implementation, it helps promote the construction of services and realize the agglomeration of innovation resources, thus effectively promoting the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements. When the policy is relatively stable and provides a continuous and stable policy environment for market entities, it helps to enhance the expectations of market entities, and then promotes the commercialization of regional scientific and technological achievements more effectively.

The analysis of the effects based on different market conditions shows that when a region has a relatively strong foundation for scientific and technological innovation, strengthening the implementation of fiscal science and technology policies can promote the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements more significantly. When the regional technology market is more active and there is a sufficient demand for technological innovation and commercialization, the promoting effect of the implementation intensity of fiscal science and technology policies on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements will be more evident.

The research can provide theoretical support for an in-depth understanding of the implementation characteristics of fiscal science and technology policies and their effect on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements. Meanwhile, the research conclusions can provide important insights for the government to flexibly utilize fiscal science and technology policy tools and adjust the implementation approach based on policy objectives, thereby enhancing policy effectiveness.

, authors=Da-yong LIU1, 3, Yan LI1, 3, Meng-rou WANG1, 3, Qiu-yang HU2, authorsList=Da-yong LIU, Yan LI, Meng-rou WANG, Qiu-yang HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1316695302174785981, articleId=1316695301247844793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=财政科技政策实施特征与科技成果转化, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

畅通科技成果转化通道,将科技成果转化为现实生产力,离不开财政政策的有效支持和精准发力。基于政策实施视角,研究构建了财政科技政策实施特征影响地区科技成果转化的理论分析框架,并基于城市层面的样本数据实证考察了相应的作用效果。论证指出:政府增强财政科技政策实施力度有助于促进科技成果转化;当政策指向性较强,以科技成果转化为政策实施目标时,有助于推动成果转化相关的服务完善及创新资源集聚,从而有效促进科技成果转化;当政策稳定性较强,为市场主体提供持续稳定的政策环境时,有助于提升市场主体的预期,进而更加有效地促进科技成果转化。基于不同市场条件的作用分析表明,当地区科技创新基础较强时,提升财政科技政策实施力度可以更显著地促进科技成果转化;当地区技术市场活跃度较高,对技术创新和转化的需求较充分时,财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化的促进作用更明显。研究可以为深入理解财政科技政策的实施特征及其对科技成果转化的作用效果提供理论支持,并为政府制定和实施财政科技政策提供实践参考。

, authors=刘大勇1, 3, 李妍1, 3, 王孟柔1, 3, 胡秋阳2, authorsList=刘大勇, 李妍, 王孟柔, 胡秋阳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李妍, authorNote=

刘大勇(1986-),男,教授、博士生导师。

王孟柔(2000-),女,硕士。

胡秋阳(1969-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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李妍(1998-),女,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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刘大勇(1986-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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王孟柔(2000-),女,硕士。

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王孟柔(2000-),女,硕士。

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胡秋阳(1969-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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胡秋阳(1969-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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Measurement and description of variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 变量符号 变量测算方式
科技成果转化总量 allTransfer 城市当年发生转让的发明、实用新型和外观设计专利数量之和
发明类科技成果转化量 inventTransfer 城市当年发生转让的发明专利数量
财政科技政策实施力度 lnfiscalpolicy 城市当年财政科学技术支出中“技术研究与开发”支出加1取自然对数,其中“技术研究与开发”科目包括科技成果转化和扩散方面的财政支出(详见注释④)
财政科技政策指向性 policypointing 城市当年“技术研究与开发”支出占科学技术支出的比重
财政科技政策稳定性 policystability 城市在样本期内“技术研究与开发”支出的标准差
人口规模 population 城市当年的户籍人口数量
经济水平 lneconomy 城市当年的人均地区生产总值取对数
产业结构 structure 城市当年的第三产业占地区生产总值比重
对外开放水平 opening 城市当年的货物进出口总额占地区生产总值的比重
创新水平 lninnovation 城市当年的专利授权数量加1取自然对数
), ArticleFig(id=1316695309141524971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要变量及描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 变量符号 变量测算方式
科技成果转化总量 allTransfer 城市当年发生转让的发明、实用新型和外观设计专利数量之和
发明类科技成果转化量 inventTransfer 城市当年发生转让的发明专利数量
财政科技政策实施力度 lnfiscalpolicy 城市当年财政科学技术支出中“技术研究与开发”支出加1取自然对数,其中“技术研究与开发”科目包括科技成果转化和扩散方面的财政支出(详见注释④)
财政科技政策指向性 policypointing 城市当年“技术研究与开发”支出占科学技术支出的比重
财政科技政策稳定性 policystability 城市在样本期内“技术研究与开发”支出的标准差
人口规模 population 城市当年的户籍人口数量
经济水平 lneconomy 城市当年的人均地区生产总值取对数
产业结构 structure 城市当年的第三产业占地区生产总值比重
对外开放水平 opening 城市当年的货物进出口总额占地区生产总值的比重
创新水平 lninnovation 城市当年的专利授权数量加1取自然对数
), ArticleFig(id=1316695309208633836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics of variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 观测值 平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
被解释变量 allTransfer 870 1263.923 2940.954 1.000 34550.000
inventTransfer 870 688.517 1726.568 0.000 22508.000
核心解释变量 fiscalpolicy 851 30807.33 115936.9 0.000 1508000
lnfiscalpolicy 851 7.584 2.868 0.000 14.226
policypointing 855 0.295 0.256 -0.341 0.955
policystability 870 12558.992 31981.507 0.000 2.61e+05
控制变量 population 867 223.187 316.257 0.000 2542.000
lneconomy 817 11.216 0.524 9.814 15.675
structure 867 57.854 194.186 0.000 5755.000
opening 838 0.310 0.502 0.000 5.793
lninnovation 867 8.068 2.141 0.000 12.540
), ArticleFig(id=1316695309284131309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要变量的描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 观测值 平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
被解释变量 allTransfer 870 1263.923 2940.954 1.000 34550.000
inventTransfer 870 688.517 1726.568 0.000 22508.000
核心解释变量 fiscalpolicy 851 30807.33 115936.9 0.000 1508000
lnfiscalpolicy 851 7.584 2.868 0.000 14.226
policypointing 855 0.295 0.256 -0.341 0.955
policystability 870 12558.992 31981.507 0.000 2.61e+05
控制变量 population 867 223.187 316.257 0.000 2542.000
lneconomy 817 11.216 0.524 9.814 15.675
structure 867 57.854 194.186 0.000 5755.000
opening 838 0.310 0.502 0.000 5.793
lninnovation 867 8.068 2.141 0.000 12.540
), ArticleFig(id=1316695309372211694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The impact of the implementation intensity of fiscal science and technology policies on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer
lnfiscalpolicy 0.0255** 0.0188* 0.0221*** 0.0203***
(0.0114) (0.0099) (0.0079) (0.0072)
population 0.0003*** 0.0002***
(0.0001) (0.0001)
economy 0.1418 0.1475
(0.0955) (0.1192)
structure -0.0000 -0.0000
(0.0049) (0.0039)
opening -0.0320 0.0091
(0.0680) (0.0907)
lninnovation 0.0514 0.0210
(0.0511) (0.0273)
constant 1.7716*** -0.1989 1.7562*** -0.1236
(0.1386) (1.2155) (0.1156) (1.4290)
N 851 797 851 797
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695309498040815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer
lnfiscalpolicy 0.0255** 0.0188* 0.0221*** 0.0203***
(0.0114) (0.0099) (0.0079) (0.0072)
population 0.0003*** 0.0002***
(0.0001) (0.0001)
economy 0.1418 0.1475
(0.0955) (0.1192)
structure -0.0000 -0.0000
(0.0049) (0.0039)
opening -0.0320 0.0091
(0.0680) (0.0907)
lninnovation 0.0514 0.0210
(0.0511) (0.0273)
constant 1.7716*** -0.1989 1.7562*** -0.1236
(0.1386) (1.2155) (0.1156) (1.4290)
N 851 797 851 797
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695309674201584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Robustness test I: Replace core explanatory variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer allTransfer inventTransfer
TechInput 0.0788*** 0.0756**
(0.0300) (0.0307)
lnx_RD 0.1046 0.1881**
(0.0798) (0.0908)
population 0.0002*** 0.0001* 0.0002*** 0.0002
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001)
economy 0.1260 0.1304 0.1219 0.1212
(0.0880) (0.1146) (0.1133) (0.1396)
structure -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
(0.0045) (0.0037) (0.0053) (0.0041)
opening -0.0342 0.0099 -0.0304 0.0058
(0.0685) (0.0891) (0.0840) (0.0784)
lninnovation 0.0459 0.0178 0.0536* 0.0216
(0.0439) (0.0239) (0.0300) (0.0196)
constant -0.5553 -0.4428 -1.2592 -2.1894
(1.0876) (1.2659) (1.4979) (1.7157)
N 807 807 815 815
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695309971997169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

稳健性检验Ⅰ:替换核心解释变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer allTransfer inventTransfer
TechInput 0.0788*** 0.0756**
(0.0300) (0.0307)
lnx_RD 0.1046 0.1881**
(0.0798) (0.0908)
population 0.0002*** 0.0001* 0.0002*** 0.0002
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001)
economy 0.1260 0.1304 0.1219 0.1212
(0.0880) (0.1146) (0.1133) (0.1396)
structure -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
(0.0045) (0.0037) (0.0053) (0.0041)
opening -0.0342 0.0099 -0.0304 0.0058
(0.0685) (0.0891) (0.0840) (0.0784)
lninnovation 0.0459 0.0178 0.0536* 0.0216
(0.0439) (0.0239) (0.0300) (0.0196)
constant -0.5553 -0.4428 -1.2592 -2.1894
(1.0876) (1.2659) (1.4979) (1.7157)
N 807 807 815 815
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695310076854771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Robustness test Ⅱ: Replace the econometric regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
OLS回归 零膨胀负二项回归
allTransfer inventTransfer allTransfer inventTransfer
lnfiscalpolicy 0.0084 0.0200* 0.1212*** 0.1278***
(0.0107) (0.0106) (0.0199) (0.0217)
population 0.0000 0.0001 0.0020*** 0.0023***
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0004) (0.0005)
economy 0.0675 0.0693 0.1908*** 0.1224***
(0.0524) (0.0708) (0.0252) (0.0264)
structure -0.0000*** -0.0000* 0.0000 0.0001
(0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0001)
opening -0.1544* -0.0672 0.7474*** 0.8031***
(0.0799) (0.0792) (0.2144) (0.2294)
lninnovation 0.0052 -0.0145 0.2822*** 0.2769***
(0.0099) (0.0141) (0.0357) (0.0369)
constant 4.3747*** 3.5553***
(0.6236) (0.8071)
inflateconstant -34.7500*** -34.7500***
(0.0776) (0.0776)
/lnalpha -0.2844*** -0.0611
(0.0762) (0.0691)
N 800 800 800 800
R2 0.493 0.489
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695310416593397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

稳健性检验Ⅱ:替换计量回归模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
OLS回归 零膨胀负二项回归
allTransfer inventTransfer allTransfer inventTransfer
lnfiscalpolicy 0.0084 0.0200* 0.1212*** 0.1278***
(0.0107) (0.0106) (0.0199) (0.0217)
population 0.0000 0.0001 0.0020*** 0.0023***
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0004) (0.0005)
economy 0.0675 0.0693 0.1908*** 0.1224***
(0.0524) (0.0708) (0.0252) (0.0264)
structure -0.0000*** -0.0000* 0.0000 0.0001
(0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0001)
opening -0.1544* -0.0672 0.7474*** 0.8031***
(0.0799) (0.0792) (0.2144) (0.2294)
lninnovation 0.0052 -0.0145 0.2822*** 0.2769***
(0.0099) (0.0141) (0.0357) (0.0369)
constant 4.3747*** 3.5553***
(0.6236) (0.8071)
inflateconstant -34.7500*** -34.7500***
(0.0776) (0.0776)
/lnalpha -0.2844*** -0.0611
(0.0762) (0.0691)
N 800 800 800 800
R2 0.493 0.489
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695310529839607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Impact of fiscal science and technology policies orientation on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer
policypointing 0.1181 0.1334* 0.1240* 0.1516**
(0.0805) (0.0711) (0.0695) (0.0656)
population 0.0003*** 0.0002***
(0.0001) (0.0001)
economy 0.1434 0.1491
(0.0973) (0.1191)
structure -0.0000 -0.0000
(0.0051) (0.0040)
opening -0.0258 0.0164
(0.0583) (0.0839)
lninnovation 0.0553 0.0222
(0.0545) (0.0287)
constant 1.9223*** -0.1468 1.8942*** -0.0410
(0.1096) (1.2690) (0.1033) (1.4470)
N 855 800 855 800
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695310836023800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

财政科技政策指向性对科技成果转化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer
policypointing 0.1181 0.1334* 0.1240* 0.1516**
(0.0805) (0.0711) (0.0695) (0.0656)
population 0.0003*** 0.0002***
(0.0001) (0.0001)
economy 0.1434 0.1491
(0.0973) (0.1191)
structure -0.0000 -0.0000
(0.0051) (0.0040)
opening -0.0258 0.0164
(0.0583) (0.0839)
lninnovation 0.0553 0.0222
(0.0545) (0.0287)
constant 1.9223*** -0.1468 1.8942*** -0.0410
(0.1096) (1.2690) (0.1033) (1.4470)
N 855 800 855 800
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695310957658617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The impact of the stability of fiscal technology policies on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
allTransfer inventTransfer
财政科技政策
不稳定城市样本
财政科技政策
较稳定城市样本
财政科技政策
不稳定城市样本
财政科技政策
较稳定城市样本
lnfiscalpolicy 0.0140 0.0119 0.0221* 0.0256 0.0113 0.0101 0.0257** 0.0328**
(0.0141) (0.0134) (0.0120) (0.0172) (0.0137) (0.0127) (0.0131) (0.0155)
population 0.0002** 0.0001 0.0001 0.0008
(0.0001) (0.0005) (0.0001) (0.0005)
economy 0.3291* 0.0786 0.3020* 0.1080
(0.1718) (0.1000) (0.1775) (0.1358)
structure -0.0000 0.0108* -0.0000 0.0080
(0.0062) (0.0058) (0.0058) (0.0080)
opening 0.0165 -0.4074* 0.0522 -0.2864
(0.0696) (0.2305) (0.0789) (0.2880)
lninnovation 0.0408 0.0297 0.0246 -0.0072
(0.0583) (0.0561) (0.0270) (0.0554)
constant 2.1802*** -1.9576 1.5343*** -0.0416 2.0339*** -1.6769 1.5199*** -0.1406
(0.2264) (2.0790) (0.1319) (1.2488) (0.2020) (2.0717) (0.1584) (1.5530)
N 427 398 424 399 427 398 424 399
city fe yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695311263842810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

财政科技政策稳定性对科技成果转化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
allTransfer inventTransfer
财政科技政策
不稳定城市样本
财政科技政策
较稳定城市样本
财政科技政策
不稳定城市样本
财政科技政策
较稳定城市样本
lnfiscalpolicy 0.0140 0.0119 0.0221* 0.0256 0.0113 0.0101 0.0257** 0.0328**
(0.0141) (0.0134) (0.0120) (0.0172) (0.0137) (0.0127) (0.0131) (0.0155)
population 0.0002** 0.0001 0.0001 0.0008
(0.0001) (0.0005) (0.0001) (0.0005)
economy 0.3291* 0.0786 0.3020* 0.1080
(0.1718) (0.1000) (0.1775) (0.1358)
structure -0.0000 0.0108* -0.0000 0.0080
(0.0062) (0.0058) (0.0058) (0.0080)
opening 0.0165 -0.4074* 0.0522 -0.2864
(0.0696) (0.2305) (0.0789) (0.2880)
lninnovation 0.0408 0.0297 0.0246 -0.0072
(0.0583) (0.0561) (0.0270) (0.0554)
constant 2.1802*** -1.9576 1.5343*** -0.0416 2.0339*** -1.6769 1.5199*** -0.1406
(0.2264) (2.0790) (0.1319) (1.2488) (0.2020) (2.0717) (0.1584) (1.5530)
N 427 398 424 399 427 398 424 399
city fe yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695312916398588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Threshold effect test results of regional science and technology innovation foundation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 门槛变量 模型 F值 P值 10%临界值 5%临界值 1%临界值
科技成果转化总量 地区科技创新基础 单一门槛 191.32 0.0000 25.6496 33.9361 49.2718
双重门槛 40.42 0.0867 27.7617 160.0841 874.2106
三重门槛 5.69 0.8633 35.3293 44.5423 86.3880
发明类科技成果转化量 单一门槛 164.50 0.0000 26.5132 36.5421 55.5427
双重门槛 33.82 0.1400 59.3772 210.8847 869.2414
三重门槛 11.35 0.6133 45.0515 63.3720 94.9067
), ArticleFig(id=1316695313054810621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

地区科技创新基础的门槛效应检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 门槛变量 模型 F值 P值 10%临界值 5%临界值 1%临界值
科技成果转化总量 地区科技创新基础 单一门槛 191.32 0.0000 25.6496 33.9361 49.2718
双重门槛 40.42 0.0867 27.7617 160.0841 874.2106
三重门槛 5.69 0.8633 35.3293 44.5423 86.3880
发明类科技成果转化量 单一门槛 164.50 0.0000 26.5132 36.5421 55.5427
双重门槛 33.82 0.1400 59.3772 210.8847 869.2414
三重门槛 11.35 0.6133 45.0515 63.3720 94.9067
), ArticleFig(id=1316695313168056830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Estimated threshold values and confidence intervals for regional technological innovation foundation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 门槛值 估计值 95%置信区间下界 95%置信区间上界
科技成果转化总量 第一门槛值 106948 100587 122520
第二门槛值 60702 59108 61568
发明类科技成果转化量 第一门槛值 106948 100587 122520
), ArticleFig(id=1316695313277108735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

地区科技创新基础的门槛估计值及其置信区间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释变量 门槛值 估计值 95%置信区间下界 95%置信区间上界
科技成果转化总量 第一门槛值 106948 100587 122520
第二门槛值 60702 59108 61568
发明类科技成果转化量 第一门槛值 106948 100587 122520
), ArticleFig(id=1316695313352606208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

The regression results of the threshold effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer
双重门槛 单一门槛
h1(innovation≤60702) -9.448 -8.958
(-0.32) (-0.30)
h2(60702<innovation≤106948) 143.212*** 132.579***
(3.79) (3.51)
h3(innovation>106948) 573.756*** 527.701***
(12.17) (10.94)
d1(innovation≤106948) -4.230 -6.067
(-0.21) (-0.30)
d2(innovation>106948) 279.626*** 245.093***
(9.49) (8.30)
economy 4.193 1.568
(0.02) (0.01)
structure 0.092 0.121
(0.51) (0.97)
opening 90.135 153.390
(0.52) (1.30)
population 1.806*** 1.548***
(4.27) (5.36)
Constant 1,074.939*** 645.099 553.101*** 215.322
(4.39) (0.33) (3.26) (0.16)
N 665 665 665 665
R2 0.396 0.417 0.331 0.370
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
Number of city 133 133 133 133
), ArticleFig(id=1316695313436492289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

门槛效应回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer
双重门槛 单一门槛
h1(innovation≤60702) -9.448 -8.958
(-0.32) (-0.30)
h2(60702<innovation≤106948) 143.212*** 132.579***
(3.79) (3.51)
h3(innovation>106948) 573.756*** 527.701***
(12.17) (10.94)
d1(innovation≤106948) -4.230 -6.067
(-0.21) (-0.30)
d2(innovation>106948) 279.626*** 245.093***
(9.49) (8.30)
economy 4.193 1.568
(0.02) (0.01)
structure 0.092 0.121
(0.51) (0.97)
opening 90.135 153.390
(0.52) (1.30)
population 1.806*** 1.548***
(4.27) (5.36)
Constant 1,074.939*** 645.099 553.101*** 215.322
(4.39) (0.33) (3.26) (0.16)
N 665 665 665 665
R2 0.396 0.417 0.331 0.370
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
Number of city 133 133 133 133
), ArticleFig(id=1316695313751065090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

The impact of regional technology market demand on the effect of the implementation intensity of fiscal science and technology policies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer
技术市场需求
较充分
技术市场需求
不充分
技术市场需求
较充分
技术市场需求
不充分
lnfiscalpolicy 0.0497*** 0.0024 0.0399* 0.0118
(0.0169) (0.0134) (0.0206) (0.0114)
economy 0.1023 0.3723*** 0.1393 0.3756***
(0.2123) (0.1165) (0.2888) (0.1301)
lninnovation 0.0405 0.0344 0.0308 0.0126
(0.1153) (0.0248) (0.1090) (0.0185)
population 0.0001 0.0006*** 0.0001 0.0003
(0.0001) (0.0002) (0.0001) (0.0002)
structure 0.0099 0.0090* 0.0032 0.0074
(0.0089) (0.0046) (0.0092) (0.0056)
opening -0.0599 -0.0325 0.0283 -0.0438
(0.3197) (0.0574) (0.3884) (0.0955)
constant -0.5610 -2.8179** -0.6580 -2.6452
(2.2750) (1.3275) (2.9847) (1.6274)
N 233 516 233 516
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
), ArticleFig(id=1316695313822368259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695301247844793, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

地区技术市场需求对财政科技政策实施力度作用效果的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
allTransfer inventTransfer
技术市场需求
较充分
技术市场需求
不充分
技术市场需求
较充分
技术市场需求
不充分
lnfiscalpolicy 0.0497*** 0.0024 0.0399* 0.0118
(0.0169) (0.0134) (0.0206) (0.0114)
economy 0.1023 0.3723*** 0.1393 0.3756***
(0.2123) (0.1165) (0.2888) (0.1301)
lninnovation 0.0405 0.0344 0.0308 0.0126
(0.1153) (0.0248) (0.1090) (0.0185)
population 0.0001 0.0006*** 0.0001 0.0003
(0.0001) (0.0002) (0.0001) (0.0002)
structure 0.0099 0.0090* 0.0032 0.0074
(0.0089) (0.0046) (0.0092) (0.0056)
opening -0.0599 -0.0325 0.0283 -0.0438
(0.3197) (0.0574) (0.3884) (0.0955)
constant -0.5610 -2.8179** -0.6580 -2.6452
(2.2750) (1.3275) (2.9847) (1.6274)
N 233 516 233 516
city fe yes yes yes yes
year fe yes yes yes yes
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财政科技政策实施特征与科技成果转化
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刘大勇 1, 3 , 李妍 1, 3 , 王孟柔 1, 3 , 胡秋阳 2
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(1): 178-193
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (1) : 178 -193
财政科技政策实施特征与科技成果转化
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刘大勇1, 3, 李妍1, 3 , 王孟柔1, 3, 胡秋阳2
作者信息
  • 1 天津大学管理与经济学部, 天津 300072
  • 2 南开大学经济学院, 天津 300071
  • 3 国家知识产权战略实施(天津大学)研究基地, 天津 300072
通讯作者:
李妍(1998-),女,博士研究生, E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘大勇(1986-),男,教授、博士生导师。

王孟柔(2000-),女,硕士。

胡秋阳(1969-),男,教授、博士生导师。

Implementation characteristics of fiscal science and technology policies and the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements
Da-yong LIU1, 3, Yan LI1, 3 , Meng-rou WANG1, 3, Qiu-yang HU2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2 School of Economics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  • 3 Research Center for National Intellectual Property Strategy Implementation of Tianjin University, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15
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畅通科技成果转化通道,将科技成果转化为现实生产力,离不开财政政策的有效支持和精准发力。基于政策实施视角,研究构建了财政科技政策实施特征影响地区科技成果转化的理论分析框架,并基于城市层面的样本数据实证考察了相应的作用效果。论证指出:政府增强财政科技政策实施力度有助于促进科技成果转化;当政策指向性较强,以科技成果转化为政策实施目标时,有助于推动成果转化相关的服务完善及创新资源集聚,从而有效促进科技成果转化;当政策稳定性较强,为市场主体提供持续稳定的政策环境时,有助于提升市场主体的预期,进而更加有效地促进科技成果转化。基于不同市场条件的作用分析表明,当地区科技创新基础较强时,提升财政科技政策实施力度可以更显著地促进科技成果转化;当地区技术市场活跃度较高,对技术创新和转化的需求较充分时,财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化的促进作用更明显。研究可以为深入理解财政科技政策的实施特征及其对科技成果转化的作用效果提供理论支持,并为政府制定和实施财政科技政策提供实践参考。

财政科技政策  /  政策实施特征  /  科技成果转化  /  政策指向性  /  政策稳定性

To smooth the channels for the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements and convert these achievements into real productive forces, the effective support of fiscal policies is required. The commercialization of scientific and technological achievements is characterized by large capital requirements, long commercialization cycles, complex property rights relations, and high commercialization risks. Market entities such as enterprises often find it difficult to independently bear the huge capital investment and risks involved in the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, which results in certain constraints on the commercialization of these achievements under the market mechanism. This requires the government to formulate specific fiscal and scientific and technological policies and establish a service platform that connects the supply and demand of technological elements for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. It should be noted that the effectiveness of fiscal and technological policies is not solely achieved by increasing financial investments. It also requires a systematic examination of the complex characteristics exhibited during the specific implementation of these policies, so that flexible policy formulation and implementation can effectively promote the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements.

From the perspective of policy implementation, this paper explores the implementation characteristics of policies from the aspects of implementation intensity, policy orientation, and policy stability, and further constructs a theoretical framework for analyzing the impact of fiscal science and technology policy implementation characteristics on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements. Moreover, it constructs a panel data sample covering 174 Chinese cities from 2017 to 2021, and empirically examines the effect of implementation characteristics of fiscal science and technology policies.

The research indicates that the government's strengthening of the implementation intensity of fiscal science and technology policies is conducive to promoting the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements. When the policy is highly targeted and the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements is taken as the goal of policy implementation, it helps promote the construction of services and realize the agglomeration of innovation resources, thus effectively promoting the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements. When the policy is relatively stable and provides a continuous and stable policy environment for market entities, it helps to enhance the expectations of market entities, and then promotes the commercialization of regional scientific and technological achievements more effectively.

The analysis of the effects based on different market conditions shows that when a region has a relatively strong foundation for scientific and technological innovation, strengthening the implementation of fiscal science and technology policies can promote the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements more significantly. When the regional technology market is more active and there is a sufficient demand for technological innovation and commercialization, the promoting effect of the implementation intensity of fiscal science and technology policies on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements will be more evident.

The research can provide theoretical support for an in-depth understanding of the implementation characteristics of fiscal science and technology policies and their effect on the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements. Meanwhile, the research conclusions can provide important insights for the government to flexibly utilize fiscal science and technology policy tools and adjust the implementation approach based on policy objectives, thereby enhancing policy effectiveness.

fiscal science and technology policies  /  characteristics of policy implementation  /  commercialization of scientific and technological achievements  /  policy orientation  /  policy stability
刘大勇, 李妍, 王孟柔, 胡秋阳. 财政科技政策实施特征与科技成果转化. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (1) : 178 -193 .
Da-yong LIU, Yan LI, Meng-rou WANG, Qiu-yang HU. Implementation characteristics of fiscal science and technology policies and the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (1) : 178 -193 .
当前我国科技成果转化面临转化机制不畅通、转化效率低等问题,亟需形成健全高效的市场运行机制。近年来,政府部门持续深化财政科技经费分配使用机制改革,提升财政科技投入效能。财政科技政策工具的统筹运用,有助于打通科技成果转化的堵点,引导和支持科技成果实现高效、顺畅转化。值得注意的是,财政科技政策作用效果的发挥并非仅通过增加财政资金支持来实现,还需要系统考察政策在实施过程中的复杂特征,从而通过灵活的政策制定和实施有效促进科技成果转化。科技成果转化过程涵盖试验、开发、应用和推广等环节,具有资金需求大、转化周期长、产权关系复杂和转化风险高等显著特征[1,2]。因此,企业往往难以独自承担科技成果转化全周期中所需的巨大资金投入和面临的风险挑战,这需要政府制定专门的财政科技政策,为科技成果转化搭建技术要素供需连接的服务平台[3],并且,只有政策具有指向明确、力度充分且持续稳定的实施特征,才能发挥出应有的效果。
既有研究主要讨论了一般性的财政科技政策在科技成果转化方面的效果,认为政府财政科技支出、研发税收减免和研发补贴等政策有助于促进科技成果转化[4,5],以及不同类型的政策组合方式所发挥的协同效应有所不同[6-8]。不过,对于前述专门以科技成果转化为目标的财政科技政策实施效果,尚未有研究深入讨论。并且,既有研究的政策分析视角缺乏对政策实施特征层面的关注。
本文的研究工作主要包括三个方面。首先,本文收集整理了政府专门为科技成果转化活动提供支持的财政支出数据,据此,对专门以科技成果转化为目标的财政科技政策实施效果进行了系统评估。其次,从政策实施力度、政策指向性和政策稳定性等维度探讨了政策的实施特征及其对科技成果转化的影响,并进一步基于地区科技创新基础和技术市场需求等不同市场条件进行深入分析。最后,本文针对财政科技政策的制定和实施提出政策建议,为政府灵活运用财政科技政策工具,基于政策目标调整政策实施策略从而提升政策效果提供重要借鉴。
科技成果转化的关键在于畅通科技成果研发创造与转化应用之间的通道,确保技术供给和技术需求之间的有效连接[9]。研究发现,具有较强市场导向的技术创新成果可以满足市场实际需要,因而更容易实现其市场价值[10]。需要注意的是,技术一旦形成其投入成本具有不可逆性,因此技术在研发时必须面向特定的市场需求,从源头提高科技成果质量,否则会导致创新链和产业链之间的脱节,技术难以变现。此外,科技成果与市场需求的对接和交易过程中存在显著的信息不对称问题,由此导致科技成果难以实现有效转化,造成大量科技资源的浪费。
基于上述科技成果转化过程面临的诸多困难,政府可以通过优化财政科技政策的实施策略,推动科技成果的创造和转化。特别是对于专门针对科技成果转化活动实施的财政科技政策,其具有目标导向明确、响应机制灵活和资源配置精准等特点,可以有效支持地区的科技活动[11,12]。这类政策的实施有助于建立以需求为导向的科技成果创造和转化机制。这是因为,上述财政资金投入可能主要用于完善科技成果转化相关的基础设施及市场配套服务体系建设,为更大市场范围的技术供需主体创建交流合作场景及信息传递机制,缓解科技成果转化过程中的信息不对称以及“技术定价难题”[1],极大降低技术交易成本,从而为市场创新主体的广泛合作培植了基础土壤,有效促进科技成果转化。并且,伴随更多科技成果得到转化,企业等科技创新主体对科技成果价值实现建立更加稳定的预期,不断增强研发意愿和扩大研发投入,进而产生循环累积的正向反馈。由此,有效的财政科技政策在助推科技成果转化的过程中,也可能产生“乘数”作用。基于上述分析,本文提出研究假设1。
H1:以科技成果转化为目标的财政科技政策的实施,有助于促进科技成果转化;并且,政策的实施力度越大,对科技成果转化的促进作用越强。
政府的财政科技支出涵盖基础研究、应用研究、技术研究与开发等多个方面的资金投入。从优化资源配置的角度,考虑到地方政府可支配的财政资金有限,其在实施财政科技政策时,不仅要关注政策的实施力度,还要注重增强政策对科技成果转化活动的指向性,从而提高财政资金的使用效率[13,14]。当财政科技政策的指向性较强时,政府会将财政资金精准投入到科技成果转化所需的核心支撑体系建设。例如,为企业、高校和科研机构的产学研合作项目提供资金支持,降低技术研发与市场应用之间的衔接成本;扶持技术转移机构开展技术评估、产权交易等专业化服务,构建市场化服务生态;设立专项基金培养能够服务于科技成果转化的技术经理人等专业人才,强化转化链条的人力资本支撑。通过上述方式,财政科技政策能够有效引导技术、资本和人才等创新要素向转化环节集聚,从而实现科技成果的市场化应用。据此,本文提出研究假设2。
H2:财政科技政策对科技成果转化活动的指向性越强,政策实施的促进作用越强。
从市场的角度,稳定的政策能够为企业等科技创新主体提供一个可预期的外部环境[15],降低市场主体开展经济活动的不确定性[16]。稳定的财政科技政策有助于保障财政科技资金的持续投入,避免由于政策频繁变动造成资源浪费。此时市场主体能够更好地预测未来的市场环境,其将会更有信心进行长期投资和研发活动[17],有意愿投入更多创新资源用于技术研发和创新项目[18]。同时,在稳定的政策环境下,地区间、行业间的交流合作将更加稳定频繁,有助于市场主体建立广泛的交易合作,从而实现合作创新、资源共享。相反,当政策变动频繁时,由于市场主体难以准确预判政府政策的出台、执行和变动,政策实施过程缺乏透明度,信息不对称将会导致市场主体面临的系统性风险提高,降低市场主体对科技成果转化效果的预期[19],不利于地区科技成果转化活动的持续开展。基于上述分析,本文提出研究假设3。
H3:财政科技政策越稳定,对科技成果转化的促进作用越强。
地区的科技创新基础是指一个地区在科技创新方面所具备的核心要素和条件[20],包括高水平科研机构、高素质科研人才、完善的基础设施建设和充足的资金支持等。科技创新基础强意味着地区拥有的科技成果规模大,可供转化的成果多,此时财政科技政策的实施可以有效促进存量科技成果的转化,因此地区的科技创新基础可以影响政策的实施效果[21]。此外,科技创新成果通常以专利技术的形式存在,地区的科技创新基础强可以反映出地区对创新成果的知识产权保护力度较大,当地的企业等科技创新主体在技术研发方面的能力和积极性较高[22],对于科技成果转化的需求也更强,因而财政科技政策的实施可以发挥更显著的作用效果。基于上述分析,本文提出研究假设4。
H4:当地区的科技创新基础较强时,财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化的促进作用更显著。
科技成果转化是技术市场发展的重要内容[23]。技术市场环境较活跃的地区具备更充分的技术市场需求,活跃的市场环境能够促进信息的快速流通,使得科技成果的价值和应用潜力更易被识别,降低信息搜寻成本[24],进而有效实现科技成果与市场需求的匹配对接[25]。同时,在技术市场需求较为充分的地区,企业、科研机构等市场主体之间会产生更加频繁的技术知识交流合作[26],能够形成更紧密的技术合作网络,推动科技成果的有效应用与转化。此外,技术市场需求较为充分意味着市场竞争更加激烈,这将会促使企业持续开展科技创新活动以保持自身竞争优势,从而加快推动地区的科技成果创造和转化应用。基于上述分析,本文提出研究假设5。
H5:当地区的技术市场需求较为充分时,财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化的促进作用更显著。
基于上述理论分析,本文构建了财政科技政策实施特征影响科技成果转化的理论分析框架(如图1所示)。
在2016年财政部发布的《地方预决算公开操作规程》一文中,规定政府需要向社会公开政府预决算①(① 参见“关于印发《地方预决算公开操作规程》的通知”,中华人民共和国财政部,2016年10月27日发布,网址为 http://yss.mof.gov.cn/zhengceguizhang/201611/t20161121_2462995.htm。),即从2017年开始,各级政府官方网站可以下载各地区政府财政报告。
根据各城市的信息公开情况,本文逐一在各城市政府网站上查找并下载“政府法定主动公开”栏目披露的财政预决算文件,检索并收集整理了174个城市一般公共预算支出中“科学技术支出”各明细科目的决算数据。由于政府财政预决算文件的发布时间具有一定滞后性,因此本文最终构建了2017-2021年间174个城市的面板数据。
同时,基于IncoPat全球专利数据库追踪观测并汇总了各城市的专利转化信息,计算得到每个城市的专利转化数量。控制变量数据来自各城市统计年鉴。
(1)被解释变量
本文的被解释变量为城市的“科技成果转化总量”和“发明类科技成果转化量”,分别采用城市的“专利转让总量”和“发明专利转让量”两个指标来衡量。
根据《中华人民共和国促进科技成果转化法》,科技成果转化是指为提高生产力水平而对科技成果所进行的后续试验、开发、应用、推广直至形成新技术、新工艺、新材料、新产品,发展新产业等活动②(② 参见《中华人民共和国促进科技成果转化法》,中国政府网,2015年8月30日发布,网址为 https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-08/30/content_2922111.htm。)。2024年4月,《科技部办公厅 财政部办公厅关于开展2023年度科技成果转化年度报告工作的通知》中明确将科技成果转化的统计范畴界定为“科技成果以转让、许可和作价投资方式实施转化”③(③ 参见《科技部办公厅财政部办公厅关于开展2023年度科技成果转化年度报告工作的通知》中附件材料《研究开发机构、高等院校填报科技成果转化年度报告的要求》,中华人民共和国科学技术部,2024年4月8日发布,网址为 https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/qtwj/qtwj2024/202404/t20240408_190157.html。)。因此,专利技术通过所有权转移的方式进行转让,是科技成果转化的重要形式。既有理论研究也采用了专利转让量、技术转让合同数等指标对科技成果转化进行刻画[27,28]。基于此,本文选取城市的专利转让数据来衡量当地的科技成果转化水平。
(2)核心解释变量
本文的核心解释变量为城市财政科技政策实施力度,具体采用城市财政科学技术支出中“技术研究与开发”支出加1取自然对数来衡量,该变量取值越大,表示城市财政科技政策的实施力度越强。
需要指出的是,本文所探讨的财政科技政策聚焦为财政科技支出政策,是指政府部门为支持科技活动而直接提供财政资金支持的政策,具体表现为政府财政预算支出中的“科学技术支出”科目,该科目涵盖10类具体支出类别,包括技术研究与开发、科学技术管理事务、基础研究、应用研究、科技条件与服务、社会科学、科学技术普及等。其中,“技术研究与开发”科目主要包括政府在科技成果转化与扩散等方面的财政支出④(④ “技术研究与开发”支出科目包含的“科技成果转化与扩散”是指反映促进科技成果转化为现实生产力的应用、推广和引导性支出,以及基本建设支出中用于支持企业科技自主创新的支出。科目具体含义参见《2022年政府收支分类科目》,中华人民共和国财政部,2021年10月18日发布,网址为 http://yss.mof.gov.cn/xiazaizhongxin/202110/t20211018_3758905.htm。),该项支出直接为科技成果转化提供财政资金支持,因此能够较为充分地反映出城市财政科技政策的实施力度。
本文进一步构建了城市财政科技政策指向性变量,用于衡量城市财政科技政策针对科技成果转化实施的程度,具体采用“技术研究与开发”支出占科学技术支出的比重来衡量,该变量取值越大,表示该城市的财政科技政策越偏向于科技成果转化方面的财政资金支出。同时,构建了城市财政科技政策稳定性变量,采用样本期内每个城市“技术研究与开发”支出的标准差来衡量,该变量取值越大,表示该城市的财政科技政策稳定性越低。
(3)控制变量
城市的科技成果转化水平可能受到经济发展水平等多方面因素的影响。本文选取一系列控制变量对相关因素进行控制,具体包括城市的人口规模、经济水平、产业结构、对外开放水平和创新水平。①人口规模,采用城市户籍人口数量衡量。②经济水平,采用人均地区生产总值的对数来衡量。③产业结构,采用城市第三产业占地区生产总值的比重衡量。④对外开放水平,采用城市的货物进出口总额占地区生产总值的比重衡量。⑤创新水平,采用城市专利授权数量加1取自然对数衡量。
(1)财政科技政策实施特征影响科技成果转化的计量模型
本文的被解释变量为离散型变量,故采用计数模型进行回归估计。由于被解释变量的方差明显大于均值,不满足泊松回归模型的假设,因此本文构建双固定效应面板负二项回归模型,检验城市财政科技政策的实施特征与科技成果转化之间的关系。构建的计量模型如下:
$\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{l}\mathit{T}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{s}\mathit{f}\mathit{e}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\beta }}_{0}+{\mathit{\beta }}_{1}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\mathit{f}\mathit{i}\mathit{s}\mathit{c}\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\gamma }}_{1}{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\epsilon }}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}$
$\mathit{i}\mathit{n}\mathit{v}\mathit{e}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{T}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{s}\mathit{f}\mathit{e}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\beta }}_{0}+{\mathit{\beta }}_{2}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\mathit{f}\mathit{i}\mathit{s}\mathit{c}\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\gamma }}_{2}{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\epsilon }}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}$
其中,allTransferi,t和inventTransferi,t分别表示城市i在第t年的科技成果转化总量和发明类科技成果转化量,分别用城市的专利转让总量和发明专利转让量来表示;lnfiscalpolicyi,t表示城市i在第t年的财政科技政策的实施力度,为城市财政科学技术支出中“技术研究与开发”支出总额取对数;Zi,t表示控制变量;λi和μt分别表示个体固定效应和时间固定效应,εi,t为随机扰动项。
进一步,为检验城市财政科技政策的指向性对科技成果转化的影响,本文构建计量模型如下:
$\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{l}\mathit{T}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{s}\mathit{f}\mathit{e}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\beta }}_{0}+{\mathit{\beta }}_{3}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}\mathit{y}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}{\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\gamma }}_{3}{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\epsilon }}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}$
$\mathit{i}\mathit{n}\mathit{v}\mathit{e}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{T}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{s}\mathit{f}\mathit{e}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\beta }}_{0}+{\mathit{\beta }}_{4}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}\mathit{y}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}{\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\gamma }}_{4}{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\epsilon }}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}$
其中,policypointingi,t表示城市i在第t年的财政科技政策的指向性,为城市“技术研究与开发”支出占科学技术支出的比重;其他变量含义如前所述。
如前文所述,本文构建了城市财政科技政策稳定性变量,通过计算每个城市在样本期内“技术研究与开发”支出的标准差衡量,该变量取值越大,表示该城市的财政科技政策稳定性越低。本文将样本城市按照该指标的中位数划分为两组子样本,取值高于整体中位数的城市的财政科技政策稳定性较低,反之城市的财政科技政策稳定性较高。
$\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{l}\mathit{T}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{s}\mathit{f}\mathit{e}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}{|}_{\mathit{g}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{u}\mathit{p}2}^{\mathit{g}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{u}\mathit{p}1}={\mathit{\beta }}_{0}+{\mathit{\beta }}_{1}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\mathit{f}\mathit{i}\mathit{s}\mathit{c}\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\gamma }}_{1}{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\epsilon }}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}$
$\mathit{i}\mathit{n}\mathit{v}\mathit{e}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{T}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{s}\mathit{f}\mathit{e}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}{|}_{\mathit{g}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{u}\mathit{p}2}^{\mathit{g}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{u}\mathit{p}1}={\mathit{\beta }}_{0}+{\mathit{\beta }}_{2}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\mathit{f}\mathit{i}\mathit{s}\mathit{c}\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\gamma }}_{2}{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\epsilon }}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}$
其中,group1和group2分别表示财政科技政策稳定性较低的城市子样本和财政科技政策稳定性较高的城市子样本;其他变量含义如前所述。
(2)不同市场条件下财政科技政策实施特征作用效果的计量模型
本文进一步检验了不同技术市场条件下城市财政科技政策实施力度如何发挥作用效果。首先,基于城市科技创新基础检验了财政科技政策实施力度影响科技成果转化的门槛效应。在进行门槛回归之前,本文检验了面板门槛模型的形式,确定当被解释变量为“科技成果转化总量”和“发明类科技成果转化量”时,分别存在双重门槛和单一门槛效应。据此,构建了双重门槛和单一门槛回归模型:
$\begin{array}{l}\text { allTransfer }_{i, t}=\alpha_{0}+\gamma_{1} Z_{i, t}+\lambda_{i}+\mu_{t}+\varepsilon_{i, t}+ \\\alpha_{1} \text { lnfiscalpolicy }_{i, t} \times \tau\left(\text { innovation }_{i, t} \leqslant \theta_{1}\right)+ \\\alpha_{2} \text { Infiscalpolicy }_{i, t} \times \tau\left(\theta_{1}<\text { innovation }_{i, t} \leqslant \theta_{2}\right)+ \\\alpha_{3} \text { Infiscalpolicy }_{i, t} \times \tau\left(\text { innovation }_{i, t}>\theta_{2}\right)\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{r}\text { inventTransfer }_{i, t}=\alpha_{0}+\gamma_{2} Z_{i, t}+\lambda_{i}+\mu_{t}+\varepsilon_{i, t}+ \\\alpha_{4} \text { Infiscalpolicy }_{i, t} \times \varphi\left(\text { innovation }_{i, t} \leqslant \delta_{1}\right)+ \\\alpha_{5} \text { Infiscalpolicy }_{i, t} \times \varphi\left(\text { innovation }_{i, t}>\delta_{1}\right)\end{array}$
其中,innovationi,t为门槛变量“地区科技创新基础”,采用城市i在第t年的专利授权数量表示;θ1、θ2和${\mathit{\delta }}_{1}$表示门槛值,θ1<θ2;τ和$\mathit{\varphi }$表示指示性函数,当括号内条件满足时,其取值为1,否则取值为0;α1至α5为待估计门槛系数;其他变量含义如前所述。
其次,本文基于城市所处地区的技术市场需求检验了财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化的异质性影响。构建如下分组回归模型:
$\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{l}\mathit{T}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{s}\mathit{f}\mathit{e}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}{|}_{\mathit{g}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{u}\mathit{p}4}^{\mathit{g}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{u}\mathit{p}3}={\mathit{\beta }}_{0}+{\mathit{\beta }}_{1}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\mathit{f}\mathit{i}\mathit{s}\mathit{c}\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\gamma }}_{1}{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\epsilon }}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}$
$\mathit{i}\mathit{n}\mathit{v}\mathit{e}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{T}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{n}\mathit{s}\mathit{f}\mathit{e}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}{|}_{\mathit{g}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{u}\mathit{p}4}^{\mathit{g}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{u}\mathit{p}3}={\mathit{\beta }}_{0}+{\mathit{\beta }}_{2}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\mathit{f}\mathit{i}\mathit{s}\mathit{c}\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\gamma }}_{2}{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\epsilon }}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{t}}$
其中,采用城市所在省份的技术市场成交额占地区生产总值的比重衡量当地的技术市场需求,该变量取值越大,表示城市所处地区的技术市场需求越充分,按照该变量的平均值将样本城市划分为两组子样本;group3和group4分别表示地区技术市场需求较为充分的城市子样本和地区技术市场需求不充分的城市子样本;其他变量含义如前所述。
表2报告了上述主要变量的描述性统计结果。可以看到,被解释变量“科技成果转化总量(allTransfer)”和“发明类科技成果转化量(inventTransfer)”的标准差取值均较大,说明城市之间的科技成果转化水平存在显著差异。同时,由于核心解释变量“财政科技政策实施力度(lnfiscalpolicy)”为城市财政“技术研究与开发”支出加1取自然对数后的结果,本文也一并汇报了该变量的原始统计特征(如变量fiscalpolicy所示),发现该变量的标准差取值达到115936.9,反映出各城市在财政科技政策的实施力度上也存在较大差异。
表3报告了城市财政科技政策的实施力度影响科技成果转化的基准回归结果。第(1)、(3)列仅控制时间和个体固定效应,结果显示,核心解释变量“财政科技政策实施力度(lnfiscalpolicy)”对被解释变量“科技成果转化总量(allTransfer)”的回归系数为0.0255且在5%的水平上显著,核心解释变量对“发明类科技成果转化量(inventTransfer)”的回归系数为0.0221且在1%的水平上显著。第(2)、(4)列进一步纳入控制变量,核心解释变量的回归系数取值均略有减小,分别在10%和1%的水平上显著。上述结果表明,在其他因素保持不变的情况下,城市的财政科技政策实施力度越大,对科技成果转化的促进作用越显著。研究假设1得到验证。
(1)替换核心解释变量
在基准回归中,本文以城市财政的“技术研究与开发”支出作为城市财政科技政策实施力度的测度指标。在稳健性检验中,进一步替换核心解释变量的测度方法,分别选用“城市财政的科学技术支出(TechInput)”和“城市所在省份R&D经费支出中的政府投入(lnx_RD)”这两个变量进行测度。表4汇报了相应的回归结果。第(1)、(2)列中核心解释变量为“城市财政的科学技术支出”,其回归系数均为正值且分别在1%和5%的水平上显著;第(3)、(4)列中核心解释变量为“城市所在省份R&D经费支出中的政府投入”,其回归系数仍然均为正值,并且对“发明类科技成果转化量(inventTransfer)”的系数在5%的水平上显著。上述结果表明城市的财政科技政策实施力度越大,越能够促进科技成果转化,验证了基准结果具有稳健性。
(2)替换计量回归模型
本文进一步更换计量回归模型来检验实证结果的稳健性,分别采用OLS模型和零膨胀负二项模型进行回归。表5汇报了相应的结果。其中,第(1)、(2)列为OLS回归模型的估计结果,此时核心解释变量“财政科技政策实施力度(lnfiscalpolicy)”的回归系数始终为正值,并且对发明类科技成果转化量具有显著的促进作用。第(3)、(4)列为零膨胀负二项回归模型的估计结果,此时核心解释变量的回归系数均为正值且在1%的水平上显著,表明财政科技政策的实施力度越大,会对科技成果转化产生促进作用。综上所述,认为基准回归结果具有稳健性。
本文进一步检验财政科技政策指向性对科技成果转化的影响。当政府的财政科技政策对科技成果转化活动更具指向性,表明政府在财政资源约束条件下,优先将财政资金投入技术转化等关键环节,从而能够更有效地推动科技创新成果转化为经济效益和社会效益。政府财政中“技术研究与开发”支出是政府针对科技成果转化为现实生产力的应用、推广和引导性支出。因此,本文采用政府财政中“技术研究与开发”支出占科学技术支出的比重衡量财政科技政策是否对科技成果转化类服务具有指向性。
表6汇报了财政科技政策指向性对科技成果转化的影响结果。其中,第(1)、(2)列的被解释变量为“科技成果转化总量(allTransfer)”,第(3)、(4)列的被解释变量为“发明类科技成果转化量(inventTransfer)”。结果显示,加入控制变量后,第(2)列和第(4)列中解释变量“财政科技政策指向性(policypointing)”的回归系数均为正值且分别在10%和5%的水平上显著。这说明在其他因素保持不变的情况下,财政科技政策的指向性越强,越能够显著促进科技成果转化。结论支持研究假设2的观点。
实现科技成果转化需要进行科技基础设施建设和科技创新成果的应用推广,均需要依托持续的资源投入。在这种情况下,稳定的财政科技政策有助于形成可预期的制度环境,保障实现科技成果转化所需的创新资源供给,降低因政策波动引发的沉没成本风险。因此,本文进一步检验了财政科技政策的稳定性对地区科技成果转化的影响效果。本文选取城市在样本期内“技术研究与开发”支出的标准差来衡量当地财政科技政策的稳定性,将样本城市按照该指标的中位数划分为两组进行回归分析,分别是“财政科技政策较稳定城市样本”和“财政科技政策不稳定城市样本”。
表7汇报了分组回归的结果。其中,第(1)至(4)列的被解释变量为“科技成果转化总量(allTransfer)”,第(3)、(4)列的结果显示,当城市的财政科技政策较稳定时,财政科技政策实施力度越大,会对科技成果转化产生促进作用。第(5)至(8)列的被解释变量为“发明类科技成果转化量(inventTransfer)”,第(7)、(8)列的结果显示,当城市的财政科技政策较稳定时,财政科技政策的实施可以显著促进地区的科技成果转化。研究假设3得到验证。
由基准结果可知,财政科技政策的实施力度会对科技成果转化产生显著的推动作用。同时,财政科技政策实施力度的作用可能会由于地区科技创新基础的差异而呈现出不同的效果。为了检验变量间是否存在非线性关系,采用面板门槛回归模型进行检验。
在进行门槛回归之前,本文首先检验是否存在门槛效应,分别对单一门槛、双重门槛和三重门槛的情况依次进行估计。运用Bootstrap自助法重复抽样300次得到F统计量和P值判断是否存在门槛效应,检验结果如表8所示。可以看到,当被解释变量为“科技成果转化总量”时,单一门槛和双重门槛的F统计量分别在1%和10%的水平上显著,三重门槛的F统计量不显著,因此认为此时地区科技创新基础存在双重门槛效应;当被解释变量为“发明类科技成果转化量”时,单一门槛的F统计量在1%的水平上显著,双重门槛和三重门槛的F统计量不显著,因此认为此时地区科技创新基础存在单一门槛效应。进一步地,对上述双重门槛和单一门槛的门槛值水平进行估计,结果如表9所示,当被解释变量为“科技成果转化总量”时,门槛变量“地区科技创新基础”的门槛估计值分别为60702和106948;当被解释变量为“发明类科技成果转化量”时,门槛变量“地区科技创新基础”的门槛估计值为106948。
接下来,基于上述门槛值进行门槛效应回归,表10汇报了相应的估计结果。第(1)、(2)列中被解释变量为“科技成果转化总量”,此时根据双重门槛效应检验得到的两个门槛值,可以将样本划分为地区科技创新基础水平较低(innovation≤60702)、中等(60702<innovation≤106948)和较高(innovation>106948)三组子样本。可以看到,当地区科技创新基础水平较高时,核心解释变量“财政科技政策实施力度”的回归系数均在1%的水平上正显著,表明此时对科技成果转化存在显著的促进作用;当地区科技创新基础水平处于中等时,核心解释变量的回归系数仍然在1%的水平上正显著,但是数值较前者明显更小,表明此时对科技成果转化的促进作用减弱;当地区科技创新基础水平较薄弱时,核心解释变量的回归系数均为负值且不显著,表明此时财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化不存在显著的作用效果。第(3)、(4)列中被解释变量为“发明类科技成果转化量”,此时根据单一门槛效应检验得到的一个门槛值,可以将样本划分为地区科技创新基础水平较低(innovation≤106948)和较高(innovation>106948)两组子样本。结果表明,当地区科技创新基础水平较高时,核心解释变量“财政科技政策实施力度”的回归系数在1%的水平上为正显著,此时政策实施力度对科技成果转化具有较强的促进作用;当地区科技创新基础水平较低时,政策实施力度的作用效果不显著。综上所述,研究假设4得到验证。
城市所处地区的技术市场需求会影响财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化的作用效果。当地区的技术市场环境较为活跃、技术需求较为充分时,当地的科技产业链条更加趋于完善并且衔接紧密,从基础研究到应用开发、市场推广,都可以构建起相对完整高效的生态系统。并且,技术市场需求较为充分的地区会吸引大量高科技企业与研发机构入驻,这类科技创新主体通常在研发创新和产业转化方面投入较多资源,可以进一步带动当地的产业发展。在这种情况下,政府实施的财政科技政策可以更有效地促进科技成果的转化与应用,从而增强财政科技政策的实施效果。
表11中汇报了不同水平的技术市场需求下城市财政科技政策实施力度对于科技成果转化的影响。可以看到,第(1)、(3)列中核心解释变量“财政科技政策实施力度”的回归系数均为正值且分别在1%和10%的水平上显著,第(2)、(4)列的回归结果均为正值但不显著,这说明对于技术市场需求较为充分的城市,财政科技政策实施力度对于科技成果转化的促进作用更加明显。由此,研究假设5得到验证。
本文研究发现地方财政科技政策的实施特征会对科技成果转化产生重要影响。具体体现为,财政科技政策的实施力度越大,越有助于促进科技成果转化;财政科技政策对科技成果转化活动的指向性越强,政策实施的促进作用越显著;财政科技政策的稳定性越强,对科技成果转化的促进作用越显著。此外,当城市的科技创新基础较好、技术市场需求较为充分时,财政科技政策实施力度对科技成果转化的作用效果更加明显。根据上述研究结论,提出如下政策建议。
第一,政府应强化对财政科技支出等政策工具的运用,在加大财政科技政策实施力度的同时增强政策稳定性。一方面,需要加大对科技成果转化的财政资金扶持力度,特别是面向重点产业与高科技领域,充分发挥财政科技资金的支撑作用,推动科技成果转化为现实生产力。另一方面,政府应增强财政科技政策的稳定性,对科技领域提供持续稳定的投入,向社会传递稳定积极的信号,从而增强市场主体开展研发创新和科技成果转化的信心,激发市场创新活力和潜力。
第二,政府应当强化财政科技政策的指向性,重视在技术市场培育与成果转化方面的财政支持。财政科技政策的实施涉及基础研究、应用研究、技术研究与开发、社会研究等多个方面,在资源有限的情况下,政府应基于政策目标对财政支出结构进行优化。当政府以科技成果转化为核心目标时,需要重点加大技术应用端的资金投入力度。通过统筹调配人才、资金、科研项目及平台基地等核心资源,构建“基础研究—应用开发—市场转化”的全链条支持体系,着力破解资源配置碎片化问题。同时,可以建立动态评估机制,依据技术成熟度与市场需求匹配度实施精准扶持,切实提升财政资金使用效能。
第三,政府应为促进科技成果转化提供完备的政策体系和配套服务,充分促进科技成果与市场需求的匹配对接。一方面,积极出台优惠政策,吸引外部高端科技人才流入,为地区的科技创新和成果转化提供技术人才支撑。另一方面,搭建信息共享平台,进一步促进高校、科研机构与企业之间的深度合作,通过建立产学研协同创新机制,引导科研方向紧密贴合市场需求。同时,在区域内设立创新中心与技术转移机构,完善技术转移服务体系,畅通科技成果与市场需求的对接渠道,推动科技创新成果高效地实现应用转化。
  • 国家社会科学基金资助项目(21CJL009)
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(19ZDA047)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72342022)
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2026年第44卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-21
  • 修回日期:2025-03-06
基金
国家社会科学基金资助项目(21CJL009)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(19ZDA047)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72342022)
作者信息
    1 天津大学管理与经济学部, 天津 300072
    2 南开大学经济学院, 天津 300071
    3 国家知识产权战略实施(天津大学)研究基地, 天津 300072

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李妍(1998-),女,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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