Article(id=1316695292544659713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732204800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-22, revisedDate=1744128000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791854220758, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791854220758, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791854220758, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791854220758, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316695224617914963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791854204563, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791854713654, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316697359963239159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316697359963239160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=154, endPage=165, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316695292985061634, articleId=1316695292544659713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Research on the dynamic evolution paths of key core technologies from the perspective of root technology: A case study of chip lithography, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Chip lithography technology is a pivotal component in the semiconductor manufacturing domain and exemplifies the “root-trunk-branch” characteristics of a complex technology cluster. Its relevance extends beyond individual processes, influencing a country’s comprehensive technological capabilities and industrial competitiveness. However, existing research has offered only limited insight into how these multifaceted core technologies evolve in clusters over time. In an effort to address this knowledge gap, researchers introduced the concept of “root technology,” employing both explicit and implicit relationships derived from patent data to explore the dynamic evolution of key core technologies. By incorporating terminology extraction, clustering analysis, and related methods, they developed an analytical model that delineates the way crucial lithography innovations emerge and transform.
The findings of this study highlight four principal root technologies within the broader chip lithography system—projection exposure technology, direct-write lithography technology, photoresist materials, and photomask manufacturing. Together, they form the backbone of chip lithography’s evolution and diverge into distinct pathways of development. While projection exposure technology tends to merge features from various domains (reflecting a fusion-oriented path), direct-write lithography gradually contracts into more specialized niches, signaling a pattern of consolidation. Photoresist materials expand and diversify to accommodate evolving demands and technical frontiers, illustrating a path of sustained growth. By contrast, photomask manufacturing branches out into multiple subfields, capturing a split-type trajectory that underscores the complexity and range of potential innovations in that area.
This comparative perspective on distinct evolutionary paths accentuates the defining traits of root technologies: they provide a fundamental foundation for subsequent developments; they exhibit high levels of complexity and intricate integration with complementary domains; and they impose significant barriers to entry, owing to their specialized expertise, substantial R&D requirements, and stringent quality standards. Such insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the unique nature of root technologies, advance theoretical frameworks on complex innovation clustering, and add practical value for policymakers and industry leaders.
In particular, these outcomes offer concrete guidance for China’s chip lithography sector, which faces urgent demands for technological breakthroughs. By pinpointing the specific root technologies and clarifying how each one evolves, researchers and practitioners can formulate strategies to distribute resources more effectively, foster targeted collaborations, and stimulate ongoing innovation in lithography manufacturing. Ultimately, appreciating the interconnected yet distinct evolution paths of projection exposure, direct-write lithography, photoresist materials, and photomask manufacturing helps lay the groundwork for robust policy decisions and industrial strategies that will shape the future of semiconductor fabrication.
, authors=Bi-xiang SHI
1, 2, Jin CHEN
2, 3, Ya-dong LI
4, Hong-si ZHANG
1, Fen-fen WEI
5, authorsList=Bi-xiang SHI, Jin CHEN, Ya-dong LI, Hong-si ZHANG, Fen-fen WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong-si ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1316695296659271951, articleId=1316695292544659713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=根技术视角下关键核心技术动态演化路径研究——以芯片光刻技术为例, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
芯片光刻技术是半导体制造领域的关键核心技术,具有典型的“根—干—叶”错综交杂的技术簇特征,深刻决定着国家综合科技水平和产业竞争力。但现有研究对“复杂成簇”的关键核心技术体系如何动态演化仍然知之甚少。为此,引入根技术的研究视角,采用专利数据中的显性和隐性关系识别工具,以及术语抽取、聚类分析等方法,构建出根技术视角下关键核心技术动态演化路径的分析模型。实证结果表明:(1)芯片光刻技术体系中的根技术主要包括投影式曝光技术、直写式光刻技术、光刻胶材料以及光掩膜制造技术,共同支撑了芯片光刻技术体系的动态演化,使其分别呈现出融合型、收缩型、增长型和分裂型四种演化路径;(2)芯片光刻技术演化的不同路径也分别展现出根技术所具有的基础性、复杂性、集成性、高壁垒性等突出特征。研究结果深化了对根技术独特内涵的理解与认识,丰富了关键核心技术系统动态演化的相关研究,同时也为系统推进我国芯片光刻技术的创新突破提供了针对性与可操作性的参考与借鉴。
, authors=施必翔
1, 2, 陈劲
2, 3, 李亚东
4, 张闳肆
1, 魏芬芬
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2 School of Economics and;Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2 清华大学经济管理学院, 北京 100084
3 清华大学技术创新研究中心, 北京 100084, bio={"content":"
陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。
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陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。
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4 国家新能源汽车技术创新中心, 北京 100176, bio={"content":"
李亚东(1992-),男,中级经济师。
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李亚东(1992-),男,中级经济师。
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1 Center for Strategic Studies, Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing 100088, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1316695300090212660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, authorId=1316695299897274673, language=CN, stringName=张闳肆, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 中国工程院战略咨询中心, 北京 100088, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316695296919318800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316695296927707409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, companyId=1316695296919318800, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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5 School of Management, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1316695300354453817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, authorId=1316695300165710134, language=CN, stringName=魏芬芬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
5, address=
5 南京邮电大学管理学院, 江苏南京 210003, bio={"content":"
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4 National New Energy Vehicle Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100176, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316695297183559963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, companyId=1316695297170977049, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
4 国家新能源汽车技术创新中心, 北京 100176)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316695297263251740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316695297267446045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, companyId=1316695297263251740, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
5 School of Management, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316695297275834654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, companyId=1316695297263251740, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
5 南京邮电大学管理学院, 江苏南京 210003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1316695302241890632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Research framework, figureFileSmall=iARQattRlNrBLvsOBeQzWw==, figureFileBig=XU7GAhnKYxNNICuCQtPzvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695302552269129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
研究框架, figureFileSmall=iARQattRlNrBLvsOBeQzWw==, figureFileBig=XU7GAhnKYxNNICuCQtPzvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304242573642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
The main components of chip lithography, figureFileSmall=KP9jcmJGL1VaRs7Q1OYYBA==, figureFileBig=1H/Je+u2k+WbyUe/mdms8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304364208459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
芯片光刻系统的主要组成部分, figureFileSmall=KP9jcmJGL1VaRs7Q1OYYBA==, figureFileBig=1H/Je+u2k+WbyUe/mdms8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304439705932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
The number of patent applications for chip lithography, figureFileSmall=bhck005fo3hJMD1qwVN8NA==, figureFileBig=6xFU8yhqX7bzCGO+XgmB0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304511009101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
光刻技术专利申请数量, figureFileSmall=bhck005fo3hJMD1qwVN8NA==, figureFileBig=6xFU8yhqX7bzCGO+XgmB0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304586506574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
The silhouette curve in each phase, figureFileSmall=s4/736pH70XPR0o83HZOCw==, figureFileBig=JDWoMn8ct/Cowt4pZa7mkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304674586959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
各阶段的轮廓系数曲线, figureFileSmall=s4/736pH70XPR0o83HZOCw==, figureFileBig=JDWoMn8ct/Cowt4pZa7mkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304771055952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
The path mapping of technology dynamic evolution, figureFileSmall=Po25u4eN/Ftxp4hxAmxnhg==, figureFileBig=6NTb6wVNbDuiV59/iOMxbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304842359121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
动态演化路径图谱, figureFileSmall=Po25u4eN/Ftxp4hxAmxnhg==, figureFileBig=6NTb6wVNbDuiV59/iOMxbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695304926245202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=
The root technologies in system of chip lithography, figureFileSmall=+JimYuFiZfv5UtGUYSNHvw==, figureFileBig=E5SzbdzSBcfqLpAbFPr8SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695305039491411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
芯片光刻技术体系中的根技术, figureFileSmall=+JimYuFiZfv5UtGUYSNHvw==, figureFileBig=E5SzbdzSBcfqLpAbFPr8SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316695305156931924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparative analysis between root technology and key core technology
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 对比维度 | 根技术 | 关键核心技术 |
| 定义 | 底层支撑技术,为技术系统提供基础性支持,通常具有跨领域的适用性 | 领域内具有核心支撑地位和战略意义的技术,主要解决行业内关键问题 |
| 作用 | 支撑整个技术体系的稳定性和扩展性 | 提升产业链的竞争力、创新能力和国际地位 |
| 适用范围 | 广泛适用于多个领域或技术体系,具有高度普适性 | 主要应用于特定行业或领域,具有较强的行业专用性 |
| 核心特征 | 基础性、难以替代性、广泛适用性 | 高度复杂性、高度集成性、非均匀性、高壁垒性与高价值性 |
| 支撑方式 | 通过底层技术支持整个技术生态的稳定发展 | 通过核心应用和创新提升产业链的技术水平和竞争优势 |
| 相互关联 | 为关键核心技术提供底层支撑,奠定基础框架 | 对根技术提出更高需求,推动根技术的创新和完善 |
), ArticleFig(id=1316695305261789525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
根技术与关键核心技术的比较分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 对比维度 | 根技术 | 关键核心技术 |
| 定义 | 底层支撑技术,为技术系统提供基础性支持,通常具有跨领域的适用性 | 领域内具有核心支撑地位和战略意义的技术,主要解决行业内关键问题 |
| 作用 | 支撑整个技术体系的稳定性和扩展性 | 提升产业链的竞争力、创新能力和国际地位 |
| 适用范围 | 广泛适用于多个领域或技术体系,具有高度普适性 | 主要应用于特定行业或领域,具有较强的行业专用性 |
| 核心特征 | 基础性、难以替代性、广泛适用性 | 高度复杂性、高度集成性、非均匀性、高壁垒性与高价值性 |
| 支撑方式 | 通过底层技术支持整个技术生态的稳定发展 | 通过核心应用和创新提升产业链的技术水平和竞争优势 |
| 相互关联 | 为关键核心技术提供底层支撑,奠定基础框架 | 对根技术提出更高需求,推动根技术的创新和完善 |
), ArticleFig(id=1316695305362452822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
The selection for core patents
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 筛选依据 | 筛选条件 | 专利数量 |
| 专利检索 | 关键词、时间、IPC分类号 | 55375 |
| 技术先进性 | 引用专利数量>2 | 43262 |
| 专利技术宽度>1 | 22610 |
| 市场价值性 | 同族专利数量>2 | 13600 |
| 公开国家/地区/组织(七国二组织) | 13457 |
| 法律排他性 | 权利要求数量>5 | 11340 |
), ArticleFig(id=1316695305446338903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
核心专利筛选
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| 筛选依据 | 筛选条件 | 专利数量 |
| 专利检索 | 关键词、时间、IPC分类号 | 55375 |
| 技术先进性 | 引用专利数量>2 | 43262 |
| 专利技术宽度>1 | 22610 |
| 市场价值性 | 同族专利数量>2 | 13600 |
| 公开国家/地区/组织(七国二组织) | 13457 |
| 法律排他性 | 权利要求数量>5 | 11340 |
), ArticleFig(id=1316695305509253464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
The evolutionary pathways and features of chip lithography from the perspective of root technology
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 根技术 | 动态演化路径 | 路径描述与解释 | 路径演化趋势 | 特征 | 特征解释 |
| 投影式曝光技术 | 投影对准系统→物镜及成像系统→投影式曝光→投影曝光系统→CIS成像系统 | 早期采用接触式、接近式光刻→亚微米级后,投影式光刻成为主流→精确对准掩膜、镜头和晶圆 | 对应新技术(如AI、无人驾驶)需提高曝光精度与生产效率 | 融合型 | 结合多种技术,形成综合系统,推动新应用 |
| 直写式光刻技术 | 电子束曝光→电子束检测装置及检测系统 | 早期关注基础电子束曝光→逐步转向集成电路缺陷检测技术→分辨率可达10nm | 提高检测效率以适应规模化检测,克服检测速度较慢的问题 | 收缩型 | 随着技术的演变,逐渐聚焦于特定应用,减少复杂性 |
| 光刻胶材料 | 光刻胶成分及光化学反应→多重曝光光刻胶→先进光刻胶材料 | 早期研究基本成分和反应→新工艺要求更高光刻胶性能→EUV技术推动材料更新,出现液态固体氧化物光刻胶等 | 解决传统光刻胶在EUV下的问题,满足更小制程需求 | 增长型 | 随着新技术需求,材料性能不断提升,市场需求上升 |
| 光掩膜制造技术 | 光掩膜制造→硬掩膜技术→新型掩膜材料与图形对准技术 | 早期重基础工艺流程→硬掩膜技术适应多重光刻→新型材料研发(如合成石英) | 提高对准系统稳定性与精确性,以达到1-2nm的套刻精度 | 分裂型 | 技术发展过程中出现多样化,形成多个新方向与材料 |
| 演化总体特征 | 芯片光刻技术历经融合型、收缩型、增长型和分裂型四种演化路径 |
| 演化路径趋势 | 为满足新兴技术的需求,光刻技术的发展需实现更高的曝光精度和生产效率,同时扩大应用领域 |
| 根技术的作用 | 基础性和战略性作用,作为技术基础逐步衍生出多个技术簇,推动其经历新生→增长→融合→收缩→分裂的过程,并最终支持芯片光刻等产业链上下游的整体发展 |
), ArticleFig(id=1316695305584750937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695292544659713, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
根技术视角下的芯片光刻技术演化路径及特征
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 根技术 | 动态演化路径 | 路径描述与解释 | 路径演化趋势 | 特征 | 特征解释 |
| 投影式曝光技术 | 投影对准系统→物镜及成像系统→投影式曝光→投影曝光系统→CIS成像系统 | 早期采用接触式、接近式光刻→亚微米级后,投影式光刻成为主流→精确对准掩膜、镜头和晶圆 | 对应新技术(如AI、无人驾驶)需提高曝光精度与生产效率 | 融合型 | 结合多种技术,形成综合系统,推动新应用 |
| 直写式光刻技术 | 电子束曝光→电子束检测装置及检测系统 | 早期关注基础电子束曝光→逐步转向集成电路缺陷检测技术→分辨率可达10nm | 提高检测效率以适应规模化检测,克服检测速度较慢的问题 | 收缩型 | 随着技术的演变,逐渐聚焦于特定应用,减少复杂性 |
| 光刻胶材料 | 光刻胶成分及光化学反应→多重曝光光刻胶→先进光刻胶材料 | 早期研究基本成分和反应→新工艺要求更高光刻胶性能→EUV技术推动材料更新,出现液态固体氧化物光刻胶等 | 解决传统光刻胶在EUV下的问题,满足更小制程需求 | 增长型 | 随着新技术需求,材料性能不断提升,市场需求上升 |
| 光掩膜制造技术 | 光掩膜制造→硬掩膜技术→新型掩膜材料与图形对准技术 | 早期重基础工艺流程→硬掩膜技术适应多重光刻→新型材料研发(如合成石英) | 提高对准系统稳定性与精确性,以达到1-2nm的套刻精度 | 分裂型 | 技术发展过程中出现多样化,形成多个新方向与材料 |
| 演化总体特征 | 芯片光刻技术历经融合型、收缩型、增长型和分裂型四种演化路径 |
| 演化路径趋势 | 为满足新兴技术的需求,光刻技术的发展需实现更高的曝光精度和生产效率,同时扩大应用领域 |
| 根技术的作用 | 基础性和战略性作用,作为技术基础逐步衍生出多个技术簇,推动其经历新生→增长→融合→收缩→分裂的过程,并最终支持芯片光刻等产业链上下游的整体发展 |
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