Article(id=1316695271241789554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720713600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-12, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791854215679, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791854215679, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791854215679, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791854215679, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316695224617914963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791854204563, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791854713654, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316697359963239159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316697359963239160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1316695224617914963, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316695272416194675, articleId=1316695271241789554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Research on the development strategy of China's clean energy industry supported by scientific and technological innovation, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Addressing climate change has become a global consensus, and the energy sector, as the primary "contributor" to global carbon emissions, has become an important reform area for countries to promote carbon neutrality. In recent years, with the rapid development of clean energy technology, the proportion of renewable energy such as wind and solar energy in the energy system continues to increase, and a new generation of global energy system with electrification, high efficiency, low carbon and interconnection is taking shape. Scientific and technological innovation will once again promote the evolution of human energy system and become the first driving force to support and lead the realization of the "double carbon" goal. This paper expounds the necessity, urgency and importance of relying on scientific and technological innovation to promote the development of China's clean energy industry from three aspects: the development of clean energy science and technology, the scientific and technological competition between China and the United States, and the development of China's traditional manufacturing-green superior industry. This paper systematically expounds the development status of clean energy industry in China from four aspects: the level of clean energy technology, the utilization rate of clean energy resources, the empowerment of digital intelligence technology and the construction of talent team, and clarifies the five major challenges facing the development of clean energy industry in China. First, China's energy system is confronted with the challenges of total demand growth and suboptimal structure in the short and medium term. Secondly, there is a spatial dislocation between energy supply and demand in China. Thirdly, the rapid development of clean energy industry forces China to speed up the construction of a new power system. Fourthly, there is still a certain gap between China's clean energy technology level and that of developed countries. Fifthly, China's strategic mineral resources supply chain is facing greater risks. To this end, the practical path of scientific and technological innovation to support the development of China's clean energy industry lies in: coordinating the national energy strategic deployment, eliminating the spatial differences between energy supply and demand; focusing on the world's leading edge of energy science and technology, speeding up the tackling of key core technologies; relying on major projects to reduce costs and increase efficiency, promoting advanced technologies to try first; promoting the construction of energy integration systems, improving the efficiency of cross-border energy utilization. We should extensively expand international scientific and technological cooperation, fully learn from the successful experience of the United States and Europe, implement the strategy of guaranteeing the supply of mineral resources, and build a safe and resilient supply system. The key policy recommendations are as follows: First, vigorously promote the development of new energy storage industry and support the transformation of energy supply from "trans-regional energy transmission" to "local energy supply". The second is to build a scientific and technological innovation consortium in the field of energy and give full play to the role of leading enterprises in science and technology. Third, we should create an innovative ecosystem for technology sharing, accelerate the cross-industry and cross-domain flow of advanced technology, and stimulate innovation vitality. Fourthly, the State Key Laboratory of Energy System Integration should be established to tackle key problems in the form of major engineering projects. Fifth, we should actively build a more proactive mechanism for international scientific and technological cooperation.

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科技创新为我国清洁能源产业发展提供了不竭动力。文章从清洁能源科技发展、中美科技竞争、我国传统制造业-绿色优势产业发展三方面,阐明了依靠科技创新推动我国清洁能源产业发展的必要性、紧迫性和重要性。结合我国清洁能源领域发展现状,理清了当前我国清洁能源产业发展面临着能源消费总量短中期内持续上升、能源供需空间错位、新型电力系统调节能力不足、清洁能源技术水平需大幅增强、矿产资源供应链安全等制约因素。为此,科技创新支撑我国清洁能源产业发展的实践路径在于:统筹国家能源战略部署,抹平能源供需空间差异;聚焦世界能源科技前沿,加快关键核心技术攻关;依托重大工程降本增效,推动先进技术先行先试;推进能源集成系统建设,提升能源跨界利用效率;广泛拓展国际科技合作,充分借鉴美欧成功经验;实施矿产资源保供战略,构建安全韧性供应体系。

, authors=王超, 孙福全, authorsList=王超, 孙福全, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王超(1987-),男,博士后,E-mail:。

孙福全(1965-),男,研究员。

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王超(1987-),男,博士后,E-mail:。

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王超(1987-),男,博士后,E-mail:。

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孙福全(1965-),男,研究员。

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孙福全(1965-),男,研究员。

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Comparison of some strategic mineral resources between China and the United States

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 国家 锂 钴 镍 铜 稀土
储量全球占比(%) 美国 3.4% 0.9% 0.4% 5.5% 1.5%
贸易协议国 41.8%
智利
18.4%
澳大利亚
22.1%
澳大利亚
22.7%
智利
/
中国 6.8% 1% 2.9% 3.0% 36.7%
产量全球占比(%) 美国 / 0.4% 0.7% 5.7% 15.4%
贸易协议国 55%
澳大利亚
3.3%
澳大利亚
5.9%
澳大利亚
26.7%
智利
/
中国 14% 1.3% 4.4% 8.6% 60%
矿物加工全球
占比(%)
美国 3% / / 3.8% /
中国 ~60% >60% ~35% 38.5% ~90%
), ArticleFig(id=1316695274509152397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1316695271241789554, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分战略性矿产资源量中美对比表[19]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 国家 锂 钴 镍 铜 稀土
储量全球占比(%) 美国 3.4% 0.9% 0.4% 5.5% 1.5%
贸易协议国 41.8%
智利
18.4%
澳大利亚
22.1%
澳大利亚
22.7%
智利
/
中国 6.8% 1% 2.9% 3.0% 36.7%
产量全球占比(%) 美国 / 0.4% 0.7% 5.7% 15.4%
贸易协议国 55%
澳大利亚
3.3%
澳大利亚
5.9%
澳大利亚
26.7%
智利
/
中国 14% 1.3% 4.4% 8.6% 60%
矿物加工全球
占比(%)
美国 3% / / 3.8% /
中国 ~60% >60% ~35% 38.5% ~90%
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科技创新支撑我国清洁能源产业发展战略研究
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王超 , 孙福全
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(1): 86-93
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科学学研究 |热点议题 2026 , 44 (1) : 86 -93
科技创新支撑我国清洁能源产业发展战略研究
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王超 , 孙福全
作者信息
  • 中国科学技术发展战略研究院, 北京 100038
作者简介:

王超(1987-),男,博士后,E-mail:。

孙福全(1965-),男,研究员。

Research on the development strategy of China's clean energy industry supported by scientific and technological innovation
Chao WANG , Fu-quan SUN
Affiliations
  • Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development, Beijing 100038, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15
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科技创新为我国清洁能源产业发展提供了不竭动力。文章从清洁能源科技发展、中美科技竞争、我国传统制造业-绿色优势产业发展三方面,阐明了依靠科技创新推动我国清洁能源产业发展的必要性、紧迫性和重要性。结合我国清洁能源领域发展现状,理清了当前我国清洁能源产业发展面临着能源消费总量短中期内持续上升、能源供需空间错位、新型电力系统调节能力不足、清洁能源技术水平需大幅增强、矿产资源供应链安全等制约因素。为此,科技创新支撑我国清洁能源产业发展的实践路径在于:统筹国家能源战略部署,抹平能源供需空间差异;聚焦世界能源科技前沿,加快关键核心技术攻关;依托重大工程降本增效,推动先进技术先行先试;推进能源集成系统建设,提升能源跨界利用效率;广泛拓展国际科技合作,充分借鉴美欧成功经验;实施矿产资源保供战略,构建安全韧性供应体系。

清洁能源  /  科技创新  /  能源系统  /  低碳转型  /  实践路径

Addressing climate change has become a global consensus, and the energy sector, as the primary "contributor" to global carbon emissions, has become an important reform area for countries to promote carbon neutrality. In recent years, with the rapid development of clean energy technology, the proportion of renewable energy such as wind and solar energy in the energy system continues to increase, and a new generation of global energy system with electrification, high efficiency, low carbon and interconnection is taking shape. Scientific and technological innovation will once again promote the evolution of human energy system and become the first driving force to support and lead the realization of the "double carbon" goal. This paper expounds the necessity, urgency and importance of relying on scientific and technological innovation to promote the development of China's clean energy industry from three aspects: the development of clean energy science and technology, the scientific and technological competition between China and the United States, and the development of China's traditional manufacturing-green superior industry. This paper systematically expounds the development status of clean energy industry in China from four aspects: the level of clean energy technology, the utilization rate of clean energy resources, the empowerment of digital intelligence technology and the construction of talent team, and clarifies the five major challenges facing the development of clean energy industry in China. First, China's energy system is confronted with the challenges of total demand growth and suboptimal structure in the short and medium term. Secondly, there is a spatial dislocation between energy supply and demand in China. Thirdly, the rapid development of clean energy industry forces China to speed up the construction of a new power system. Fourthly, there is still a certain gap between China's clean energy technology level and that of developed countries. Fifthly, China's strategic mineral resources supply chain is facing greater risks. To this end, the practical path of scientific and technological innovation to support the development of China's clean energy industry lies in: coordinating the national energy strategic deployment, eliminating the spatial differences between energy supply and demand; focusing on the world's leading edge of energy science and technology, speeding up the tackling of key core technologies; relying on major projects to reduce costs and increase efficiency, promoting advanced technologies to try first; promoting the construction of energy integration systems, improving the efficiency of cross-border energy utilization. We should extensively expand international scientific and technological cooperation, fully learn from the successful experience of the United States and Europe, implement the strategy of guaranteeing the supply of mineral resources, and build a safe and resilient supply system. The key policy recommendations are as follows: First, vigorously promote the development of new energy storage industry and support the transformation of energy supply from "trans-regional energy transmission" to "local energy supply". The second is to build a scientific and technological innovation consortium in the field of energy and give full play to the role of leading enterprises in science and technology. Third, we should create an innovative ecosystem for technology sharing, accelerate the cross-industry and cross-domain flow of advanced technology, and stimulate innovation vitality. Fourthly, the State Key Laboratory of Energy System Integration should be established to tackle key problems in the form of major engineering projects. Fifth, we should actively build a more proactive mechanism for international scientific and technological cooperation.

clean energy  /  scientific and technological innovation  /  energy systems  /  low-carbon transition  /  practical path
王超, 孙福全. 科技创新支撑我国清洁能源产业发展战略研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (1) : 86 -93 .
Chao WANG, Fu-quan SUN. Research on the development strategy of China's clean energy industry supported by scientific and technological innovation[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (1) : 86 -93 .
应对气候变化已成为全球共识,为实现《巴黎协定》确定的碳减排目标,美国、英国、法国等国家相继发布碳中和战略,以期借助碳中和契机推动绿色技术发展、实现本国产业转型[1]。能源领域作为全球碳排放的首要“贡献者”,已成为各国推进碳中和行动的重要改革领域[2]。近年来,随着清洁能源技术快速发展,风能、太阳能等可再生能源在能源系统中的占比持续提升,电气化、高效化、低碳化和互联化的新一代全球能源体系正在形成[3]。科技创新将再次推动人类能源系统演化,成为支撑引领“双碳”目标实现的第一动力。
碳中和行动不仅是全球气候变化问题,更涉及到生产、生活方式转变,以及国家能源安全和科学技术革命,对我国经济社会发展是一个重要的战略机遇期[4]。清洁能源产业作为战略性新兴产业之一,是保障国家能源安全、落实我国碳减排目标、构建双循环发展格局的有力支撑。依靠科技创新推动我国清洁能源产业发展,将为中国式现代化建设提供安全可靠的能源保障,为共建清洁美丽的世界作出更大贡献。本文聚焦我国清洁能源产业发展,以科技创新为切入口,从时代背景、发展现状、制约因素三方面开展系统分析,提出科技创新支撑我国清洁能源产业发展的实践路径,以期为我国清洁能源产业高质量发展提供借鉴参考。
碳中和行动是应对全球气候变化的关键举措。近年来,全球极端天气事件频发,气候风险攀升。根据联合国减灾署2020年10月发布的《自然灾害的人类损失》报告,进入21世纪以来,灾害风险逐年呈现新的形态和规模,灾害频次、受灾人数和经济损失均呈指数级增长。应对气候变化已成为全人类共同责任,世界主要国家(地区)纷纷发布碳中和战略,科技创新成为各国实现碳中和的重要依托。世界主要国家通过加大清洁能源创新研发投入、制定重点产业低碳发展规划、实施重大清洁能源工程等方式,推动清洁能源、长效储能、零碳-智能电网、碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)等领域技术发展。
纵观人类能源演进历程,科技创新推动了由薪柴向煤炭、由煤炭向油气的能源结构转型。当今社会正经历由化石能源向清洁能源转型,科技创新成为推动能源系统低碳转型的第一驱动力。然而,现有科技水平不足以支撑全球碳中和进程,面临技术储备不足、实施路径不清、研发投入不足和合作机制不完善等方面挑战。技术储备方面,国际能源署(IEA)指出:现有技术水平远不能满足全球能源绿色低碳转型的需求,仅能支撑约25%的全球碳减排量;近35%的碳减排量所依靠的技术现阶段处于原型或示范阶段,更有40%的碳减排量所依靠的技术目前处于早期研究阶段[5]。实施路径方面,虽然能源、建筑等部门依靠可再生能源、终端电气化、碳捕获利用与封存(CCUS)、氢能等技术方案可实现净零排放,但工业、重载运输业和农业等碳密集、难脱碳和非CO2排放产业尚未有明确的脱碳技术和实施路径。研发投入方面,世界各国虽已加大清洁能源研发投入,但支持力度远远不够。创新使命(MI)第一阶段评估显示,18个成员国清洁能源研发投入由2015年的81亿美元增至2019年的130亿美元,未能实现5年倍增的目标。合作机制方面,受国际局势动荡影响,国家间在清洁能源领域开展长期、稳定联合攻关的局面尚未形成,成熟低碳/零碳技术由发达国家向发展中国家转移的有效机制也尚未建立。
美国总统拜登2022年8月16日签署《通胀削减法案》(以下简称《法案》),启动了美国历史上应对气候变化的最大投资,旨在助力美国重回清洁能源领域全球领导地位。
《法案》重塑美国清洁能源领域全球科技领导地位。一是启动系列攻关计划,聚焦重点领域推进技术成本下降。美国能源部启动“Energy Earthshot”项目,聚焦氢能、长效储能、碳移除、增强型地热等领域,开展系统攻关以降低技术成本。二是以国家实验室为核心,推动前沿颠覆性技术研发,先进能源领域成为重点资助对象[6]。三是通过行政命令扩大关键清洁能源产品产能。拜登总统多次授权美国能源部利用《国防生产法》,加快扩大太阳能、变压器/电网组件、热泵、绝缘材料和电解槽/燃料电池/铂族金属五大关键清洁能源产品产能[7],确保实现更为持久的美国能源独立。
《法案》扭转美国清洁能源产业发展颓势,摆脱对华产品依赖。一是提振清洁电力产业发展,加速绿色转型。借助《法案》税收抵免政策,美国能源部预计,未来10年美可再生能源建设呈爆发式增长,太阳能光伏、陆上风电、海上风电的平准化度电成本分别下降49%、63%、42%[8]。二是构建美本土电动汽车产业链,摆脱对华依赖。一方面对本土矿产材料和电池组件分别执行40%和50%的最低本土供给占比的限制条款,且均以10%比例逐年递增。另一方面规定矿物材料或电池组件来自特定政府(例如中国、俄罗斯等)拥有、控制的“实体企业”,不享受最高7500美元的购车税收抵免。
随着美国《法案》、欧盟《碳边境调节机制》(简称《碳关税》)相继实施,我国或面临“绿色优势产业受美国《法案》遏制,传统制造工业受欧盟《碳关税》限制”的两面夹击,科技创新成为我国绿色优势产业突出重围、传统制造产业转型升级的致胜法宝。
美国通过发布《法案》遏制我国绿色优势产业发展。近年来我国清洁能源产业蓬勃发展,实现了弯道超车并形成了产业优势。而《法案》从原材料、供应链等角度围堵我国优势绿色产业发展,重设未来10年中美竞争条件。以新能源汽车为例,《法案》旨在构建美本土电动汽车产业链,限制外国产品进口,摆脱对华依赖,打压我国新能汽车产业。
欧盟通过实施《碳关税》限制我国传统产业发展。《法案》加剧欧洲企业“跨大西洋迁移”,《碳关税》成为欧盟关键反制举措之一。面对美国巨大的市场潜力、较低的能源价格、较高的税收补贴,欧洲制造业巨头被迫将生产、研发及资金转移到美国本土。为保护欧洲工业之基,欧盟以期通过《碳关税》等政策保护本土支柱产业和清洁能源产业。《碳关税》将钢铁、水泥、电力、铝和化肥作为首批纳入行业,对我国传统工业产生重大影响。一是我国工业部门碳强度高于欧美发达国家。一方面是我国煤炭在整个能源消费中占据主导地位,另一方面是发展阶段决定了我国在全球分工体系中承担了更多高耗能、高污染的产品生产。二是颠覆性、激进性的低碳转型将推高我国资产搁浅风险。以钢铁行业为例,我国高炉设施投产后平均运行时间约为13年,未达到正常使用年限的1/3[9]。
我国持续推进清洁能源科技创新,技术水平不断提高,新能源汽车、锂电池和光伏产品在国际市场上形成强大竞争力,成为我国出口“新三样”。我国现已建成世界规模最大的清洁电力供应体系,多个领域成绩斐然。太阳能发电领域,我国不断刷新光伏电池转换效率世界纪录,自主研发的晶硅-钙钛矿叠层电池效率达到33.9%,成为目前全球叠层太阳能电池效率的最高纪录。风电领域,2023年全球首台16MW超大容量海上风电机组在福建海上风电场并网发电。核电领域,山东荣成石岛湾高温气冷堆核电站正式投入商业运行,标志着我国在第四代核电技术研发和应用领域达到世界领先水平。科技创新使我国清洁能源产业实现了从“跟跑”到“领跑”的巨大跨越,并持续提升我国清洁能源技术水平。
通过强化新型电力系统建设,我国清洁能源利用率持续保持较高水平,自2018年以来连续五年超过95%[10]。太阳能发电领域,2022年全国太阳能发电利用率98.3%,比上年提高0.3个百分点,利用情况持续改善,北京等15省市实现太阳能电量100%利用。风电领域,2013-2022年我国风电弃风率持续下降,由2016年的峰值17.1%降至2022年3.2%,2022年全国风电平均利用率96.8%,北京等13省市实现风电电量100%利用[11]。
大数据、人工智能等新一代信息技术同清洁能源产业深度融合,催生了新技术、新产品、新模式和新业态,数字化、智能化转型升级成为清洁能源科技革命和产业变革的强劲动力。例如:在能源供给侧,基于信息智能系统与深度学习算法,可准确预测未来电能需求的趋势与波动情况;在能源需求侧,数字技术的应用有力推动了终端能效提升和全国统一碳排放权交易市场的建设[12]。2023年3月国家能源局印发《关于加快推进能源数字化智能化发展的若干意见》,明确提出加快推进能源数字化智能化发展的总体要求和基本原则,提出了“六个转型、两个示范、三个技术突破、四个支撑体系”的具体任务举措,持续推动能源产业与数字技术融合发展。
教育部自2010年开始对战略性新兴产业加强学科布局和建设,新能源科学与工程专业位列其中。目前全国已有百余所高等学校陆续设立了清洁能源科学与工程专业。不同高等学校结合自身优势学科基础,分别在新能源材料、能源材料化学、能源动力、化学工程、动力工程及工程热物理、水利、电化学等专业领域拓展衍生建设。2022年教育部印发《加强碳达峰碳中和高等教育人才培养体系建设工作方案》,强调进一步加强风电、光伏、水电和核电等人才培养,保证水电、抽水蓄能和核电人才增长需求,推动高校加快储能和氢能领域人才培养[13]。
基于国内外诸多科研机构和能源企业对我国能源消费及能源结构的系统梳理可知,我国一次能源消费总量短中期呈上升趋势,长期呈下降趋势,能源结构低碳转型的长期趋势不变,清洁能源持续保持强劲增长势头[14]。以国家能源集团预测数据为例,在一次能源消费总量方面,我国在2033-2040年进入峰值平台期,约为65-66亿吨标准煤,较2020年增幅约30%。2040年后进入稳步下降阶段,预计2060年一次能源消费总量降至峰值水平的60%左右[15]。在一次能源消费结构方面,我国现阶段能源结构仍以化石能源为主体。预计2060年,煤炭、石油、天然气、一次电力及其他能源在我国能源消费中的占比分别为10%、3.5%、6.5%、80%[15]。2050-2060年,清洁能源实现对化石能源的全面替代。
我国能源供需的空间错位问题主要体现在:化石能源和清洁能源的资源中心和生产中心集中在中西部地区,能源消费中心集中在东部地区。化石能源方面,我国原油和天然气的供需错位现象较为突出。根据国家统计局数据分析可知,原油方面,生产地集中在陕西、天津、黑龙江、新疆和山东,占全国原油生产总量的77.2%;消费地集中在山东、辽宁、广东、江苏和浙江省,占全国原油消费总量的56.0%。天然气方面,生产地集中在中西部地区的陕西、四川和新疆三省,占全国天然气生产总量的71.3%;消费总量排名前三的省份依次为江苏、四川和广东三省,占全国天然气消费总量的25.9%。电力供应方面,我国80%的水电资源位于西部,90%的陆上风电资源集中在北部,但是75%的用电负荷中心位于中东部,电源与电负荷空间分布不均。
目前,我国清洁能源利用率总体较好,但清洁能源的间歇性、随机性、波动性特点对传统电力系统提出了新的挑战,2022年全国清洁能源发电装机占比接近30%[16],对高比例可再生能源的电力系统运行压力持续增加。随着可再生能源装机规模持续扩大,构建新型电力系统成为新型能源体系的必然要求,储能建设成为提升电力系统调节能力的关键。新型储能通过与电力系统源网荷侧协同发力,将从安全高效、清洁低碳、柔性灵活、智慧融合等方面全面支撑新型电力系统建设。
在全球能源系统低碳转型背景下,美国、欧盟、英国等国家/地区加速部署清洁能源前沿技术研发。基于对国际能源署全球关键清洁能源技术数据库的统计分析可知,我国同美国、日本、德国、法国和英国等欧美国家仍存在一定差距。具体而言,我国仅在太阳能光伏、核能和煤炭发电3个领域具有一定技术优势,在能源转型的其他子领域,我国清洁能源技术仍处于追赶状态。例如:生物燃料领域,美国、法国的领先技术分别为11和7项,我国为4项;氢能领域,美国、英国、德国的领先技术分别为10、7和6项,我国为1项[17]。
清洁能源技术的部署依赖于大量战略性矿产资源的充足、及时供应,尤其是锂、钴、铜和镍等。例如,一辆电动汽车的矿物需求量是传统汽车的6倍,陆上风电装置的矿物需求量是相同装机容量燃气发电厂的9倍[18]。战略性矿产资源的稀缺性和清洁能源产业发展对其的依赖性,显著提升了其在全球能源转型中的战略地位。中美两国在全球清洁能源领域的竞争进一步凸显了战略性矿产资源供应链的重要性。
中美两国战略性矿产资源的发展战略存在差异,美国推行矿产产业本土化,我国推行矿产资源全球化。美国的供应链短板在于材料加工环节薄弱,但随着美国政府对清洁能源产业政策激励生效,通过产业振兴美国可在短期内构建独立自主的战略性矿产资源供应链。我国的供应链优势在于加工制造环节,短板在于国内资源储量相对匮乏。虽然我国锂、钴、稀土、石墨等矿产的加工、精炼产能位列全球第一,但我国战略性矿产资源储量的全球占比大多低于5%,原料供应对外依存度较高[19](表1),我国战略性矿产资源供应链面临较大风险。
在推动我国清洁能源产业高质量发展的过程中,要统筹好清洁能源发展和国家安全。鉴于我国资源禀赋与能源消费的空间错位、能源需求的持续增长,我国要加强顶层设计,统筹国家能源战略部署,推动“跨区能源传输”向“本地能源供给”转型。风能、太阳能的普惠性特征,使清洁能源发展摆脱了化石能源的地质条件限制,为我国抹平能源供需错位提供了资源基础。东部沿海地区要依托海上风电、海水制氢、分布式光伏等技术充分释放东部资源潜力,西部内陆地区要发挥能源资源丰富的优势,实施“高能西置”“西能西用”战略,将西部能源用于西部经济建设。
科技创新是支撑引领我国清洁能源高质量发展的第一动力。我国对氢能、海上风电等清洁能源产业应长期、稳定支持基础前沿技术攻关和新兴产业培育。坚持长期研发投入,对关键核心技术提供稳定的资金支持。在产业孵化初期,充分发挥新型举国体制优势,聚焦重点领域,组织、调动、统筹相关领域战略科技力量,将相对分散的人才、资金、设施等科技要素依托重大工程项目实现高度整合,对关键核心技术开展集中攻关和工程示范,加快实现技术突破。
清洁能源的技术成本是阻碍其商业化推广的关键因素。清洁能源技术研发应树立低成本导向,构建“以重大工程项目为牵引、以产业发展目标为导向”的体系化科研组织模式,通过工程示范实现降本增效,推动先进技术商业部署,同时采用市场方式促进先进技术持续迭代升级。在技术创新过程中,打破技术流动壁垒,推进先进技术先行先试,为产业规模化发展奠定技术基础。
化石能源时代,全球能源系统建立在若干平行能源产业链之上,特定能源与特定用能场景严格相连(例如:煤炭-发电,石油-运输),降低了能源系统总体用能效率,制约了能源系统低碳化转型[20]。清洁能源时代,能源系统电气化的趋势打破了彼此割裂、平行的能源产业链,加速了多类型能源融合发展,迎来了多类型能源协同生产、跨领域能源融合消费的新时代。为此,我国应搭建能源系统集成化研究平台,从国家层面制定我国能源系统集成化发展战略,梳理关键技术,明确关键节点,形成政策和舆论导向。
在国际科技竞争日益加剧的背景下,我国应聚焦重点清洁能源产业,通过发起国际科学计划、参与国际科技合作、共建国际科技联盟、吸聚国际顶尖人才等方式,最大限度利用全球创新资源和技术成果,补齐技术短板,强化技术优势。国际科技合作可树立“鉴美仿欧”总基调。中美科技合作可围绕CCUS、直接空气捕获、页岩油气和增强型地热等领域延续“中美清洁能源联合研究中心”合作模式。中欧科技合作可以“共同技术需求、共同市场前景”为原则,借鉴欧盟清洁能源发展模式,全面加强政府、企业、高校间的商业合作和技术交流。
能源结构低碳化转型将推动整个能源系统由化石能源密集型向矿产资源密集型转变,保障战略性矿产资源供应链安全成为我国清洁能源产业发展的重大安全问题。我国应实施关键矿产资源保供战略。一是国内矿产增储行动。加大矿产资源勘查投入,开展新一轮找矿战略行动,提高矿产资源储量。二是关键技术攻关行动。围绕矿产勘查智能化、生产运营数字化、采矿设备电气化和开采方式变革化开展关键技术攻关。三是海外矿产强链行动。鉴于拉丁美洲投资风险攀升、非洲合作潜力巨大、东南亚投资准入放宽的国际环境,应警惕地缘政治风险,锁定重点国家,通过合资开发、矿权购买等方式,加强海外供应链布局。四是替代循环高效行动。加强紧缺矿产资源替代技术研发,积极构建二次资源回收利用体系,提高战略性矿产资源二次利用水平和供应能力。
(1)加速推动我国清洁能源产业发展是必要且紧迫的。当前,应对气候变化已成为全球共识,世界主要国家相继发布碳中和战略,以期发展绿色产业、推动产业转型升级。然而,全球清洁能源领域科技发展面临技术储备不足、实施路径不清、研发投入不足和合作机制不完善等方面挑战,尚不足以支撑全球碳中和进程。国际背景方面,美国《通胀削减法案》旨在重塑美国在清洁能源领域的全球领导地位,摆脱对华产品依赖,遏制我国优势绿色产业发展。欧盟《碳边境调节机制》对我国传统制造业转型升级带来巨大压力,我国产业体系面临美、欧“两面夹击”的风险。
(2)我国清洁能源产业科技创新要素持续向好。我国清洁能源技术水平快速提升,新能源汽车、锂电池和光伏产品在国际市场上已形成强大竞争力,且我国清洁能源资源利用率持续保持较高水平,自2018年以来连续五年超过95%。同时,大数据、人工智能等新一代信息技术同我国清洁能源产业深度融合,催生了新技术、新产品、新模式和新业态,数字化、智能化转型升级成为清洁能源科技革命和产业变革的强劲动力,清洁能源领域科技人才队伍不断扩大,教育学科体系不断完善。
(3)我国清洁能源产业发展面临诸多制约因素。我国能源系统在短中期内面临总量增长和结构欠优的挑战,且我国能源供需的空间错位问题突出,即“东部地区为资源洼地、用能高地,西部地区为资源高地,用能洼地”的特征。在清洁能源方面,一是高比例可再生能源的电力系统对我国新型电力系统的构建提出了更高要求,二是我国清洁能源技术水平同发达国家仍存在一定差距,在氢能、生物燃料等领域仍处于追赶状态。此外,清洁能源产业发展高度依赖战略性矿产资源,中美两国矿产资源战略存在差异,我国战略性矿产资源供应链面临较大风险。
(4)科技创新支撑我国清洁能源产业发展的实践路径主要体现在,要统筹国家能源战略总体部署,坚持“依托清洁能源发展抹平能源供需空间错位”的发展思路。聚焦世界能源科技前沿,充分发挥新型举国体制优势,聚焦重点领域开展集智攻关,依托重大工程推动先进技术降本增效和先行先试,长期、稳定支持基础前沿技术攻关和产业培育。加快能源系统集成化建设,推动多类型能源融合发展,持续提升能源跨界利用效率。重视战略性矿产资源供应链安全,实施矿产资源保供战略,构建安全韧性供应体系。
清洁能源产业高质量发展是我国经济社会发展的重大战略决策。一方面可抹平化石能源短板,凸显我国清洁能源资源优势,另一方面将倒逼我国产业结构调整,培育增长新动能。本文基于对清洁能源产业发展的时代背景、发展现状、制约因素和实践路径的系统分析,为我国依靠科技创新支撑清洁能源产业发展提供启示建议。
(1)大力推进新型储能产业发展,支撑能源供给从“跨区能源传输”向“本地能源供给”转型。进一步完善新型储能价格疏导机制,探索新型储能参与碳交易市场,优化新型储能调度运行机制,提升社会资本投资热情。
(2)构建能源领域科技创新联合体,充分发挥科技领军企业作用。一方面以企业需求为导向,聚焦生产经营面临的突出问题,调动企业、高校和科研院所的创新资源开展集智攻关。另一方面以国家战略为导向,引导企业科研投入,支持企业清洁能源新技术推广,通过规模效应降低绿色成本溢价。
(3)营造技术共享的创新生态,加速先进技术的跨行业、跨领域流动,激发创新活力。充分发挥国家实验室、高等院校、科研院所、行业协会在技术流动方面的桥梁、纽带作用,推动先进技术以低成本的方式在企业中示范应用,通过企业的规模化生产加速先进技术迭代升级
(4)建立能源系统集成国家重点实验室,融合科研院所、高校和企业科研力量,聚焦能源集成平台、能源互通技术、能源系统智能化、跨部门通用标准和跨部门碳排放监测等重点领域,以重大工程项目等形式开展集智攻关,提升能源系统的生产、传输、利用效率,打造多能互补的清洁高效能源系统。
(5)积极构建更为主动的国际科技合作机制。通过实验装置共建、科技项目共研、学术论坛共议等形式加强政府、企业、高校之间的商业合作和技术交流,鼓励我国清洁能源领域领军企业在海外设立联合研发机构。此外,设立面向全球的清洁能源创新研究基金,吸引和集聚全球创新资源,打造全球清洁能源伙伴关系和协同创新平台。
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2021M693105)
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2026年第44卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-12
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
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    中国科学技术发展战略研究院, 北京 100038
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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