Article(id=1315693781085700514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=1760284800000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791615441818, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1791993600000, pubDateStr=2026-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791615441818, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791615441818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791615441818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315693724970103290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='2017', pageEnd='2240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791993600000', pubDateStr='2026-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791615428440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791615454688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2118, endPage=2131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315693781312192931, articleId=1315693781085700514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=How government-guided funds shape the innovation ecosystem: From the perspective of innovation spillover, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Different from existing literature that primarily focuses on the direct impact of government-guided funds (GGFs) on invested enterprises, this paper innovatively examines how such funds influence innovation interactions among multiple invested enterprises. A limited body of literature has found that GGFs can significantly enhance corporate innovation performance. However, these investigations have largely concentrated on direct effects (such as capital provision and legitimacy empowerment), with limited in-depth analysis of positive externalities, particularly regarding innovation spillovers and industrial ecosystem development. Drawing on ecosystem theory, this study posits that GGFs can serve as ecosystem architects, constructing an innovation ecosystem centered on the GGFs through common shareholder connections, encompassing fund managers, co-investors, and numerous portfolio companies. Within this system, GGFs perform core organizational and coordination functions, enhancing entrepreneurial firms' embeddedness in the ecosystem by coordinating innovation interactions among ecosystem members. Specifically, GGFs promote innovation spillovers among portfolio companies through three mechanisms: information transmission, resource integration, and relational governance.

This study employs GGFs investment event data from 2003-2019, patent application data and patent citation data from 2000-2022, and utilizes parametric and non-parametric event study methods to systematically examine the effects and mechanisms of GGFs on intra-portfolio innovation spillovers. Empirical results demonstrate that after firms join GGFs portfolios, their innovation interactions with other portfolio companies are significantly enhanced. Mechanism tests reveal that GGFs facilitate inter-firm innovation collaboration through information transmission, resource integration, and relational governance channels, with these promotional effects being more pronounced when portfolio companies exhibit higher geographical dispersion, GGFs operate at higher administrative levels, and trust levels between entrepreneurial firms and portfolio companies are lower. Heterogeneity analysis results indicate that intra-portfolio innovation interactions are significantly enhanced when funds possess extensive investment experience, participate as lead investors, and have managers with state-owned backgrounds, or when entrepreneurial firms are high-tech enterprises, are in non-early development stages, represent cross-regional investment projects, and operate in regions with well-developed intellectual property protection systems. Further research reveals that intra-portfolio innovation spillovers effectively promote corporate innovation output, particularly demonstrating superior performance in core technology breakthroughs. These findings suggest that policymakers should deepen their understanding of the ecosystem-enabling functions of GGFs and refine institutional designs to fully unleash their positive externalities; fund managers should focus on optimizing operational mechanisms and strengthening innovation leadership and resource allocation capabilities; and enterprises should proactively integrate into innovation ecosystems and improve their innovation interaction strategies with portfolio companies.

The theoretical contributions of this study manifest in three dimensions: First, from an innovation ecosystem perspective, it deepens theoretical understanding of the mechanisms through which GGFs influence corporate innovation performance, extending the research perspective from individual firms to the portfolio level and providing ecosystem-level empirical evidence for how GGFs promote corporate innovation activities. Second, it reveals the unique functions of GGFs—as special common shareholders with public policy orientation—in shaping internal ecosystem structures and driving innovation spillovers, elucidating how equity-based coordination mechanisms uniquely facilitate innovation interactions within ecosystems and ultimately advance key core technologies. Third, by thoroughly examining the moderating effects of fund characteristics, firm attributes, and regional governance environments on the heterogeneous effects of intra-portfolio knowledge flows, it provides important insights for optimizing GGFs operational models and advancing innovation ecosystem evolution.

, authors=Liang-yong WAN, Zhi-wei HE, authorsList=Liang-yong WAN, Zhi-wei HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhi-wei HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315693781916172710, articleId=1315693781085700514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=政府引导基金如何塑造创新生态?——基于创新溢出视角, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

区别于已有文献主要关注政府引导基金对被投企业的直接影响,本文聚焦于政府引导基金在创新生态系统中的架构者角色,探讨政府引导基金如何影响其投资组合内企业之间的创新溢出效应。基于事件研究法,研究发现,加入政府引导基金投资组合能够显著提升企业的创新生态嵌入性,促进组合内企业间的创新溢出,并助力企业关键核心技术突破。政府引导基金作为共同股东通过信息传递、资源整合和关系治理机制有效地协调企业间创新互动,促进了组合内的创新溢出。异质性分析表明,投资经验、领投行为及管理人国有属性等基金特征,以及技术属性、成长阶段与投资属地等企业特征均显著影响组合内企业间创新互动强度;而以区域知识产权保护为代表的契约治理与关系治理存在互补效应,共同强化组合内的创新互动。进一步研究发现,组合内企业间创新互动对创业企业关键核心技术突破具有积极影响。本文揭示了政府引导基金促进创新溢出的功能机理,为评估引导基金在创新生态系统中的正外部性提供了经验证据。

, authors=万良勇, 何志伟, authorsList=万良勇, 何志伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何志伟, authorNote=

万良勇(1979-),男,教授,博士。

, correspAuthorsNote=
何志伟(1997-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:。
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万良勇(1979-),男,教授,博士。

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万良勇(1979-),男,教授,博士。

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China Industrial Economics, 2024(9): 62-80., articleTitle=Construction of national strategic scientific and technological power and enterprises’ key core technology breakthroughs: Evidence from national and provincial key laboratories, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315693785321947600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, awardId=24AGL023, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重点项目(24AGL023), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1315693785405833681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, awardId=GD23SJZ06, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省哲学社会科学规划项目(GD23SJZ06), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315693782146859431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693782155248040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, companyId=1315693782146859431, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693782163636649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, companyId=1315693782146859431, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南理工大学工商管理学院, 广东广州 510641)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315693783455482302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The effect of government-guided funds on innovation interaction among portfolio firms, figureFileSmall=6ZJBC2ODfEKb0UP38tAXyQ==, figureFileBig=o7KoMSN7Mzz10orar8fHJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315693783522591167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=图1, caption=引导基金对投资组合企业间创新互动的影响, figureFileSmall=6ZJBC2ODfEKb0UP38tAXyQ==, figureFileBig=o7KoMSN7Mzz10orar8fHJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315693783694557632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 变量 观测数 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
引用投资组合数量 Citation 28,126 0.033 0.729 0.000 38.00
被投资组合引用数量 Cited 28,126 0.025 0.688 0.000 51.00
引用与被引用数量 Citation_Cited 28,126 0.058 1.270 0.000 76.00
是否引用与被引用 Citation_Cited_Dum 28,126 0.007 0.081 0.000 1.000
企业年龄 Age 28,126 9.939 6.058 0.000 27.00
风险投资活跃度 VC_Market 28,126 29.81 35.113 1.000 131.0
地理分散程度 Geographic_Diversity 28,126 3.690 2.516 1.000 15.00
基金级别 Fund_Level 28,126 2.455 0.740 1.000 4.000
基金规模 Fund_Size 28,126 7.780 13.546 0.000 82.00
基金管理人性质 Fund_Manager 28,126 0.395 0.489 0.000 1.000
基金投资经验 Fund_Experience 28,126 2.349 3.299 0.000 19.00
是否参与领投 Lead_Investor 28,126 0.205 0.404 0.000 1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1315693783770055105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 变量 观测数 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
引用投资组合数量 Citation 28,126 0.033 0.729 0.000 38.00
被投资组合引用数量 Cited 28,126 0.025 0.688 0.000 51.00
引用与被引用数量 Citation_Cited 28,126 0.058 1.270 0.000 76.00
是否引用与被引用 Citation_Cited_Dum 28,126 0.007 0.081 0.000 1.000
企业年龄 Age 28,126 9.939 6.058 0.000 27.00
风险投资活跃度 VC_Market 28,126 29.81 35.113 1.000 131.0
地理分散程度 Geographic_Diversity 28,126 3.690 2.516 1.000 15.00
基金级别 Fund_Level 28,126 2.455 0.740 1.000 4.000
基金规模 Fund_Size 28,126 7.780 13.546 0.000 82.00
基金管理人性质 Fund_Manager 28,126 0.395 0.489 0.000 1.000
基金投资经验 Fund_Experience 28,126 2.349 3.299 0.000 19.00
是否参与领投 Lead_Investor 28,126 0.205 0.404 0.000 1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1315693783849746882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The average effect of post-investment innovation interaction between investee firm and other portfolio companies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited Citation_Cited_Dum
β 0.018***
(0.006)
0.035**
(0.014)
0.053***
(0.019)
0.007***
(0.002)
控制变量 控制 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制 控制
观测值 28,126 28,126 28,126 28,126
R2 0.478 0.442 0.497 0.281
), ArticleFig(id=1315693783921050051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

加入投资组合后创业企业与投资组合企业间创新互动的平均效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited Citation_Cited_Dum
β 0.018***
(0.006)
0.035**
(0.014)
0.053***
(0.019)
0.007***
(0.002)
控制变量 控制 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制 控制
观测值 28,126 28,126 28,126 28,126
R2 0.478 0.442 0.497 0.281
), ArticleFig(id=1315693783996547524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The mechanisms of innovation interaction between investee firm and portfolio companies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
A栏:地理分散程度(Geographic_Diversity)
地理分散程度高
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.038***
(0.014)
0.078**
(0.036)
0.116**
(0.047)
观测值 11,525 11,525 11,525
R2 0.496 0.519 0.542
地理分散程度低
β 0.001
(0.002)
0.005
(0.003)
0.006
(0.005)
观测值 16,597 16,597 16,597
R2 0.216 0.197 0.233
B栏:基金级别(Fund_Level)
国家级或省级
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.029**
(0.012)
0.070**
(0.034)
0.094**
(0.043)
观测值 11,998 11,998 11,998
R2 0.485 0.463 0.512
市级或区县级
β 0.004***
(0.002)
0.005*
(0.003)
0.010***
(0.004)
观测值 16,127 16,127 16,127
R2 0.206 0.118 0.198
C栏:创业企业与投资组合企业间信任程度(Trust)
信任程度高
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.054
(0.044)
0.037**
(0.018)
-0.054
(0.058)
观测值 6,036 5,918 10,952
R2 0.606 0.525 0.559
信任程度低
β 0.039**
(0.019)
0.057
(0.050)
0.101**
(0.047)
观测值 9,117 8,145 9,792
R2 0.716 0.716 0.77
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784088822213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

创业企业与投资组合企业间创新互动的机制分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
A栏:地理分散程度(Geographic_Diversity)
地理分散程度高
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.038***
(0.014)
0.078**
(0.036)
0.116**
(0.047)
观测值 11,525 11,525 11,525
R2 0.496 0.519 0.542
地理分散程度低
β 0.001
(0.002)
0.005
(0.003)
0.006
(0.005)
观测值 16,597 16,597 16,597
R2 0.216 0.197 0.233
B栏:基金级别(Fund_Level)
国家级或省级
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.029**
(0.012)
0.070**
(0.034)
0.094**
(0.043)
观测值 11,998 11,998 11,998
R2 0.485 0.463 0.512
市级或区县级
β 0.004***
(0.002)
0.005*
(0.003)
0.010***
(0.004)
观测值 16,127 16,127 16,127
R2 0.206 0.118 0.198
C栏:创业企业与投资组合企业间信任程度(Trust)
信任程度高
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.054
(0.044)
0.037**
(0.018)
-0.054
(0.058)
观测值 6,036 5,918 10,952
R2 0.606 0.525 0.559
信任程度低
β 0.039**
(0.019)
0.057
(0.050)
0.101**
(0.047)
观测值 9,117 8,145 9,792
R2 0.716 0.716 0.77
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784164319686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis based on fund characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
A栏:基金投资经验(Fund_Experience)
投资经验相对丰富
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.037*
(0.019)
0.078**
(0.037)
0.115**
(0.051)
观测值 7,889 7,889 7,889
R2 0.561 0.523 0.571
投资经验相对缺乏
β 0.016**
(0.007)
0.024
(0.017)
0.040*
(0.023)
观测值 20,237 20,237 20,237
R2 0.387 0.180 0.322
B栏:基金是否参与领投(Lead_Investor)
参与领投
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.102**
(0.043)
0.152
(0.097) (T=1.57)
0.255*
(0.136)
观测值 5,767 5,767 5,767
R2 0.382 0.516 0.523
没有参与领投
β 0.001
(0.005)
0.010
(0.007)
0.001
(0.001)
观测值 22,358 22,358 22,358
R2 0.489 0.513 0.533
C栏:基金管理人性质(Fund_Manager)
国有基金管理人
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.053**
(0.013)
0.070**
(0.035)
0.100**
(0.050)
观测值 11,102 11,102 11,102
R2 0.489 0.466 0.514
非国有基金管理人
β 0.001
(0.002)
0.005*
(0.003)
0.007*
(0.004)
观测值 17,022 17,022 17,022
R2 0.225 0.189 0.231
共同控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784248205767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于基金特征的异质性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
A栏:基金投资经验(Fund_Experience)
投资经验相对丰富
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.037*
(0.019)
0.078**
(0.037)
0.115**
(0.051)
观测值 7,889 7,889 7,889
R2 0.561 0.523 0.571
投资经验相对缺乏
β 0.016**
(0.007)
0.024
(0.017)
0.040*
(0.023)
观测值 20,237 20,237 20,237
R2 0.387 0.180 0.322
B栏:基金是否参与领投(Lead_Investor)
参与领投
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.102**
(0.043)
0.152
(0.097) (T=1.57)
0.255*
(0.136)
观测值 5,767 5,767 5,767
R2 0.382 0.516 0.523
没有参与领投
β 0.001
(0.005)
0.010
(0.007)
0.001
(0.001)
观测值 22,358 22,358 22,358
R2 0.489 0.513 0.533
C栏:基金管理人性质(Fund_Manager)
国有基金管理人
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.053**
(0.013)
0.070**
(0.035)
0.100**
(0.050)
观测值 11,102 11,102 11,102
R2 0.489 0.466 0.514
非国有基金管理人
β 0.001
(0.002)
0.005*
(0.003)
0.007*
(0.004)
观测值 17,022 17,022 17,022
R2 0.225 0.189 0.231
共同控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784319508936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis based on firm characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
A栏:高科技属性
高科技
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.014**
(0.007)
0.020**
(0.010)
0.034**
(0.015)
观测值 17,381 17,381 17,381
R2 0.265 0.464 0.411
非高科技
β 0.025*
(0.013)
0.053
(0.036)
0.079*
(0.046)
观测值 10,745 10,745 10,745
R2 0.500 0.442 0.508
组间差异检验P值 0.380 0.100* 0.155
B栏:发展阶段属性
早期阶段
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.003
(0.005)
0.013**
(0.006)
0.016*
(0.009)
观测值 8,939 8,939 8,939
R2 0.236 0.464 0.239
非早期阶段
β 0.019**
(0.009)
0.044**
(0.022)
0.062**
(0.029)
观测值 19,185 19,185 19,185
R2 0.489 0.444 0.503
组间差异检验P值 0.265 0.080* 0.085*
C栏:异地投资属性
异地投资
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.003*
(0.002)
0.002**
(0.001)
0.005***
(0.002)
观测值 9,190 9,190 9,190
R2 0.132 0.111 0.144
非异地投资
β 0.005
(0.004)
0.004
(0.005)
0.009
(0.007)
观测值 6,937 6,937 6,937
R2 0.244 0.168 0.235
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784462115273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

基于企业特征的异质性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
A栏:高科技属性
高科技
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.014**
(0.007)
0.020**
(0.010)
0.034**
(0.015)
观测值 17,381 17,381 17,381
R2 0.265 0.464 0.411
非高科技
β 0.025*
(0.013)
0.053
(0.036)
0.079*
(0.046)
观测值 10,745 10,745 10,745
R2 0.500 0.442 0.508
组间差异检验P值 0.380 0.100* 0.155
B栏:发展阶段属性
早期阶段
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.003
(0.005)
0.013**
(0.006)
0.016*
(0.009)
观测值 8,939 8,939 8,939
R2 0.236 0.464 0.239
非早期阶段
β 0.019**
(0.009)
0.044**
(0.022)
0.062**
(0.029)
观测值 19,185 19,185 19,185
R2 0.489 0.444 0.503
组间差异检验P值 0.265 0.080* 0.085*
C栏:异地投资属性
异地投资
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.003*
(0.002)
0.002**
(0.001)
0.005***
(0.002)
观测值 9,190 9,190 9,190
R2 0.132 0.111 0.144
非异地投资
β 0.005
(0.004)
0.004
(0.005)
0.009
(0.007)
观测值 6,937 6,937 6,937
R2 0.244 0.168 0.235
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784701190602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis based on the regional contractual governance environment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
知识产权保护力度强
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.020**
(0.009)
0.037**
(0.017)
0.055**
(0.023)
观测值 13,347 13,347 13,347
R2 0.541 0.524 0.554
知识产权保护力度弱
β 0.014
(0.009)
0.029
(0.025)
0.043
(0.032)
观测值 14,292 14,292 14,292
R2 0.487 0.346 0.487
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784793465291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

基于区域契约治理环境的异质性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
知识产权保护力度强
被解释变量 Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.020**
(0.009)
0.037**
(0.017)
0.055**
(0.023)
观测值 13,347 13,347 13,347
R2 0.541 0.524 0.554
知识产权保护力度弱
β 0.014
(0.009)
0.029
(0.025)
0.043
(0.032)
观测值 14,292 14,292 14,292
R2 0.487 0.346 0.487
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784885739980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Robustness test by adjusting the time window

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
A栏:稳健性检验:窗口期调整为事件前后5期
Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.014**
(0.005)
0.030**
(0.013)
0.045**
(0.018)
观测值 41,198 41,198 41,198
R2 0.377 0.273 0.351
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
B栏:稳健性检验:窗口期调整为事件前后2期
Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.019**
(0.008)
0.030*
(0.015)
0.048**
(0.021)
观测值 20,090 20,090 20,090
R2 0.547 0.487 0.560
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693784978014669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

基于窗口调整的稳健性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3)
A栏:稳健性检验:窗口期调整为事件前后5期
Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.014**
(0.005)
0.030**
(0.013)
0.045**
(0.018)
观测值 41,198 41,198 41,198
R2 0.377 0.273 0.351
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
B栏:稳健性检验:窗口期调整为事件前后2期
Citation Cited Citation_Cited
β 0.019**
(0.008)
0.030*
(0.015)
0.048**
(0.021)
观测值 20,090 20,090 20,090
R2 0.547 0.487 0.560
控制变量 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693785057706446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Government-guided funds investment and the key core technology breakthroughs of investee firm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Core_Tech1 Core_Tech1 Core_Tech2 Core_Tech2
β 1.430***
(0.350)
1.372***
(0.347)
1.325***
(0.326)
1.273***
(0.324)
Citation_Cited 1.223*** 1.093***
(0.449) (0.408)
观测值 28,126 28,126 28,126 28,126
R2 0.519 0.521 0.517 0.519
控制变量 控制 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制 控制
), ArticleFig(id=1315693785141592527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693781085700514, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

引导基金投资与创业企业关键核心技术突破

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Core_Tech1 Core_Tech1 Core_Tech2 Core_Tech2
β 1.430***
(0.350)
1.372***
(0.347)
1.325***
(0.326)
1.273***
(0.324)
Citation_Cited 1.223*** 1.093***
(0.449) (0.408)
观测值 28,126 28,126 28,126 28,126
R2 0.519 0.521 0.517 0.519
控制变量 控制 控制 控制 控制
企业固定效应 控制 控制 控制 控制
年份固定效应 控制 控制 控制 控制
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政府引导基金如何塑造创新生态?——基于创新溢出视角
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万良勇 , 何志伟
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(10): 2118-2131
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (10) : 2118 -2131
政府引导基金如何塑造创新生态?——基于创新溢出视角
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万良勇(1979-),男,教授,博士。

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万良勇, 何志伟
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学工商管理学院, 广东广州 510641
通讯作者:
何志伟(1997-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:。
作者简介:

万良勇(1979-),男,教授,博士。

How government-guided funds shape the innovation ecosystem: From the perspective of innovation spillover
Liang-yong WAN, Zhi-wei HE
Affiliations
  • School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
出版时间: 2026-10-15
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区别于已有文献主要关注政府引导基金对被投企业的直接影响,本文聚焦于政府引导基金在创新生态系统中的架构者角色,探讨政府引导基金如何影响其投资组合内企业之间的创新溢出效应。基于事件研究法,研究发现,加入政府引导基金投资组合能够显著提升企业的创新生态嵌入性,促进组合内企业间的创新溢出,并助力企业关键核心技术突破。政府引导基金作为共同股东通过信息传递、资源整合和关系治理机制有效地协调企业间创新互动,促进了组合内的创新溢出。异质性分析表明,投资经验、领投行为及管理人国有属性等基金特征,以及技术属性、成长阶段与投资属地等企业特征均显著影响组合内企业间创新互动强度;而以区域知识产权保护为代表的契约治理与关系治理存在互补效应,共同强化组合内的创新互动。进一步研究发现,组合内企业间创新互动对创业企业关键核心技术突破具有积极影响。本文揭示了政府引导基金促进创新溢出的功能机理,为评估引导基金在创新生态系统中的正外部性提供了经验证据。

政府引导基金  /  创新生态  /  投资组合  /  创新溢出  /  关键核心技术

Different from existing literature that primarily focuses on the direct impact of government-guided funds (GGFs) on invested enterprises, this paper innovatively examines how such funds influence innovation interactions among multiple invested enterprises. A limited body of literature has found that GGFs can significantly enhance corporate innovation performance. However, these investigations have largely concentrated on direct effects (such as capital provision and legitimacy empowerment), with limited in-depth analysis of positive externalities, particularly regarding innovation spillovers and industrial ecosystem development. Drawing on ecosystem theory, this study posits that GGFs can serve as ecosystem architects, constructing an innovation ecosystem centered on the GGFs through common shareholder connections, encompassing fund managers, co-investors, and numerous portfolio companies. Within this system, GGFs perform core organizational and coordination functions, enhancing entrepreneurial firms' embeddedness in the ecosystem by coordinating innovation interactions among ecosystem members. Specifically, GGFs promote innovation spillovers among portfolio companies through three mechanisms: information transmission, resource integration, and relational governance.

This study employs GGFs investment event data from 2003-2019, patent application data and patent citation data from 2000-2022, and utilizes parametric and non-parametric event study methods to systematically examine the effects and mechanisms of GGFs on intra-portfolio innovation spillovers. Empirical results demonstrate that after firms join GGFs portfolios, their innovation interactions with other portfolio companies are significantly enhanced. Mechanism tests reveal that GGFs facilitate inter-firm innovation collaboration through information transmission, resource integration, and relational governance channels, with these promotional effects being more pronounced when portfolio companies exhibit higher geographical dispersion, GGFs operate at higher administrative levels, and trust levels between entrepreneurial firms and portfolio companies are lower. Heterogeneity analysis results indicate that intra-portfolio innovation interactions are significantly enhanced when funds possess extensive investment experience, participate as lead investors, and have managers with state-owned backgrounds, or when entrepreneurial firms are high-tech enterprises, are in non-early development stages, represent cross-regional investment projects, and operate in regions with well-developed intellectual property protection systems. Further research reveals that intra-portfolio innovation spillovers effectively promote corporate innovation output, particularly demonstrating superior performance in core technology breakthroughs. These findings suggest that policymakers should deepen their understanding of the ecosystem-enabling functions of GGFs and refine institutional designs to fully unleash their positive externalities; fund managers should focus on optimizing operational mechanisms and strengthening innovation leadership and resource allocation capabilities; and enterprises should proactively integrate into innovation ecosystems and improve their innovation interaction strategies with portfolio companies.

The theoretical contributions of this study manifest in three dimensions: First, from an innovation ecosystem perspective, it deepens theoretical understanding of the mechanisms through which GGFs influence corporate innovation performance, extending the research perspective from individual firms to the portfolio level and providing ecosystem-level empirical evidence for how GGFs promote corporate innovation activities. Second, it reveals the unique functions of GGFs—as special common shareholders with public policy orientation—in shaping internal ecosystem structures and driving innovation spillovers, elucidating how equity-based coordination mechanisms uniquely facilitate innovation interactions within ecosystems and ultimately advance key core technologies. Third, by thoroughly examining the moderating effects of fund characteristics, firm attributes, and regional governance environments on the heterogeneous effects of intra-portfolio knowledge flows, it provides important insights for optimizing GGFs operational models and advancing innovation ecosystem evolution.

government-guided fund  /  innovation ecosystem  /  investment portfolio  /  innovation spillover  /  key core technology
万良勇, 何志伟. 政府引导基金如何塑造创新生态?——基于创新溢出视角. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2118 -2131 .
Liang-yong WAN, Zhi-wei HE. How government-guided funds shape the innovation ecosystem: From the perspective of innovation spillover[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2118 -2131 .
截至2024年末,我国政府引导基金(下称“引导基金”)规模已超7.7万亿元①(① 数据来源于2025年清科研究中心报告:《政府引导基金正在转变》。)。作为一种重要的政策工具,引导基金能够有效融合“有为政府”与“有效市场”两种资源配置方式,是加快国家创新体系转型的重要抓手。现有文献已发现引导基金有助于提升被投企业的创新绩效[1-3],但这些研究主要关注引导基金对单个企业的赋能作用,忽视了其作为投资组合的核心组织者所产生的正外部性,即促进被投企业间的创新溢出。本文将基于创新生态视角,研究引导基金对其投资组合内企业间创新溢出的促进作用。
理论上,引导基金可以作为组合内创新生态系统的“架构者”,构建一个以引导基金为核心,涵盖基金管理人、联合投资方和众多被投企业的创新生态系统。现有研究表明创业投资已经成为区域创新生态系统的重要组成部分,是生态系统演进的关键驱动力[4,5]。Adner[6]指出,生态系统的有效运作依赖于对活动、参与者、位置和环节这四大要素的协调。在引导基金构建的创新生态中,其独特的共同股东②(② 共同股东作为一种所有权结构,是指一个或多个股东同时在两家或多家企业中持有股权。)身份为其扮演核心组织角色奠定了结构性基础。这种基于所有权的联结(即Adner观点中的“环节”)不仅赋予了引导基金协调各参与者位置及互动模式(“位置”与“活动”)的能力和杠杆,也构成了企业间创新互动和知识溢出的关键渠道。因此,将研究视角从单个企业转向投资组合,探讨引导基金作为“架构者”如何协调投资组合内的创新互动,并最终促进关键核心技术产出,可为揭示其创新赋能作用提供新的理论视角与经验证据。
本研究试图回答以下核心问题:第一,引导基金是否促进了投资组合企业间的创新溢出?第二,其背后的作用机制是什么?第三,上述促进作用能否提升企业实际创新产出?为检验上述问题,本文将政府引导基金的投资事件数据与创业企业专利数据相匹配,运用(非)参数事件研究法(event study),识别企业在加入引导基金投资组合前后创新溢出效应的动态变化,并进一步检验其内在机制以及最终对创新产出的影响。
现有研究主要围绕资源赋能与代理成本视角探讨引导基金对企业创新的影响。从资源赋能的视角看,引导基金能有效弥补市场失灵:一方面,引导基金凭借其资金优势缓解企业融资约束[2],或通过风险容忍机制提升创新容错空间,从而推动企业关键核心技术突破[1];另一方面,政府背书所产生的信号传递效应为企业带来合法性优势,这种合法性支持成为促进创新的隐性制度支持[7]。然而,基于代理成本视角的研究则认为,引导基金特有的多重委托代理结构可能引发监管缺位、短期行为偏好等代理问题,从而阻碍企业的创新活动[8]。
现有研究发现创业投资在创新生态系统中扮演着重要角色[9,10],有效地管理着资本、信息及专业知识等关键资源的流动与配置[5]。一方面,创业投资机构凭借其强大的信息网络与社会资本,能够显著降低信息搜寻成本,并为投资组合公司提供具有战略价值的私有信息。另一方面,创业投资机构具备独特的专业技能,能够有效识别、筛选并赋能那些致力于创新和能力提升的创业企业[11],并将这些企业吸引到创新生态系统中。
综上所述,本文认为有必要将研究视角从单个企业转向投资组合层面,考察引导基金作为生态系统“架构者”的角色。
引导基金具备信息、合法性、专业技能和资金等多重优势,在其所构建的创新生态系统中居于核心组织地位。本文认为政府引导基金可基于信息传递、资源整合与关系治理三大机制,有效协调各主体之间的相互依赖,促进系统内的创新互动和知识交流。
第一,信息传递机制。一方面,凭借政策协同优势和系统性信息整合能力,引导基金掌握着区域产业图谱与创新资源分布等宏观战略信息。这使其能精准评估各成员的技术能力与发展需求,为它们匹配最合适的生态位,并推动企业之间建立有效的合作关系。另一方面,作为“准公共机构”,引导基金的信息推荐蕴含着政府的背书效应,这增强了所传递信息的权威性,提高了企业间的合作意愿。此外,引导基金作为普通共同股东,能通过分摊信息成本、委派董事等方式缓解企业间的信息不对称[12]。
第二,资源整合机制。一方面,引导基金可通过设计激励机制(如收益让渡条款)直接补偿协同创新的风险,从而促进企业间的技术合作与战略协同。另一方面,引导基金凭借其广泛的社会网络和政策协同能力,能够为投资组合企业引入合适的外部资源,优化组合内的资源配置。具体地,引导基金可基于地区产业图谱识别企业的非通用互补性,并通过资金引导、政策倾斜等方式促进其有效合作;其合法性优势能撬动额外的公共资源和社会资本投入,为企业的创新互动提供充足的保障。
第三,关系治理机制。第一,引导基金作为共同股东,可以借助沟通、投票和激励等机制约束组合内企业的投机行为,提升投资组合的整体治理水平[13],还能通过分摊治理成本来激励自身更积极地参与企业治理,从而减少合作摩擦[14,15];第二,引导基金的合法性优势使其能扮演可信赖的第三方监督和仲裁者,通过为创新成果分配提供公正保障、对违规行为施加有效惩戒,从而显著降低了合作中的道德风险;第三,引导基金作为“耐心资本”,具有长期投资理念,能够稳定成员企业的合作预期,抑制其短期机会主义行为,从而为协同创新打造坚实的信任基础。
综上所述,引导基金兼具普通共同股东的联结功能与政策性投资机构的协调优势。因此,本文提出假设:创业企业加入投资组合后,其与投资组合其他企业间的创新互动将得到显著提升。
本文以清科PEdata数据库中引导基金投资事件为基础,并对机构投资事件中的基金投资事件进行筛选以补充遗漏事件③(③根据引导基金定义及其实际运作模式,本研究发现引导基金命名具备一定特征,通常以“产业(投资)(引导)基金”“创业投资(引导)基金”“发展基金”进行命名,并结合天眼查数据,确认其是否包含财政或国有资本来进行识别。)。本研究以投资事件前后三年作为窗口期,选取2003至2019年间的投资事件作为样本,构建的样本研究区间涵盖2000至2022年。投资事件筛选过程如下:(1)剔除基本信息缺失的投资事件;(2)剔除上市定增投资事件;(3)剔除没有进行专利申请的企业;(4)剔除仅参与一笔投资的引导基金的投资事件;(5)仅保留首次参与焦点企业风险投资的投资事件。经过处理,共得到 753家引导基金对2,992家初创企业的4,018笔投资事件,最终形成28,126个观测值。
本文使用了三方面的数据来源。首先,引导基金的投资事件、基金级别、管理人性质、是否领投等信息主要来自清科PEdata数据库④(④鉴于基金管理人性质和引导基金级别数据缺失较为严重,本研究借助天眼查、企查查等平台提供的股权结构信息进行补充判定。具体标准为:若基金管理人的第一大股东为国有性质,则该管理人被界定为国有基金管理人;若引导基金的第一大有限合伙人(LP)的出资来源于国家级(省级、市级、区县级)财政性资金或其代表机构,则该基金被认定为相应层级的引导基金。)。其次,缺失数据则通过天眼查和企查查平台进行手工检索,利用股权穿透信息对基金级别等进行补充和判定。第三,样本企业专利以及专利引用和被引用数据来自Google Patent数据库和国家知识产权局专利数据库的整合。最后,根据引导基金每年的投资事件构建基金投资组合,基于投资组合企业名称集合和专利引用方和被引用方名称进行匹配以识别投资组合企业间的创新互动。
本文通过专利引用和被引用信息构建了一系列变量来刻画企业间的创新互动,包括引用投资组合数量(Citation),即被投企业对投资组合内其他企业的专利引用数量;被投资组合引用数量(Cited),即被投企业被投资组合内其他企业引用的数量;引用与被引用数量(Citation_Cited),即引用投资组合数量与被投资组合引用数量之和;是否引用与被引用(Citation_Cited_Dum),即被投企业与投资组合其他企业是否发生了引用或被引用。
控制变量包括:企业年龄(Age)、地区风险投资活跃度(VC_Market),即被投企业所在省份当年获得引导基金投资的项目数量;以及基金特征(包括基金规模(Fund_Size),即基金从初始投资起累计到当年的投资项目数量;基金管理人性质(Fund_Manager),即基金管理人是否为国有风险投资机构;基金投资经验(Fund_Experience),即基金初次开展风险投资到当前年份的时间间隔;以及是否参与领投(Lead_Investor),即基金在当年如果参与了领投项目则为1,否则为0)。
本文在机制检验部分引入了投资组合地理分散程度、基金级别和被投企业与投资组合间信任程度。本文借鉴Belderbos等[16]关于风险投资地理多元化的研究,利用逆赫芬达尔指数构建了投资组合地理分散度的测度指标。基金i的投资组合地理分散度表示为:Geographic_Diversityi = $1/{\sum }_{\mathit{j}\in \mathit{L}}{\left[\mathit{c}{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i},\mathit{j}}/{\mathit{C}\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{i}}\right]}^{2}$,L是基金i投资组合企业所在城市形成的集合,cvi,j为基金i在j城市开展的风险投资数目,CVi为i基金总的投资数目。基金级别(Fund_Level)按照基金首要财政资金来源的级别(区县级、地市级、省级、国家级)依次赋值为1至4。被投企业与投资组合间信任程度(Trust),则借助CESS省际双边信任调查数据,在计算被投企业与投资组合每个企业间的信任得分的基础上,进一步获得被投企业对投资组合的平均信任程度(Trust 1)、投资组合对被投企业的平均信任程度(Trust 2)和投资组合平均被信任程度(Trust 3),并将它们作为Trust的代理变量。
表1的描述性统计结果显示,平均而言,Citation的数值为0.033次,而Cited的数值为0.025次,Citation_Cited的数值为0.058次。就Citation_Cited而言,与进入投资组合前均值相比(0.021次),进入后的均值得到明显提升(0.106次)。因此,这些描述性统计初步支持了本文的假设。
本文参照王贞等和谢强等[17,18]的研究,以创业企业加入投资组合作为冲击,分别构建(非)参数事件研究模型。
非参数事件研究法主要目的在于估计事件发生前后各期相对于基期的系数大小,其模型基本设定为:
${\mathit{Y}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\theta }}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{\delta }}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}\mathit{\alpha }+\stackrel{-2}{\sum _{\mathit{r}=-3}}{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{r}}^{\mathit{p}\mathit{r}\mathit{e}}1(\mathit{t}-{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{D}}=\mathit{r})+\stackrel{3}{\sum _{\mathit{r}=0}}{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{r}}^{\mathit{p}\mathit{o}\mathit{s}\mathit{t}}1(\mathit{t}-{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{D}}=\mathit{r})+{\mathit{\varepsilon }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}$
其中,Yikt是指k基金所投资的i企业在第t年与k基金投资组合内企业间的创新溢出效应。θi和${\mathit{\delta }}_{\mathit{t}}$分别为企业和年份固定效应,Xit为控制变量,1(·)为示性函数,r表示距离风险投资发生的年数,TD为风险投资发生年份。μr表示企业创新互动相较于基期(投资事件发生前一年,即r=-1)的差异。最后,为了避免异方差问题,本文的回归标准误聚类到企业×基金层面。
参数事件研究法旨在估计事件的平均效应,并检验其统计显著性,其所估计的方程如下:
${\mathit{Y}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\theta }}_{\mathit{i}}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}+{\mathit{\delta }}_{\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}+{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}{\mathit{\alpha }}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}+\stackrel{3}{\sum _{\mathit{r}=0}}{\mathit{\mu }}_{\mathit{r}}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}}1(\mathit{t}-{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{D}}=\mathit{r})+{\mathit{\varepsilon }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}$
与非参数事件研究相比,参数事件研究法的参照基期为事前各期。μr衡量了创业企业加入投资组合后第r期(相对于事前投资组合内企业间创新溢出的平均水平)创新互动强度的变化⑤(⑤参数事件研究法的标准误同样聚类到企业×基金层面。)。
为了估计出事后各期的平均效应,参照王贞等[17]对参数回归方程进行简单变形,将事后各期的平均效应表示为:$\mathit{\beta }=\frac{{\mathit{u}}_{0}+{\mathit{u}}_{1}+{\mathit{u}}_{2}+{\mathit{u}}_{3}}{4}$。估计方程转换为:
${\mathit{Y}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}=4\mathit{\beta }{\mathit{T}}_{0}+{\mathit{u}}_{1}·({\mathit{T}}_{1}-{\mathit{T}}_{0})+\dots +{\mathit{u}}_{3}·({\mathit{T}}_{3}-{\mathit{T}}_{0})+{\mathit{\theta }}_{\mathit{i}}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}+{\mathit{\delta }}_{\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}+{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}{\mathit{\alpha }}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}+{\mathit{\varepsilon }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{\text{'}}}$
图1和表2分别运用非参数与参数估计方法,检验了引导基金共同股东联系对投资组合内企业间创新互动的影响,两者结果高度一致。非参数结果(图1)直观地显示,企业在加入引导基金投资组合后,其对内和对外的专利引用水平均出现了持续性的显著增长。参数估计(表2)进一步量化了这一效应,列(1)显示,加入投资组合后,创业企业的Citation,相较于其均值大幅提升了54.5%。同样,列(2)和列(3)中Cited和Citation_Cited的回归系数均显著为正。
(1)信息传递机制
地理距离是信息传递的障碍,当投资组合的地理分散程度较高时,企业间信息不对称更严重。李善民等[19]研究表明,异地网络联系能够打破地理距离对于信息传递的障碍,从而在异地并购中发挥更为积极的作用,这为信息传递机制提供了支持。基于此,本文预期,地理分散的投资组合面临着更高的信息获取和处理成本,而共同股东联系的建立可以促进信息流通,降低信息获取成本。
本文借鉴谢强等[18]在事件研究中的机制分析方法,将样本按照基金投资组合的地理分散程度均值(Geographic_Diversity)进行分组,划分为高地理分散度和低地理分散度两个子样本。表3的A栏呈现了分析结果,列(1)至列(3)均显示Citation、Cited、Citation_Cited在地理分散程度高的组别中回归系数显著为正,而在低分散度组别中则不具统计显著性。因此,该结果支持了信息传递机制。另外,企业投资属地的异质性也补充支持了这一发现。具体地,表5的C栏结果表明,引导基金共同股东联系的积极效应在异地投资项目中表现得更为显著。
(2)资源整合机制
本文认为,引导基金的行政级别是其资源整合能力的重要体现,级别越高的基金,其资源禀赋和协调能力也越强。为了检验这一机制,本文按引导基金级别(Fund_Level)将国家级和省级引导基金划分为“资源整合优势强”的组别,将地市级和区县级划分为“资源整合优势弱”的组别。如表3的B栏结果所示,Citation、Cited和Citation_Cited回归系数在两个组别中均显著为正,即不管是在整合优势强的组别还是整合优势弱的组别,共同股东联系建立均能促进投资组合企业间的创新互动。然而,组间系数差异检验发现⑥(⑥组间差异系数P值基于费舍尔组合检验(抽样2000次)计算得到(下同)。),在整合优势强的组别中,共同股东联系的促进效应更为显著。进一步,表4的B栏的异质性分析中发现,当引导基金作为领投方时,其促进作用也更为显著,这同样支持了资源整合机制。
(3)关系治理机制
本文基于省际企业信任数据,将样本按信任程度(Trust 1, Trust 2, Trust 3) 的高低进行分组回归对关系治理机制进行检验。本文认为Trust 1会影响创业企业获取投资组合企业知识,即Citation;Trust 2会影响投资组合企业获取创业企业知识,即Cited;而Trust 3会影响企业间整体的知识交流,即Citation_Cited。表3的C栏的列(1)至列(3)分别是基于Trust 1、Trust 2和Trust 3进行分组回归的结果。结果显示,Citation和Citation_Cited在Trust 1和Trust 3较低时更为显著,而Cited在Trust 2较高时更为显著。这些结果表明,引导基金的关系治理效能在创业企业与投资组合企业间信任程度较低(信任差距较大)的情况下更为突出。信任环境的不对称性是一种可能的解释,当创业企业与投资组合企业被信任程度均较高时,它们可能更依赖于契约治理。当相互信任均较低时,不管是依靠关系治理还是契约治理均无法充分发挥其治理效能;而当相互信任差距较大时,引导基金能够更大程度上协调各方利益关系,促进组合内的创新互动。
在这一节中,本文对引导基金的投资经验,领投身份和基金管理人性质进行了异质性分析。表4呈现了异质性分析结果。首先,本文按照基金投资经验(Fund_Experience)均值将样本划分为投资经验相对丰富的组别和投资经验相对缺乏的组别。表4的A栏结果显示,在投资经验相对丰富的组别中,Citation、Cited和Citation_Cited回归系数显著为正。这说明对于投资经验丰富的基金,其投资活动对企业间创新互动的积极影响更为显著。
其次,表4的B栏呈现了依引导基金是否在该投资项目中承担领投方角色(Lead_Investor)进行分组的回归结果。结果显示,在引导基金参与领投的项目中,Citation、Cited和Citation_Cited回归系数显著为正,引导基金对投资组合内创新互动的促进效应显著更强。领投方在联合投资中通常寻求更强的话语权和影响力,这赋予其更强的治理动机和监督意愿。此外,领投方更有可能获得董事会席位,从而能深度参与创业企业的经营决策[20]。因此,作为领投方拥有更强的信息传递效应和资源整合优势。
最后,表4的C栏中呈现了依基金管理人性质(Fund_Manager)对样本进行分组的回归结果。结果显示,当引导基金由国有的基金管理人托管时,Citation、Cited和Citation_Cited回归系数显著为正,即在国有基金管理人托管的情境下,引导基金对投资组合内的创新互动发挥着更为显著的促进效应。国有基金管理人与政府之间的代理成本更小,信息传递机制也更为通畅,对创业企业的监督治理意愿也更高,并最终促进企业间的创新互动。
本文从高科技企业属性、企业发展阶段以及异地投资属性三个方面对企业特征进行了异质性分析。表5展示了相应的结果。
首先,在企业的高科技属性方面,借鉴Moretti[21]的研究,本文将计算机科学、生物医药和半导体行业界定为高科技企业。这类企业因技术壁垒更高,对专有信息泄露的顾虑也更强,其参与创新互动的意愿更低。表5的A栏的结果显示,引导基金的促进效应普遍存在于(非)高科技企业中,组间的总体差异不显著。但是,当考察知识流动的具体方向时,我们发现,投资组合内其他企业对高科技被投企业的知识引用(Cited)效应,在高科技企业组中显著更强。这表明共同股东联系作为一种治理和信任机制,一定程度上缓解了高科技企业的核心顾虑。本文依创业企业所处的发展阶段将其划分为早期阶段(种子期和初创期)和非早期阶段(成长期和成熟期)进行异质性分析得到了类似于A栏的结果(表5的B栏)。
其次,在异地投资属性方面,考虑到地级市引导基金在跨区域投资和地方产业发展之间的平衡,本文利用地级市引导基金样本,以创业企业所在地与基金注册地是否处于同一地级市作为判断异地投资的标准。表5的C栏的结果显示,异地投资情境下Citation、Cited和Citation_Cited回归系数均显著为正,引导基金对创新互动发挥着更为积极的促进作用。这一结果与前述的信息传递机制相呼应。
为探讨以共同股东联系为代表的关系治理与外部契约治理环境之间的互动关系,本部分引入了区域知识产权保护力度(IPP) 作为契约治理环境的代理变量。本文借鉴马新啸等[22]的研究,基于比较优势指数构建了IPP指标。该指标计算方法为:以地级市年度知识产权相关案件的审判结案数与该市年度GDP的比值,再除以全国同年度知识产权相关案件总审判结案数与全国GDP的比值。
根据IPP的均值,本文将样本分为知识产权保护力度较强和较弱的两个子样本。表6的结果表明,在知识产权保护力度较强的情境下,Citation、Cited和Citation_Cited回归系数均显著为正,引导基金对投资组合内创新溢出的促进效应更加显著。这意味着以知识产权保护为代表的契约治理和以共同股东联系为代表的关系治理,能够在创新互动过程中形成优势互补效应。在知识产权保护力度较强的区域,契约型治理应发挥主导作用,为共同创新提供制度保障;而在知识产权保护较弱的地区,则需更加倚重关系治理机制,以合法性机制约束机会主义行为。
本文主要结果所选取的窗口期为投资事件前后3年。为了消除窗口期选择带来的偏差,本文考虑对窗口期进行调整。具体地,本文将窗口期分别拓展为投资事件的前后5年和缩小为投资事件前后2年。表7的A栏和B栏的结果显示,不管是将窗口期拓展为投资事件的前后5年,还是缩短为前后2年,企业与投资组合间创新互动的平均处理效应依然显著为正,本文结果保持稳健⑦(⑦由于篇幅限制,调整模型设定的稳健性检验结果留存备索。)。
引导基金对投资组合内企业间创新溢出的促进效应能否推动创业企业的创新产出?尤其是关键核心技术方面的突破。为了量化评估引导基金对关键核心技术产出的影响,我们采用了两个代理指标:分别利用所有IPC分类号(Core_Tech1)和主IPC分类号(Core_Tech2)识别的关键核心技术专利申请总数。遵循郑世林等[23]的方法,本文将企业专利的IPC信息与《战略性新兴产业分类与国际专利分类参照关系表》进行匹配,以识别关键核心技术专利。
表8呈现了引导基金对创业企业关键核心技术影响的结果。结果显示,创业企业进入引导基金投资组合以后,其关键核心技术产出得到了显著提升。结合之前的结果和中介效应模型设定,可以认为引导基金对组合内企业间创新互动的促进作用,有效地转化为了被投企业的关键核心技术产出。
本研究基于创新生态视角,探讨了政府引导基金如何促进投资组合内企业间的创新溢出,进而促进被投企业的关键核心技术产出。研究发现,企业加入投资组合后,其与投资组合其他企业间的创新互动得到显著提升。机制分析表明,引导基金通过信息传递、资源整合和关系治理路径来协调企业间创新互动,并在组合内企业间地理分散度较高、引导基金级别更高以及创业企业与组合内其他企业间信任程度较低时,发挥着更强的积极效应。此外,异质性分析发现,基金特征、企业特征以及区域知识产权保护均能够显著影响组合内的创新溢出效应。进一步,研究发现组合内的创新溢出能有效提升企业的关键核心技术水平。
本文贡献主要体现在三个方面:第一,基于创新生态视角,创新性地理论阐明了引导基金具备的创新生态系统“架构者”功能,为理解引导基金如何影响企业创新提供了全新的生态系统视角。第二,揭示了具有公共政策目标的共同股东——政府引导基金,在塑造生态系统内部结构和驱动创新溢出方面的微观作用机制。第三,通过考察基金特征、企业特征以及区域治理环境对投资组合内创新溢出的异质性影响,为优化引导基金运作和推动创新生态演进提供了经验证据与实践启示。
第一,在政策层面,应将引导基金从资金方重新定位为生态系统“赋能者”,并将其正外部性纳入考核。具体措施包括:整合现有基金以优化战略领域布局,适当放宽返投比例等限制以促进知识流动,加强知识产权保护以激励高质量的合作创新。第二,在基金层面,基金管理人应主动扮演协调者角色。核心职责在于:建立高效的信息沟通机制,扮演好信息中介;积极整合政府、科研机构等多方资源,打造共享平台以支持联合技术攻关;充分发挥领投优势,推动投资组合内的深度合作。第三,企业应优化自身的创新互动策略。企业在引入投资方时应优先考虑经验丰富且能担当领投角色的基金,以获取更大的知识溢出;在加入前,则需主动审视目标基金的现有投资组合,以识别和判断其中潜在的合作伙伴与创新协同机会。
  • 国家社会科学基金重点项目(24AGL023)
  • 广东省哲学社会科学规划项目(GD23SJZ06)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 修回日期:2025-10-13
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目(24AGL023)
广东省哲学社会科学规划项目(GD23SJZ06)
作者信息
    华南理工大学工商管理学院, 广东广州 510641

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何志伟(1997-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:。
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