Article(id=1315693772185391175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754236800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-04, revisedDate=1765296000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791615439697, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1791993600000, pubDateStr=2026-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791615439697, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791615439697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791615439697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315693724970103290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='2017', pageEnd='2240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791993600000', pubDateStr='2026-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791615428440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791615454688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2156, endPage=2169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315693772390912072, articleId=1315693772185391175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Entrepreneurial underdog status: Definition, scale development, and validation, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a minority and marginalized group long overlooked in mainstream entrepreneurship research, underdog entrepreneurs face distinctive and often difficult-to-change structural challenges in their entrepreneurial journey, that arise from their persistent disadvantaged positions. Investigating the entrepreneurial underdog status is not only crucial for providing targeted support to this group but also offers new theoretical perspectives for advancing inclusive and context-sensitive entrepreneurship research. Despite growing academic interest, the conceptualization and measurement of entrepreneurial underdog status remain underdeveloped, with most existing studies relying on fragmented theoretical discussions or secondary data proxies. To address this gap, this study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative inquiry based on grounded theory with quantitative validation across three rounds of surveys, to systematically explore the content, structure, and predictive validity of entrepreneurial underdog status.

Drawing on semi-structured in-depth interviews with 27 representative underdog entrepreneurs from diverse backgrounds across China, including individuals with disabilities, migrant workers, female entrepreneurs, and veterans, the study identifies four core categories of challenges that collectively define entrepreneurial underdog status: resource endowment deficits, physiological constraints, cognitive limitations, and external environmental barriers. Through open, axial, and selective coding procedures, these dimensions are further refined into a coherent theoretical framework. An initial 22-item scale was developed and subsequently administered to two independent samples (N?=191; N?=425). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yield a robust four-factor, 14-item scale with satisfactory internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The four dimensions are respectively conforming to the classical theoretical perspectives, such as resource-based view, human capital theory, social cognition theory, and institutional theory, thereby ensuring the conceptual grounding of the measurement tool.

To further evaluate criterion-related validity, the study draws on self-regulation theory and examines the nonlinear relationship between entrepreneurial underdog status and entrepreneurial exit intention using two-wave data from 317 entrepreneurs. Results reveal a significant U-shaped relationship: at low levels of underdog status, individuals tend to adopt approach-oriented self-regulation strategies, such as persistence and resilience, which reduce exit intentions; at high levels, however, defensive mechanisms dominate, leading to increased withdrawal intentions. This curvilinear pattern remains robust after controlling for demographic characteristics, firm characteristics, and fear of failure. Further dimensional analyses show that the U-shaped effect is primarily driven by resource endowment and cognitive challenges, whereas physiological constraints and external environmental barriers exhibit linear positive effects on exit intentions, reflecting their distinct proximal versus distal roles in the entrepreneurial process.

Taken together, this study makes three key contributions. First, it clarifies the multidimensional structure of entrepreneurial underdog status, providing a systematic analytical framework for future theoretical development. Second, it develops and validates a reliable measurement scale, thereby enabling empirical research to move beyond conceptual discussions. Third, it uncovers a nuanced U-shaped mechanism linking entrepreneurial underdog status to exit intentions, challenging conventional linear assumptions and extending the application of self-regulation theory in entrepreneurship research. Practically, the findings offer actionable insights for underdog entrepreneurs to reframe their disadvantages and for policymakers to design targeted, inclusive support systems. The study also acknowledges limitations regarding self-reported data, cultural specificity, and cross-sectional design, while outlining promising directions for future research, including dynamic, cross-cultural, and longitudinal investigations.

, authors=Peng HAN1, Nan LI1, Hong-ming ZHU2, Yan-zhao TANG1, authorsList=Peng HAN, Nan LI, Hong-ming ZHU, Yan-zhao TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan-zhao TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315693773238161487, articleId=1315693772185391175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=创业弱势状态的内涵、量表开发与检验, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为长期被主流研究忽视的少数和边缘群体,弱势创业者面临着独特且难以改变的结构性挑战。探讨创业弱势状态不仅有助于为该群体提供支持,也为拓展创业理论提供了新视角。本文结合质化研究(扎根理论)与量化研究(三轮问卷),系统挖掘了创业弱势状态的内涵和结构,厘清相关概念异同,并开发了测量量表。结果表明,创业弱势状态主要源于资源禀赋、生理条件、认知状况和外部环境四类挑战,其四因子14条目的量表具有良好信效度。此外,创业弱势状态对个体退出意愿呈现显著的U型预测作用,验证了其效标效度。研究结论为更为深入且包容地理解弱势创业者提供了关键见解,丰富了弱势创业理论,并为后续实证研究提供了可借鉴的分析框架和测量工具。

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韩鹏(2000-),男,博士研究生。

李楠(1996-),男,博士研究生。

朱虹明(1989-),女,副教授、博士。

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唐炎钊(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师,E-mail:。
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Examples of open coding

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原始语句例证 概念化
真的是零资金,刚创业时兜里没有超过500块钱 a1启动资金匮乏
最大的问题还是资金,你很难确保公司现金流的稳定 a2现金流不稳定
12月31号那天,我真的是把身边能借的钱全都借了,所有的电话都打了,但是依旧没办法解决资金问题,员工工资实在发不出去,真的感觉天都快塌下来了 a3员工工资支付困难
现在最大的困难还是资金问题,即使成功申请了微小企业的贷款融资,对于我们一个一个项目的运作而言,说句心里话也不太够 a4融资贷款不足
有段时间营收情况非常不好,根本覆盖不了现有成本,导致公司财务业绩很差 a5营收成本不匹配
其实我们那个时候很大一部分收入来源是靠比赛奖金,才能养活团队的 a6依赖非传统收入
我创业的时候资金是不足的,可能才一点点钱,一两万块钱,完全是杯水车薪 a7资金短缺
小企业比较难的一个点是,你真的招不到更好的人。即使你愿意多花钱要招专业更好的人,人家也不愿意来 a8人才招聘难
留不住真正的人才,他们会被更大的公司或更有前景的创业项目吸引走 a9人才不易留存
现在的人力资源也很麻烦,现在00后一来就跟你说要上几个小时班,有没有什么加班,稍微一点点超时都不行,他也不会和你沟通,反手就把企业告了 a10新生代员工差异
我们规模小,每个人都得身兼数职,时间长了,大家都累得不行 a11工作角色重叠
招人真的太难了,你知道的,有特定技能和经验的人才就不多,而且大家都在抢,大部分时候想招到符合要求的人,要花很大工夫 a12专业人才稀缺
), ArticleFig(id=1315693775838630011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

开放性编码示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原始语句例证 概念化
真的是零资金,刚创业时兜里没有超过500块钱 a1启动资金匮乏
最大的问题还是资金,你很难确保公司现金流的稳定 a2现金流不稳定
12月31号那天,我真的是把身边能借的钱全都借了,所有的电话都打了,但是依旧没办法解决资金问题,员工工资实在发不出去,真的感觉天都快塌下来了 a3员工工资支付困难
现在最大的困难还是资金问题,即使成功申请了微小企业的贷款融资,对于我们一个一个项目的运作而言,说句心里话也不太够 a4融资贷款不足
有段时间营收情况非常不好,根本覆盖不了现有成本,导致公司财务业绩很差 a5营收成本不匹配
其实我们那个时候很大一部分收入来源是靠比赛奖金,才能养活团队的 a6依赖非传统收入
我创业的时候资金是不足的,可能才一点点钱,一两万块钱,完全是杯水车薪 a7资金短缺
小企业比较难的一个点是,你真的招不到更好的人。即使你愿意多花钱要招专业更好的人,人家也不愿意来 a8人才招聘难
留不住真正的人才,他们会被更大的公司或更有前景的创业项目吸引走 a9人才不易留存
现在的人力资源也很麻烦,现在00后一来就跟你说要上几个小时班,有没有什么加班,稍微一点点超时都不行,他也不会和你沟通,反手就把企业告了 a10新生代员工差异
我们规模小,每个人都得身兼数职,时间长了,大家都累得不行 a11工作角色重叠
招人真的太难了,你知道的,有特定技能和经验的人才就不多,而且大家都在抢,大部分时候想招到符合要求的人,要花很大工夫 a12专业人才稀缺
), ArticleFig(id=1315693775901544572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Examples of axial coding

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核心范畴 子范畴 对初始概念的筛选与分类示例
资源禀赋
的挑战
财务资金匮乏 a1启动资金匮乏; a2现金流不稳定; a3员工工资支付困难……
人力资源欠缺 a8人才招聘难; a9人才不易留存……
内部社会支持不足 a18伴侣怀疑; a19家人不理解; a20团队成员冲突……
外部社会网络薄弱 a24缺乏人脉关系; a25供应链关系建立困难……
生理条件
的挑战
人口特征劣势 b1女性应酬不便; b3上了年纪对市场趋势不敏感……
身体缺陷 b2出行物理障碍; b6工作连续性差; b7残疾限制了工作效率……
情感障碍 b13创业压力和愧疚感; b14创业焦虑; b17对不确定性的担忧……
认知状况
的挑战
思维局限 c1按部就班的决策思路; c2信念系统出错……
经验知识不足 c5专业知识不对口; c14管理经验不足; c15公关经验不足……
技能欠缺 c12语言能力差; c13管理能力差; c30成本控制技能不足……
受教育水平低 c24教育中断; c28教育机会不足……
外部环境
的挑战
物理限制 d1地理条件恶劣; d2自然灾害爆发; d5交通不便利……
制度壁垒 d11税务政策限制; d13获得政府许可不易; d18政策变动快……
社会文化污名 d19性别偏见; d21年龄偏见; d22地域歧视……
市场形势恶化 d27国际贸易争端; d31市场需求不确定; d32市场竞争激烈……
), ArticleFig(id=1315693775989624957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主轴编码示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核心范畴 子范畴 对初始概念的筛选与分类示例
资源禀赋
的挑战
财务资金匮乏 a1启动资金匮乏; a2现金流不稳定; a3员工工资支付困难……
人力资源欠缺 a8人才招聘难; a9人才不易留存……
内部社会支持不足 a18伴侣怀疑; a19家人不理解; a20团队成员冲突……
外部社会网络薄弱 a24缺乏人脉关系; a25供应链关系建立困难……
生理条件
的挑战
人口特征劣势 b1女性应酬不便; b3上了年纪对市场趋势不敏感……
身体缺陷 b2出行物理障碍; b6工作连续性差; b7残疾限制了工作效率……
情感障碍 b13创业压力和愧疚感; b14创业焦虑; b17对不确定性的担忧……
认知状况
的挑战
思维局限 c1按部就班的决策思路; c2信念系统出错……
经验知识不足 c5专业知识不对口; c14管理经验不足; c15公关经验不足……
技能欠缺 c12语言能力差; c13管理能力差; c30成本控制技能不足……
受教育水平低 c24教育中断; c28教育机会不足……
外部环境
的挑战
物理限制 d1地理条件恶劣; d2自然灾害爆发; d5交通不便利……
制度壁垒 d11税务政策限制; d13获得政府许可不易; d18政策变动快……
社会文化污名 d19性别偏见; d21年龄偏见; d22地域歧视……
市场形势恶化 d27国际贸易争端; d31市场需求不确定; d32市场竞争激烈……
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776056733822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison and validation of concepts and categories

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理论编码 相关文献比较与验证
核心范畴 子范畴
资源禀赋
的挑战
财务资金匮乏 Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Williams和Gurtoo(2012); Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Phillips和Ranganathan(2025)
人力资源欠缺 Nyström(2021)
内部社会支持不足 Mechanic和Tanner(2007)
外部社会网络薄弱 Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Morgan(2020)
生理条件
的挑战
人口特征劣势 Phillips和Ranganathan(2025)
身体缺陷 Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017)
情感障碍 Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Bhardwaj等(2023)
疾病* Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Bhardwaj等(2023)
认知状况
的挑战
思维局限 情境特色
经验知识不足 Morgan(2020); Nyström(2021)
技能欠缺 Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Morgan(2020)
受教育水平低 Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Phillips和Ranganathan(2025)
外部环境
的挑战
物理限制 Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Phillips和Ranganathan(2025)
制度壁垒 Webb等(2009); Williams和Gurtoo(2012); Baron等(2018)
社会文化污名 Webb等(2009); Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Morgan(2020)
市场形势恶化 Baron等(2018)
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776153202815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

概念与范畴的比较与验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理论编码 相关文献比较与验证
核心范畴 子范畴
资源禀赋
的挑战
财务资金匮乏 Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Williams和Gurtoo(2012); Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Phillips和Ranganathan(2025)
人力资源欠缺 Nyström(2021)
内部社会支持不足 Mechanic和Tanner(2007)
外部社会网络薄弱 Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Morgan(2020)
生理条件
的挑战
人口特征劣势 Phillips和Ranganathan(2025)
身体缺陷 Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017)
情感障碍 Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Bhardwaj等(2023)
疾病* Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Bhardwaj等(2023)
认知状况
的挑战
思维局限 情境特色
经验知识不足 Morgan(2020); Nyström(2021)
技能欠缺 Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Morgan(2020)
受教育水平低 Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Phillips和Ranganathan(2025)
外部环境
的挑战
物理限制 Mechanic和Tanner(2007); Phillips和Ranganathan(2025)
制度壁垒 Webb等(2009); Williams和Gurtoo(2012); Baron等(2018)
社会文化污名 Webb等(2009); Miller和Le Breton-Miller(2017); Morgan(2020)
市场形势恶化 Baron等(2018)
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776241283200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Initial items for measuring entrepreneurial underdog status

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核心范畴 编号 问卷条目
资源禀赋的挑战 A1 我经常在财务资金方面遇到困难
A2 我难以招募到合适的员工
A3 我难以留住有才能的员工
A4 我感受到来自伴侣或家人的关心和理解少
A5 我感受到来自团队成员的支持少
A6 我感觉自己是游离于主流社会关系之外的“局外人”
A7 我的外部社会关系网络规模小
A8 我与外部关系方(如政府、供应商、客户和媒体公众)的交流和联系有限
生理条件的挑战 B9 我的身体缺陷限制了我在创业过程中的表现
B10 我的情感状况经常会对我的创业活动产生负面影响
B11 我的某些疾病使我在维持或发展创业活动时感到威胁
B12 我的健康问题需要我投入额外时间和精力来进行自我管理,从而分散了我对创业工作的专注
认知状况的挑战 C13 在创业过程中,我面临着思维模式受限的影响
C14 在创业过程中,我面临着经验或知识不足的挑战
C15 在创业过程中,我面临着技能不足的困境
C16 在创业过程中,我面临着受教育水平低的影响
外部环境的挑战 D17 恶劣的物理环境(如偏远地理位置、不便交通设施和气候灾害)对我的创业活动构成障碍
D18 当地政策环境未能为我创业活动提供足够的支持和激励
D19 复杂的行政程序增加了我理解和应对相关法律法规的难度
D20 文化背景差异限制了我对创业机会的识别与开发
D21 身份差异使我频繁遭受偏见、歧视或不公正对待
D22 市场经济形势的恶化对我的创业活动产生了负面影响
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776341946497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

创业弱势状态的初始条目表

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核心范畴 编号 问卷条目
资源禀赋的挑战 A1 我经常在财务资金方面遇到困难
A2 我难以招募到合适的员工
A3 我难以留住有才能的员工
A4 我感受到来自伴侣或家人的关心和理解少
A5 我感受到来自团队成员的支持少
A6 我感觉自己是游离于主流社会关系之外的“局外人”
A7 我的外部社会关系网络规模小
A8 我与外部关系方(如政府、供应商、客户和媒体公众)的交流和联系有限
生理条件的挑战 B9 我的身体缺陷限制了我在创业过程中的表现
B10 我的情感状况经常会对我的创业活动产生负面影响
B11 我的某些疾病使我在维持或发展创业活动时感到威胁
B12 我的健康问题需要我投入额外时间和精力来进行自我管理,从而分散了我对创业工作的专注
认知状况的挑战 C13 在创业过程中,我面临着思维模式受限的影响
C14 在创业过程中,我面临着经验或知识不足的挑战
C15 在创业过程中,我面临着技能不足的困境
C16 在创业过程中,我面临着受教育水平低的影响
外部环境的挑战 D17 恶劣的物理环境(如偏远地理位置、不便交通设施和气候灾害)对我的创业活动构成障碍
D18 当地政策环境未能为我创业活动提供足够的支持和激励
D19 复杂的行政程序增加了我理解和应对相关法律法规的难度
D20 文化背景差异限制了我对创业机会的识别与开发
D21 身份差异使我频繁遭受偏见、歧视或不公正对待
D22 市场经济形势的恶化对我的创业活动产生了负面影响
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776459387010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of exploratory factor analysis

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核心范畴 具体条目 公因子
1 2 3 4
资源禀赋的挑战 A1 -0.016 0.665 0.058 0.209
A3 0.212 0.691 0.064 0.198
A4 0.161 0.730 0.077 -0.043
A5 0.220 0.791 0.088 0.061
A6 0.116 0.720 0.164 0.099
生理条件的挑战 B9 0.149 0.159 0.119 0.810
B10 0.082 0.183 0.258 0.822
B11 0.101 0.077 0.205 0.812
认知状况的挑战 C13 0.778 0.151 0.085 -0.021
C14 0.776 0.219 0.070 0.129
C15 0.868 0.093 0.128 0.059
C16 0.803 0.164 0.083 0.219
外部环境的挑战 D17 0.233 0.049 0.644 0.100
D18 0.136 0.105 0.854 0.018
D21 0.002 0.096 0.767 0.256
D22 -0.016 0.169 0.634 0.290
特征根 2.852 2.819 2.339 2.317
方差解释率(%) 17.824 17.618 14.622 14.483
累计方差解释率(%) 17.824 35.441 50.063 64.546
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776547467395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

探索性因子分析结果

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核心范畴 具体条目 公因子
1 2 3 4
资源禀赋的挑战 A1 -0.016 0.665 0.058 0.209
A3 0.212 0.691 0.064 0.198
A4 0.161 0.730 0.077 -0.043
A5 0.220 0.791 0.088 0.061
A6 0.116 0.720 0.164 0.099
生理条件的挑战 B9 0.149 0.159 0.119 0.810
B10 0.082 0.183 0.258 0.822
B11 0.101 0.077 0.205 0.812
认知状况的挑战 C13 0.778 0.151 0.085 -0.021
C14 0.776 0.219 0.070 0.129
C15 0.868 0.093 0.128 0.059
C16 0.803 0.164 0.083 0.219
外部环境的挑战 D17 0.233 0.049 0.644 0.100
D18 0.136 0.105 0.854 0.018
D21 0.002 0.096 0.767 0.256
D22 -0.016 0.169 0.634 0.290
特征根 2.852 2.819 2.339 2.317
方差解释率(%) 17.824 17.618 14.622 14.483
累计方差解释率(%) 17.824 35.441 50.063 64.546
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776631353476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Sample characteristics

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创业者特征 样本量 百分比(%) 企业特征 样本量 百分比(%)
性别 行业类型
男 290 68.235% 制造业 85 20.000%
女 135 31.765% 服务业 95 22.353%
年龄 农林牧渔业 56 13.176%
30岁及以下 113 26.588% 计算机软件和信息技术业 74 17.412%
31-40岁 218 51.294% 建筑和房地产业 61 14.353%
41-50岁 66 15.529% 其他行业 54 12.706%
51岁及以上 28 6.588% ——
受教育程度 企业经营年限
高中及以下 34 8.000% 3年及以下 190 44.706%
大专 109 25.647% 3~5年 115 27.059%
本科 194 45.647% 6~10年 77 18.118%
硕士及以上 88 20.706% 10年及以上 43 10.118%
先前创业经验 企业规模
0次 181 42.588% 10人及以下 227 53.412%
1次 132 31.059% 11~50人 113 26.588%
2次 68 16.000% 51~100人 61 14.353%
3次及以上 44 10.353% 101人及以上 24 5.647%
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776727822469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

样本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
创业者特征 样本量 百分比(%) 企业特征 样本量 百分比(%)
性别 行业类型
男 290 68.235% 制造业 85 20.000%
女 135 31.765% 服务业 95 22.353%
年龄 农林牧渔业 56 13.176%
30岁及以下 113 26.588% 计算机软件和信息技术业 74 17.412%
31-40岁 218 51.294% 建筑和房地产业 61 14.353%
41-50岁 66 15.529% 其他行业 54 12.706%
51岁及以上 28 6.588% ——
受教育程度 企业经营年限
高中及以下 34 8.000% 3年及以下 190 44.706%
大专 109 25.647% 3~5年 115 27.059%
本科 194 45.647% 6~10年 77 18.118%
硕士及以上 88 20.706% 10年及以上 43 10.118%
先前创业经验 企业规模
0次 181 42.588% 10人及以下 227 53.412%
1次 132 31.059% 11~50人 113 26.588%
2次 68 16.000% 51~100人 61 14.353%
3次及以上 44 10.353% 101人及以上 24 5.647%
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776836874374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Means, SDs, and correlations

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变量 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1性别 --
2年龄 0.018 --
3受教育程度 -0.078 -0.140* --
4先前创业经验 0.065 0.161** 0.042 --
5企业经营年限 -0.009 -0.237*** 0.094+ -0.017 --
6企业规模 -0.007 0.168** -0.039 -0.024 0.245*** --
7创业失败恐惧 0.108+ -0.006 -0.088 -0.149** 0.098+ 0.032 (0.907)
8创业弱势状态 0.009 -0.014 -0.007 -0.096+ 0.111* -0.044 0.338*** (0.934)
9创业退出意愿 0.037 0.071 -0.160** 0.003 -0.083 0.021 0.246*** 0.456*** (0.794)
均值 0.625 1.927 2.344 1.972 1.779 1.782 2.476 2.177 2.456
标准差 0.485 0.878 0.927 0.972 0.946 0.815 1.019 0.801 0.921
), ArticleFig(id=1315693776933343367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

均值、标准差和相关性

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变量 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1性别 --
2年龄 0.018 --
3受教育程度 -0.078 -0.140* --
4先前创业经验 0.065 0.161** 0.042 --
5企业经营年限 -0.009 -0.237*** 0.094+ -0.017 --
6企业规模 -0.007 0.168** -0.039 -0.024 0.245*** --
7创业失败恐惧 0.108+ -0.006 -0.088 -0.149** 0.098+ 0.032 (0.907)
8创业弱势状态 0.009 -0.014 -0.007 -0.096+ 0.111* -0.044 0.338*** (0.934)
9创业退出意愿 0.037 0.071 -0.160** 0.003 -0.083 0.021 0.246*** 0.456*** (0.794)
均值 0.625 1.927 2.344 1.972 1.779 1.782 2.476 2.177 2.456
标准差 0.485 0.878 0.927 0.972 0.946 0.815 1.019 0.801 0.921
), ArticleFig(id=1315693777034006664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Results of hierarchical regression analysis

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变量 模型1 模型2 模型3
控制变量 性别 -0.006(0.104) 0.026(0.093) 0.031(0.092)
年龄 0.021(0.062) 0.001(0.055) -0.002(0.055)
受教育程度 -0.126*(0.055) -0.129**(0.049) -0.119*(0.049)
先前创业经验 0.039(0.053) 0.061(0.047) 0.056(0.047)
企业经营年限 -0.094(0.057) -0.126*(0.051) -0128*(0.051)
企业规模 0.033(0.065) 0.067(0.058) 0.077(0.059)
创业失败恐惧 0.226***(0.050) 0.101*(0.047) 0.099*(0.048)
直接效应 创业弱势状态 -0.467(0.301)
资源禀赋的挑战 -0.566(0.348)
生理条件的挑战 0.078(0.310)
认知状况的挑战 -0.461(0.304)
外部环境的挑战 0.309(0.325)
曲线效应 创业弱势状态平方项 0.185***(0.056)
资源禀赋的挑战平方项 0.142*(0.068)
生理条件的挑战平方项 -0.004(0.061)
认知状况的挑战平方项 0.107+(0.062)
外部环境的挑战平方项 -0.030(0.064)
常数项 2.188***(0.282) 2.500***(0.426) 2.670***(0.427)
R2 0.092 0.290 0.310
F 4.456 13.913 9.035
), ArticleFig(id=1315693777155641481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693772185391175, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

层次回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 模型1 模型2 模型3
控制变量 性别 -0.006(0.104) 0.026(0.093) 0.031(0.092)
年龄 0.021(0.062) 0.001(0.055) -0.002(0.055)
受教育程度 -0.126*(0.055) -0.129**(0.049) -0.119*(0.049)
先前创业经验 0.039(0.053) 0.061(0.047) 0.056(0.047)
企业经营年限 -0.094(0.057) -0.126*(0.051) -0128*(0.051)
企业规模 0.033(0.065) 0.067(0.058) 0.077(0.059)
创业失败恐惧 0.226***(0.050) 0.101*(0.047) 0.099*(0.048)
直接效应 创业弱势状态 -0.467(0.301)
资源禀赋的挑战 -0.566(0.348)
生理条件的挑战 0.078(0.310)
认知状况的挑战 -0.461(0.304)
外部环境的挑战 0.309(0.325)
曲线效应 创业弱势状态平方项 0.185***(0.056)
资源禀赋的挑战平方项 0.142*(0.068)
生理条件的挑战平方项 -0.004(0.061)
认知状况的挑战平方项 0.107+(0.062)
外部环境的挑战平方项 -0.030(0.064)
常数项 2.188***(0.282) 2.500***(0.426) 2.670***(0.427)
R2 0.092 0.290 0.310
F 4.456 13.913 9.035
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创业弱势状态的内涵、量表开发与检验
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韩鹏 1 , 李楠 1 , 朱虹明 2 , 唐炎钊 1
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(10): 2156-2169
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创业弱势状态的内涵、量表开发与检验
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韩鹏1, 李楠1, 朱虹明2, 唐炎钊1
作者信息
  • 1 厦门大学管理学院, 福建厦门 361005
  • 2 重庆工商大学经济学院, 重庆 400067
通讯作者:
唐炎钊(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师,E-mail:。
作者简介:

韩鹏(2000-),男,博士研究生。

李楠(1996-),男,博士研究生。

朱虹明(1989-),女,副教授、博士。

Entrepreneurial underdog status: Definition, scale development, and validation
Peng HAN1, Nan LI1, Hong-ming ZHU2, Yan-zhao TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2 School of Economics, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
出版时间: 2026-10-15
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作为长期被主流研究忽视的少数和边缘群体,弱势创业者面临着独特且难以改变的结构性挑战。探讨创业弱势状态不仅有助于为该群体提供支持,也为拓展创业理论提供了新视角。本文结合质化研究(扎根理论)与量化研究(三轮问卷),系统挖掘了创业弱势状态的内涵和结构,厘清相关概念异同,并开发了测量量表。结果表明,创业弱势状态主要源于资源禀赋、生理条件、认知状况和外部环境四类挑战,其四因子14条目的量表具有良好信效度。此外,创业弱势状态对个体退出意愿呈现显著的U型预测作用,验证了其效标效度。研究结论为更为深入且包容地理解弱势创业者提供了关键见解,丰富了弱势创业理论,并为后续实证研究提供了可借鉴的分析框架和测量工具。

创业弱势状态  /  弱势创业  /  创业退出意愿  /  结构维度  /  量表开发

As a minority and marginalized group long overlooked in mainstream entrepreneurship research, underdog entrepreneurs face distinctive and often difficult-to-change structural challenges in their entrepreneurial journey, that arise from their persistent disadvantaged positions. Investigating the entrepreneurial underdog status is not only crucial for providing targeted support to this group but also offers new theoretical perspectives for advancing inclusive and context-sensitive entrepreneurship research. Despite growing academic interest, the conceptualization and measurement of entrepreneurial underdog status remain underdeveloped, with most existing studies relying on fragmented theoretical discussions or secondary data proxies. To address this gap, this study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative inquiry based on grounded theory with quantitative validation across three rounds of surveys, to systematically explore the content, structure, and predictive validity of entrepreneurial underdog status.

Drawing on semi-structured in-depth interviews with 27 representative underdog entrepreneurs from diverse backgrounds across China, including individuals with disabilities, migrant workers, female entrepreneurs, and veterans, the study identifies four core categories of challenges that collectively define entrepreneurial underdog status: resource endowment deficits, physiological constraints, cognitive limitations, and external environmental barriers. Through open, axial, and selective coding procedures, these dimensions are further refined into a coherent theoretical framework. An initial 22-item scale was developed and subsequently administered to two independent samples (N?=191; N?=425). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yield a robust four-factor, 14-item scale with satisfactory internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The four dimensions are respectively conforming to the classical theoretical perspectives, such as resource-based view, human capital theory, social cognition theory, and institutional theory, thereby ensuring the conceptual grounding of the measurement tool.

To further evaluate criterion-related validity, the study draws on self-regulation theory and examines the nonlinear relationship between entrepreneurial underdog status and entrepreneurial exit intention using two-wave data from 317 entrepreneurs. Results reveal a significant U-shaped relationship: at low levels of underdog status, individuals tend to adopt approach-oriented self-regulation strategies, such as persistence and resilience, which reduce exit intentions; at high levels, however, defensive mechanisms dominate, leading to increased withdrawal intentions. This curvilinear pattern remains robust after controlling for demographic characteristics, firm characteristics, and fear of failure. Further dimensional analyses show that the U-shaped effect is primarily driven by resource endowment and cognitive challenges, whereas physiological constraints and external environmental barriers exhibit linear positive effects on exit intentions, reflecting their distinct proximal versus distal roles in the entrepreneurial process.

Taken together, this study makes three key contributions. First, it clarifies the multidimensional structure of entrepreneurial underdog status, providing a systematic analytical framework for future theoretical development. Second, it develops and validates a reliable measurement scale, thereby enabling empirical research to move beyond conceptual discussions. Third, it uncovers a nuanced U-shaped mechanism linking entrepreneurial underdog status to exit intentions, challenging conventional linear assumptions and extending the application of self-regulation theory in entrepreneurship research. Practically, the findings offer actionable insights for underdog entrepreneurs to reframe their disadvantages and for policymakers to design targeted, inclusive support systems. The study also acknowledges limitations regarding self-reported data, cultural specificity, and cross-sectional design, while outlining promising directions for future research, including dynamic, cross-cultural, and longitudinal investigations.

entrepreneurial underdog status  /  underdog entrepreneurship  /  entrepreneurial exit intention  /  structural dimensions  /  scale development
韩鹏, 李楠, 朱虹明, 唐炎钊. 创业弱势状态的内涵、量表开发与检验. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2156 -2169 .
Peng HAN, Nan LI, Hong-ming ZHU, Yan-zhao TANG. Entrepreneurial underdog status: Definition, scale development, and validation[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2156 -2169 .
创业者是一个高度异质性的群体,近年来弱势创业者逐渐受到关注[1]。由于资源匮乏,该群体不仅依赖创业,其个体境遇亦与创业过程深度嵌合,展现出独特的知识价值[2,3]。为推动包容性创业与弱势群体高质量发展,国家层面相继出台多项政策,如《关于推动创新创业高质量发展打造双创升级版的意见》(2018年)、《关于实施重点群体创业推进行动的通知》(2022年)以及《新时代的中国网络法治建设》白皮书(2023年),均强调对弱势群体创业的支持。由此,弱势创业已成为重要社会议题,不仅契合乡村振兴与共同富裕的战略目标,也回应了弱势群体向上流动的现实诉求,具有巨大的经济价值和社会示范效应。
弱势创业者是指在经济、社会文化、心理认知和生理情感等方面面临严峻的挑战,难以找到正式工作的创业者[4],主要包括贫困、残疾人、退役军人、ADHD及失业群体等。这一长期被忽视的“他者”[5],通常处于持续的弱势状态,该状态既是区分弱势与非弱势创业者的关键指标,也反映其结构性不利地位。现有研究多聚焦其消极后果,如强化生存型创业动机[6]、进入低门槛行业[7]和资源禀赋不足[3,8],从而陷入“一高三低”困境[9];但亦有研究指出其潜在积极效应,如促进资源灵活利用[10]或激发成长抱负[11],揭示了“弱势效应”的潜力。
研究结论的不一致主要源于两方面:其一,相关研究尚处于起步阶段,多停留于概念或理论层面[3,8,9],实证证据匮乏,且测量标准不统一、工具缺乏系统性,制约了对弱势创业者的精确识别。其二,弱势状态兼具脆弱性与独特性,既体现结构性不利,也可能孕育发展潜能[5]。鉴于此,探索其对创业过程的双元作用具有重要意义。其中,创业退出作为关键但相对被忽视的环节[12],值得深入考察。静态视角下,弱势状态通常表现为不利特征[13],可能提高退出倾向。但基于自我调节理论[14],当现实状态与目标期望存在差距时,个体可能产生趋近或防御反应。适度弱势状态可能激发趋近动机,增强创业坚持[15]与韧性[16];而过度弱势状态则更易诱发防御动机,进而提高退出倾向。因此,本文在创业弱势状态量表开发基础上,进一步探讨其对退出意愿的非线性影响。
综上,本文旨在实现三个目标:第一,立足创业情境,识别弱势状态的内涵和结构维度,提供知识增量;第二,开发并检验创业弱势状态量表的信效度,为实证研究提供可靠工具;第三,基于自我调节理论,探讨其对退出意愿的U型预测作用,从而为弱势创业者发展、创业决策及政策制定提供理论与实践启示。
创业弱势状态源于弱势创业的研究脉络。2017年,Miller和Le Breton-Miller[4]在Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice上提出弱势创业理论,并将其界定为可整合的学术概念。作为该领域的核心构念,弱势状态根植于个体脆弱性,是区分弱势与非弱势创业者的重要判据,也揭示弱势创业者亚群的共同特征[5]。
(1)内涵界定。Baron等[1]指出,弱势状态是指个体在特定情境中处于不利地位,通常伴随更多挑战和较少资源。创业弱势状态则是一种情境化构念,受个体特质与外部情境共同影响。本文将其定义为:在创业活动中,个体因面临着不同类型的额外挑战而处于不利地位,并预期可能失败的状态。
(2)相关构念辨析。为确保创业弱势状态的独立性,有必要厘清其与相关构念的异同。首先,创业弱势状态可被视为早期挫折经历的条件性后果。早期挫折经历指个体在生命早期遭遇的负面事件,如战争、家庭贫困、父母离异和歧视等。其影响体现在经济、认知和情感层面;而创业弱势状态聚焦于创业过程中持续的不利处境,强调创业语境下的当下体验。其次,创业弱势状态与创业障碍同为创业研究的关键概念。创业障碍指约束创业活动的情境和条件因素,具有动态性;创业弱势状态则是个体在多种情境中持续体验的弱势状态,具有相对稳定性。最后,创业弱势状态与社会剥夺呈现包含关系,前者从属于后者。社会剥夺是指个体、家庭或群体在资源、权利和机会方面的不足;创业弱势状态则是剥夺在创业情境下的表现,关注被剥夺者的创业状况,研究对象和指向更为明确。
关于创业弱势状态的结构维度,既有研究多停留在理论或概念层面,鲜有对该构念进行直接测量。Miller和Le Breton-Miller[4]通过理论演绎发现,弱势创业者通常面临经济、社会文化、认知和身体等四类严峻挑战,揭示了弱势状态的多维特征。Mechanic和Tanner[17]提出弱势状态的四个脆弱性来源:贫困和种族因素、社交网络和社会支持缺乏、个体缺陷以及地理位置劣势。朱虹明和唐炎钊[5]基于系统文献回顾,将弱势创业者的脆弱性归纳为(1)经济贫困;(2)身体、认知或情感缺陷;(3)经验、知识和技能缺乏;(4)社会资本薄弱;(5)社会支持不足;(6)生存环境恶劣。不同类型弱势创业者的脆弱性既有差异,又有多重叠加性。
在实证层面,围绕创业弱势状态的研究仍十分有限。Baron等[1]依据创业者创业前职业背景进行编码,将社会地位较低者(包括农民、失业者、蓝领工人和学生)标记为弱势,以此粗略衡量弱势状态。Bort和Totterman[11]则将弱势状态视为类型化且可累积的构念,从性别、少数民族、残疾、贫困和移民等五个维度进行评估,并采用连续变量以更准确捕捉弱势状态的本质。
总体而言,现有研究多依赖理论分析或二手数据的简要测量,难以反映创业弱势状态在程度和类型上的差异,也未能契合中国情境下弱势群体的独有特征。因此,有必要在中国文化背景下开发统一、系统的创业弱势状态测量量表,对该构念进行概念化和操作化,为后续研究提供可靠的测量依据。
(1)研究思路与方法。本文遵循标准量表开发流程,系统构建并验证创业弱势状态量表,如图1所示。首先,通过半结构式深度访谈获取质性数据,访谈围绕创业基本情况、创业历程及弱势状态展开,并在预访谈和焦点小组讨论基础上优化提纲。正式访谈以面对面为主,时长约为140-160分钟,并结合邮件和微信进行补充访谈,同时整合搜索引擎、新闻媒体及微信公众号等二手资料开展三角验证。其次,基于扎根理论的编码方法(开放式、主轴和选择性编码),对质性资料进行概念化、主范畴归纳和框架搭建,并结合文献和专家意见修订,形成创业弱势状态的维度结构及初始条目。最后,通过两轮问卷调研(N1=191;N2=425),依次完成探索性和验证性因子分析,验证所开发量表的信效度。
(2)研究样本。本文采用理论与立意相结合的抽样方法,重点选取具有代表性的弱势创业者群体,如残疾人、农民工、女性和退役军人等[4,5]。具体而言,27名访谈对象中男性18位,女性9位;学历大专及以下占一半;年龄方面,35岁以下6位,35~45岁11位,46岁及以上8位,2位年龄未知;经营年限方面,5年以下8位,5~10年13位,10年及以上6位;广泛分布于互联网、农业、医疗、制造和教育等行业。总体来看,样本具有较好代表性。
(3)开放式编码。本文对获取的文本资料进行细致分析,并通过“贴标签”方式对原生概念进行初步编码。为避免选择性知觉和学术既有定论的影响,3名研究者(2名博士生、1名硕士生)“背对背”独立编码。编码一致的结果予以保留,分歧部分通过反复讨论达成共识。随后,对初步结果进行合并(相似或重复表达)、精简(含糊或歧义表达)、增加(遗漏或不足表达)处理,并由1名创业学教授全程监督审阅。最终,抽象出有效初始概念共131条,如表1所示。
(4)主轴编码。主轴编码作为第二步编码,相较开放式编码更具概念归纳性。结合创业弱势状态,对开放式编码中的131条初始概念进行分类整理,提取出关联度和出现频率较高的15个子范畴,并进一步归入4个核心范畴:资源禀赋的挑战、生理条件的挑战、认知状况的挑战和外部环境的挑战,见表2。值得注意的是,所生成的子范畴和核心范畴并非预先设定,而是遵循扎根理论原则,通过持续与原始资料的比较与互动而自然“涌现”出来的。随后,继续收集并扩充资料,未发现新的范畴,表明理论构建是饱和的。
(5)选择性编码。选择性编码旨在梳理核心范畴及其子范畴的逻辑关系,构建解释案例现象的“故事线”。在弱势创业理论指导下,本文对各范畴进行文献对照分析,如表3所示,以阐释核心范畴内涵并修订子范畴。通过理论框架与创业实践的对比,确定资源禀赋、生理条件、认知状况和外部环境四类挑战。此外,采用“挑战”这一表述,一方面契合Miller和Le Breton-Miller[4]提出的“基于挑战的创业模型”,另一方面也反映了弱势状态的悖论式特征,即其并非单一的消极构念,在其影响下的弱势创业者兼具脆弱性和独特性的双元属性[9]。
上述四个核心范畴基于内容和属性差异划分,反映创业者在不同方面的不利和劣势,从而实现对弱势状态的统一识别[5]。其中:(1)资源禀赋的挑战是指创业者在所拥有的资源禀赋(如财务、人力和社会资源)上的匮乏,通常伴随其与主流市场及资源网络联系薄弱甚至缺失,从而限制其创业潜力[4,17,18],与资源基础观、人力资本理论和社会网络理论相一致;(2)生理条件的挑战源于创业者的显性(如身体残疾)或隐性缺陷(如情感障碍),使其长期处于难以克服的“无能力”状态,并贯穿整个创业周期[4],可由身体理论与健康资本理论解释;(3)认知状况的挑战涉及创业者在认知结构上的不足,如经验知识不足、技能欠缺、受教育水平低,这些因素限制了创业者关键学习渠道的使用及专门知识的获取[8,19],契合社会认知与创业学习等理论;(4)外部环境的挑战指物理、制度、文化和经济等外部情境因素对创业过程施加的约束[1,20,21]。既有研究表明,创业活动并不是发生在“真空”中,而是嵌入于具体情境中,各类环境因素会直接或间接地影响创业活动。该维度可由制度理论、创业生态系统理论与文化创业理论阐释。
通过与既有文献的对比,本文剔除了生理条件范畴中的“人口特征劣势”这一子范畴。此举并非否认其潜在影响,而是基于理论区分:人口特征本身并不直接构成弱势,生理条件范畴侧重于与健康和机能相关的因素,而非预设特定群体因固有特征而天然处于不利地位。人口特征更可能通过影响资源获取、社会支持或认知状况等路径间接作用于其状态表现[19]。同时,近年来诸如ADHD、PTSD等病理学特征与创业活动之间的关系日益受到关注,并已成为弱势创业者面临的重要挑战[22]。据此,本文在生理条件范畴中新增了“疾病”子范畴,以全面反映创业者可能遭遇的生理性阻碍。我们推测,此前研究未能充分识别该子范畴,可能与隐私顾虑、社会文化规范或健康认知不足等因素有关。
创业弱势状态量表的编制是检验该构念的重要环节。本文依据扎根理论思路,基于前期编码结果生成初始条目。为提高初始量表的内容效度,本文邀请4位创业领域学者(1名教授、1名讲师和2名博士生)和7位创业实践者对题项内容进行评估。最终提炼出四维度22条目的初始量表,如表4所示。
(1)样本选择。为开展创业弱势状态量表的探索性因子分析,本文通过问卷调查收集数据。鉴于弱势创业者群体的特殊性和识别难度,采用滚雪球抽样策略以提升目标人群的可达性与情境匹配度。调研前,研究团队借助其在创业教学、科研及资本实践中的积累,通过风险投资、管理咨询、创业培训班、高校《创业管理》课程学员及创新创业赛事参与者等渠道,构建了广泛的创业者网络。
在明确告知研究目的、实施流程及数据保密机制后,共回收问卷237份,剔除缺失严重和作答矛盾的问卷后,得到有效问卷191份。样本中,男性占72.25%;31-40岁和41-50岁创业者分别占28.80%和42.93%;39.27%的创业者具有本科学历;从事服务业的创业者占32.98%;52.88%的创业者先前没有创业经验,且44.50%的企业经营年限在10年及以上;28.27%的企业规模在10人及以下,34.03%的企业规模在11-50人。总体来看,样本大多处于创业的稳定期,其创业行为和状态较为稳固,能够为本研究提供更真实、可靠的数据。
(2)变量测量。问卷包括两部分:一是创业者及其企业的基本信息,二是包含22个条目的创业弱势状态初始量表,采用李克特5级计分法。
(3)探索性因子分析。为验证量表的理论契合度以及内部效度,本文采用探索性因子分析(EFA)。适用性检验结果显示,KMO值为0.856(>0.7),Bartlett球形检验值为1769.054(p<0.001),数据适合进行EFA。
在因子提取中,采用主成分分析法并进行最大方差旋转,以特征值大于1作为因子提取标准,共提取出四个公因子,累计解释方差为57.356%(>50%)。根据Comrey的筛选标准,本文删除了因子载荷低于0.5的条目A7(0.228~0.425)、B12(0.031~0.462)和D20(0.214~0.451)。条目A8在公因子2和4的载荷分别为0.582和0.456,条目D19在公因子1和4的载荷分别为0.563和0.342,载荷差值均小于0.3,存在交叉负荷问题,故删除条目A8和D19。此外,条目A2因子归属与理论预期不符,亦予以剔除。经修订后形成四因子16条目的量表,并重新进行EFA。结果如表5所示,各条目载荷在0.634~0.868之间,累计解释方差提升至64.546%,表明处理步骤有效,且量表具备良好结构效度。
(1)样本选择。为进一步检验量表的可靠性,本轮采用专业在线调查平台(Credamo)收集数据。相较于滚雪球抽样,该方式覆盖范围更广,有助于降低样本选择偏差。调查前设置筛选题“您目前是个体经营者或企业主吗?”,仅对回答“是”的受访者开放问卷。最后回收问卷494份,剔除无效样本后,获得425份有效问卷,有效率为86.03%。样本特征见表6,整体具有一定代表性。
(2)变量测量。本轮调研采用探索性因子分析修订后的创业弱势状态量表,包含16个条目,均采用李克特5级计分法来测量。
(3)验证性因子分析。为检验创业弱势状态的构念效度,本文采用结构方程模型进行验证性因子分析(CFA),并构建七个竞争模型。其中,模型1涵盖资源禀赋、生理条件、认知状况和外部环境四个因子,模型2~7通过两两合并维度形成三因子模型。结果表明,四因子模型1拟合度良好(χ2[df=98] =143.220, CFI=0.985, TLI=0.981, SRMR=0.031, RMSEA=0.033),且显著优于三因子模型2~7(504.055≤χ2(df=101)≤724.641)。尽管部分三因子模型拟合尚可,但存在个别条目载荷偏低的问题。其中,条目A5因子载荷0.387,低于0.4而被直接删除;条目C13因子载荷0.456,虽介于0.4与0.5之间,但经专家讨论与理论评估,认为其情境依赖性较强,难以反映创业弱势状态的共同结构,亦予以剔除。剔除上述条目后重新进行CFA,四因子模型拟合度进一步提升(χ2[df=71]=92.168, CFI=0.992, TLI=0.990, SRMR=0.024, RMSEA=0.026),如图2所示。
(4)信效度检验。在EFA和CFA确立的四因子14条目模型基础上,进一步检验量表信效度。第一,四个维度的α值分别为0.774、0.832、0.847和0.852,CR在0.833与0.864之间,均高于0.7阈值,且T值显著,量表信度得到验证;第二,效度检验包括聚合效度和收敛效度。如图2所示,各题项载荷均在0.74以上,AVE值依次为0.614、0.624、0.649和0.591,均大于0.5阈值,聚合效度可以接受;同时,四个因子的AVE平方根(0.769~0.806)均明显高于因子间相关系数(0.344~0.414),说明量表的收敛效度通过检验。
综上,本文聚焦弱势创业的测量问题,基于扎根理论提炼创业弱势状态构念,识别资源禀赋、生理条件、认知状况和外部环境四类挑战,并据此构建核心范畴。进一步通过EFA与CFA检验其四维结构及14条目量表的信效度。
效标效度衡量测量工具与外部相关变量(效标)之间的逻辑关联和相关程度,反映量表是否能够捕捉构念的真值。本文选取创业退出意愿作为效标,以检验所开发的创业弱势状态量表的预测效度。原因在于:第一,创业退出是创业过程中的重要组成阶段,是指创业者停止创业活动并放弃创业职业生涯的行为[12]。相较于创业启动和新创企业成长,创业退出的研究仍相对匮乏,亟待拓展[24];第二,根据GEM 2021/2022报告,创业退出是创业型经济的关键特征,全球范围内创业退出率最高接近20%,凸显其在实践中的普遍性与重要性。第三,研究表明,不利的创业者个体特征通常与创业退出密切相关[13]。从逻辑上看,创业弱势状态与退出意愿间也存在天然联系。然而,两者间关系是主流研究所假定的正向线性关系,抑或更复杂的曲线关系,本文将对此问题展开讨论。
创业退出是指创始人或创始团队成员离开其所创建的企业,并逐步脱离企业所有权或决策权的过程[12]。前期文献表明,创业退出前因的研究主要集中在创业者、创业团队与组织以及外部环境三个层面。(1)创业者层面,相关研究普遍认为创业者的人力资本[13]、先前投入程度[12]以及心理与情绪因素[23-25]是影响创业退出的重要因素。(2)创业团队与组织层面,整体的经营年龄、经营规模[26]和成员异质性[27]等结构性属性,可能对创业退出产生正面或负面的影响。(3)外部环境层面,环境动荡性[27]、社会创业氛围[23]以及宏观经济冲击[26]等情境因素,同样被证实与创业退出密切相关。然而,目前未有研究涉及创业弱势状态这一独特的个体特征对创业退出的影响,从而构成一个有价值的研究议题。
自我调节理论指出,当个体察觉当前状态与期望目标存在差距时,会通过自我观察、自我判断与自我反应三个阶段采取行动以缩小差距[14]。处于创业弱势状态的个体通过对创业情境的觉察(自我观察),意识到自身处于不利地位,并识别现实绩效与期望目标的不匹配(自我判断),从而激发趋近或防御动机(自我反应)。创业退出可视为一种降低不匹配感的自我调节策略。本文认为,随着创业弱势状态加剧,创业退出意愿呈现先下降后上升的趋势,如图3所示。
当弱势状态较低时,创业者的现实状态与期望目标的匹配度较高,未实现的目标是“跳一跳够得着”。此时,弱势状态激发趋近动机,增强目标的导向作用,使创业者更倾向于采取优势目标趋近行为,例如表现出创业坚持[15]和韧性[16]。相关研究也表明,弱势状态有助于降低风险厌恶[4]、促进资源灵活利用[10]以及提升适应性[1]。此外,创业者的弱势状态与更高的成长抱负正相关[11],这是因为逆境使他们更看重创业的非线性收益而非短期损失,从而降低退出意愿。
当弱势状态升高时,现实状态与期望目标之间的不匹配感显著加剧,负面影响占据主导地位。此时,未实现的目标变得“难以企及”,高抱负与低风险厌恶的正向作用不足以抵消消极效应,创业者更易启动防御动机,抑制目标追求,并通过减少投入等方式进行自我保护。特别是当创业弱势状态进一步恶化时,资源匮乏情境下的自我调节机制可能失效,个体可能通过逃避来缓解消极情绪[28]。因此,随着创业弱势状态逐渐上升(U型关系的右边),弱势状态激发的防御动机转化为消极逃避行为,促使创业者表现出更高的退出意愿。
此外,弱势状态具有双重属性:脆弱性与独特性[5]。在低水平时,脆弱性可能更容易转化为独特性,实现化劣势为优势、变不利为有利,推动其采取积极的趋近行为,退出意愿随之降低;而弱势状态在高水平时,脆弱性占主导地位,独特性作用减弱,导致创业者更倾向于表现出防御和逃避行为,退出意愿随之上升,这再次佐证了两者间U型关系。因此,本文提出如下假设:
H1:创业弱势状态与创业退出意愿呈现U型曲线关系。
(1)样本选择。本研究第三轮数据收集结合滚雪球抽样与专业在线调查平台(Credamo)两种途径,以提升样本量和数据质量。数据分两个时间点收集:T1测量人口统计学特征、企业特征、创业失败恐惧与创业弱势状态;T2在4周后测量创业退出意愿。最终回收317份有效问卷。其中,男性占62.46%;31-40岁的创业者占42.59%;38.49%具有本科学历;39.43%是初次创业者;服务业和制造业的企业占比最高,分别为26.81%和22.40%,企业经营年限3年及以下的占51.74%;企业规模在10人及以下的占43.53%。
(2)变量测量。创业弱势状态采用前文开发的四维度14条目量表;创业退出意愿采用Pollack等[29]的3条目量表。此外,依据既有研究[12,24],控制了个体特征(性别、年龄、受教育程度、先前创业经验)及企业特征(经营年限、规模)。同时,失败恐惧对创业退出意愿具有正向影响[23,25],故将其加以控制,测量采用Lang等[30]的5条目量表。采用李克特5级计分法。
(1)共同方法偏差和信效度检验。为降低共同方法偏差,本文采取了预防措施,包括提供简明清晰的指导语与题项表述,减轻受访者的认知负担。Harman单因素检验结果显示,第一个因子的方差解释率为36.359%,低于45%阈值,表明共同方法偏差不严重。KMO值为0.951,Bartlett’s球形检验显著(χ2=4363.283, p<0.001),说明数据适合做因子分析。验证性因子分析显示,创业弱势状态、创业退出意愿和创业失败恐惧构成的三因子模型拟合最佳(χ2[df=227]=335.469, CFI=0.974, TLI=0.972, SRMR=0.036, RMSEA=0.039),具有良好区分效度。最后,各变量α值均大于0.7,信度较好,如表9所示。
(2)相关性分析。表7列出各变量的均值、标准差和相关系数。结果表明,均值和标准差表现正常,相关系数介于-0.237至0.456,均低于0.7阈值。方差膨胀因子均小于1.5,表明模型不存在严重的多重共线性,可开展实证分析。
(3)假设检验。回归结果如表8所示。模型2表明,创业弱势状态平方项系数达到显著水平(β=0.185, p<0.001)。依据Haans等关于U型关系的检验方法,计算曲线拐点(-β1/2β2)并与实际取值区间对比,拐点估计值为1.262,位于实际区间[1.13,4.53]内,满足U型关系成立条件。在区间两端,其对创业退出意愿的边际效应由显著负向转为正向,与理论预期一致,验证了假设H1。
模型3的分维度检验表明,该U型效应主要由资源禀赋挑战和认知状况挑战驱动。资源禀赋挑战(β=0.142, p<0.05)与认知状况挑战(β=0.107, p<0.1)的平方项均显著,对应拐点分别为1.993和2.154,均位于各自取值区间内,区间两端边际效应方向符合理论推断。由此,创业弱势状态量表整体校标效度良好,且这两个维度能稳健刻画其对退出意愿的“过犹不及”效应。
相较之下,生理条件和外部环境挑战的平方项不显著。原因可从两方面理解:一是从创业过程模型看,资源和认知为创业核心要素,因而对退出意愿的影响直接;生理条件与外部环境挑战更多构成背景性或结构性情境,其影响相对间接,体现出不同类型挑战的“近端—远端”作用差异。二是从控制感理论看,生理条件与外部环境挑战的可塑性低,创业者感觉难以改变,削弱其主观控制感并诱发无助与被动体验,导致线性负面作用持续推高退出意愿。补充分析亦显示,生理条件与外部环境挑战的一次项系数均为显著正向,进一步支持上述解释。
本研究基于扎根理论,提炼出创业弱势状态新构念,揭示弱势创业者在资源禀赋、生理条件、认知状况和外部环境四大核心范畴面临的挑战,并据此初步开发22条目量表。随后,通过两轮问卷调查(N1=191; N2=425)进行探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,形成14条目量表,并验证其信效度。最后,基于自我调节理论,结合317份创业者的两时点数据,实证发现创业弱势状态对退出意愿的U型预测作用,即在弱势状态的低和高水平阶段,分别通过激活趋近动机和防御动机,产生对退出意愿的抑制和促进效应。研究成果不仅成功构建并验证了创业弱势状态测量工具,丰富了弱势创业理论框架,也为突破传统创业研究的单一视角提供依据,推动创业研究向多元化方向发展。
本文存在三个方面的理论贡献。第一,明确了创业弱势状态的四维度结构,为后续理论研究提供分析框架。通过质性和量化方法结合,凝练出该核心构念,突出弱势创业者面临的多维挑战,有效回应朱虹明和唐炎钊[5]对其内涵结构尚待厘清的研究呼吁,推动弱势创业从分散探索向系统整合迈进。
第二,开发并验证了创业弱势状态量表,为后续实证研究提供工具支持。尽管Miller和Le Breton-Miller[4]的弱势创业理论日益受到关注,且已有研究对创业弱势状态进行探索[1,9,11],但多为质性研究或二手数据的模糊探讨,缺乏可量化的测量工具,难以进行“洞幽烛微”的细致分析。本文提供的量表可支持对创业弱势状态作用效果和应对策略的精细化研究,为提炼创业规律做好铺垫。
第三,基于自我调节理论,实证揭示了创业弱势状态对创业退出意愿的U型影响,丰富了中国情境下弱势创业后果研究。该发现突破了以往关于创业者弱势特征与创业退出的线性解释框架,揭示了不同水平弱势状态的双重作用机制,弥补了研究中过度关注负面效应而忽视潜在积极作用的缺憾。同时,拓展了自我调节理论在创业研究中的应用,为理解创业者行为提供新的理论视角。
本文提供了若干启示。首先,弱势创业者应客观评估自身弱势状态,避免陷入自我否定。借助本研究开发的量表框架,创业者可系统识别并辩证看待资源禀赋、生理条件、认知状况及外部环境等挑战。弱势因素既可能构成障碍,也能激发创新视角和独特机会[8]。基于此认知,创业者可制定切实可行的战略,将劣势转为优势、困境化为机遇。其次,政府及政策制定者应深入理解弱势创业群体的特殊需求,通过精准扶持、资源倾斜和针对性培训,助力其克服多重不利因素。多方协同有助于营造公平包容的创业生态,激发弱势创业者的内生动力,推动双创政策向包容性和可持续性发展,实现社会经济的整体增长。
作为弱势创业领域的探索性研究,本研究存在以下局限,并为未来研究指明方向:第一,本研究开发的量表基于问卷自评,容易产生主观偏差,从而影响量表信效度。未来研究可结合自评与他评,或引入客观指标(如相对收入、残疾程度)验证,以降低测量误差。此外,后续研究可从分维度视角探讨不同子维度在创业过程中的地位、作用强度以及潜在的协同效应。
第二,本研究聚焦中国特定制度与市场环境,未充分涵盖西方语境下典型弱势创业者群体,如移民、难民及少数民族创业者[5]。未来研究可拓展跨文化视角,比较不同文化背景下创业弱势状态的异同,以丰富和拓展其理论内涵。
第三,尽管揭示了创业弱势状态对创业退出的U型预测作用,且拐点位于合理区间,但结果仍停留在意愿层面,未直接反映实际退出行为;同时,拐点位置偏左可能受样本结构及量表刻度的影响。未来可采用李克特七点或九点评分法,结合纵向追踪与二手数据,提高非线性关系估计的稳健性与外部效度。
第四,创业是一个动态演化的过程,创业者弱势状态随时间和社会结构变化而波动[2]。未来研究应采用动态视角,聚焦不同创业阶段的弱势状态演变及其内在机制,进一步揭示其对创业过程的长期影响。
  • 国家社会科学基金资助项目(23BGL083)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2025-08-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-04
  • 修回日期:2025-12-10
基金
国家社会科学基金资助项目(23BGL083)
作者信息
    1 厦门大学管理学院, 福建厦门 361005
    2 重庆工商大学经济学院, 重庆 400067

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唐炎钊(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
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属
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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