Article(id=1315693760781071221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739116800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-10, revisedDate=1780416000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791615436978, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1791993600000, pubDateStr=2026-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791615436978, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791615436978, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791615436978, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315693724970103290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='2017', pageEnd='2240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791993600000', pubDateStr='2026-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791615428440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791615454688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2185, endPage=2193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315693761108226934, articleId=1315693760781071221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The evolution and logic of the government’s role in the development of the national innovation system, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since its introduction, the theory of National Innovation System (NIS) has become an important theoretical basis for the Chinese government to formulate innovation policies, and has had a wide impact on China's scientific and technological economic development. However, NIS theory typically treats government as an actor alongside firms and universities. This perspective is insufficient for explaining the coordinating and organizational functions that the Chinese government has played in building the NIS. To address this limitation, this article argues that the Chinese government occupies two structural positions within the NIS. First, as architectural role (Type I), it operates outside the system to design rules and define the division of responsibilities. Second, as interventionist role (Type II), it enters the system to mobilize resources and correct operational deficiencies. By examining five stages in the development of China’s NIS, this study finds that the relative importance of these two roles has shifted dynamically in response to changing national objectives, and the two roles have evolved into a governance pattern characterized by a clear distinction between external design and internal intervention. Based on this experience, the article offers three contributions to the NIS literature. First, the role of government should transcend its conventional positioning as merely an institutional provider; second, the government’s role is closely intertwined with national objectives; and third, the governance of latecomer NIS requires a stronger emphasis on dynamic adaptability.

, authors=Ze FENG1, Guang CHEN2, Kai-hua CHEN3, Jin KANG4, authorsList=Ze FENG, Guang CHEN, Kai-hua CHEN, Jin KANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315693761997419385, articleId=1315693760781071221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=国家创新体系发展中政府角色的演进与逻辑, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

国家创新体系(NIS)理论自引进以来即成为中国政府制定创新政策的重要理论依据,对我国科技经济发展产生了广泛影响。然而,NIS理论通常把政府视为与企业、高校并列的行动者(Actor),这一定位难以解释我国政府在创新体系建设中所发挥的统筹性、组织性作用。由此,本文提出我国政府在NIS中同时占据两个结构性位置:作为体系架构者(Ⅰ型角色)站在体系之外设计规则、确立分工,作为直接干预者(Ⅱ型角色)进入体系内部组织资源、矫正运行。通过梳理我国NIS建设的五个阶段,本文发现两类角色的权重随国家目标的变迁而动态调整,并在转型期形成了内外有别、协同治理的格局。基于这一经验,本文对NIS理论提出三点讨论:政府角色应突破传统理论中的体系内主体定位、政府角色与国家目标存在阶段性耦合、后发国家的创新治理需要强化动态适配性。

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冯泽(1996-),女,助理研究员,博士。

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授,博士。

康瑾(1991-),男,高级工程师,博士。

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陈光(1977-),男,副研究员,博士,E-mail:。
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冯泽(1996-),女,助理研究员,博士。

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冯泽(1996-),女,助理研究员,博士。

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陈凯华(1980-),男,教授,博士。

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陈凯华(1980-),男,教授,博士。

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The evolution of government roles across the five stages of China's national innovation system development

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阶段 国家目标 主导角色 政府作用特征
引入期
(1993—1998)
科技体制改革,建立NIS Ⅰ型为主 站在体系之外搭建制度框架,放权赋能创新主体
探索期
(1998—2006)
重构体系功能,强化主体互动 Ⅰ型为主、Ⅱ型为辅 以制度供给强化主体联系,以资源介入补足薄弱环节
发展期
(2006—2012)
确立企业创新主体地位,
提升自主创新能力
Ⅰ型为主 统筹体系结构与运行方向,战略领域辅以集中攻关
完善期
(2012—2020)
提升体系运行效率与整体绩效 Ⅱ型为主 以显性直接干预提升效率,以战略统筹保证方向一致
转型期
(2020—至今)
高质量发展、科技自立自强,
在国际竞争中争取战略主动
Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型协同(内外有别) 对内以规则保障高效运转,对外以集中攻关确保战略目标
), ArticleFig(id=1315693764937626533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693760781071221, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国国家创新体系建设五阶段的政府角色演进

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 国家目标 主导角色 政府作用特征
引入期
(1993—1998)
科技体制改革,建立NIS Ⅰ型为主 站在体系之外搭建制度框架,放权赋能创新主体
探索期
(1998—2006)
重构体系功能,强化主体互动 Ⅰ型为主、Ⅱ型为辅 以制度供给强化主体联系,以资源介入补足薄弱环节
发展期
(2006—2012)
确立企业创新主体地位,
提升自主创新能力
Ⅰ型为主 统筹体系结构与运行方向,战略领域辅以集中攻关
完善期
(2012—2020)
提升体系运行效率与整体绩效 Ⅱ型为主 以显性直接干预提升效率,以战略统筹保证方向一致
转型期
(2020—至今)
高质量发展、科技自立自强,
在国际竞争中争取战略主动
Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型协同(内外有别) 对内以规则保障高效运转,对外以集中攻关确保战略目标
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国家创新体系发展中政府角色的演进与逻辑
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冯泽 1 , 陈光 2 , 陈凯华 3 , 康瑾 4
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(10): 2185-2193
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (10) : 2185 -2193
国家创新体系发展中政府角色的演进与逻辑
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冯泽(1996-),女,助理研究员,博士。

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冯泽1, 陈光2 , 陈凯华3, 康瑾4
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190
  • 2 中国科学院学部工作局, 北京 100190
  • 3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049
  • 4 中国移动通信集团有限公司研究院, 北京 100032
通讯作者:
陈光(1977-),男,副研究员,博士,E-mail:。
作者简介:

冯泽(1996-),女,助理研究员,博士。

陈凯华(1980-),男,教授,博士。

康瑾(1991-),男,高级工程师,博士。

The evolution and logic of the government’s role in the development of the national innovation system
Ze FENG1, Guang CHEN2 , Kai-hua CHEN3, Jin KANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2 Bureau of Academic Divisions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3 School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4 China Mobile Communication Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China
出版时间: 2026-10-15
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国家创新体系(NIS)理论自引进以来即成为中国政府制定创新政策的重要理论依据,对我国科技经济发展产生了广泛影响。然而,NIS理论通常把政府视为与企业、高校并列的行动者(Actor),这一定位难以解释我国政府在创新体系建设中所发挥的统筹性、组织性作用。由此,本文提出我国政府在NIS中同时占据两个结构性位置:作为体系架构者(Ⅰ型角色)站在体系之外设计规则、确立分工,作为直接干预者(Ⅱ型角色)进入体系内部组织资源、矫正运行。通过梳理我国NIS建设的五个阶段,本文发现两类角色的权重随国家目标的变迁而动态调整,并在转型期形成了内外有别、协同治理的格局。基于这一经验,本文对NIS理论提出三点讨论:政府角色应突破传统理论中的体系内主体定位、政府角色与国家目标存在阶段性耦合、后发国家的创新治理需要强化动态适配性。

国家创新体系  /  政府作用  /  政府干预  /  规则制定

Since its introduction, the theory of National Innovation System (NIS) has become an important theoretical basis for the Chinese government to formulate innovation policies, and has had a wide impact on China's scientific and technological economic development. However, NIS theory typically treats government as an actor alongside firms and universities. This perspective is insufficient for explaining the coordinating and organizational functions that the Chinese government has played in building the NIS. To address this limitation, this article argues that the Chinese government occupies two structural positions within the NIS. First, as architectural role (Type I), it operates outside the system to design rules and define the division of responsibilities. Second, as interventionist role (Type II), it enters the system to mobilize resources and correct operational deficiencies. By examining five stages in the development of China’s NIS, this study finds that the relative importance of these two roles has shifted dynamically in response to changing national objectives, and the two roles have evolved into a governance pattern characterized by a clear distinction between external design and internal intervention. Based on this experience, the article offers three contributions to the NIS literature. First, the role of government should transcend its conventional positioning as merely an institutional provider; second, the government’s role is closely intertwined with national objectives; and third, the governance of latecomer NIS requires a stronger emphasis on dynamic adaptability.

national innovation system  /  role of government  /  government intervention  /  rule maker
冯泽, 陈光, 陈凯华, 康瑾. 国家创新体系发展中政府角色的演进与逻辑. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2185 -2193 .
Ze FENG, Guang CHEN, Kai-hua CHEN, Jin KANG. The evolution and logic of the government’s role in the development of the national innovation system[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2185 -2193 .
国家创新体系(National innovation system, NIS)理论自诞生以来即被视为创新研究的重要突破[1]。其强调创新主体之间的互动决定创新绩效,并指出创新行为嵌入于特定的制度环境之中。与传统主要强调市场配置创新资源的理论不同,NIS理论将政府视为制度塑造者,认为其通过政策、法规和公共投入对国家创新体系的形成与运行发挥着重要影响[2]。特别是对于中国而言,其NIS在改革开放之后短短几十年时间里经历了翻天覆地的变化,实现了从薄弱起步到体系成型、再到部分领域进入全球前沿的跨越式发展,其中政府的作用尤为显著。
然而,现有研究对这一经验的解释仍有不足。一方面,既有文献多集中于NIS的概念建构、理论源流、国别比较[3-5],对理论框架与具体国家实践之间的互动关注有限。另一方面,在分析政府作用时,研究往往聚焦于具体政策工具或单一功能,如研发补贴等对市场失灵的弥补[6-8],并认为政府是与企业、高校、科研机构并列的主体行动者(Actor)。这一视角在解释成熟市场经济体时有较强解释力,但面对中国这样一个后发且快速演进的NIS,难以充分揭示政府所承担的统筹性、组织性功能,也难以说明政府角色为何在不同阶段发生系统性变化。
针对上述不足,本文提出中国政府在NIS中的“二元角色”框架,即政府同时占据体系之外的架构者位置与体系之内的干预者位置,并随国家目标的演进在两者之间动态切换。在此基础上,本文梳理了1993年以来中国NIS建设的五个阶段,分析两类角色的权重如何随阶段目标移动,并据此对NIS理论提出讨论。本文的贡献有二:其一,把对政府作用的讨论从是否应该干预推进到应该处于NIS的哪个位置进行干预;其二,揭示了政府角色权重与国家目标之间的阶段性耦合,说明政府随目标演进而动态调整的战略角色。
后文安排如下:第一部分回顾NIS理论中政府作用的相关研究;第二部分提出政府二元角色框架,并沿五个阶段分析角色演进;第三部分讨论这一经验对NIS理论与后发国家治理实践的启示。
NIS理论的思想可追溯至李斯特对政府干预作用的强调[9],其正式理论则由Freeman在解释日本经济追赶时正式提出,并经Lundvall、Nelson拓展为一套分析国家间创新差异的框架。值得注意的是,从发展该理论之初,政府就被置于框架的核心。Freeman在其1987年发表的著作《技术政策与经济绩效:日本的经验》中正式提出“国家创新体系”这一概念,将其理解为一个国家在科学和技术创新方面的制度网络[10]。这一构想得到了Lundvall的进一步拓展,他强调了学习、知识生产与传播的重要性,并指出了政府在构建创新环境中的关键作用[11]。紧随其后,Nelson通过比较不同国家和地区创新体系的结构性差异,揭示了不同的制度安排对创新活动的影响[12]。
沿着这一思路,已有研究主要从两个方面讨论政府如何影响NIS。一是直接提供创新要素。政府通过科研资助、风险投资、研发补贴等方式支持企业研发与成果转化,相关研究既肯定其撬动创新投入的作用[13,14],也提示过度资助可能扭曲要素价格、挤出私人研发[8,15]。二是塑造创新政策环境。政府通过知识产权制度、税收优惠、政府采购等工具影响创新的成本、收益与方向[16-18]。无论哪一条主线,政府都被视为创新体系中的一个重要主体,其作用要么通过直接供给研发要素,要么通过间接塑造互动环境,在这种理解下,政府与企业、高校、科研机构等主体被视为相对平等的关系。近年来,制度逻辑(institutional logics)研究为理解政府与市场的关系提供了新工具。它区分出以公共利益和资源再分配为导向的政府逻辑,与以效率和竞争为核心的市场逻辑,并指出两种逻辑的张力会塑造制度变迁的路径[19,20],但这一视角仍把政府逻辑与市场逻辑看作NIS内部并存、相互制衡的两种力量。
事实上,越来越多的研究意识到,政府并不只是体系内与其他主体互动的一方,还在更高层级承担统筹与组织功能。政府在实践中并不仅仅是市场的对手或市场失灵的弥补者,而是通过更高维度、更具组织性的方式塑造创新体系。例如,Hekkert等指出,政府通过制定科技发展目标来引导科技发展方向,从而影响不同主体之间的交互[21]。Edquist则指出政府可以通过多种方式推动创新主体内部各部门及不同主体之间的协作[6]。Samara等运用系统动力学方法将国家创新体系分为了知识和人力资源、研究活动、市场条件、制度条件、金融系统、创新过程和技术绩效7个子系统,并指出政府可以影响国家创新体系中的主体以及他们之间的关系[22]。
这一点在后发国家实践中尤为明显。后发国家通常面临制度与产业基础薄弱、创新链条不完整的约束,仅把政府视为体系内主体,难以解释其如何在短期内实现制度突破与技术追赶。发展型国家理论早已强调政府在追赶中的能动性[23,24],近期研究更关注到了美国等发达国家中“发展型国家(developmental state)”的隐形角色,即政府在技术与创新政策中并非仅承担规则制定的角色,而是通过跨主体组织协调、技术商业化全链条干预等方式,发挥更积极、更直接的组织功能[25]。
综合来看,传统NIS理论对政府角色的分析大多停留在NIS体系内部,把政府作用限定为要素投入与环境优化等供给功能,不足以解释后发国家的制度突破,也忽视了政府角色在不同发展阶段的二元性与动态性。为此,本研究试图基于中国实践,提出政府“二元角色”框架,即在体系架构者与直接干预者两类角色之间形成动态切换与协同,以更好地解释中国NIS发展的经验与逻辑。
国家创新体系既是一个学术概念,也是一个政策概念[26]。在中国,这一概念被学术界引入后很快被政策界采纳,用以指导科技体制改革。与西方相比,中国政府与NIS的结合更为紧密,在特定的政治经济体制下,政府既有更强的动机、也有更强的能力直接介入创新体系建设。
政府干预的分析,多数研究沿用“指令型—促进型”的二分逻辑[27]。其中,指令型政府挑选优胜者、把资源集中于选定的产业与企业,促进型政府则通过营造有利环境来克服创新中的私人投资障碍[28]。这一二分法刻画了干预方式的强弱,但它默认政府始终处在市场的对立面,只是调节方式与力度不同。而中国的实践显示,政府的角色不只是干预强弱的问题,更是位置问题。政府既在体系之外搭建框架,又在体系之内直接参与,呈现出内外并行的双重身份。据此,本文把中国NIS发展中的政府作用概括为两类角色(如图1所示)。
一是体系架构者角色(Architectural Role)(Ⅰ型)。在这一角色下,政府主要体现为NIS的设计者与赋能者,站在体系之外,通过顶层设计和制度供给塑造创新体系的基本框架与运行逻辑。例如,政府通过战略规划确立发展方向、通过法律与制度安排(如提供基础设施、资助研究等)构建NIS的架构基础[28],并通过政策信号和战略愿景引导市场预期,使政府既能保持战略上的统筹能力,又能促进市场化机制提升创新资源配置效率。
二是直接干预者角色(Interventionist Role)(Ⅱ型)。在这一角色下,政府进入体系内部,直接配置资源,并体现国家意志。基于经济安全、产业升级、技术自主可控等战略目标设定优先领域、启动重大专项、引导资源流向。当市场机制与主体的自组织出现失灵时,政府作为推动力直接介入并矫正运行路径,例如在关键核心技术受制于人时以新型举国体制集中攻关[29],或在新兴产业培育中以产业引导基金加速产业链形成。
需要强调的是,两类角色并非非此即彼,政府的干预也并非非黑即白,而是程度与组合的问题[30]。两类角色在不同阶段如何组合、又为何如此组合,正是本文想要进一步探讨的问题。
梳理国家创新体系在中国的政策实践发展,结合中国科技创新体系改革历程,可以大致将其划分为五个阶段:
(1)引入期(1993-1998年)。科技体制改革进入全面推进阶段,1993年《科学技术进步法》的通过,首次以法律形式确立科技在经济社会发展中的基础作用,国家创新体系在这一阶段正式引入。
(2)探索期(1998-2006年)。中国科学院启动并深入推进知识创新工程,为科技体制改革积累制度经验,建设中国特色国家创新体系成为政策与学术界的共同关注重点。
(3)发展期(2006-2012年)。以《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020年)》为标志,中国正式实施自主创新战略,国家创新体系建设进入系统部署与加速推进阶段。
(4)完善期(2012-2020年)。党的十八大以来,创新驱动发展战略上升为国家发展核心战略,科技体制改革进入系统化、协同化、纵深化阶段,国家创新体系建设更加成熟。
(5)转型期(2020年至今)。面对全球科技竞争加剧与关键技术“卡脖子”压力,国家创新体系聚焦高质量发展与绿色转型,强化科技自立自强,加快构建面向未来的战略科技力量和制度保障体系。
引入期是中国科技体制改革的重要时期。1993年《科学技术进步法》首次以法律形式确立科技在经济社会发展中的基础地位;1995年,国家科委与加拿大国际发展研究中心联合组织的国际专家组建议中国以“国家创新系统”为框架识别改革需求,NIS思想自此正式进入政策视野[31]。该阶段,尽管政策界尚未充分认识这一概念的分量,但政府的Ⅰ型角色已经显现。政府主要站在NIS之外,一面搭建制度框架、确立创新活动的基本规则,一面逐步放权赋能,让科研机构、高校和企业在框架内尝试自主运行。
其制度安排主要体现在三个方面:一是科研机构市场化转型。政府通过“一所两制”制度创新推动体制突破,1993年3月经贸部等部委联合授予100个科研院所外贸经营权,同年出台系列文件确立科研机构创办科技企业的合法性。至1996年,国家科委启动机械部、交通部等四部委所属科研机构的企业化转制试点,形成技术研发机构市场化转型的示范效应。二是大力促进民营科技型企业发展。1993年《关于大力发展民营科技型企业若干问题的决定》不仅赋予民营科技企业合法地位,更通过技术入股、税收优惠等制度设计,实现创新主体从体制内向市场领域的延伸。三是对高等教育体系加大布局。“211工程”的实施推动高校由单一教学职能向“科研—教育”复合型机构转型,同时,政府通过专项建设资金引导高校建立重点实验室和工程中心,使高校深度嵌入国家创新体系。
这一时期的国家创新体系演化逻辑鲜明地体现了自上而下的制度供给与赋权并举。在宏观层面,政府通过法律与规划建立创新体系的总体框架,并以财政投入为杠杆支撑重点领域建设,例如,1996年自然科学基金投入达6.45亿元且年均增速超20%,“973计划”更在农业、能源等战略领域构建起多学科攻关体系。在微观层面,则通过制度创新和政策赋能推动科研机构、高校与企业的角色转型。这种以政府为体系架构者的模式,既延续了计划经济时期政府主导的路径依赖,又适应了转型期快速发展市场经济的需求。
探索期伴随知识经济时代到来,NIS建设进入功能重构阶段。1998年中国科学院启动“知识创新工程”,推动各界认识到创新体系在知识生产、传递与应用三个环节上的系统性要求[32]。在此背景下,政府的作用呈现出Ⅰ型角色(体系架构者)为主、Ⅱ型角色(直接干预者)为辅的模式,以制度供给强化主体间的联系与互动,同时以资源介入弥补体系运行的薄弱环节。
一方面,政府持续发挥体系架构者角色,从制度层面推动创新主体的功能定位和协同发展。通过《国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划科技教育发展专项规划(科技发展规划)》等政策,政府对科研机构、高校、企业以及中介服务组织的功能分工进行了系统化设计,推动形成以知识生产、知识传递和知识应用为核心的多层次体系。一是知识生产体系升级,继续推动科研院所市场化改制,1999年国家经济贸易委员会管理的242个科研机构成功转制。同时,高等教育扩招规模持续增加,“211工程”深化建设,提升知识生产体系的人力资源储备。二是知识传递网络构建。1999年,我国首家技术产权交易所——上海技术产权交易所正式成立,为全国各地技术产权交易市场的形成与发展起到了示范带动作用。三是知识应用机制创新。通过建设148个国家工程中心和330家企业技术中心,构建产学研协同创新的制度框架。此外,国家高新技术产业开发区的全面建设也进一步体现了政府的体系架构角色。高新区作为国家层面的制度创新试验田,为企业创新创业营造了更加宽松的制度和市场环境,政府通过制定和完善孵化器建设、知识产权保护、中小企业扶持等政策框架,推动了地方创新体系的成型与运作。
另一方面,政府也日益展现出直接干预者角色。面对新兴知识经济的不确定性与市场机制的不完善,政府以国家意志和资源直接推动战略性工程与关键环节突破。例如,组织实施“十五”期间12个国家重大科技专项,集中国家、地方、企业、高校、科研院所等多方力量,旨在迅速抢占一批21世纪科技制高点。在资金层面,1999年推动中小企业技术创新基金设立,以财政资金直接支持企业自主创新。这些举措使政府不仅作为制度供给者存在,而且成为“有形之手”,在关键时刻通过直接干预确保体系有效运转。可见,该阶段的架构者角色保障了规则供给与制度化分工,干预者角色则填补了市场不完善和主体能力不足留下的运行瓶颈,二者并行使NIS在快速发展中逐步成型。
2006年《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006—2020年)》的颁布,标志着NIS建设由探索转向系统部署。这一阶段的核心任务,是推动企业成为创新活动的主要载体。该阶段政府仍以Ⅰ型角色为主,通过对体系整体结构、运行方向和关键机制的统筹设计来推动企业核心地位的确立,并在战略性领域辅以Ⅱ型角色的集中攻关。
一是以国家战略规划推动企业创新主体地位确立。2006年《规划纲要》在国家层面系统提出“自主创新、重点跨越、支撑发展、引领未来”的科技发展方针,将提升企业自主创新能力明确为国家创新体系建设的核心任务。随后,2008年修订的《科学技术进步法》明确提出“建立以企业为主体,以市场为导向,企业同科学技术研究开发机构、高等学校相结合的技术创新体系”,首次以法律形式确认了企业在国家创新体系中的核心地位。
二是通过政策组合强化国家对创新体系运行机制的整体引导。该阶段研发费用加计扣除、高新技术企业认定等普惠性政策不断完善,引导企业将研发活动内嵌于长期发展战略之中。同时,技术要素市场和多层次资本市场建设稳步推进,2007年启动国家技术转移示范机构认定,2009年创业板正式开市,为科技成果转化和创新型企业融资提供了制度化支持。
三是围绕国家战略重点实施定向支持,提升NIS运行效率。在NIS架构逐渐完善的基础上,政府在若干具有战略意义和长期性特征的技术领域继续发挥Ⅱ型角色作用。例如,“核高基”重大专项聚焦信息产业的核心瓶颈环节,财政集中投入和科研资源整合引导院所与企业协同攻关,在一定程度上弥补了市场机制在高风险、长周期研发中的投入不足,使创新活动得以沿国家确定的重点方向展开。
完善期是我国创新驱动发展战略全面深化的关键阶段。随着《深化科技体制改革实施方案》(2015年)和《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》(2016年)的相继出台,国家创新体系建设的重点逐步由结构搭建转向运行效率与整体绩效的提升。政策层面日益意识到,仅靠主体分散决策和市场自发协调,难以应对复杂技术体系和战略性新兴产业带来的系统性挑战,容易出现资源碎片化、方向分散和协同不足[33]。在此背景下,政府显著强化了Ⅱ型角色;Ⅰ型角色则由侧重制度框架搭建,转向对发展方向、重点领域和运行效率的优化与统筹,为直接干预提供战略指引与制度支持。
Ⅱ型角色首先体现为直接的技术供给。2016年启动的科技创新2030重大项目,围绕航空发动机及燃气轮机、量子信息、脑科学与类脑研究、深海与深空探测等领域进行系统布局,“墨子号”量子卫星、500米口径射电望远镜(FAST)等标志性成果取得突破。这类由国家主导、面向关键节点的集中投入,不仅加快了单项技术突破,也提升了整个体系的协同效率与系统韧性。
其次体现为以需求牵引创新。政府日益重视用首购、订购、示范应用、场景开放等需求侧工具引导技术路径,在新能源、轨道交通、5G、人工智能等领域提供应用场景和制度性需求,为企业在高不确定阶段开展技术迭代和产业化创造条件。
与此同时,Ⅰ型角色通过高层级统筹对体系运行进行再校准。《深化科技体制改革实施方案》和《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》明确提出,要在更高层面统筹科技创新与经济社会发展的关系,理顺政府与市场的功能分工。在此框架下,一系列普惠性制度和市场化改革举措持续推进。例如,2015年修订《促进科技成果转化法》,加快科研成果向现实生产力转化;2019年科创板注册制试点,为科技企业提供更加匹配创新特征的融资机制;研发费用加计扣除比例提升至175%,显著增强企业持续投入研发的激励。可见,这一阶段政府以显性的直接干预提升运行效率,又以战略统筹保证创新活动在方向与资源配置上的一致性。
在全球科技竞争格局深度重构与国内高质量发展转型的双重驱动下,我国国家创新体系建设进入Ⅰ型角色与Ⅱ型角色协同治理的新阶段。面对大国博弈加剧、科技革命加速、经济转型紧迫的复合挑战,政府在NIS内外形成了清晰的分工:在NIS内部运行中以Ⅰ型角色为主,通过制度供给和市场规则保障体系高效运转,在国际竞争和战略安全领域以Ⅱ型角色为主,集中资源支撑关键核心领域创新。
在NIS内部运行中,Ⅰ型角色通过战略规划、法律制度和市场规则设计来保障国家创新体系的高效运行。例如在数字转型方面,《“十四五”数字经济发展规划》提出构建“数据要素市场体系”,通过数据确权、交易规则等制度创新释放数字生产力。政府投资建设“东数西算”工程,在8个枢纽节点部署10个国家数据中心集群,并主导制定工业互联网标识解析体系,建成5个国家顶级节点和383个二级节点。同时,《数据安全法》《个人信息保护法》出台,推动数据要素市场的规范化与可持续发展。这些措施表明,政府通过Ⅰ型角色的制度供给和规则塑造,让创新主体在稳定可预期的环境中自组织运行。
在国际竞争与战略安全中,Ⅱ型角色成为主导。面对中美“脱钩”风险和大国博弈压力,政府通过直接干预集中资源,强化国家战略科技力量。2020年中央经济工作会议首次提出“强化国家战略科技力量”。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》提出聚焦量子信息、光子与微纳电子、网络通信、人工智能等重大创新领域组建一批国家实验室,重组国家重点实验室,以新型举国体制突破“卡脖子”技术。
由此,转型期的政府角色呈现出鲜明的内外分工。对内以完善规则保障体系高效运转,对外以集中攻关确保战略目标实现,这种双重角色构成了中国NIS在新时期复杂背景下的韧性与灵活性。
上述5个阶段中政府两类角色所对应的国家目标、主导角色与作用特征归纳如表1所示。
基于对中国政府二元角色演进的梳理,提供了一个重新审视NIS中政府作用的分析视角。中国实践表明,政府在特定发展阶段,不仅需要站在体系外搭建制度框架、引导战略方向,也需要深度介入创新过程,通过角色转换与组合形成Ⅰ型角色与Ⅱ型角色协同治理模式。中国政府角色演进的经验对NIS理论发展与实践创新具有三点重要启示。
传统NIS理论大多把政府视为创新体系内部的行动者,其或提供资源支持,或调节市场运行,Luedde-Neurath的“指令型—促进型”二分是这一思路的典型,它区分了政府干预方式的差异,却仍把政府放在市场对立面的调节者位置上[27]。中国的经验提示了另一种可能,政府角色经历了从架构者主导到两类角色协同的演进,贯穿这一过程的,是政府始终同时占据两个结构性位置,既站在体系之外设计规则、确立分工,又能进入体系内部直接组织资源、矫正运行。通过Ⅰ型角色,政府在体系尚未成熟、主体能力不足时从更高层级设计结构与分工,并在制度成型后把运行权交还市场,激发主体的自组织能力;通过Ⅱ型角色,政府在体系运行受阻或遭遇外部冲击时直接介入,从供给端与需求端引导方向、组织资源。
从国际比较看,这一理论视角同样具有解释力。近年来,美国和欧盟在关键技术领域逐步从市场主导转向更具战略性的政府介入。例如,美国信息技术与创新基金会(ITIF)在《认识美国国家创新体系2020》及随后发布的《建立新的安全繁荣的国家创新体系恰逢其时》中,明确呼吁构建协调统一的国家创新政策体系,以强化政府在战略领域的组织与引导作用;OECD提出的“任务导向型创新政策”同样强调政府通过系统性政策组合塑造创新方向[34]。在半导体领域,美国《芯片与科学法案》、欧盟《欧洲芯片法案》均体现出政府从单纯规则制定者转向更高层级的体系性干预者。不过,欧美近年来的变化多由外部竞争倒逼形成,而中国两类角色的切换更多内生于不同发展阶段的内在需要。二者路径不同,却共同说明理解当代NIS中的政府,已不能停留在政府是否干预,而要理解政府应处在体系的哪个位置、哪个层级,以及两种位置如何组合。
需要进一步指出的是,既有研究在讨论中国政府的角色时,往往伴随着对政府同时扮演“裁判员”和“运动员”的批判。大量讨论基于公共选择理论和制度经济学视角认为,当政府既制定规则、又直接参与资源配置甚至具体创新活动时,容易诱发寻租行为、扭曲市场竞争并滋生腐败,从而损害创新效率。然而,中国的经验提示,二重角色的后果并非固定不变,而取决于若干条件。其一是发展阶段,在制度基础薄弱、市场主体能力不足时,政府的直接介入更可能补上市场无力承担的环节,而当体系趋于成熟,同样的介入则更易造成挤出与扭曲。其二是退出机制,中国政府在引入期、发展期多次在搭好制度框架后主动放权,科研院所转制、确立企业创新主体地位都是其例,这种及时退出在一定程度上约束了二重角色形成长期垄断的风险。由此看来,二重角色究竟提升效能还是诱发寻租,关键不在于政府是否同时充当裁判员与运动员,而在于它能否在恰当的时点完成角色的让渡。
中国的实践表明,政府在NIS中的角色演化并非自发,也不是向某种最优制度的趋近,而是对阶段性国家目标的制度回应。在引入期与探索期,国家目标是快速建立创新体系的基本框架,因此政府主要扮演Ⅰ型角色,通过制度设计、组织搭建与放权赋能,构建起NIS的基本运行架构与主体;在发展期与完善期,国家目标转向提升体系效率与增强自主创新能力,政府开始在继续履行Ⅰ型角色的同时,强化Ⅱ型角色,通过战略引导与资源集中突破关键技术瓶颈,提升整体运行效率;进入转型期,国家目标则进一步上升为在全球创新竞争中争取战略主动权,政府逐渐形成了“内外有别”的双重逻辑,一方面,对内侧重Ⅰ型角色,通过制度供给和市场激活实现体系韧性,另一方面,对外则强化Ⅱ型角色,以国家意志集中力量推动“非对称赶超”和前沿领域创新。
这一经验揭示了政府角色与国家目标之间的阶段性耦合机制,而这在传统NIS理论中并未得到充分重视。以Lundvall为代表的早期NIS理论把政府视为“学习型经济”的外部条件塑造者,却较少处理政府自身角色为何随时间变化。Johnson的发展型国家理论虽然突出政府的能动性[23],关注点却集中在产业政策与资源动员,对政府角色与国家战略目标之间的演化着墨不多。本文通过中国经验的梳理,证明了政府不是一个角色固定的制度供给者,而是随国家目标演进而动态调整的战略行动者。
美欧近年在半导体等领域强化干预,同样可以从目标变迁的角度理解。当国家目标从效率竞争转向技术安全,政府角色便相应地从规则制定向战略介入倾斜,这与中国在转型期所表现出的演化具有相似之处。
中国经验对后发国家NIS建设的核心启示在于,政府角色定位需要与国家发展阶段、技术禀赋与制度进行动态适配。经济体在不同发展阶段需要不同的制度安排[35],后发国家的创新政策需摆脱对发达国家实践经验的盲目模仿。
中国的经验证明,在不同的NIS发展阶段,政府通过两类角色的互动与融合创造了不同制度体系以适应每一阶段的发展目标与方向。韩国的NIS演化同样体现出动态治理的重要性,在20世纪70年代重化工业追赶期,政府通过Ⅱ型角色构建产业基础,将石油化工、钢铁、电子、机械、金属等6个产业列为战略性产业予以大力支持。到90年代,随着产业体系趋于成熟,政府逐渐转向Ⅰ型角色,推动投资自由化与市场机制主导创新。然而,2019年日本对韩国半导体材料实施出口管制后,韩国迅速启动“材料、零部件、装备产业竞争力强化对策”,重新强化Ⅱ型角色,集中资源支持关键领域自主化。
在当前全球产业链与地缘政治格局深度重构的背景下,这一启示更具现实意义。中国经验表明,后发国家的政府角色既不能陷入干预主义教条,也不能固守市场主义,而需要构建随发展阶段与外部环境调整的治理框架,使制度供给与政策工具始终与本国的发展阶段与技术经济条件相匹配。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(C类)(72504272)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2024M763349)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72272141)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2025-02-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-10
  • 修回日期:2026-06-03
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(C类)(72504272)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2024M763349)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(72272141)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190
    2 中国科学院学部工作局, 北京 100190
    3 中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049
    4 中国移动通信集团有限公司研究院, 北京 100032

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陈光(1977-),男,副研究员,博士,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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