Article(id=1315693749288681569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754928000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-12, revisedDate=1759939200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791615434237, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1791993600000, pubDateStr=2026-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791615434237, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791615434237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791615434237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315693724970103290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='2017', pageEnd='2240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791993600000', pubDateStr='2026-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791615428440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791615454688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2218, endPage=2229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315693749540339810, articleId=1315693749288681569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Driving factors and realization path of coopetition behavior of manufacturing single champion firms, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Manufacturing single champion firms (MSCFs), as industrial “bellwethers,” are pivotal in fostering the virtuous development of upstream and downstream industrial chains through their coopetition behaviors. An increasing number of MSCFs are shifting from the traditional “zero-sum game” competitive mindset to a “positive-sum game” coopetition mindset. However, translating this coopetition mindset into sustained practice remains challenging. A key difficulty lies in identifying and sequencing the driving factors of coopetition within differentiated scenarios. Given the limited prior research on this issue, it is of significant theoretical and practical value to explore the key drivers and their action paths for MSCFs’ coopetition behaviors across different scenarios, using simulation methods to uncover the underlying logic of how these driving factors transform as scenarios change.

This study draws on 7931 unbalanced panel observations from 103 MSCFs spanning the years 2017 to 2024. Employing bibliometric analysis and keyword co-occurrence networks, we identify the driving factors of coopetition behaviors and construct a 2×2 “technology-market” scenario matrix. Using the entropy weight method and DEMATEL-NK techniques, we systematically examine scenario-specific driving factors and their implementation paths. The findings reveal that: (1) Innovation Advantage Empowerment (IAE), Strategic Orientation Change (SOC), Network Relationship Construction (NRC), Organizational Risk Control (ORC), and Key Resources Development (KRD) constitute the fundamental drivers of coopetition behaviors in MSCFs. (2) Through 100000 simulations conducted in MATLAB 2016b across four scenarios, the realization paths for coopetition behaviors are identified based on the highest frequency of element occurrence. The paths vary by scenario: under the conservative-maintenance scenario, the path is ORC→IAE→SOC; under the technology-driven scenario, it is NRC→SOC→IAE→KRD; under the market-driven scenario, it is NRC→SOC→ORC; and under the radical synergy scenario, it is NRC→ORC→IAE→SOC. Case analyses further validate these differentiated paths. (3) The study identifies two transition logics for key driving factors when scenarios change: SOC acts as a “transformation hub” when shifting from a conservative-maintenance scenario to an adjacent (market- or technology-driven) scenario, while ORC serves as the “transformation hub” in the transition from a market-driven to a radical synergy scenario.

The study contributes to coopetition theory and offers practical guidance for MSCFs to effectively prioritize and coordinate key drivers in sustaining coopetition relationships. Theoretically, by integrating a randomly generated fitness landscape with functional computation, this approach mitigates limitations inherent in the traditional NK model, enhancing the objectivity and robustness of the results. The multi-method research design enriches methodological diversity in coopetition research and expands the conceptual framework for understanding how MSCFs’ coopetition drivers adapt to differentiated scenarios. Practically, managers should activate key driving factors and optimize their allocation sequence according to the specific scenario in which the firm operates. Moreover, MSCFs need to dynamically adjust to scenario changes, reallocating resources promptly and transitioning to new implementation paths to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of coopetition. From a policy perspective, targeted support should be provided to facilitate coopetition in different scenarios. Governments should also focus on establishing a fair, open, and institutionally supportive environment that encourages coopetition, helping MSCFs adapt key drivers in response to scenario shifts and thereby promoting the sustainability of coopetition relationships.

, authors=Zhi-chun DONG, Yun-fei SHAO, authorsList=Zhi-chun DONG, Yun-fei SHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yun-fei SHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315693751067066483, articleId=1315693749288681569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=单项冠军竞合行为的驱动要素与实现路径, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

制造业单项冠军企业(简称单项冠军)作为产业“领头羊”,其竞合行为对产业链上下游的良性循环发展具有重要带动与引领作用。本研究基于103家单项冠军2017-2024年共7931组非平衡面板数据,通过文献计量法结合关键词共现网络,总结出企业竞合行为的驱动要素,进一步构建2×2“技术-市场”情境;再通过熵权法与DEMATEL-NK深度阐释不同情境下单项冠军竞合行为的关键驱动要素与实现路径。结果表明:首先,创新优势赋能、战略导向变革、网络关系建设、组织风险控制与关键资源开发是单项冠军竞合行为的驱动要素;其次,结合典型案例对不同情境下单项冠军竞合行为的关键驱动要素及实现路径进行分析;最后,讨论了情境转换时单项冠军关键驱动要素的两种转变逻辑。研究结论为单项冠军在差异化情境下如何协调关键驱动要素作用顺序以成功开展竞合行为提供理论洞见与实践启示。

, authors=东志纯, 邵云飞, authorsList=东志纯, 邵云飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邵云飞, authorNote=

东志纯(1997-),男, 博士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
邵云飞(1963-),女, 教授、博士生导师,E-mail: 。
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东志纯(1997-),男, 博士研究生。

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东志纯(1997-),男, 博士研究生。

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Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2021, 29(6): 189-201., articleTitle=Computational experimental research on the selection of collaboration patterns among brandalliance organizations under uncertain environment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315693755605303465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, awardId=72172024, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(72172024), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1315693755680800938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, awardId=72372017, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(72372017), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315693751301947508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693751310336117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, 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Driving factors of firm’s coopetition behaviors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究对象 前因 相似语义聚类
SSCI CSSCI
企业竞合行为 radical innovation, efficiency, opportunity, product innovation, product development, et al. 创新能力、技术创新、知识创新、集群创新、创新绩效等 创新优势赋能(Innovation advantage empowerment, IAE)
coopetition, competition, cooperation, coordination, reciprocity, market orientation, entrepreneurship orientation, et al. 竞合战略、战略选择、横向竞合、市场竞争、技术竞争等 战略导向变革(Strategic orientation change, SOC)
social networks, strategic alliance, embeddedness、ecosystem, structure holes, et al. 社会网络、企业网络、创新生态系统、竞合关系、网络组织等 网络关系建设(Network relationship construction, NRC)
dynamics, conflict, competitive dynamics, tensions, uncertainty, impact, policy, et al. 竞合博弈、合法性、风险、协调、冲突等 组织风险控制(Organizational risk control, ORC)
R&D, resources, technology, complementarity, absorptive capacity, capabilities, et al. 知识转移、知识共享、核心能力、吸收能力、企业能力等 关键资源开发(Key resources development, KRD)
), ArticleFig(id=1315693754460258460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

企业竞合行为的驱动要素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究对象 前因 相似语义聚类
SSCI CSSCI
企业竞合行为 radical innovation, efficiency, opportunity, product innovation, product development, et al. 创新能力、技术创新、知识创新、集群创新、创新绩效等 创新优势赋能(Innovation advantage empowerment, IAE)
coopetition, competition, cooperation, coordination, reciprocity, market orientation, entrepreneurship orientation, et al. 竞合战略、战略选择、横向竞合、市场竞争、技术竞争等 战略导向变革(Strategic orientation change, SOC)
social networks, strategic alliance, embeddedness、ecosystem, structure holes, et al. 社会网络、企业网络、创新生态系统、竞合关系、网络组织等 网络关系建设(Network relationship construction, NRC)
dynamics, conflict, competitive dynamics, tensions, uncertainty, impact, policy, et al. 竞合博弈、合法性、风险、协调、冲突等 组织风险控制(Organizational risk control, ORC)
R&D, resources, technology, complementarity, absorptive capacity, capabilities, et al. 知识转移、知识共享、核心能力、吸收能力、企业能力等 关键资源开发(Key resources development, KRD)
), ArticleFig(id=1315693754548338845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Criteria for dividing scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术-市场情境 划分标准
保守-维持 TRDI <样本中位数; MCI <样本中位数
市场拉动 TRDI <样本中位数; MCI >=样本中位数
技术驱动 TRDI >=样本中位数; MCI <样本中位数
激进-协同 TRDI >=样本中位数; MCI >=样本中位数
), ArticleFig(id=1315693754632224926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

情境划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术-市场情境 划分标准
保守-维持 TRDI <样本中位数; MCI <样本中位数
市场拉动 TRDI <样本中位数; MCI >=样本中位数
技术驱动 TRDI >=样本中位数; MCI <样本中位数
激进-协同 TRDI >=样本中位数; MCI >=样本中位数
), ArticleFig(id=1315693754707722399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 TRDI MCI IAE SOC NRC ORC KRD
最小值 0.001 1.217 0.111 0.107 0.000 0.511 0.365
最大值 0.215 19.368 1.000 1.727 1.000 109.645 1.000
平均值 0.053 7.503 0.478 0.388 0.208 8.017 0.681
标准差 0.034 3.698 0.126 0.223 0.281 14.387 0.155
中位数 0.045 5.796 0.468 0.331 0.074 3.431 0.660
), ArticleFig(id=1315693754808385696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 TRDI MCI IAE SOC NRC ORC KRD
最小值 0.001 1.217 0.111 0.107 0.000 0.511 0.365
最大值 0.215 19.368 1.000 1.727 1.000 109.645 1.000
平均值 0.053 7.503 0.478 0.388 0.208 8.017 0.681
标准差 0.034 3.698 0.126 0.223 0.281 14.387 0.155
中位数 0.045 5.796 0.468 0.331 0.074 3.431 0.660
), ArticleFig(id=1315693754888077473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Centrality and extraction threshold of driving factors in different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情境 IAE SOC NRC ORC KRD 阈值
保守-维持 1.925 1.534 0.304 1.124 0.067 0.962
技术驱动 0.688 0.708 0.426 0.202 0.523 0.354
市场拉动 0.729 1.651 1.679 2.065 0.892 1.033
激进-协同 1.709 2.774 3.002 3.224 0.168 1.612
), ArticleFig(id=1315693754976157858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同情境下驱动要素的中心度与提取阈值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情境 IAE SOC NRC ORC KRD 阈值
保守-维持 1.925 1.534 0.304 1.124 0.067 0.962
技术驱动 0.688 0.708 0.426 0.202 0.523 0.354
市场拉动 0.729 1.651 1.679 2.065 0.892 1.033
激进-协同 1.709 2.774 3.002 3.224 0.168 1.612
), ArticleFig(id=1315693755085209763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Weight of driving factors in different scenarios (entropy weight method)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情境 IAE SOC NRC ORC KRD
保守-维持 9.4% 13.8% — 76.8% —
技术驱动 6.7% 19.8% 57.2% — 16.3%
市场拉动 — 17.6% 45.8% 36.6% —
激进-协同 4.1% 25.6% 38.1% 32.2% —
), ArticleFig(id=1315693755156512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同情境下各驱动要素权重(熵权法)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情境 IAE SOC NRC ORC KRD
保守-维持 9.4% 13.8% — 76.8% —
技术驱动 6.7% 19.8% 57.2% — 16.3%
市场拉动 — 17.6% 45.8% 36.6% —
激进-协同 4.1% 25.6% 38.1% 32.2% —
), ArticleFig(id=1315693755240399013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Settings of calculation experiment parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 含义 模型设置值
N 构成系统的要素数量 {3,4}
K 系统内部要素相互作用 {1.33,1.25,1,2}
ωi 要素i权重 详见表5
R 技术研发强度 {0.0336,0.0728}
σ 市场竞争强度 {0.4879,10.231}
fi 第i种驱动要素适应度 —
Fr 根据适应度景观生成的适应度 —
Fc 根据函数公式计算的适应度 —
F 总适应度 —
), ArticleFig(id=1315693755307507878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

计算实验参数含义及参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 含义 模型设置值
N 构成系统的要素数量 {3,4}
K 系统内部要素相互作用 {1.33,1.25,1,2}
ωi 要素i权重 详见表5
R 技术研发强度 {0.0336,0.0728}
σ 市场竞争强度 {0.4879,10.231}
fi 第i种驱动要素适应度 —
Fr 根据适应度景观生成的适应度 —
Fc 根据函数公式计算的适应度 —
F 总适应度 —
), ArticleFig(id=1315693755391393959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of key drivers in different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情境 步数/要素 IAE SOC NRC ORC KRD
第一步 18.62% 22.04% 59.34%
保守-维持 第二步 51.95% 48.05% \ \ \
第三步 \ 100.00% \
第一步 15.52% 22.14% 43.72% 18.62%
技术驱动 第二步 28.51% 35.96% \ \ 35.53%
第三步 50.27% \ \ 49.73%
第四步 \ \ \ 100.00%
第一步 26.23% 38.23% 35.54%
市场拉动 第二步 \ 50.23% \ 49.77% \
第三步 \ \ 100.00%
第一步 14.91% 26.57% 31.96% 26.56%
激进-协同 第二步 30.07% 33.93% \ 36.00% \
第三步 50.38% 49.62% \ \
第四步 \ 100.00% \ \
), ArticleFig(id=1315693755462697128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同情境关键驱动要素选择结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情境 步数/要素 IAE SOC NRC ORC KRD
第一步 18.62% 22.04% 59.34%
保守-维持 第二步 51.95% 48.05% \ \ \
第三步 \ 100.00% \
第一步 15.52% 22.14% 43.72% 18.62%
技术驱动 第二步 28.51% 35.96% \ \ 35.53%
第三步 50.27% \ \ 49.73%
第四步 \ \ \ 100.00%
第一步 26.23% 38.23% 35.54%
市场拉动 第二步 \ 50.23% \ 49.77% \
第三步 \ \ 100.00%
第一步 14.91% 26.57% 31.96% 26.56%
激进-协同 第二步 30.07% 33.93% \ 36.00% \
第三步 50.38% 49.62% \ \
第四步 \ 100.00% \ \
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单项冠军竞合行为的驱动要素与实现路径
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东志纯 , 邵云飞
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(10): 2218-2229
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单项冠军竞合行为的驱动要素与实现路径
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[Author(id=1315693751394222200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1315693751473913978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, authorId=1315693751394222200, language=EN, stringName=Zhi-chun DONG, firstName=Zhi-chun, middleName=null, lastName=DONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1315693751536828539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693749288681569, authorId=1315693751394222200, language=CN, stringName=东志纯, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=电子科技大学经济与管理学院, 四川成都 611731, bio={"content":"

东志纯(1997-),男, 博士研究生。

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东志纯(1997-),男, 博士研究生。

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东志纯, 邵云飞
作者信息
  • 电子科技大学经济与管理学院, 四川成都 611731
通讯作者:
邵云飞(1963-),女, 教授、博士生导师,E-mail: 。
作者简介:

东志纯(1997-),男, 博士研究生。

Driving factors and realization path of coopetition behavior of manufacturing single champion firms
Zhi-chun DONG, Yun-fei SHAO
Affiliations
  • School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
出版时间: 2026-10-15
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制造业单项冠军企业(简称单项冠军)作为产业“领头羊”,其竞合行为对产业链上下游的良性循环发展具有重要带动与引领作用。本研究基于103家单项冠军2017-2024年共7931组非平衡面板数据,通过文献计量法结合关键词共现网络,总结出企业竞合行为的驱动要素,进一步构建2×2“技术-市场”情境;再通过熵权法与DEMATEL-NK深度阐释不同情境下单项冠军竞合行为的关键驱动要素与实现路径。结果表明:首先,创新优势赋能、战略导向变革、网络关系建设、组织风险控制与关键资源开发是单项冠军竞合行为的驱动要素;其次,结合典型案例对不同情境下单项冠军竞合行为的关键驱动要素及实现路径进行分析;最后,讨论了情境转换时单项冠军关键驱动要素的两种转变逻辑。研究结论为单项冠军在差异化情境下如何协调关键驱动要素作用顺序以成功开展竞合行为提供理论洞见与实践启示。

制造业单项冠军企业  /  竞合行为  /  DEMATEL-NK  /  驱动要素  /  实现路径

Manufacturing single champion firms (MSCFs), as industrial “bellwethers,” are pivotal in fostering the virtuous development of upstream and downstream industrial chains through their coopetition behaviors. An increasing number of MSCFs are shifting from the traditional “zero-sum game” competitive mindset to a “positive-sum game” coopetition mindset. However, translating this coopetition mindset into sustained practice remains challenging. A key difficulty lies in identifying and sequencing the driving factors of coopetition within differentiated scenarios. Given the limited prior research on this issue, it is of significant theoretical and practical value to explore the key drivers and their action paths for MSCFs’ coopetition behaviors across different scenarios, using simulation methods to uncover the underlying logic of how these driving factors transform as scenarios change.

This study draws on 7931 unbalanced panel observations from 103 MSCFs spanning the years 2017 to 2024. Employing bibliometric analysis and keyword co-occurrence networks, we identify the driving factors of coopetition behaviors and construct a 2×2 “technology-market” scenario matrix. Using the entropy weight method and DEMATEL-NK techniques, we systematically examine scenario-specific driving factors and their implementation paths. The findings reveal that: (1) Innovation Advantage Empowerment (IAE), Strategic Orientation Change (SOC), Network Relationship Construction (NRC), Organizational Risk Control (ORC), and Key Resources Development (KRD) constitute the fundamental drivers of coopetition behaviors in MSCFs. (2) Through 100000 simulations conducted in MATLAB 2016b across four scenarios, the realization paths for coopetition behaviors are identified based on the highest frequency of element occurrence. The paths vary by scenario: under the conservative-maintenance scenario, the path is ORC→IAE→SOC; under the technology-driven scenario, it is NRC→SOC→IAE→KRD; under the market-driven scenario, it is NRC→SOC→ORC; and under the radical synergy scenario, it is NRC→ORC→IAE→SOC. Case analyses further validate these differentiated paths. (3) The study identifies two transition logics for key driving factors when scenarios change: SOC acts as a “transformation hub” when shifting from a conservative-maintenance scenario to an adjacent (market- or technology-driven) scenario, while ORC serves as the “transformation hub” in the transition from a market-driven to a radical synergy scenario.

The study contributes to coopetition theory and offers practical guidance for MSCFs to effectively prioritize and coordinate key drivers in sustaining coopetition relationships. Theoretically, by integrating a randomly generated fitness landscape with functional computation, this approach mitigates limitations inherent in the traditional NK model, enhancing the objectivity and robustness of the results. The multi-method research design enriches methodological diversity in coopetition research and expands the conceptual framework for understanding how MSCFs’ coopetition drivers adapt to differentiated scenarios. Practically, managers should activate key driving factors and optimize their allocation sequence according to the specific scenario in which the firm operates. Moreover, MSCFs need to dynamically adjust to scenario changes, reallocating resources promptly and transitioning to new implementation paths to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of coopetition. From a policy perspective, targeted support should be provided to facilitate coopetition in different scenarios. Governments should also focus on establishing a fair, open, and institutionally supportive environment that encourages coopetition, helping MSCFs adapt key drivers in response to scenario shifts and thereby promoting the sustainability of coopetition relationships.

manufacturing single champion firms  /  coopetition behavior  /  DEMATEL-NK  /  driving factors  /  realization path
东志纯, 邵云飞. 单项冠军竞合行为的驱动要素与实现路径. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2218 -2229 .
Zhi-chun DONG, Yun-fei SHAO. Driving factors and realization path of coopetition behavior of manufacturing single champion firms[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2218 -2229 .
制造业单项冠军企业(简称单项冠军)是指长期专注于制造业某些特定细分产品市场,且单项产品市场占有率位居全球前列的企业[1]。培育单项冠军是增强我国制造业国际竞争力,实现制造强国战略目标的重要基石[2]。然而,单项冠军的发展仍面临多重挑战,包括技术复杂度高、资源投入大、产品市场结构相对单一等问题[3],显著制约了其在高度差异化的技术与市场情境中全面布局资源的能力[2],竞合(即企业与外部主体同时竞争与合作)成为单项冠军优化资源结构、赢得可持续竞争优势的关键战略之一[4]。越来越多的行业领先企业正在摒弃传统“零和博弈”的竞争思维,转而拥抱倡导“正和博弈”的竞合思维。然而,单项冠军如何将竞合思维付诸实践并持续从中获益,仍面临重重挑战,其难点在于如何结合差异化情境对驱动竞合行为的要素进行识别与排序。而竞合领域先前研究大多通过文献综述[5]、案例研究[6]、问卷调查[7]、组态分析[8]等方法,探讨企业竞合行为的前因、过程与结果,鲜有研究对单项冠军竞合行为的驱动要素与实现路径进行系统梳理与分析。Davis等[9]指出,仿真模拟在管理学研究中具有重要价值。综合运用仿真模拟方法,探讨单项冠军在不同环境中竞合行为的关键驱动要素及其作用路径,并揭示情境转换时驱动要素转变的内在逻辑,具有一定的理论意义与实践价值。基于此,本研究提出以下问题:单项冠军开展竞合行为的驱动要素有哪些?不同情境中单项冠军竞合行为的关键驱动要素与实现路径是什么?情境转换时单项冠军竞合行为关键驱动要素的转变逻辑是什么?
为回答上述问题,首先,通过文献计量法,梳理、归纳与量化企业竞合行为的驱动要素;其次,构建2×2“技术-市场”情境矩阵,运用熵权法与DEMATEL法,明晰不同情境下单项冠军的关键驱动要素及其学理依据;最后,通过构建NK模型,阐释不同情境下单项冠军竞合行为的实现路径。研究结论以期为单项冠军在差异化情境下如何协调关键驱动要素作用顺序以成功开展竞合行为提供理论洞见与实践启示。
NK模型由Kauffman[10]提出,主要研究模块化系统如何通过适应性搜寻快速达到最优点,以及要素间的相关依赖关系及其不同作用组合对系统整体适应性的影响,在信息系统、创新管理、战略管理等领域应用广泛,适合分析单项冠军竞合行为的实现路径[11,12]。NK模型中,参数N与K决定系统适应度景观,N代表构成系统的要素数量,K代表要素之间的相互作用大小[13]。为弥补NK模型中系统内部各要素间的相互作用关系难以准确衡量的局限[14],辅以DEMATEL法将直接影响矩阵转换为综合影响矩阵,深入揭示系统中各要素之间的相互作用关系。
先前研究表明,竞合行为与企业技术研发强度与市场竞争强度息息相关。单项冠军在不同“技术-市场”情境下需要对多种要素做出权衡取舍[15]。在技术层面,更高的技术研发投入虽能推动突破性创新,但同时伴随着不确定性与风险。为赢得更多技术“红利”,一方面,单项冠军可能会选择与竞争对手展开合作以分摊风险与成本,但技术价值共享可能会影响单项冠军的行业地位[2];另一方面,凭借市场优势与产业链核心地位[3],单项冠军可能会独享技术研发成果[6]。在市场层面,激烈的市场竞争往往伴随着高度同质化的产品[16],单项冠军需要面临产品快速迭代、被竞争对手模仿等风险。为获取更高市场份额,一方面,单项冠军可能会选择展开价格战等零和博弈策略打压竞争对手[15];另一方面,单项冠军也可能选择与竞争对手合作,共同应对动荡的市场环境[8]。综上,本研究构建出2×2“技术-市场”情境矩阵,将单项冠军竞合行为的具体情境分为四类,如图1所示。
Brandenburger和Nalebuff[4]认为,竞合的核心是企业与竞争对手同时开展“竞争与合作”行为。据此,以“竞合(coopetition)”、“竞争与合作(competition and cooperation)”,“合作与竞争(cooperation and competition)”、“竞争中协作(competition in collaboration)”、“协作中竞争(collaboration in competition)”为关键词,在Web of Science(WOS)与中国知网(CNKI)数据库中检索文献。由于Coopetition(竞合)在1996年被首次提出,据此将检索区间定为1996年1月1日至2024年12月31日。WOS数据库设定Management、Economics、Business、Operation Research and Management Science四个领域的英文SSCI文献(论文与综述)共3058篇,CNKI数据库设定企业经济、工业经济两个领域的CSSCI文献共805篇。对上述中英文共3863文献进行关键词共现分析,结果见图2(a)~(b),合并语义相似的关键词后得到影响竞合行为的驱动要素如表1所示。
上述企业竞合行为的五个驱动要素同样适用于单项冠军竞合行为,理由如下。
创新优势赋能(IAE):竞合的核心目标之一在于通过与伙伴协同提升创新成效[5]。由于单项冠军在行业中拥有显著创新优势,更有可能将自身核心技术能力(如联合研发平台、先进工艺标准)赋能于价值链伙伴[1]。更高的创新优势赋能不仅能有效降低行业风险,更能帮助单项冠军巩固差异化壁垒,稳固竞争优势,使其更倾向于通过竞合行为降低系统性风险,并强化在竞合关系中的主导权和控制力。
战略导向变革(SOC):战略导向变革反映企业为应对内外环境变化时,对其战略方向、资源配置优先级和核心价值主张进行的系统性调整与重塑[7,11]。单项冠军基于在产业链中的核心优势定位,通过主动变革战略导向协助其筛选竞合对象、管理竞合关系、增强战略敏捷性[7],是其开展竞合行为以实现长期战略意图的关键驱动力。
网络关系建设(NRC):关系观(Relational View)认为,企业难以孤立地获取发展所需的所有资源,网络关系建设成为企业寻求互补性资源以获得“关系租金”的关键途径[12]。丰富的网络关系建设使单项冠军能够在强化自身核心专长的同时,有效拓展资源边界[17],并灵活调节动态网络中的竞合张力,从而推动竞合行为实现,最终提升整体联盟网络效能与可持续性。
组织风险控制(ORC):组织风险控制指企业系统性管理竞合关系中各类不确定性、合法性挑战及利益冲突的策略与机制[5]。单项冠军可通过系统性管理竞合关系中的知识泄露、降低合作中的交易成本、缓解竞争中的市场冲突等潜在风险,保障动态竞合关系可持续性与稳定性,在复杂多变的环境中维持可持续竞争优势。
关键资源开发(KRD):识别、开发与整合内外稀缺资源是企业创造价值的源泉[8]。深度开发单项冠军的关键核心资源(如领先专利与技术、专属供应链网络、独占性数据资源等)是其撬动更广泛竞合网络的重要杠杆。通过挖掘关键资源,单项冠军不仅能吸引更多优质伙伴,还能在合作中进一步巩固或拓展自身资源优势,实现“以资源引合作,以合作拓资源”的良性循环[6]。
技术研发强度(Technology research and development intensity, TRDI):R&D强度代表企业对技术研发的重视程度。借鉴Bockelmann等[18]的衡量方式,采用期内企业R&D强度(研发费用/营业收入)的均值来衡量技术研发强度,R&D强度越高,代表技术研发强度越高。
市场竞争强度(Market competition intensity, MCI):赫芬达尔指数(HHI)是衡量产业集中度的综合指数,常被用于衡量市场竞争度[19]。HHI越小则代表企业在该行业中所占的比重越小,市场竞争强度越高,对HHI取倒数以实现正向处理。
创新优势赋能(IAE):指企业运用创新资源作为竞争优势的效果。专利是否被引体现了企业对技术与市场中潜在创新机会的把控程度,体现了企业对创新能力的发掘。据此,使用企业被引大于等于1次的发明专利数量/总发明专利数量来衡量创新优势赋能。
战略导向变革(SOC):运用关键领域战略资源分配情况在年度区间上的波动程度来界定战略变革。对韵江等[20]的衡量方式修正,构建四维度战略变革指标。包括:固定资产净值变化率:(t+1年固定资产净值-t年固定资产净值)/t年固定资产净值)、管理费用投入(管理费用/营业收入)、存货收入比(存货/营业收入)及财务杠杆(负债/所有者权益)。通过计算各个维度在研究期第1年和最后一年之间的变动绝对值,再对各指标求平均值得到战略导向变革指标。
网络关系建设(NRC):指企业与外部主体构建网络关系的意愿与程度。采用企业期内联合发明专利申请量占比来衡量,用专利申请人或授权人大于1的发明专利数/总发明专利量来进行测度[14],占比越高,意味着企业与外部主体构建网络关系的程度越强。
组织风险控制(ORC):指企业对潜在风险与矛盾的控制能力,使用营运资金周转率=营业收入/(流动资产合计-流动负债合计)来衡量。营运资金周转率代表企业营运资本的经营效率,也是判断企业短期偿债能力的辅助指标。营运资金周转率越高,代表企业应对与控制流动性风险的能力越强。
关键资源开发(KRD):指企业对内部关键资源的应用程度,使用专利数据库中IPC分类号数量最高的发明专利占比来衡量,占比越高,说明企业在该分类中关键资源的开发程度越高。
情境划分:借鉴既有研究[14],以技术-市场情境的中位数为分界点划分四类情境,如表2所示。
由于工业和信息化部于2017年公布第一批制造业单项冠军示范企业,因此将研究期定为2017-2024年。其中,专利数据来源于Incopat数据库,企业经营数据来源于CSMAR数据库与企业年报,个别研究数据缺失采用线性插值法进行补充。考虑到数据可得性并剔除数据空白的企业后,最终以103家制造业单项冠军上市企业2017-2024年共7931组非平衡面板数据为研究对象,各变量描述性统计如表3所示。
结合中心度与提取阈值,确定不同“技术-市场”情境下影响单项冠军的竞合行为的驱动要素。首先,构建直接关联评价矩阵A=[aij]n×n,其中以aij为驱动要素i、j之间相关系数。由于要素间的相关性难以反映因果关系,因此通过向专家咨询,对矩阵A进行适应性修正[13],得到直接关联评价矩阵Y=[yij]n×n。其次,运用DEMATEL方法处理矩阵Y。根据(1)式得出规范化的直接关联评价矩阵Y=[yij]n×n和综合影响矩阵T=[tj]n×n。基于(2)-(5)式计算每个元素的影响度gi、被影响度hi以及中心度αi和提取阈值ξ,通过αi>ξ识别关键驱动要素,即NK模型的N。其中χ(0<χ<1)取值取决于决策者的主观意愿、经验或历史数据,本研究设定χ=0.50。中心度及提取阈值结果见表4。
$\mathit{T}=\mathit{Y}{(1-\mathit{Y})}^{-1}$
${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{i}}=\sum {\mathit{t}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}},\mathit{j}=1\mathit{i}\in \{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{n}\}$
${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{i}}=\sum {\mathit{t}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}},\mathit{j}=1\mathit{i}\in \{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{n}\}$
${\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathit{i}}={\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{i}},\mathit{i}\in \{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{n}\}$
$\mathit{\xi }=\mathit{\chi }·\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}\left\{{\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathit{i}}\right|\mathit{i}\in \mathit{N}\}$
根据表中结果,保守-维持与市场拉动情境下N=3,关键驱动要素分别为IAE、SOC、ORC与SOC、NRC、ORC。技术驱动与激进-协同情境下N=4。关键驱动要素分别为IAE、SOC、NRC、KRD与IAE、SOC、NRC、ORC。四种情境下单项冠军竞合行为的关键驱动要素具有以下特点:保守-维持情境下,单项冠军对NRC与KRD的重视程度较弱,表明该情境下对网络构建与内部关键资源的优先级降低;在技术驱动情境下,单项冠军虽重视KRD,却不强调ORC,意味着此时更侧重于对内部关键资源的挖掘且具备一定风险承受能力;仅在市场拉动情境下,单项冠军弱化IAE与KRD的作用,说明此时对创新赋能与资源挖掘的需求减弱;在激进-协同情境下,除KRD外,单项冠军对其余要素均较重视,表明该情境下对内部关键资源的优先级较低。
矩阵A仅保留关键驱动要素所在行与列,得到关键驱动要素直接关联评价矩阵ψ=[ϕαβ]N×N,α,β∈{1,2,……,N}。应用(6)式获取判断关键驱动要素间是否存在关联的阈值$\stackrel{-}{\mathit{\varphi }}$,并根据式(7)构建关键要素邻接矩阵U=[uαβ]N×N。uαβ=1时,表示要素β变化将对要素α的适应度产生影响;uαβ=0时,要素β变化对要素α产生的影响可忽略。利用(8)式计算关键驱动要素的关联度kx,并通过(9)式确定NK模型的K值。计算得保守-维持、技术驱动、市场拉动、激进-协同情境下的K值分别为1.33、1.25、1、2。
$\mathit{\varphi }-=\frac{1}{\mathit{N}\times \mathit{N}}\stackrel{\mathit{N}}{\sum _{\mathit{\alpha }=1}}\stackrel{\mathit{N}}{\sum _{\mathit{\beta }=1}}{\mathit{\varphi }}_{\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\beta }}$
${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\beta }}\left\{\begin{array}{l}1,{\mathit{\varphi }}_{\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\beta }}\ge \stackrel{-}{\mathit{\varphi }}\\ 0,{\mathit{\varphi }}_{\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\beta }}\le \stackrel{-}{\mathit{\varphi }}\end{array}\right.,\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\beta }\in \{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{N}\}$
${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{x}}=\stackrel{\mathit{N}}{\sum _{\mathit{\beta }=1}}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\beta }},\mathit{x}\in \{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{N}\}$
$\mathit{K}=\frac{1}{\mathit{N}}\stackrel{\mathit{N}}{\sum _{\mathit{x}=1}}{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{x}}$
NK模型中各构成元素通过复杂互动影响系统适应度,当元素或其上位元素状态发生改变时,该元素会获得自身适应度fi,fi=fi=fi(di,dj)(i,j=1,2,3,…,N;i≠j)(di=0,1),当fi>${\overline{\mathit{f}}}_{\mathit{i}}$时,di=1,反之为0[14],各元素适应度之和,即为系统适应度Fc。传统NK模型通过随机生成适应度并组成适应度景观,再查表得到最优路径[13]。近年来也有部分研究选择通过带有要素权重的函数计算得到适应度景观[14]。然而,完全依靠适应度函数计算整体适应度,可能会使适应度景观与最优路径失去随机性,而完全依赖随机生成整体适应度,又削弱了各情境中关键要素的所占权重。本研究选择结合两种方式,尽量降低单一适应度计算方式的局限。首先,采用熵权法计算要素权重ωi(ωi∈(0,1))(表5),评估行为活动i对系统适应度的影响,构建整体适应度值函数(式(10))。参考黄春萍等[21]的研究,对各要素适应度计算函数进行改进(式(11))。其中σ(σ>0)表示市场竞争强度,R(0<R<1)表示研发投入强度,[K]为小于K的最大正整数。其次,参考Kauffmann[10]的方式,当某个要素发生变异时,其与关联要素在U(0,1)分布的集合中,获取一组随机数作为该要素对适应度Fr的贡献值wi,适应度Fr的计算公式见式(13)。最后,向2名业界人士与3名领域内专家咨询,将适应度函数计算得到适应度Fc权重占比设为0.3;将随机生成的适应度景观Fr权重占比设为0.7。综上,系统整体适应度F的计算公式如式(14)所示。
${\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{c}}=\stackrel{\mathit{N}}{\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}}{\mathit{\omega }}_{\mathit{i}}{\mathit{f}}_{\mathit{i}}$
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{f}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}\right)=\frac{(1+\mathit{R})}{(\mathit{K}+1)\mathit{\sigma }\sqrt{2\mathit{\pi }}}(\stackrel{[\mathit{K}+1]}{\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}}{\int }_{-\mathit{\infty }}^{{\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{j}}}{\mathit{e}}^{-\frac{{\mathit{t}}^{2}}{2{\mathit{\sigma }}^{2}}}\mathit{d}\mathit{t}+\\ (\mathit{K}-[\mathit{K}\left]\right)\stackrel{{\mathit{x}}_{\left[\mathit{K}\right]+2}}{\underset{-\mathit{\infty }}{\int }}{\mathit{e}}^{-\frac{{\mathit{t}}^{2}}{2{\mathit{\sigma }}^{2}}}\mathit{d}\mathit{t},\mathit{x}\sim \mathit{N}(0,{\mathit{\sigma }}^{2})\end{array}$
${\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{i}}\sim \mathit{U}\left(\mathrm{0,1}\right)$
${\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{r}}=\frac{1}{\mathit{N}}\stackrel{\mathit{i}}{\sum _{1}}{\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{i}}$
$\mathit{F}=0.3\times {\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{c}}+0.7\times {\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{r}}$
表5结果显示,驱动单项冠军竞合行为的各要素权重因情境而异。保守-维持情境下,ORC的重要性最高,说明此情境下单项冠军选择开展竞合行为的关键在于管理风险,从而实现“稳中求进”的渐进式发展。此外,还发现NRC在其他三种情境下的权重均最高,即当单项冠军面临显著的技术、市场压力时,构建、拓展并维护丰富且多元的网络关系成为其开展竞合行为的重中之重。
NK模型中的N、K、ωi的值已确定,对于技术研发强度R,采用样本均值,对于市场竞争强度σ,为提高情境间的差异,对低市场竞争强度样本均值缩小10倍,高市场竞争强度仍为样本均值,以此作为实验参数,详见表6。
为增强结果稳定性,利用MATLAB2016b对四种情境分别开展100000次仿真模拟,确定每种情境下单项冠军竞合行为的实现路径,根据要素在所有搜寻次数中所占比例最高来确定每一步实现路径[13]。不同情境下单项冠军关键驱动要素选择结果见表7,单项冠军竞合行为的最优实现路径如图3(a)~(d)所示。
在保守-维持情境下,单项冠军的竞合行为遵循ORC→IAE→SOC的实现路径(典型企业如福耀玻璃、隆基绿能)。在技术与市场环境相对稳定的情境下:首先,单项冠军通过组织风险控制(ORC),为开展竞合行为筑牢基础。例如,福耀玻璃通过全球生产基地布局规避贸易摩擦风险,隆基绿能则通过锁定上游硅料供应保障成本稳定,不仅降低了与伙伴协作的系统性风险,降低了因外部冲击导致竞合关系破裂的可能性。其次,单项冠军依托创新优势赋能(IAE)激活价值链协同并塑造竞合网络,其核心在于主动将核心领域的创新成果向价值链上下游延伸,深化协作关系,拓宽竞合伙伴的选择渠道。如福耀玻璃将其HUD、镀膜等核心技术能力赋能于整车厂,形成技术绑定效应,提高了产业链伙伴对单项冠军的依赖性。隆基绿能则凭借规模化高效单晶技术和组件标准化能力,将下游伙伴绑定在其技术路线上,增强了单项冠军的竞合伙伴选择权。最后,单项冠军通过战略导向变革(SOC)前瞻性地重构竞合格局,进一步巩固其领导地位,激发其开展竞合行为的意愿。例如,福耀玻璃提出向“智能汽车玻璃解决方案提供商”的战略转型,与传统功能性玻璃供应商形成差异化竞争,与显示面板、传感器等科技企业展开深入合作。隆基绿能则通过布局“Solar for Solar”战略,从单一光伏产品拓展至综合能源解决方案领域,与化工、能源巨头构建竞合关系,推动竞合行为开展。
在技术驱动情境下,单项冠军的竞合行为实现路径为NRC→SOC→IAE→KRD的路径演进(典型企业如京东方、海康威视)。在技术研发压力较大的情境中:单项冠军首先通过构建广泛的网络关系(NRC)为后续技术协作奠定基础;继而通过战略导向变革(SOC)重塑自身价值定位以适应技术演进;之后利用创新优势赋能(IAE)策略以技术标准绑定和扩展生态影响力;最终通过关键资源开发(KRD)建立差异化壁垒并提升议价能力。京东方通过绑定上游核心设备产能与下游战略客户,共同制定柔性OLED技术标准,构建协同研发网络,促使竞争对手跟随其技术方向进行革新。在此基础上调整战略重心,布局车载显示、医疗显示等新兴场景;推动行业技术标准化进程;最终依托技术联盟与专利池组合,构筑全产业链能力壁垒,掌控高端面板的议价主导权,推动产业上下游关系的深度嵌入并开展竞合行为。海康威视则通过构建开放联盟平台并统一协议以兼容更多设备,逐步削弱竞争对手平台的价值独特性。随后将战略定位重构为“智能物联服务商”;基于生态数据资源推出企业级SaaS服务,并将AI开放平台开源赋能于中小开发者;最终通过掌握决策级关键资源,显著提升在竞合关系中的议价能力,进而助力竞合行为实现。
在市场拉动情境下,单项冠军的竞合行为主要沿着NRC→SOC→ORC的路径展开(典型企业如格力电器、海尔智家)。在激烈市场竞争驱动下:单项冠军首先通过构建紧密的协作网络(NRC)整合市场资源以提升效率;随后基于网络优势推进战略导向变革(SOC),调整自身定位以应对竞争态势;最终依靠组织风险控制(ORC)措施保障竞合协作的稳定性和持续性。格力电器通过联合全国经销商组建销售合资公司并与网购平台深化合作(NRC)整合渠道资源;进而依托网络优势,从“空调制造商”向“全屋智能设备方案商”跃迁(SOC);最后通过实施统一采购和建立“渠道库存共享系统”(ORC),实现全国经销商库存的动态调配,为复杂的竞合关系提供了有效风险管理保障,为开展竞合行为扫清障碍。海尔智家则首先搭建场景化体验店、构建生态圈(NRC),与伙伴共享用户数据以降低市场开拓试错成本;在此基础上转型为场景生态品牌(SOC),核心竞争力从家电单品参数转向整体空间方案设计能力;最终通过推行“小微+创客”机制(ORC)分散创新风险,达到竞合张力的平衡,为竞合行为顺利开展奠定基础。
在激进-协同情境下,单项冠军需要在动荡的市场竞争与较高的技术研发压力中寻求平衡,其竞合行为实现路径为NRC→ORC→IAE→SOC(典型企业如宁德时代、中信重工)。面对技术和市场的高度不确定性:单项冠军首先通过共建技术平台、共享市场信息等方式丰富网络关系(NRC),以实现资源互补与风险感知;随后构建有效的组织风险控制(ORC)机制以分摊或降低风险;继而在风险相对可控的前提下,实施创新优势赋能(IAE)策略拓展创新边界;最终推动战略导向变革(SOC),实现竞合层级的跃升和价值捕获的提升。宁德时代通过参与“全球电池产业联盟”构建全球性协作网络(NRC);随后通过技术共享与联合采购等方式(ORC)降低产业链风险与成本;风险共担能力的增强使其敢于向合作伙伴免费授权部分专利(IAE),激活行业协作生态并积累经验;最终驱动战略从电池制造商跃迁至综合能源服务商(SOC),赢得竞合关系中的主导权,加速竞合行为实现。中信重工则通过与紫金矿业等伙伴形成风险共担、数据共享的联合体(NRC);进而通过设立保险池管理技术迭代风险,并设立备灾基金应对突发矿难风险(ORC);并进一步开源部分核心算法代码以吸引开发者共同创新(IAE),拓宽企业技术边界;最终促使战略导向演化出新型发展模式(SOC),确立其在竞合关系中的独特优势以顺利开展竞合行为。
单项冠军需及时调整要素配置以适应新情境下的竞合行为实现路径。图4展示了四种情境转换时,单项冠军竞合行为关键驱动要素的两种转化逻辑。第一,在保守-维持情境过渡到相邻情境(市场拉动或技术驱动)时,SOC充当“转化枢纽”,意味着单项冠军此时需优先通过战略导向的主动调适重构价值定位与资源分配逻辑,以规避因路径依赖导致的系统性失衡。第二,当市场拉动情境过渡到激进-协同情境时,ORC充当“转化枢纽”,表明单项冠军此时需通过构建风险共担机制或技术协同势能重塑竞合规则,保障高不确定性环境中竞合网络的稳定进化。然而,当技术情境过渡到激进-协同情境时,并未发现“转化枢纽”,说明此时单项冠军需重新对不同关键驱动要素的作用顺序进行权衡取舍,方能助力竞合行为实现。
本研究结合文献计量法、熵权法与DEMATEL-NK,探讨了不同情境下单项冠军的竞合行为关键驱动要素与实现路径,主要结论如下:
第一,基于文献计量法的关键词共现分析表明,企业竞合行为的驱动要素为IAE、SOC、NRC、ORC、KRD。DEMATEL结果显示,四种情境下,单项冠军竞合行为的关键驱动要素存在差异。保守-维持情境下为IAE、SOC、ORC;技术驱动情境下为IAE、SOC、NRC、KRD;市场拉动情境下为SOC、NRC、ORC;激进-协同情境下为IAE、SOC、NRC、ORC。熵权法结果突出了不同关键驱动要素在差异化情境中的比重,保守-维持情境下ORC的比重最高;其余三种情境下均为NRC比重最高。彰显出关系网络构建对单项冠军开展竞合的奠基性作用[12]。此外,战略导向变革作为贯穿所有情境的支柱性驱动要素,证实多元情境下竞合行为需持续锚定单项冠军的核心战略,进一步印证了Brandenburger & Nalebuff的观点,即成功的竞合行为需要与企业战略、环境等内外要素实现良好适配[4]。
第二,不同情境下,单项冠军竞合行为的实现路径存在差异。NK模型仿真模拟结果表明:保守-维持情境下的实现路径为ORC→IAE→SOC;技术驱动情境下的实现路径为NRC→SOC→IAE→KRD;市场拉动情境下的实现路径为NRC→SOC→ORC;激进-协同情境下的实现路径为NRC→ORC→IAE→SOC。多个典型企业的例证进一步印证了单项冠军需要根据差异化情境,及时匹配关键驱动要素并规划最优路径,才能推动竞合行为的顺利开展。
第三,研究发现并阐释了情境转变时单项冠军竞合行为关键驱动要素的两种转化逻辑。一是在保守-维持情境过渡到相邻情境(市场拉动或技术驱动)时,战略导向变革充当“转化枢纽”。二是当市场拉动情境过渡到激进-协同情境时,组织风险控制充当“转化枢纽”。这表明单项冠军能否在动态环境中开展竞合行为的关键不仅源于对“技术深耕-市场拓展”双重情境平衡的精准把握,还在于其关键驱动要素作用顺序对特定情境的及时响应。
本研究的结论对理论与实践均可产生一定启示。在理论方面,首先,研究通过随机生成适应度景观与函数计算结合的方式形成最终适应度,降低了传统NK模型的固有局限,增强了论证结果的客观性、严谨性与科学性。其次,研究基于文献计量法、熵权法、DEMATEL法结合NK模型的多方法设计,丰富与拓展了竞合领域研究方法的多样性,回应了Davis等[9]提出利用模拟仿真分析开展管理学研究的呼吁;最后,结果拓展了制造业单项冠军竞合行为的关键驱动要素如何适配差异化情境的研究思路,丰富了差异化“技术-市场”情境下,单项冠军实现竞合行为的多元路径[1],深化了学界对情境转变时各关键驱动要素转化逻辑的理解。
在实践上,一方面,管理者应根据企业所处实际情境,激活关键驱动要素并优化各要素配置顺序以实现竞合行为。此外,单项冠军需具备情境转换的动态调适能力,及时调整资源配置重心,并及时切换至新情境下的适配路径,确保其竞合行为的有效性与持续性。另一方面,政策制定者应为单项冠军在不同情境下开展竞合行为提供针对性政策支持。如在稳定情境下优先考虑如何降低单项冠军面临的风险,助力其更有效地发挥产业核心竞争力与标杆引领作用;而在激进-协同情境下则应积极组建以单项冠军为核心的价值网络,驱动产业链上下游主体建立互信互惠的良性竞合关系,带动整体产业“软”、“硬”实力的“内外兼修”。此外,政府应着力构建公平开放、鼓励竞合的市场与制度环境,协助单项冠军在情境转变时及时切换关键驱动要素,推动竞合行为的可持续性。
本研究存在局限。首先,研究构建的NK模型中仅考虑N、K两个变量,未来可考虑将竞合成本纳入仿真模型中深入讨论。其次,研究将研发投入强度与市场竞争强度作为独立要素,并未考虑技术与市场耦合的情况,未来可结合实际情况,划分多元化的“技术-市场”耦合情境,丰富研究结论。最后,基于NK模型的模拟仿真分析结果仅通过典型案例进行阐释,未来可设计基于NK模型与实证、访谈等结合的方式,对结果进行进一步印证与拓展。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72172024)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72372017)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2025-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-12
  • 修回日期:2025-10-09
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(72172024)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(72372017)
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    电子科技大学经济与管理学院, 四川成都 611731

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邵云飞(1963-),女, 教授、博士生导师,E-mail: 。
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