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Article(id=1315693743093691074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754236800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-04, revisedDate=1765728000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791615432760, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1791993600000, pubDateStr=2026-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791615432760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791615432760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791615432760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315693724970103290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='2017', pageEnd='2240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791993600000', pubDateStr='2026-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791615428440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791615454688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2073, endPage=2080, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315693743517315779, articleId=1315693743093691074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Promoting technology for good: The origin and governance of the paradox of technological equity, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The global digital transformation, while reshaping the social power structure and resource distribution pattern, has also given rise to the practical paradox of technological equity. This paradox of technological equity reveals the complex mechanism where technological empowerment and technological alienation coexist, and equal opportunities and structural imbalance are intertwined. It is a significant obstacle to achieving the goal of technology for good. Resolving this paradox not only helps to clarify the value tensions in the application of digital technology but also provides possible pathways for transforming the value demands of technology for good into operational institutional arrangements. In light of this, this study focuses on the core issue of the paradox of technological equity. Based on a systematic review of the evolution of the concept of technological equity, the theoretical framework, and the inherent contradictions, an integrated analytical framework of “paradox manifestations→underlying causes→governance pathways” was constructed. The study deeply analyzed the fourfold structural tensions that led to the paradox of technological equity, and accordingly proposed a resilient governance approach centered on the three-dimensional synergy of “institution—technology—society”, aiming to provide systematic theoretical support and governance solutions to address the structural dilemmas in the practice of technological equity.

The research findings are as follows: (1) Technological equity is not a simple issue of technological diffusion; rather, it is a progressive composite proposition encompassing accessibility of access, empowerment of capabilities, and justice of outcomes. Its ideal goal is to achieve equal access to resources, fair distribution of benefits, and reasonable sharing of risks through institutional arrangements and technological design. However, in practice, due to the interweaving of multiple tensions, paradoxical characteristic that the coexistence of empowerment effects and alienation risks is presented. (2) The root cause of the paradox of technological equity lies in the interweaving and superposition of four tensions: the intersection of equity ideal and technological practice, market logic and social goal, social structure and technological system, and governance system and technological evolution. (3) The governance approach needs to complete the paradigm shift from fragmented regulation to systematic resilience-based collaborative governance. Through multiple dimensions such as institutional reconfiguration, technology domestication, entity collaboration, and global cooperation, a dynamic coupling effect can be formed between institutional adaptability supply, technology manageable design, and social initiative activation. This will provide a resilient governance practical approach for systematically resolving the paradox of technological equity.

This study reveals the deep generative mechanism of the technology equity paradox, providing theoretical support and practical approaches for its systematic governance. However, this study also has some limitation. Methodologically, it mainly relies on normative analysis and case induction, and lacks empirical verification using large sample data to test the effectiveness of the governance approach for the technology equity paradox. Future research can deepen in two aspects: Firstly, at the methodological level, cross-national panel data can be adopted to empirically test the synergy effect of the three?dimensional governance elements of institutions, technology and society; Secondly, at the contextual level, attention should be focused on emerging technology iteration scenarios to explore the dynamic adaptability of governance tools.

, authors=Zhi-min XIE1, Qiang CHEN2, authorsList=Zhi-min XIE, Qiang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315693744813355718, articleId=1315693743093691074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=推动技术向善:技术平权悖论的源起与治理, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

全球数字化转型在重塑社会权力结构与资源分配格局的同时,亦催生了技术平权的实践悖论。本研究基于对技术平权概念与相关理论的系统梳理,构建了技术平权悖论的整合分析框架,通过对技术平权悖论的多维表征与深层成因的深入剖析,提出以“制度—技术—社会”三维协同为核心的治理模型,为系统性破解技术平权悖论提供韧性治理框架。研究发现:(1)技术平权是涵盖接入可及性、能力赋能性与结果正义性的复合性概念;(2)技术平权悖论的根源在于“平权理念—技术实践”“市场逻辑—社会目标”“社会结构—技术系统”“治理体系—技术演化”四重张力的交织与叠加;(3)破解技术平权悖论需从碎片化监管转向韧性协同治理,具体可通过制度重构、技术驯化、主体协同与全球协作等多维路径,构建多元共治的韧性治理框架。本研究通过揭示技术平权悖论的深层生成机制,为其系统性治理提供理论支撑与实践路径。

, authors=谢智敏1, 陈强2, authorsList=谢智敏, 陈强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈强, authorNote=

谢智敏(1987-),女,讲师,博士。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈强(1969-),男,教授、博士生导师,E-mail: 。
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谢智敏(1987-),女,讲师,博士。

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谢智敏(1987-),女,讲师,博士。

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推动技术向善:技术平权悖论的源起与治理
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谢智敏 1 , 陈强 2
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(10): 2073-2080
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (10) : 2073 -2080
推动技术向善:技术平权悖论的源起与治理
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谢智敏(1987-),女,讲师,博士。

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谢智敏1, 陈强2
作者信息
  • 1 南京邮电大学管理学院, 江苏南京 210003
  • 2 同济大学经济与管理学院, 上海 200092
通讯作者:
陈强(1969-),男,教授、博士生导师,E-mail: 。
作者简介:

谢智敏(1987-),女,讲师,博士。

Promoting technology for good: The origin and governance of the paradox of technological equity
Zhi-min XIE1, Qiang CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Management, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
  • 2 School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2026-10-15
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全球数字化转型在重塑社会权力结构与资源分配格局的同时,亦催生了技术平权的实践悖论。本研究基于对技术平权概念与相关理论的系统梳理,构建了技术平权悖论的整合分析框架,通过对技术平权悖论的多维表征与深层成因的深入剖析,提出以“制度—技术—社会”三维协同为核心的治理模型,为系统性破解技术平权悖论提供韧性治理框架。研究发现:(1)技术平权是涵盖接入可及性、能力赋能性与结果正义性的复合性概念;(2)技术平权悖论的根源在于“平权理念—技术实践”“市场逻辑—社会目标”“社会结构—技术系统”“治理体系—技术演化”四重张力的交织与叠加;(3)破解技术平权悖论需从碎片化监管转向韧性协同治理,具体可通过制度重构、技术驯化、主体协同与全球协作等多维路径,构建多元共治的韧性治理框架。本研究通过揭示技术平权悖论的深层生成机制,为其系统性治理提供理论支撑与实践路径。

技术平权悖论  /  赋能效应  /  异化风险  /  治理路径

The global digital transformation, while reshaping the social power structure and resource distribution pattern, has also given rise to the practical paradox of technological equity. This paradox of technological equity reveals the complex mechanism where technological empowerment and technological alienation coexist, and equal opportunities and structural imbalance are intertwined. It is a significant obstacle to achieving the goal of technology for good. Resolving this paradox not only helps to clarify the value tensions in the application of digital technology but also provides possible pathways for transforming the value demands of technology for good into operational institutional arrangements. In light of this, this study focuses on the core issue of the paradox of technological equity. Based on a systematic review of the evolution of the concept of technological equity, the theoretical framework, and the inherent contradictions, an integrated analytical framework of “paradox manifestations→underlying causes→governance pathways” was constructed. The study deeply analyzed the fourfold structural tensions that led to the paradox of technological equity, and accordingly proposed a resilient governance approach centered on the three-dimensional synergy of “institution—technology—society”, aiming to provide systematic theoretical support and governance solutions to address the structural dilemmas in the practice of technological equity.

The research findings are as follows: (1) Technological equity is not a simple issue of technological diffusion; rather, it is a progressive composite proposition encompassing accessibility of access, empowerment of capabilities, and justice of outcomes. Its ideal goal is to achieve equal access to resources, fair distribution of benefits, and reasonable sharing of risks through institutional arrangements and technological design. However, in practice, due to the interweaving of multiple tensions, paradoxical characteristic that the coexistence of empowerment effects and alienation risks is presented. (2) The root cause of the paradox of technological equity lies in the interweaving and superposition of four tensions: the intersection of equity ideal and technological practice, market logic and social goal, social structure and technological system, and governance system and technological evolution. (3) The governance approach needs to complete the paradigm shift from fragmented regulation to systematic resilience-based collaborative governance. Through multiple dimensions such as institutional reconfiguration, technology domestication, entity collaboration, and global cooperation, a dynamic coupling effect can be formed between institutional adaptability supply, technology manageable design, and social initiative activation. This will provide a resilient governance practical approach for systematically resolving the paradox of technological equity.

This study reveals the deep generative mechanism of the technology equity paradox, providing theoretical support and practical approaches for its systematic governance. However, this study also has some limitation. Methodologically, it mainly relies on normative analysis and case induction, and lacks empirical verification using large sample data to test the effectiveness of the governance approach for the technology equity paradox. Future research can deepen in two aspects: Firstly, at the methodological level, cross-national panel data can be adopted to empirically test the synergy effect of the three?dimensional governance elements of institutions, technology and society; Secondly, at the contextual level, attention should be focused on emerging technology iteration scenarios to explore the dynamic adaptability of governance tools.

paradox of technological equity  /  empowerment effect  /  alienation risk  /  governance pathways
谢智敏, 陈强. 推动技术向善:技术平权悖论的源起与治理. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2073 -2080 .
Zhi-min XIE, Qiang CHEN. Promoting technology for good: The origin and governance of the paradox of technological equity[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2073 -2080 .
正文
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当前,全球数字化转型浪潮正深刻重塑社会权力结构与资源分配格局。数字技术凭借基础设施的广泛覆盖、技术门槛的持续降低,为边缘群体赋予发展动能,推动了技术平权的实现,这也使其成为弥合数字鸿沟、增进社会公平的关键手段[1]。国务院发展研究中心和世界银行联合编制的《中国减贫四十年:驱动力量、借鉴意义和未来政策方向》显示,过去40年,中国的贫困人口减少约8亿,占同期全球减贫人数的75%,数字技术在推动精准扶贫的制度创新方面发挥了重要作用,直观体现了技术赋能的正向价值[2]。但值得注意的是,技术平权的实践进程中,二律背反的特征愈发凸显,技术接入率的提升并不必然转化为公平的发展结果。从宏观维度来看,无论是国家内部还是不同国家之间,数字基础设施的分布状况都很不均衡,以高收入国家以色列和低收入国家冈比亚为例,前者智能手机普及率达93%,后者仅为75%[3];而算法决策在运行过程中,还可能系统性加剧性别、种族歧视等社会问题[4]。聚焦微观场景,中低收入国家不使用互联网的人口中,超过2/3的人表示不知道互联网是什么或者如何使用[3],这一现象表明,传统的数字接入鸿沟正逐步向数字能力鸿沟演化。由此可见,在数字技术资源加速渗透普及的背景下,技术赋能的积极效应与异化风险并存,最终形成技术平权的悖论性结果,使得技术实践与技术向善的核心价值导向产生偏差。
作为技术发展的核心伦理导向,技术向善强调技术发展应以促进公共利益、增进社会福祉与实现包容公平为根本目标[5]。然而,在制度设计不断完善、资源投入持续加大的背景下,作为实现技术向善的结构性前提,技术平权为何不仅未能充分契合技术向善的伦理要求,反而演变为新型不平等的生产机制?对这一现象的研究尚处于起步阶段,存在现象描述分散化、机制分析表层化、治理体系碎片化等问题。在研究主题方面,相关探讨主要聚焦于数字鸿沟[6]、算法歧视[7]、数据垄断[8]等具体议题,缺乏对技术平权整体性悖论的结构化辨识,以及对其内生矛盾性的系统性阐释;在机制分析方面,现有研究多将问题归因于监管缺位或资本逐利[9],而忽视技术平权内在悖论的逻辑必然性;在治理体系方面,存在碎片化治理[10]和片面主张强监管[11]的现象,尚未形成多元协同、灵活应对的韧性治理框架。因此,不仅是数字时代社会公平理论重构的应有之义,更是破解“发展—公平”这一现实难题的关键切入点。
1 理论基础与研究框架
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1.1 基本概念溯源
“技术平权”概念的提出并非一蹴而就,而是历经了多重话语转型,从早期的技术中立论,逐步过渡到技术赋权论,最终走向技术平权论。在技术哲学研究的早期阶段,学界普遍秉持技术中立论的观点。这一观点认为,技术本质上只是人类掌控和运用的工具,自身并不附带任何价值取向。技术最终产生善或恶的社会影响,取决于人类如何使用它,而非技术本身所固有的属性[12]。随着信息技术不断渗透到国家治理、社会生活的各个角落,这种技术中立的认知范式开始发生转变。学界的研究焦点,也从技术是否中立转向了技术如何重塑社会中的权力关系,以及如何改变资源分配的原有格局。新兴信息技术的广泛普及,缩小了政府、企业与公民之间的信息鸿沟,通过技术赋能为不同主体提供了便捷高效的问题解决方案[13]。由此,技术被重新赋予了赋权工具的定位,其能够提升不同群体获取资源、参与社会事务的实际能力。随着社会进入平台化发展阶段,技术赋权的话语体系进一步拓展,最终演化为技术平权概念。与技术赋权相比,技术平权更加强调通过技术手段,推动权利、能力和资源的社会性再分配,进而弥合社会存在的结构性不平等[14]。值得一提的是,技术平权的这一内涵,与中国语境下的共同富裕战略形成了话语共鸣,这体现了技术治理逻辑与社会主义核心价值目标的内在一致性。
技术平权是一个复合概念,其内涵和外延随着数字技术的快速发展持续演化,但核心始终围绕“技术”与“平等/权利”的辩证关系。在技术深度渗透社会各领域的现实背景下,技术平权的核心要义在于通过合理的制度设计与包容性的技术研发,破解不同社会群体在技术获取、使用及受益环节面临的不平等困境,最终推动技术资源获取机会均等、收益分配公平与风险分担合理。技术平权概念的核心内涵可以拆解为三个递进维度:其一为接入可及性,核心是降低技术基础设施的接入门槛,提升物理性技术资源的可获得性;其二是能力赋能性,重点关注个体运用技术工具参与经济活动、改善生活质量的能力,而非单纯的技术供给;其三是结果正义性,聚焦技术系统对既有社会权力结构的公平化重塑,避免技术应用加剧原有失衡。技术平权的内涵本身蕴含双重张力:从工具理性视角出发,技术具备平等化潜能,通过降低信息获取成本、为边缘群体赋权等路径,能够成为促进社会公平的重要载体;但从价值理性层面审视,技术并非中立的工具,其嵌入既有的经济、文化与政治结构,反而可能成为不平等再生产的媒介,甚至进一步强化原有的社会分层[15]。可见,技术平权并非单一维度的概念,它既是值得追求的价值目标,也是一个动态建构的实践过程。其目标是实现机会平等与结果公平的有机统一,而这一目标的达成,离不开政府、企业、个体等多元主体的协同发力。
1.2 相关理论梳理
技术平权的理论基础,最早可以追溯至Winner[16]提出的技术具有政治性这一命题。该命题的核心主张在于,技术系统天然内嵌着特定的权利分配结构和隐性的社会秩序,这种属性并非后天赋予,而是技术设计与构建过程中就已被塑造。这一观点后来被制度化为技术治理范式,具体而言,就是国家借助技术系统的渗透与延伸,实现自身治理能力的拓展和再生产[17]。不过需要注意的是,技术的政治性特质,也引发了社会场域中“权利-权力”关系的重构,这种重构呈现出复杂的双重面向。从积极层面来看,技术系统通过数据的整合分析和算法驱动的决策模式,能够在一定程度上打破传统决策中的主观偏见,从而降低制度性歧视发生的可能;但从另一个角度来看,技术系统的算法黑箱特性,叠加平台企业的垄断化发展倾向,又极易催生新型社会不平等,如算法歧视、数据霸权等现实问题[18]。正是这种矛盾的双重性,构成了技术平权理论无法回避的核心悖论,具体而言,技术在理论层面具备成为推动社会平等的重要工具的潜力,可在具体的现实运作场景中,却可能异化为再生产不平等的新机制。
技术平权的伦理困境集中体现为公平悖论,即技术在提升部分群体能力的同时,可能进一步扩大整体社会的能力鸿沟。聂蕾[18]在对新兴人类增强技术的研究中指出,技术赋能过程往往存在时间差异、资源配置差异与主体意志差异,这些差异使技术平权在实践中有可能演变为技术精英主义的新形式。Acemoglu[19]从技术—经济视角出发,分析了技术变革对工资不平等的影响,指出技术进步的偏向性通常使高技能劳动者受益更多,从而进一步加剧收入分化。上述研究为技术平权的公平悖论提供了经济学解释:技术本身并非天然具有平等性,其社会后果受制度设计与社会结构的制约。
技术平权的理论演进深受机会平等理论的影响。社会正义应致力于消除由外部环境及非个体努力因素所导致的不平等[20],这一观点为技术平权提供了规范性基础。在技术迅猛发展的背景下,机会平等理论被进一步延伸为技术机会平等[21],即通过推进技术普及与数字基础设施建设,保障所有社会成员在技术接入与使用能力上的平等权利。然而,技术机会平等并不必然带来结果的公平。即便技术接入机会平等,个体在数字素养、社会资本与制度支持等方面的差异仍可能导致技术红利的不平等分配[22]。因此,技术平权的理论建构必须从机会平等走向结果正义,通过推动算法透明、促进数据共享、强化平台问责等制度性安排,实现技术红利的普惠性分配,真正提升社会整体的公平水平。
1.3 整体分析框架
综上所述,为突破既有研究对技术平权悖论解释上的碎片化局限,本文尝试构建一个“悖论表征→内在成因→治理路径”的整合分析框架。该框架以技术平权悖论为核心议题,将技术平权界定为涵盖接入可及性、能力赋能性与结果正义性的递进式复合概念,指出其内嵌赋能效应与异化风险并存的结构性张力。该悖论根源于“平权理念—技术实践”“市场逻辑—社会目标”“社会结构—技术系统”“治理体系—技术演化”四重张力的叠加与交织。在此基础上,本文提出“制度—技术—社会”三维协同治理模型,旨在通过制度的适应性供给、技术的可治理性设计与社会的能动性激活三者之间形成动态耦合,构建应对技术平权悖论的韧性治理体系。在分析层次上,宏观层面关注制度环境与资本逻辑对技术扩散的结构性约束;中观层面聚焦平台组织与技术系统中的权力运作机制;微观层面则考察个体技术素养与主体能动性的差异性影响。技术平权悖论的整体分析框架如图1所示。
2 技术平权的内在悖论:赋能效应与异化风险
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2.1 赋能效应:平等化潜能的释放
当前研究普遍认为,技术在特定维度上展现出促进社会公平的积极效能。其一,体现在可及性与参与度的拓展方面。在线教育、远程医疗与电子商务是技术促进社会公平的典型应用场景。在线教育通过突破时空限制缩小了地域教育资源差距;远程医疗依托数字化诊疗网络改善了农村贫困地区居民健康状况;电子商务则通过降低交易成本为边缘群体开辟了市场参与新渠道。其二,体现在边缘群体的资源逆向流动方面。农民留守妇女通过参与直播电商实现脱贫致富[23],成为技术赋权底层群体的典型案例。其三,体现在创新与知识扩散的去中心化方面。开源社区通过知识共享机制打破了技术垄断,众创平台则有效降低了小微主体的创业门槛。其四,体现在公共服务效能的提升方面。电子政务借助数据开放与流程数字化,不仅减少了制度性寻租空间,还提升了服务的透明度和均等化[24]。
2.2 异化风险:不平等的再生产
然而,在技术赋能的光谱之下,其内在结构与权力逻辑催生了复杂的异化风险,使得技术平权的理想在实践中面临严峻挑战。其一,数字鸿沟的演化与深化。随着基础接入的普及,研究焦点逐渐从是否接入转向使用差异与回报差异,发现能力鸿沟与使用效果鸿沟已成为主要矛盾[15]。例如,有研究显示,大规模开放在线课程(MOOCs)的主要受益者往往是教育水平和社会经济地位较高的群体,其在缩小全球教育不平等方面的作用十分有限[25],印证了技术可能加剧既有不平等的现实。其二,技术垄断与算法霸权的形成。平台资本通过数据圈地行为,依托技术手段与商业模式对数据资源进行系统性垄断,将本具有公共属性的数据转化为私有资产,进而构建起新型权力结构[26]。例如,算法决策在招聘[27]、信贷[28]等关键社会领域被证实存在种族与性别歧视,呈现出对线下社会偏见的复制与固化。
其三,权利侵蚀与主体性危机。监控资本主义通过对个体行为监控获取的海量数据,不仅被用于优化产品和服务,还会形成行为盈余,即海量数据被用于开发预测个体未来行为的产品,进而构建起面向未来行为市场的隐性操控机制[29]。与此同时,算法推荐所引发的信息茧房效应[30],即通过信息筛选的隐形逻辑,将用户的认知与选择框定在有限范围内,影响个体自主性与社会多元性,从而削弱个体的认知自由与社会的多样性。这种技术嵌入的内在逻辑正逐步侵蚀人类对技术的掌控权,甚至逐步消解人的主体性地位。其四,治理层面的滞后性与权责分配的失衡问题尤为突出。技术迭代的迅猛速度,早已超出了现行法律体系的适配与更新周期,导致监管机制普遍存在滞后性,这一现象在生成式人工智能领域更为突出。另外,算法黑箱引发的问责困境是各界关注的重点。深度学习模型普遍存在可解释性不足的问题,这使得事故发生后的责任主体难以界定。从全球治理格局来看,发展中国家在全球数据治理体系中始终处于边缘位置,其公民数据常被大型科技公司在缺乏有效监管的前提下获取、使用,这无疑加剧了数据殖民主义的蔓延风险[31]。所谓数据殖民主义,是通过系统性收集、占有和分析人类日常生活数据,实现对个体行为、社会资源的隐性控制和利用,其逻辑与历史上殖民主义对土地、劳动力的暴力掠夺一脉相承,是殖民主义在数字时代的新形态延伸。
技术平权的内在悖论,本质上体现为一种二元张力:它既是打破旧有权力格局、消解传统不平等的有力工具,却又极易在现实语境中演变为新型霸权与阶层分化的孵化器。把握并拆解这一悖论,不仅是构建具备适应性与包容性的技术治理体系的前提,更是跨越形式平权迈向实质平权的关键所在。
3 技术平权悖论的成因探析
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3.1 理念与技术实践的内在张力
工具理性遮蔽下的价值霸权,导致技术应用与平权理念之间产生断裂。技术中立的幻象已经瓦解,技术本身就承载着特定的权力意志,体现出明确的价值负载性。以搜索引擎的排序算法为例,其本质是一种价值排序机制[32]。在看似中立、客观的技术系统表象之下,实则内嵌着特定的价值观、文化偏见与权力结构,这些要素通过主导信息的呈现方式、排序逻辑与可见性范围,深刻影响用户的认知构建与行为选择。有研究表明,算法偏差的产生与训练集中某一族群的不均衡代表性密切相关[33],这在实质上构成了种族主义在技术层面的隐性制度化表达。
3.2 市场逻辑与普惠目标的冲突
在资本主义市场体系下,技术作为资本增殖工具的先在属性,决定了其与普惠目标之间存在天然的张力。风险投资对指数级回报的追逐期限与弱势群体提升数字素养所需的积累时间形成错配[29]。这使得技术应用天然更倾向于优先服务那些支付能力强、数据贡献度高的头部用户。已有研究表明,平台企业通过数据分析识别高价值用户,继而借助精准推荐、定制化服务、产品绑定与网络效应等手段,将其锁定在平台生态系统之中,从而最大化用户生命周期价值,这一商业逻辑被称为高价值用户闭环[34]。
3.3 社会不平等在技术系统的投射
技术不仅未能消解既有的社会结构性不平等,反而借技术中立之名加剧了系统性不公。在数字化社会中,线上算法与平台技术往往成为线下歧视的延续与放大器。当算法系统以历史数据为训练基础时,往往天然地复刻和固化了既有的不平等结构。以美国的COMPAS再犯风险评估系统为例,两年内没有再犯但被错误的标记为高风险的黑人被告比例高达45%,而白人被告仅为24%[35],相关算法继承并放大了既有社会不平等的风险。此外,算法偏见还存在技术强化机制。例如,某些招聘算法因历史数据中男性担任管理职位的比例较高,便倾向于优先筛选男性候选人,从而形成强化性别偏见的技术闭环[36]。
3.4 治理体系滞后与能力欠缺
工业时代所构建的科层制治理体系,在适配数字技术时存在不适应的情况,数字技术所兼具的流动性、迭代性和去中心化特质,与科层制的层级化、规范化运行逻辑存在适配落差。摩尔定律揭示,技术能力大致每18个月便实现翻倍增长,而法律和监管体系的迭代节奏,往往滞后于技术变迁的速度。以欧盟《人工智能法案》为例,其条款设计中存在的模糊性,使其难以跟上生成式AI技术的快速演进步伐,最终陷入实施层面的困境[37]。此外,从治理能力的维度审视,当前体系还存在一些短板。在认知层面,算法可解释性所形成的技术壁垒,制约了监管者对技术运行逻辑的理解,进而影响其有效干预的能力;在工具层面,针对区块链等新兴技术的监管工作,尚未建立起完备的技术储备,导致监管手段与技术发展不匹配;而在协调层面,跨境数据治理领域仍存在制度性空白,缺乏能够覆盖多方利益的协同框架,难以形成高效的全球治理合力。
综上,技术平权悖论并非单一环节的功能性失灵所致,而是技术—社会系统演化过程中形成的结构性问题。其深层成因,源于四重核心张力的叠加交织:一是平权理念与技术实践之间的现实矛盾,二是市场逐利逻辑与社会公共目标的内在冲突,三是传统社会结构与数字技术系统的适配张力,四是现有治理体系与技术快速演化的节奏失配。在此背景下,仅针对单一环节的修补式调整,很可能被系统性张力所消解。唯有立足跨学科研究视野,构建跨国协同的治理机制,才能实现对技术平权悖论的系统性破解。
4 技术平权悖论的治理路径
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本部分以韧性治理为核心导向,构建“制度—技术—社会”三维协同的系统性治理框架,强调制度供给的适应性、技术设计的可治理性以及社会主体的能动性三者之间的动态耦合,通过制度重构、技术驯化、主体协同与全球协作等多维路径,以期系统性化解技术平权悖论所呈现的多重张力。
4.1 构建敏捷治理制度生态
其一,建立实验性立法机制,为前沿领域创新留足试错空间。在人工智能、区块链等前沿领域,可设立区域性监管沙盒,允许企业在限定测试周期内,豁免部分与技术发展不相适配的现行法规约束。同时可配套设置失效熔断机制,以算法应用为例,当系统检测到算法歧视率超过预设阈值时,可以自动触发应用暂停程序,避免风险扩散。其二,构建“主体—行为—结果”三维问责体系,厘清算法治理责任链条。主体层面,需明确平台企业、算法供应商及数据提供方的连带责任边界,避免出现责任推诿;行为层面,应强制要求相关主体披露算法训练的核心数据来源、关键参数设置及潜在影响的评估报告;结果层面,建立算法影响评估的强制备案制度,将评估结果作为行政处罚、公益诉讼的法定依据。其三,创新多元化治理工具,强化治理落地效能。推行算法合规专项审计,对信贷、招聘等系统进行算法合规性验证,及时排查歧视性算法、不公平决策等问题。同时探索数据信托模式,通过专业化的数据信托机构统筹管理医疗、教育等领域数据,在保障数据安全与隐私权益的前提下,破解数据共享难题。
4.2 嵌入平权设计技术基因
其一,构建公平性约束技术规范。在数据层建立公共数据银行体系,通过人口统计学均衡采样优化训练数据,缓解代表性偏差;在算法层推广公平性正则化[38]与对抗性去偏[39]等技术路径,削弱模型内生偏见;在应用层部署实时公平性监控模块,对输出结果实施动态偏差检测及自动化校正。其二,推进关键领域算法开源进程。通过降低技术准入壁垒,由政府主导研发普惠性基础模型,要求企业在调用过程中预留部分算力资源定向服务于弱势群体;制定并实施可解释性等级国家标准,根据风险等级强制要求模型提供局部可解释性报告。其三,实施基础设施普惠化工程。明确数字基础设施的普遍服务义务,要求电信运营商在网络覆盖区域同步提供低成本终端租赁服务,并规范农村地区宽带资费标准;构建公共数据赋能中心,整合民政、人社等跨部门政务数据,生成精准的数字帮扶画像,定向推送技能培训及创业扶持资源至目标群体。
4.3 激活多元主体共治网络
其一,构建政府—市场—社会三元协同机制。政府层面设立数字公平委员会,统筹工信部、网信办、市场监管总局等跨部门监管职能,破解治理碎片化难题;市场层面推行技术公平性认证制度,对通过公平性评估的平台授予公平标签,形成声誉激励与政府采购优先的双重激励机制;社会层面培育第三方技术公益组织与算法审计机构,构建“监管—评估—培育”的多元制衡体系。其二,实施弱势群体技术能力提升计划。财政层面设立技术公平专项基金,定向补贴农村居民、老年群体及残障人士的数字技能培训项目;教育层面将算法素养纳入义务教育及社区大学的课程体系,降低技术应用门槛;技术层面开发适老化、适残化交互界面,推动包容性设计纳入国家强制性标准。
4.4 推动跨境数据协同治理
为应对数据殖民主义带来的挑战,中国应积极参与全球数字治理规则的建构进程。其一,推动构建技术公平国际治理联盟,保障发展中国家成员的代表性比例,在多边协商框架下确立算法公平性互认准则。其二,探索建立数据跨境流动白名单机制,对通过公平性评估的国家或地区给予数据跨境流动便利化待遇,遏制平台企业的监管套利行为。其三,设立全球数字公平观测平台,定期动态发布跨国算法公平性评估指数,倒逼跨国平台切实履行数字人权保障义务。
5 结论与展望
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技术平权悖论揭示了技术赋能与技术异化并存、机会平等与结构失衡交织的复杂机制,是制约技术向善目标实现的重要障碍。破解这一悖论不仅有助于厘清数字技术应用中的价值张力,也为将技术向善的价值诉求转化为可操作的制度安排提供可能路径。鉴于此,本研究聚焦技术平权悖论这一核心议题,在系统梳理技术平权的概念演进、理论脉络与内在悖论的基础上,构建了“悖论表征→内在成因→治理路径”的整合分析框架。研究深入剖析了导致技术平权悖论的四重结构性张力,并据此提出了以“制度—技术—社会”三维协同为核心的韧性治理路径,旨在为破解技术平权实践中的结构性困境提供系统化的理论支撑与治理方案。研究发现:(1)技术平权并非单一维度的技术扩散问题,而是涵盖接入可及性、能力赋能性与结果正义性的递进式复合命题。其理想目标在于通过制度安排与技术设计,实现资源获取机会均等化、收益分配公平化与风险共担合理化,但在实践中因多重张力交织呈现出赋能效应与异化风险并存的悖论性特征。(2)技术平权悖论的深层根源在于四重张力的叠加与交织:在平权理念与技术实践之间,张力表现为工具中立幻象与技术内在价值取向的脱节;在市场逻辑与社会目标之间,张力体现为资本逐利逻辑与普惠目标的错位;在社会结构与技术系统之间,张力表现为社会不平等经由数据与算法形成的隐性制度化;在治理体系与技术演化之间,张力体现为科层制法律规制与技术迭代节奏的失衡。(3)治理路径需完成从碎片化监管向系统性韧性协同治理的范式转换。通过制度重构、技术驯化、主体协同与全球协作等多维路径,可在制度适应性供给、技术可治理性设计与社会能动性激活之间形成动态耦合效应,进而为系统性破解技术平权悖论提供韧性治理的实践路径。
本研究主要基于规范分析与案例归纳,尚缺乏利用大样本数据对技术平权悖论治理路径有效性的实证检验。未来研究可从两方面深化:其一,方法层面可采用跨国面板数据,实证检验“制度—技术—社会”三维治理要素的协同效应;其二,场景层面应聚焦新兴技术迭代场景,探索治理工具的动态适配性。技术平权的终极目标并非实现技术本身的均等化,而是通过技术与制度的协同创新,推动社会关系的再平衡。为此,中国应通过制度创新激活技术的向善潜能,以中国智慧为全球治理提供新范式,切实回应技术向善与共同富裕的时代命题。
基金
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  • 国家社会科学基金资助项目(22VRC126)
  • 江苏高校哲学社会科学研究项目(2023SJYB0117)
  • 南京邮电大学引进人才项目(NYY222016)
文献
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2026年第44卷第10期
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  • 接收时间：2025-08-04
  • 首发时间：2026-10-10
  • 出版时间：2026-10-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-08-04
  • 修回日期：2025-12-15
基金
国家社会科学基金资助项目(22VRC126)
江苏高校哲学社会科学研究项目(2023SJYB0117)
南京邮电大学引进人才项目(NYY222016)
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    1 南京邮电大学管理学院, 江苏南京 210003
    2 同济大学经济与管理学院, 上海 200092

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陈强(1969-),男,教授、博士生导师,E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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