Article(id=1315693741235617812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752768000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-18, revisedDate=1757952000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791615432317, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1791993600000, pubDateStr=2026-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791615432317, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791615432317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791615432317, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315693724970103290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='2017', pageEnd='2240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791993600000', pubDateStr='2026-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791615428440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791615454688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2028, endPage=2037, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315693741420167189, articleId=1315693741235617812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Research on the development stage assessment and promotion strategies of China’s artificial intelligence based on the A-U process innovation model, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a core focus of strategic competition among major nations. China's AI sector is undergoing profound structural transformations. Growing evidence suggests that the AI industry may be at a critical transitional window-evolving from a fluid state characterized by technological diversity toward a transitional phase where the emergence of a dominant design is becoming apparent. However, existing literature lacks a clear definition and examination of this phase. Such ambiguity constitutes a primary “puzzle” hindering the effective advancement of the AI industry and the precise formulation of relevant policies.

The Abernathy-Utterback(A-U) model, a classical theoretical framework for analyzing industrial innovation dynamics, divides the evolution of innovation into three stages: the fluid phase, the transitional phase, and the specific phase. It thus provides a powerful theoretical tool for understanding industrial transition dynamics. Based on this model, this study systematically constructs a theoretical analytical framework by examining the multidimensional characteristics of the industrial innovation process, clarifying the internal mechanism behind the evolution of the innovation process and the formation of a dominant design, and revealing the dynamic adaptation principles that influence strategy design.

Using this theoretical framework, this study first systematically examines the development stage of China’s AI industry. It finds that the industry is transitioning from the fluid phase to the transitional phase-a conclusion highly consistent with the evolutionary patterns of industrial innovation described in the A-U model. From a technological perspective, the industry exhibits accelerated convergence of technical pathways, a systematic shift of innovation focus toward performance optimization, and the crossing of critical thresholds in technological maturity. In terms of industrial structure, embryonic forms of a dominant design are emerging, process innovation is becoming the core of value creation, and the division of labor within the industry is being profoundly reconfigured. Regarding the competitive landscape, a notable coexistence of open-source and closed-source models is observed, characterized by complementarity and symbiosis.

Secondly, focusing on historical cases where dominant designs were successfully established during similar transitional windows-such as the Wintel alliance, the Android system, and the European GSM standard-this study summarizes general winning principles that can inform the current development of AI in China. These include: technological feasibility as a prerequisite for the formation of a dominant design; the critical importance of dynamically balancing market acceptance and production economics for its widespread adoption; the shift in competitive paradigm from zero-sum game to ecological collaboration as a hallmark of the transitional phase; and the pivotal role of rule-setting power in transforming tri-dimensional coupling outcomes into enduring competitive advantages.

Finally, addressing core challenges such as high computing costs, lagging standardization, and immature ecosystem governance mechanisms in the development of China's AI industry, this study proposes an adaptive strategy framework encompassing technological breakthroughs, ecosystem development, and rule-making engagement. Specifically, in technological advancement, efforts should focus on overcoming computational bottlenecks and pursuing forward-looking development of key technologies. In ecosystem building, the emphasis lies on creating an open yet controllable industrial ecosystem. Regarding rule-making, it is essential to strengthen standard setting and enhance international governance cooperation. These recommendations aim to overcome critical bottlenecks during the transition phase, foster leapfrog development of China’s AI industry, and build an independent, controllable, and globally influential AI ecosystem.

, authors=Lei-hua SUN1, 2, 3, Zheng LIANG2, 3, authorsList=Lei-hua SUN, Zheng LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zheng LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315693743060140058, articleId=1315693741235617812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=中国人工智能发展阶段研判与推进策略——基于A-U过程创新模型的研究, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当前人工智能成为大国战略竞争的核心焦点。我国人工智能领域正经历深刻的结构性转变。种种迹象表明,人工智能产业可能正处于一个关键的跃迁窗口期。然而,现有文献对此尚缺乏明确研究界定,这种阶段的模糊性构成人工智能产业有效推进与政策精准制定的首要“谜题”。基于此,首先,运用A-U过程创新模型和主导设计理论,通过对技术演进、产业形态、竞争生态的分析,深刻揭示出我国人工智能产业正处于从流动阶段向过渡阶段跃迁的关键期;其次,聚焦历史上在类似过渡窗口期成功确立主导设计的典型案例,总结凝练可供当前我国人工智能发展借鉴的一般性制胜法则;最后,在把握全球人工智能发展最新态势与我国比较优势、挑战问题的基础上,提出当前我国人工智能产业加速推进主导设计定型的策略建议。

, authors=孙磊华1, 2, 3, 梁正2, 3, authorsList=孙磊华, 梁正, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁正, authorNote=

孙磊华(1992-),男,助理教授,博士,E-mail:。

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梁正(1975-),男,教授,博士。
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Journal of Intelligence, 2008(11):155-158., articleTitle=Government's role in the evolution of dominant design, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315693746352668737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, awardId=SJ-kj2025003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家数据局2025年重大课题(SJ-kj2025003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1315693746423971906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, awardId=24YJC630186, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(24YJC630186), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1315693746528829507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, awardId=GZC20240797, language=CN, fundingSource=国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240797), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315693743324381211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693743387295772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, companyId=1315693743324381211, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai 519088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693743395684381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, companyId=1315693743324381211, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学(珠海), 广东珠海 519088)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315693743466987550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693743475376159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, companyId=1315693743466987550, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute for AI International Governance, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693743487959072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, companyId=1315693743466987550, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院, 北京 100084)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315693743748005921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693743756394530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, companyId=1315693743748005921, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 China Institute for Science and Technology Policy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315693743760588835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, companyId=1315693743748005921, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 清华大学中国科技政策研究中心, 北京 100084)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315693745291509819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Three-dimensional coupling of industrial innovation evolution and dominant design formation mechanism, figureFileSmall=aWsN79zl0XttDVxNPW4S5w==, figureFileBig=PeiU0EC42HROq1QFBKGr7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315693745371201596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, language=CN, label=图1, caption=产业创新过程演进与主导设计形成机理的三维耦合, figureFileSmall=aWsN79zl0XttDVxNPW4S5w==, figureFileBig=PeiU0EC42HROq1QFBKGr7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315693745538973757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=A stage-based adaptation framework of government and enterprises jointly promoting dominant design formation strategy, figureFileSmall=3o/Vx4tATewzEFGYtfst5Q==, figureFileBig=iZhhUlFwqn5VhrQHZR2wcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315693745639637054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, language=CN, label=图2, caption=政府与企业协同推进主导设计形成策略的阶段适配框架, figureFileSmall=3o/Vx4tATewzEFGYtfst5Q==, figureFileBig=iZhhUlFwqn5VhrQHZR2wcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315693745702551615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

A comparison of the core characteristics of the three stages of industrial innovation evolution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征维度/演进阶段 流动阶段 过渡阶段 特定阶段
技术焦点 突破性产品创新 工艺效率优化 渐进式工艺改进
产品形态 高度差异化 模块化收敛 完全标准化
创新驱动力 功能迭代主导 成本效率主导 供应链优化主导
竞争模式 性能差异化竞争 生态系统协同竞争 规模效率竞争
), ArticleFig(id=1315693745975181376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693741235617812, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

产业创新演进三阶段的核心特征对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征维度/演进阶段 流动阶段 过渡阶段 特定阶段
技术焦点 突破性产品创新 工艺效率优化 渐进式工艺改进
产品形态 高度差异化 模块化收敛 完全标准化
创新驱动力 功能迭代主导 成本效率主导 供应链优化主导
竞争模式 性能差异化竞争 生态系统协同竞争 规模效率竞争
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中国人工智能发展阶段研判与推进策略——基于A-U过程创新模型的研究
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孙磊华 1, 2, 3 , 梁正 2, 3
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(10): 2028-2037
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科学学研究 |热点议题 2026 , 44 (10) : 2028 -2037
中国人工智能发展阶段研判与推进策略——基于A-U过程创新模型的研究
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孙磊华(1992-),男,助理教授,博士,E-mail:。

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孙磊华1, 2, 3 , 梁正2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 北京理工大学(珠海), 广东珠海 519088
  • 2 清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院, 北京 100084
  • 3 清华大学中国科技政策研究中心, 北京 100084
通讯作者:
梁正(1975-),男,教授,博士。
作者简介:

孙磊华(1992-),男,助理教授,博士,E-mail:。

Research on the development stage assessment and promotion strategies of China’s artificial intelligence based on the A-U process innovation model
Lei-hua SUN1, 2, 3 , Zheng LIANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai 519088, China
  • 2 Institute for AI International Governance, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3 China Institute for Science and Technology Policy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2026-10-15
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当前人工智能成为大国战略竞争的核心焦点。我国人工智能领域正经历深刻的结构性转变。种种迹象表明,人工智能产业可能正处于一个关键的跃迁窗口期。然而,现有文献对此尚缺乏明确研究界定,这种阶段的模糊性构成人工智能产业有效推进与政策精准制定的首要“谜题”。基于此,首先,运用A-U过程创新模型和主导设计理论,通过对技术演进、产业形态、竞争生态的分析,深刻揭示出我国人工智能产业正处于从流动阶段向过渡阶段跃迁的关键期;其次,聚焦历史上在类似过渡窗口期成功确立主导设计的典型案例,总结凝练可供当前我国人工智能发展借鉴的一般性制胜法则;最后,在把握全球人工智能发展最新态势与我国比较优势、挑战问题的基础上,提出当前我国人工智能产业加速推进主导设计定型的策略建议。

人工智能  /  A-U过程创新模型  /  主导设计  /  阶段研判  /  推进策略

Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a core focus of strategic competition among major nations. China's AI sector is undergoing profound structural transformations. Growing evidence suggests that the AI industry may be at a critical transitional window-evolving from a fluid state characterized by technological diversity toward a transitional phase where the emergence of a dominant design is becoming apparent. However, existing literature lacks a clear definition and examination of this phase. Such ambiguity constitutes a primary “puzzle” hindering the effective advancement of the AI industry and the precise formulation of relevant policies.

The Abernathy-Utterback(A-U) model, a classical theoretical framework for analyzing industrial innovation dynamics, divides the evolution of innovation into three stages: the fluid phase, the transitional phase, and the specific phase. It thus provides a powerful theoretical tool for understanding industrial transition dynamics. Based on this model, this study systematically constructs a theoretical analytical framework by examining the multidimensional characteristics of the industrial innovation process, clarifying the internal mechanism behind the evolution of the innovation process and the formation of a dominant design, and revealing the dynamic adaptation principles that influence strategy design.

Using this theoretical framework, this study first systematically examines the development stage of China’s AI industry. It finds that the industry is transitioning from the fluid phase to the transitional phase-a conclusion highly consistent with the evolutionary patterns of industrial innovation described in the A-U model. From a technological perspective, the industry exhibits accelerated convergence of technical pathways, a systematic shift of innovation focus toward performance optimization, and the crossing of critical thresholds in technological maturity. In terms of industrial structure, embryonic forms of a dominant design are emerging, process innovation is becoming the core of value creation, and the division of labor within the industry is being profoundly reconfigured. Regarding the competitive landscape, a notable coexistence of open-source and closed-source models is observed, characterized by complementarity and symbiosis.

Secondly, focusing on historical cases where dominant designs were successfully established during similar transitional windows-such as the Wintel alliance, the Android system, and the European GSM standard-this study summarizes general winning principles that can inform the current development of AI in China. These include: technological feasibility as a prerequisite for the formation of a dominant design; the critical importance of dynamically balancing market acceptance and production economics for its widespread adoption; the shift in competitive paradigm from zero-sum game to ecological collaboration as a hallmark of the transitional phase; and the pivotal role of rule-setting power in transforming tri-dimensional coupling outcomes into enduring competitive advantages.

Finally, addressing core challenges such as high computing costs, lagging standardization, and immature ecosystem governance mechanisms in the development of China's AI industry, this study proposes an adaptive strategy framework encompassing technological breakthroughs, ecosystem development, and rule-making engagement. Specifically, in technological advancement, efforts should focus on overcoming computational bottlenecks and pursuing forward-looking development of key technologies. In ecosystem building, the emphasis lies on creating an open yet controllable industrial ecosystem. Regarding rule-making, it is essential to strengthen standard setting and enhance international governance cooperation. These recommendations aim to overcome critical bottlenecks during the transition phase, foster leapfrog development of China’s AI industry, and build an independent, controllable, and globally influential AI ecosystem.

artificial intelligence  /  A-U process innovation model  /  dominant design  /  stage assessment  /  promotion strategies
孙磊华, 梁正. 中国人工智能发展阶段研判与推进策略——基于A-U过程创新模型的研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2028 -2037 .
Lei-hua SUN, Zheng LIANG. Research on the development stage assessment and promotion strategies of China’s artificial intelligence based on the A-U process innovation model[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2028 -2037 .
当前人工智能正以前所未有的深度与广度重塑全球科技格局与经济秩序,成为大国战略竞争的核心焦点。尤其我国人工智能领域正经历深刻的结构性转变。种种迹象表明,人工智能产业可能正处于一个关键的跃迁窗口期,即从技术多样化的流动状态,向主导设计初露端倪的过渡状态演进[1]。然而,现有文献对此尚缺乏明确的研究界定,这种模糊性正构成当前人工智能产业有效推进与政策精准制定的首要“谜题”。我国人工智能发展究竟处于何种阶段?主导设计是否已然清晰浮现?其具体形态为何?应该采取何种科学策略加以推进?精准解答上述问题,关乎我国能否把握历史机遇,有效应对国际竞争,最终构建自主可控、具有全球影响力的人工智能产业生态。
Abernathy-Utterback(A-U)过程创新模型为洞悉产业跃迁动态提供了有力的理论工具[1]。当前人工智能产业发展呈现出诸多特征,与A-U模型所描述的“过渡阶段”典型现象高度契合[2]。基于此,本研究首先运用A-U过程创新理论模型,深刻揭示我国AI产业创新演进的核心特征与阶段属性,破解产业阶段“定位之谜”;其次,聚焦历史上类似过渡窗口期成功确立主导设计的典型案例,解构其制胜法则,凝练普适性规律;最后,在把握全球人工智能发展最新态势、我国比较优势与挑战问题的基础上,提出当前我国人工智能产业加速推进主导设计定型的策略建议。
(1)A-U模型与主导设计理论的内涵与演进
A-U模型是解析产业创新动态的核心框架。该模型由Utterback与Abernathy首次系统提出,将创新过程演进划分为流动阶段、过渡阶段与特定阶段等三阶段。流动阶段以产品创新活跃和技术路线多元竞争为主要特征;过渡阶段表现为主导设计浮现且创新重心转向工艺优化;特定阶段则体现为工艺创新主导并推动产业进入标准化生产。在此框架中,主导设计作为过渡阶段的关键产物,被定义为整合核心技术创新且被市场广泛接受的产品架构,其出现标志着产业从无序竞争迈向有序发展[1]。
Anderson与Tushman进一步深化了A-U模型,提出技术变革的“间断平衡”理论。他们强调主导设计是技术动荡期收敛的结果,其形成将重构产业竞争规则,具体表现为创新路径从发散探索转向围绕主导设计的渐进改进,同时市场焦点从功能差异转向成本效率[2]。后续研究从技术轨道视角拓展主导设计内涵,揭示其本质是竞争胜出的技术范式。实证发现主导设计的胜出依赖于技术轨道的性能优势、成本竞争力及系统兼容性,同时需要构建互补资产网络的能力,加速市场规模化应用[3],并提出技术与市场“双螺旋”驱动模型,强调主导设计形成需技术开发与市场需求持续交互迭代[4]。
尤其,新兴产业的实践正挑战传统理论边界。近期研究发现,人工智能、电动汽车等领域因技术迭代加速、市场碎片化及政策干预等,主导设计呈现动态竞争特征。具体表现为技术路线多轨道并行而非单一收敛,开源生态与闭源体系竞合共生,且政策导向显著影响技术轨道选择[5]。这一现象凸显主导设计形成的系统复杂性与情境依赖性,推动理论从线性收敛向动态竞合范式演进。
(2)创新演进阶段的判别依据与方法
已有研究针对判别产业演进阶段构建了多维度判别体系,其理论根基源于A-U模型揭示的创新过程动态转变[1]。当产业从流动阶段向过渡阶段跃迁时,核心标志是创新焦点从产品多样化探索转向工艺渐进优化,具体表现为新产品推出速率显著放缓,产品架构趋于稳定,企业资源聚焦制造流程标准化与成本控制[6]。通过追踪产品创新与工艺创新的相对变化趋势,可识别主导设计形成的关键时点[7]。
市场表现与竞争格局也可提供直接判别依据。前者是指显著市场份额标准,指单一技术方案在销售额或生产规模中占据绝对优势并持续稳定时,可能成为主导设计[2]。后者则指竞争格局固化,表现为主要替代技术退出市场或某技术市场份额持续扩张[8]。Android系统在移动操作系统领域的渗透率突破临界点后,竞争格局迅速固化是典型案例[9]。
技术收敛特征也可反映创新过程演进趋势。主导设计形成伴随产业技术路线从发散走向收敛,技术多样性显著降低。研究方法包括利用专利数据计算特定技术领域专利量变异系数的递减趋势,譬如实证研究显示新能源汽车产业技术演化呈现从多路径探索向增程式技术集中的收敛过程,印证了阶段演进规律[10]。
除此之外,还有研究使用知识流动与网络结构分析方法进行具体主导技术的识别,表现为主导设计阶段专利引用网络集中度提升、核心主路径形成及枢纽专利节点涌现等[11,12]。
(3)主导设计的形成机理与推进策略
主导设计的形成是技术轨道、生产效率与市场偏好协同作用的结果,其形成机理体现为三要素的系统整合[13],其中技术轨道主导要求整合核心创新形成具备性能优势、兼容性强且能降低系统复杂性的解决方案[1];生产效率驱动表现为主导设计确立后创新焦点转向工艺优化与成本控制,推动标准化生产和供应链整合[6];市场偏好选择则强调需满足关键用户需求并建立消费端认知信任,获得主流市场的广泛接受[14]。三要素的交互强度随产业演进动态变化,譬如新能源汽车产业内增程式技术的胜出即源于技术可行性、制造成本优势与主流市场偏好的协同[10]。由此,推进主导设计定型的具体策略需分主体、因势而变。从企业维度看,包含领先企业与后发企业的分阶段策略[15];从政府维度看,推进主导设计定型的政策也需从供给侧与需求侧双向、组合发力[16,17]。
(1)产业创新过程的多维特征分析
产业创新过程演进遵循从技术混沌到标准有序的阶段性跃迁规律,其核心特征体现在技术焦点、产品形态、创新驱动力与竞争模式四个维度的阶段性表现与系统性转变[1-3],如表1。流动阶段是技术探索与市场试错的初始期,技术焦点集中于突破性产品创新,技术路线呈现高度多样性;产品形态表现为非标准化架构与定制化解决方案,尚未形成统一范式;创新驱动力以功能迭代为主导,资源主要投向性能提升与场景适配;竞争模式聚焦产品性能的差异化角逐,企业通过技术独特性争夺早期市场。
过渡阶段是主导设计浮现与产业收敛的关键期,技术焦点从产品创新转向工艺效率优化,核心任务转变为降低生产成本与提升部署效率;产品形态向模块化架构收敛,接口协议标准化进程加速,为规模化应用奠定基础;创新驱动力切换至成本效率主导,工艺改进与供应链整合成为资源投入重点;竞争模式从单一性能竞争转向生态系统协同效率竞争,企业通过构建技术联盟与互补资产网络强化壁垒。
特定阶段标志着产业进入标准化成熟期,技术焦点以渐进式工艺改进为主,突破性创新频率显著降低;产品形态实现完全标准化,兼容性与通用性成为核心价值;创新驱动力集中于供应链优化与生产流程精进,通过规模效应持续压缩成本;竞争模式转向寡头间的规模效率竞争,市场格局趋于稳定。四维特征的协同演化构成产业阶段诊断的标尺。流动阶段至过渡阶段的跃迁以产品架构收敛与工艺创新崛起为标志;过渡阶段向特定阶段的进阶则以标准化全面实现与竞争焦点固化为核心指征。
(2)产业创新过程演进与主导设计形成机理分析
产业创新过程演进以形成主导设计为关键和转折,而主导设计的形成本质是技术可行性、生产经济性与市场接受性等三维度动态耦合的结果。技术可行性是主导设计形成的先决条件。其核心在于整合前沿技术创新,构建性能优越、系统兼容与可扩展的解决方案。要求突破关键技术瓶颈,降低系统复杂性,为规模化应用提供技术支撑;生产经济性是实现产业落地的关键枢纽。主导设计的确立驱动创新资源向工艺优化与标准化生产倾斜,通过制造流程重构、供应链整合及资源集约投入,实现成本效率的实质性跃升。要求单位生产成本持续降低,部署效率大幅提升,使技术方案具备商业推广的经济基础;市场接受性是主导设计普及的最终保障。其核心在于精准响应主流市场需求,建立用户认知信任与使用黏性。要求解决关键场景的核心痛点,降低用户转换成本,形成市场扩散的正向循环。
三维耦合呈现阶段性演化规律,为产业跃迁提供动力,如图1。在流动阶段,技术可行性主导,生产经济性与市场接受性提供辅助验证;在过渡阶段,三维强耦合,技术可行性与市场接受性共塑主导设计,生产经济性成为竞争决胜焦点;在特定阶段,生产经济性主导,技术可行性与市场接受性维持稳态均衡。技术可行性奠定创新基础,生产经济性构建商业闭环,市场接受性完成价值兑现。三者耦合协同强度决定主导设计形成效率,其动态失衡则导致阶段演进阻滞。
(3)策略设计的动态适配
基于对产业创新阶段特征和主导设计耦合形成机制的理解,策略设计需要根据不同阶段的特点和不同主体的能力进行动态适配,如图2。在企业策略维,企业可细分为技术领先企业与技术追赶企业,其中技术领先企业主导核心架构演进,通过持续投入突破关键瓶颈,构建技术标准与专利壁垒,且同步整合互补资产,主导生态联盟以强化系统黏性;技术追赶企业敏锐捕捉技术断层机遇,推动新兴架构替代传统范式,以开放性设计降低用户迁移成本,加速市场验证与生态扩张。在政府政策维,包括供给侧的创新基础供给与需求侧的市场环境培育,前者重在构筑技术底座,一般包括强化基础研究投入、优化知识产权保护机制等,主要用以降低早期创新不确定性;后者侧重需求激活,内含建立创新风险共担基金、引导消费认知升级等,功能在于缩短技术商业化周期。此外,企业与政府还存在阶段性的动态适配,阶段匹配度决定主导设计定型推进策略的有效性。在流动阶段,政府侧重基础供给,企业聚焦技术突破;在过渡阶段,政府强化市场培育,企业转向生态构建;在特定阶段,政企协同优化供应链,维持规模效率优势。
基于A-U过程创新模型,我国人工智能产业正在从流动阶段向过渡阶段跃迁,这一判断与模型中产业创新过程演进规律高度契合。
我国人工智能技术已步入关键跃迁期,呈现出技术路线加速收敛、创新焦点系统性转向效能优化、技术成熟度跨越关键阈值的显著特征。第一,技术路线加速收敛。早期神经网络架构、训练范式与应用协议的碎片化格局,随着产业工程实践的深化而显著整合。以Transformer为代表的底层架构,凭借其强大的并行效率与长程建模优势,正逐步成为自然语言处理、多模态学习等领域的通用技术底座。头部企业持续优化其兼容性与扩展性,推动技术栈向“预训练+微调”范式集中,人工智能技术从流动阶段的高度差异化向过渡阶段的模块化收敛转变,为后续主导设计的形成奠定基础。
第二,创新焦点系统性转向效能优化。技术研发不再聚焦参数规模竞赛,而是密集投入于推理效率的提升、训练能耗的压缩以及部署简易性的优化。蒸馏量化、动态计算等底层技术得到广泛应用,显著提升算力利用效率。垂直领域的深度适配成为关键方向,领域知识注入与轻量化技术推动算法效能从实验室验证向产业级需求转化。
第三,技术成熟度跨越关键阈值。人工智能正经历从“可用”到“好用”的转变。大模型在语言理解、生成等复杂任务中的性能趋近人类水平,输出稳定性显著增强,从而实现典型场景的规模落地。工程化体系的完善标志着开发、部署、监控全流程技术栈的成熟与规范化。技术渗透深度显著拓展,从互联网向制造业、金融业等传统产业核心环节下沉,在工业质检良率提升、智能风控效率优化等领域产生实质经济价值,这有力地证明底层技术能力已跨越支撑规模化、高可靠性应用的关键阈值。综上所述,我国人工智能技术正在效能优化的驱动下,加速实现标准化架构的收敛,为产业的进一步发展提供坚实技术基础。
我国人工智能产业形态正经历向标准化发展的结构性转变,呈现出主导设计雏形显现、工艺创新成为价值核心、产业分工深度重构等典型特征,有力推动产业从高成本试错向规模经济跃迁。一是主导设计雏形加速显现。产业技术路径显著收敛于标准化架构。“通用大模型+垂直知识库”的模块化解耦设计成为主流范式,通过分离基础能力与场景需求,大幅提升解决方案的复用性与迁移效率。工程化解决方案的深度普及推动企业产品开发重心从通用智能探索转向构建高兼容性的垂直任务系统。标准化开发平台广泛渗透,成为整合数据治理、模型训练、部署监控全流程的核心载体,重塑产品开发模式。领先企业通过开放模型基座吸引全球开发者共创,加速事实标准形成,强化主导设计收敛趋势。
二是工艺创新驱动效率革命。创新焦点系统性地从功能迭代主导向成本效率主导转移。模型生产环节广泛引入蒸馏量化与自动化训练技术,推动AI模型开发从离散的科研活动向工业化流水线生产模式转型,显著降低对高技能人才的依赖。部署领域重点发展边缘计算优化与异构芯片适配技术,成为支撑端侧应用落地的关键工艺环节。机器学习运营(MLOps)的成熟提升了全链路标准保障,可确保迭代稳定性。模型压缩、存算一体等突破性工艺实现推理能耗的大幅降低与普惠性提升,凸显工艺创新对商业落地的核心支撑作用。
三是产业分工向专业化生态演进。生态结构形成多层次协作网络,垂直领域服务商聚焦高价值场景提供“开箱即用”解决方案,通过低代码工具降低应用门槛。价值链深度分化,基础层由头部企业主导算力与通用模型研发,工具层提供工程化支持,应用层依托标准化模块构建业务系统。技术角色本质蜕变,AI从科研工具转化为工程师生产力组件。开源生态通过开放模型与工具链,构建全球开发者共创平台,催生大量衍生垂直领域专用模型,成为加速AI技术渗透与价值兑现的重要机制,推动AI向新型数字基础设施演进。总体而言,我国人工智能产业形态在主导设计雏形显现与工艺创新崛起的推动下,正加速向标准化、专业化方向发展,为实现规模经济奠定基础。
人工智能产业竞争格局呈现出开源与闭源双轨并行、互补共生的显著特征,这种生态结构既是A-U模型过渡阶段的典型表现,也是主导设计定型的关键演化环境,推动产业从零和博弈向协同进化跃迁。首先,双轨技术路径分化演进。闭源体系聚焦安全敏感型高附加值领域,通过私有技术构建性能壁垒,满足深度定制需求,并以封闭架构保障数据隐私与模型安全。开源生态依托社区协作驱动普惠创新,开放模型权重与训练框架显著降低技术门槛,赋能中小企业快速开发工具;开发者共创加速场景适配,形成高效迭代闭环;标准化接口设计促进技术生态的横向扩展。领先企业普遍采取分层开放策略,开源通用基座以赋能广泛创新并扩大影响力,同时保持核心模块闭源以维护商业主导权,实现双轨共生。
其次,企业策略深度适配生态位势。市场主体依据能力禀赋选择差异化路径。技术领先者采取闭源固本与开源拓边的核心策略,巩固核心业务技术壁垒与盈利能力,同时战略性开放部分模块至开源生态,吸引合作伙伴适配,扩大技术影响力与应用场景覆盖范围。生态参与者则基于开源基座开发垂直应用以降低研发风险,或为闭源系统提供兼容性模块获取技术红利。领先企业的开放生态吸引全球开发者共创,加速技术路径固化与事实标准形成,凸显其在主导设计演进中的关键作用。这种差异化策略最终塑造多层次的市场竞争格局,即闭源阵营聚焦并主导高端定制市场,开源生态广泛覆盖普惠型长尾需求,二者形成显著的互补性市场分割。
第三,共生机制驱动产业系统性升级。双轨体系通过能力互补加速技术渗透,其中闭源系统在关键场景率先验证前沿技术可行性,开源生态则快速将验证成熟的方案进行大规模复制推广。长期来看,这种共生关系催生稳态的产业分工,闭源体系持续深耕高价值领域,开源生态支撑基础技术普惠化,通过社区创新反哺产业升级。垂直深耕与水平扩展协同的模式,有效化解技术独占性与扩散性的内在矛盾,构成产业在主导设计定型期的核心创新动力系统,驱动产业向标准化阶段演进。综上所述,开源与闭源双轨共生下的动态均衡,正在重塑人工智能产业的竞争生态,为产业的协同进化提供强大动力。
历史经验表明,产业从流动阶段迈向特定阶段的关键过渡窗口期,是塑造长期格局、确立主导设计的战略机遇期,而当前我国人工智能产业正处于这一关键阶段。为探寻加速主导设计定型的可借鉴经验规律,本部分将聚焦历史上在类似过渡窗口期成功确立主导设计的典型案例,系统解构相关案例具体做法与经验,凝练普适性规律,为加速我国人工智能产业演进提供历史镜鉴。
在个人计算机产业的技术萌芽期,Wintel联盟通过技术轨道锁定与生态整合,成功确立全球主导地位。英特尔的x86架构凭借卓越兼容性与性能优势,迅速成为硬件市场事实标准;微软通过深度绑定操作系统与开发工具,构建强大软件生态壁垒。二者协同定义从硬件到操作系统的强路径依赖技术轨道,迫使后续参与者被动适配,早期掌握标准定义权,为其长期主导产业创新方向奠定基础。联盟在技术迭代过程中,始终强调新一代硬件对既有软件体系的向前兼容,有效降低用户迁移成本与技术更新阻力。这种技术演进与生态稳定的动态平衡机制,不仅巩固市场控制力,还显著降低产业升级社会成本。案例凸显了集中资源突破基础层核心瓶颈的重要性,借此可确立自主技术轨道,进而提升技术可行性与生产经济性。
在移动操作系统领域,安卓系统面对强大先发者封闭生态壁垒,凭借战略聚焦、生态聚合与动态平衡策略,实现后发破局。安卓选择差异化开源定位,重构竞争规则,避开与领先者在高端市场的正面交锋。通过开源授权模式,安卓大幅降低硬件厂商适配门槛,迅速吸引主流制造商接入,形成庞大规模化设备基础。将操作系统定位为基础设施化平台,安卓将竞争重心从技术独占转向生态规模,有效瓦解封闭系统排他性优势。
同时,安卓构建多层次动态治理体系。在核心控制层,保留关键闭源组件,维护商业主导权与安全可控性;在开放创新层,依托开源内核广泛吸引全球开发者贡献,形成高效“社区反馈-技术升级-应用扩展”迭代闭环;在兼容保障层,坚持新版本向下兼容低端设备,确保市场覆盖广度并避免生态割裂,持续整合前沿技术能力保障系统活力与先进性。
安卓系统成功经验为破解生态碎片化与标准化滞后困境提供实践范式,启示人工智能产业需构建“芯片-框架-应用”垂直整合技术创新联盟,建立强制性互操作技术兼容认证体系,打通创新链条;积极培育开源社区,形成政策引导与市场活力协同创新驱动生态;探索建立风险共担、收益共享产业协同平台,提升产业协同效率。
在通信产业主导设计竞争的关键窗口期,欧洲作为技术追赶者,通过政策统筹与全球规则输出战略,成功推动GSM技术方案“逆袭”成为全球通信主导设计。欧洲政府顶层设计强力介入,锚定技术发展路径。前期设立专项资金、组织产学研联合攻关,集中资源突破核心瓶颈,加速技术成熟度跨越关键阈值;后期通过欧盟行政指令强制成员国统一采用GSM标准,消除市场割裂风险。此举提供规模化应用场景验证技术可靠性,通过设备批量生产显著摊薄研发成本,形成“政策护航-技术迭代-成本优化”加速循环。为整合产业链并化解推广阻力,欧洲建立强制性协同体系,法规约束确保设备制造商、网络运营商与终端厂商全面兼容GSM协议,实现研发、生产与应用服务链条无缝衔接。引导共建测试认证平台分担标准推广成本,降低中小企业参与门槛,形成用户、运营商与设备商相互促进、良性互动生态正反馈闭环。
突破地域限制的国际规则输出成为GSM确立全球主导地位关键。欧洲通过外交谈判与贸易协定,将GSM标准条款嵌入与发展中国家合作框架,以市场准入换取技术采纳,同时利用国际电信联盟等平台将技术规范上升为全球基准,构建“技术渗透-规则固化-产业锁定”全球生态壁垒。欧洲GSM标准成功逆袭验证了过渡阶段主导设计最终定型是政策顶层设计、产业链强制协同与国际规则赋能等共同构成的系统工程。
历史经验表明,产业在关键窗口期实现升级与生态重塑,关键在于精准把握技术轨道锁定、生态整合、兼容平衡、规则主导等核心要素。首先,技术可行性是主导设计形成的先决条件。历史案例表明,在过渡窗口期集中资源攻克底层核心技术,可奠定技术轨道主导权。Wintel联盟通过x86架构与操作系统的深度绑定,构建强路径依赖的技术生态;欧洲GSM标准依托政策驱动的产学研联合攻关,突破通信协议核心瓶颈。对我国人工智能产业的启示在于:技术领先企业需主导如大模型框架、算力芯片等基础架构创新,通过高强度研发投入突破算力效率、算法泛化性等瓶颈;政府则需强化基础研究供给,设立专项资金支持前沿技术预研,避免产业陷入技术路径依赖风险。其可提升技术可行性,为三维耦合提供核心支撑。
其次,市场接受性与生产经济性的动态平衡是主导设计普及的关键。Wintel联盟通过硬件对软件的向前兼容性,显著降低用户迁移阻力;安卓系统坚持版本向下兼容低端设备,避免生态割裂。其共性在于:技术演进需兼顾既有系统兼容性与新范式推广效率。对我国人工智能产业的启示在于:企业需推动如“通用基座+垂直插件”的模块化解耦设计,确保新旧系统无缝衔接;政府可通过建立互操作认证体系强制技术兼容,降低中小企业接入门槛。借此,直接提升市场接受性,并间接优化生产经济性。
再次,竞争模式从零和博弈转向生态协同是过渡阶段的典型特征。安卓系统通过“核心闭源+外围开源”的分层治理,整合开发者创新与商业控制;GSM标准以政策强制产业链协同,实现研发生产全链路无缝衔接。其核心逻辑是:技术领先企业应主导生态联盟,如开放基座吸引开发者共创;技术追赶企业可依托开源工具降低研发风险;政府需培育开源社区与风险共担平台,促进“芯片-框架-应用”垂直整合。通过重构产业分工网络,加速技术渗透与成本优化,驱动生产经济性与市场接受性协同跃升。
第四,规则话语权是三维耦合成果转化为持久竞争力的枢纽。欧洲将GSM标准嵌入国际电信联盟规则,实现技术方案全球化;Wintel联盟通过早期标准定义权主导产业演进方向。其启示在于:政府需在顶层设计国际标准博弈策略,联合企业推动如多模态接口、安全标准等自主协议成为国际基准;企业应积极参与核心专利嵌入标准提案。同时,国内需加速构建安全评估与伦理治理国家标准,筑牢产业可信基线。此举措通过规则固化技术优势,为市场接受性提供制度保障。
基于对人工智能产业处于A-U模型过渡阶段的态势研判,借鉴历史案例所揭示的在类似窗口期加速主导设计定型的经验启示,立足当前我国人工智能产业发展面临的挑战,提出下述推进策略。
我国人工智能产业在技术层面遭遇算力成本和资源供应难题,高性能算力短缺使科研机构和企业研发受阻,高昂成本限制创新者使用,严重制约产业规模扩张。同时,技术路线碎片化也阻碍产业协同发展,导致数据难以流通、模型难以兼容,分散产业资源且降低整体效率。为破解此困局,一方面,需集中力量攻克算力瓶颈。技术领先企业需集中资源突破算力芯片能效比、大模型泛化能力等底层瓶颈,主导自主架构研发;技术追赶企业可聚焦轻量化推理、边缘计算等降本工艺,提升生产经济性。政府应加大对国产高性能芯片研发的支持力度,通过财政补贴、税收优惠等手段,引导企业与科研机构深度合作,加速芯片从实验室到量产的进程。优化算力资源调配,构建全国一体化的算力网络,提升算力资源的利用效率。另一方面,要前瞻性布局下一代人工智能技术轨道,加强对新架构与算法等的研究探索,避免对现有轨道的过度依赖,规避路径锁定风险。设立专项科研基金,鼓励校企联合开展前沿技术研究,建立技术预研机制,提前布局量子计算、空间智能等潜力技术,确保我国在人工智能技术发展中持续保有竞争力。
当前,我国人工智能产业生态存在开源与闭源生态割裂、协同不足的问题。开源生态在创新活力和应用推广方面具有显著优势,而闭源体系则在性能优化和高端定制领域表现出色。构建开放可控的产业生态,需平衡开源与闭源生态的关系,实现优势互补。技术领先企业应联合政府、主导推动“芯片-框架-应用”垂直整合,打造技术创新联盟,开放通用基座吸引开发者共创。技术追赶企业可依托开源工具开发垂直场景解决方案,降低研发风险。通过上述举措共同促进产业上下游企业间的技术兼容与协同发展。政府应推进强制性互操作技术兼容认证体系建设,打破技术壁垒,提升产业整体协同效率。引导企业参与开源社区建设,同时支持企业开展闭源技术研发,构建双生态共存、共荣的产业生态格局。培育开源社区,形成政策引导与市场活力协同创新驱动生态,探索建立风险共担、收益共享的产业协同平台,提升产业协同效率。加大资金与政策支持,助力开源社区发展,培育自主开源文化,打造具有国际影响力的开源项目。同时,鼓励企业加大在开源社区的投入,以开源之力汇聚全球智慧,加速技术创新与应用落地。
在国际竞争日益激烈的背景下,我国人工智能产业面临标准制定话语权不足、国际治理参与度有限等挑战。应积极参与国际标准制定,推动自主技术标准的国际化,提升我国在全球市场中的话语权和主导权。国际层面,要加强治理合作,与国际组织和其他国家共同探讨人工智能发展的伦理、法律和社会问题,构建公平、合理的国际治理规则。通过国际标准的制定与推广,提升我国人工智能产业的国际影响力,为企业“走出去”提供有力支持。借助国际治理合作,共同应对人工智能发展带来的全球性挑战,为产业发展营造良好的国际环境。积极参与国际学术交流与技术合作,提升我国在国际舞台上的“知名度”,吸引更多国际资源与合作机会,助力我国人工智能产业在全球竞争中脱颖而出。国内层面,应加速建立人工智能安全评估、伦理治理框架及数据标注、模型测试国家标准等,筑牢可信基线。借助“一带一路”场景战略性推进自主多模态接口协议、人机协同安全标准等共用共享。积极参与并主导国际人工智能治理组织关键议题设置。政企协同组建国际标准攻坚团队,推动国产核心专利嵌入国际标准提案。
本研究基于A-U过程创新模型,对我国人工智能产业创新演进的阶段态势与推进策略进行系统研判。研究发现,我国人工智能产业正处于从流动阶段向过渡阶段跃迁的关键期,表现为技术演进、产业形态与竞争生态均呈现演进中的过渡阶段特征。通过剖析典型历史案例,凝练出技术聚焦、兼容平衡、生态协同与规则主导等四维制胜法则。结合我国人工智能产业发展面临的算力成本高、标准化滞后、生态治理机制不健全等核心挑战,提出涵盖技术攻坚、生态构建与规则博弈的适应性推进策略体系,旨在突破过渡阶段关键瓶颈,推动我国人工智能产业跨越发展,构建自主可控、具有全球影响力的人工智能产业生态。
  • 国家数据局2025年重大课题(SJ-kj2025003)
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(24YJC630186)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240797)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2025-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-18
  • 修回日期:2025-09-16
基金
国家数据局2025年重大课题(SJ-kj2025003)
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(24YJC630186)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240797)
作者信息
    1 北京理工大学(珠海), 广东珠海 519088
    2 清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院, 北京 100084
    3 清华大学中国科技政策研究中心, 北京 100084

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梁正(1975-),男,教授,博士。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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