Article(id=1315693727088231357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757347200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-09, revisedDate=1765814400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791615428945, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1791993600000, pubDateStr=2026-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791615428945, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791615428945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791615428945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315693724970103290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='2017', pageEnd='2240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791993600000', pubDateStr='2026-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791615428440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791615454688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315693835188031767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315693724970103290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2038, endPage=2049, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315693727667045310, articleId=1315693727088231357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Can technical standards alleviate the "rat race" competition of enterprises?, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The increasing rigidity of costs and technological leaps have led to the growing prominence of "rat race" competition in the manufacturing sector. The gradual improvement of technical standards has put forward new requirements for the development of the manufacturing industry and has raised the question of what impact they have on "rat race" competition, which is the focus of this study. Based on the data of Chinese A-share listed manufacturing enterprises from 2011 to 2023, this study empirically analyzed the impact of technical standards on "rat race" competition and its underlying mechanism. The empirical results show that technical standards can alleviate "rat race" competition, and the effect is more significant in alleviating product homogeneity-driven "rat race" competition. In terms of the mechanism of action, technical standards mainly alleviate "rat race" competition by promoting technological innovation and enhancing human capital. In terms of the moderating mechanism, the fair competition review system, by breaking down administrative monopolies and local protection, enhances the inhibitory effect of technical standards on "rat race" competition. Intellectual property protection, by reducing the property rights risks in the implementation of technical standards, encourages enterprises to transform common technologies into competitive advantages, thereby alleviating "rat race" competition. In terms of heterogeneity tests, the impact of technical standards on "intra-industry" competition varies asymmetrically due to industry nature and regional characteristics. On the one hand, the improvement of technical standards can only slightly alleviate the overcapacity-driven "rat race" competition of enterprises in the eastern region and non-high-tech enterprises. On the other hand, technical standards can alleviate the product homogeneity-driven "rat race" competition of high-tech enterprises and enterprises located in both the eastern and western regions. The marginal contributions of this study mainly involve three aspects. First, it focuses on the "rat race" behavior at the enterprise level and, based on the manifestations and formation logic of "rat race" competition, innovatively divides it into overcapacity-driven and product homogeneity-driven types, providing a clear analytical framework for understanding the composition and connotation of enterprise "rat race" competition. Second, from the perspective of "rat race" competition, it is the first to verify the micro-governance effect of the macro technical standard system, providing direct empirical evidence for the government to use regulatory policies to solve the problems of overcapacity and product homogeneity. Third, it incorporates technological innovation and human capital into the research framework of technical standards and "rat race" competition, and introduces the fair competition review system and intellectual property protection as moderating variables to systematically analyze the impact mechanism and boundary conditions of technical standards on "rat race" competition. This not only fills the gap in existing research but also provides a reference for enterprises to find effective paths to break the "intra-industry" competition dilemma. The research results provide new solutions for enterprises to alleviate "rat race" competition and for government and other relevant departments to optimize policy design. For enterprises, they should not only actively embrace the standard strategy, treating the adoption, participation, and even the leading formulation of technical standards as an important competitive strategy, but also simultaneously increase R&D and innovation, focus on core technologies, and attach importance to continuously improving the knowledge structure and skill levels of employees through recruitment, training, and incentive mechanisms, making human capital a key force in supporting the implementation and surpassing of standards. For the government, it is necessary to vigorously build an institutional environment that supports technological development, taking technological standards as the main handle of industrial and innovation policies. It should proactively plan and promote advanced technological standards in key national areas, guide the effective allocation of resources, accelerate industry integration and upgrading, and avoid disorderly internal competition. It is also essential to strengthen the rigid constraints of the fair competition review system to prevent technological standards from being improperly used to cause market monopolies or regional blockades, and ensure the openness, non-discrimination and fairness of standards. At the same time, it is necessary to improve and strictly enforce intellectual property protection, increase the cost of infringement, and effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of innovators and essential patent holders.

, authors=Yong-bo SUN, Lan LUO, Feng-qin WANG, authorsList=Yong-bo SUN, Lan LUO, Feng-qin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng-qin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315693728635929535, articleId=1315693727088231357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=技术标准能否缓解企业“内卷式”竞争?, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

成本刚性上升和技术跃迁导致“内卷式”竞争在制造业行业愈加突出,技术标准的逐步完善对制造业发展提出新的要求,对其“内卷式”竞争产生何种影响是本研究的重点。基于2011-2023年中国A股制造业上市企业数据,实证分析技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响及其内在机制。研究发现:技术标准能够缓解企业“内卷式”竞争,并且技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响具有科技属性和区域异质性;在作用机制方面,技术标准通过提高技术创新和人力资本缓解企业“内卷式”竞争;公平竞争审查制度和知识产权保护能够强化技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的抑制效果。研究结果为企业缓解“内卷式”竞争、政府等相关部门优化政策设计提供新的解决路径。

, authors=孙永波, 罗兰, 王凤芹, authorsList=孙永波, 罗兰, 王凤芹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王凤芹, authorNote=

孙永波(1970-),男,教授,博士。

罗兰(1998-),女,博士研究生。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王凤芹(1997-),女,博士研究生,E-mail: 。
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Descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max Median Vif
Cpt Oc 10179 0.6655 0.0795 0.0575 0.8840 0.6692 -
Cpt Ph 10179 0.0829 0.0974 0.0011 0.5474 0.0467 1.30
Std 10179 7.8102 0.8496 4.6250 9.3076 7.9735 1.23
Age 10179 2.9193 0.3419 1.3863 3.6376 2.9957 1.16
Lev 10179 0.4003 0.1851 0.0319 0.9242 0.3987 1.16
Indep 10179 0.3745 0.0541 0.2857 0.5714 0.3333 1.01
Dual 10179 0.2557 0.4363 0 1 0 1.03
Cash 10179 0.0543 0.0632 -0.1733 0.2723 0.0503 1.10
Top10 10179 0.5464 0.1471 0.1988 0.9029 0.5425 1.11
Fixed 10179 0.2341 0.1365 0.0002 0.8081 0.2079 1.16
), ArticleFig(id=1315693732272391131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max Median Vif
Cpt Oc 10179 0.6655 0.0795 0.0575 0.8840 0.6692 -
Cpt Ph 10179 0.0829 0.0974 0.0011 0.5474 0.0467 1.30
Std 10179 7.8102 0.8496 4.6250 9.3076 7.9735 1.23
Age 10179 2.9193 0.3419 1.3863 3.6376 2.9957 1.16
Lev 10179 0.4003 0.1851 0.0319 0.9242 0.3987 1.16
Indep 10179 0.3745 0.0541 0.2857 0.5714 0.3333 1.01
Dual 10179 0.2557 0.4363 0 1 0 1.03
Cash 10179 0.0543 0.0632 -0.1733 0.2723 0.0503 1.10
Top10 10179 0.5464 0.1471 0.1988 0.9029 0.5425 1.11
Fixed 10179 0.2341 0.1365 0.0002 0.8081 0.2079 1.16
), ArticleFig(id=1315693732440163292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Benchmark regression results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
Cpt_Oc Cpt_Oc Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Ph Cpt_Ph
Std 0.0041*** 0.0049*** 0.0046* -0.0424*** -0.0426*** -0.0285***
(4.4600) (5.3940) (1.9162) (-40.1500) (-41.6294) (-15.0093)
Age 0.0194*** 0.0200*** 0.0138*** 0.0002
(8.2768) (2.7980) (5.1950) (0.0435)
Lev 0.0810*** -0.0031 -0.0864*** -0.0008
(18.9723) (-0.6218) (-17.8053) (-0.2057)
Indep -0.0320** 0.0146 0.0359** 0.0066
(-2.3040) (1.1673) (2.2730) (0.6670)
Dual -0.0107*** -0.0005 0.0071*** 0.0010
(-6.1446) (-0.3009) (3.6226) (0.8693)
Cash 0.2648*** 0.1782*** 0.1054*** -0.0285***
(21.4551) (20.5249) (7.5157) (-4.1184)
Top10 0.0491*** -0.0204*** -0.0093 0.0155***
(9.1629) (-3.1071) (-1.5193) (2.9787)
Fixed 0.0062 -0.0019 -0.1589*** 0.0291***
(1.0798) (-0.2870) (-24.4476) (5.3819)
_cons 0.6332*** 0.5105*** 0.5894*** 0.4140*** 0.4312*** 0.2727***
(87.0288) (43.3265) (21.7031) (49.9012) (32.1966) (12.6174)
个体固定 No No Yes No No Yes
时间固定 No No Yes No No Yes
N 10179 10179 10179 10179 10179 10179
adj. R2 0.002 0.102 0.008 0.137 0.228 -0.013
), ArticleFig(id=1315693732578575325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基准回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
Cpt_Oc Cpt_Oc Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Ph Cpt_Ph
Std 0.0041*** 0.0049*** 0.0046* -0.0424*** -0.0426*** -0.0285***
(4.4600) (5.3940) (1.9162) (-40.1500) (-41.6294) (-15.0093)
Age 0.0194*** 0.0200*** 0.0138*** 0.0002
(8.2768) (2.7980) (5.1950) (0.0435)
Lev 0.0810*** -0.0031 -0.0864*** -0.0008
(18.9723) (-0.6218) (-17.8053) (-0.2057)
Indep -0.0320** 0.0146 0.0359** 0.0066
(-2.3040) (1.1673) (2.2730) (0.6670)
Dual -0.0107*** -0.0005 0.0071*** 0.0010
(-6.1446) (-0.3009) (3.6226) (0.8693)
Cash 0.2648*** 0.1782*** 0.1054*** -0.0285***
(21.4551) (20.5249) (7.5157) (-4.1184)
Top10 0.0491*** -0.0204*** -0.0093 0.0155***
(9.1629) (-3.1071) (-1.5193) (2.9787)
Fixed 0.0062 -0.0019 -0.1589*** 0.0291***
(1.0798) (-0.2870) (-24.4476) (5.3819)
_cons 0.6332*** 0.5105*** 0.5894*** 0.4140*** 0.4312*** 0.2727***
(87.0288) (43.3265) (21.7031) (49.9012) (32.1966) (12.6174)
个体固定 No No Yes No No Yes
时间固定 No No Yes No No Yes
N 10179 10179 10179 10179 10179 10179
adj. R2 0.002 0.102 0.008 0.137 0.228 -0.013
), ArticleFig(id=1315693732708598750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regression results of robustness test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
Cpt_Oc1 Cpt_Ph1 Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph
Std 0.0159* -0.0300*** 0.0081** -0.0393*** 0.0050*** -0.0316***
(1.7622) (-13.8110) (2.5709) (-15.8487) (2.7342) (-18.6194)
_cons 0.3553*** 0.3757*** 0.5576*** 0.3676*** 0.5617*** 0.3016***
(3.4714) (15.1726) (15.7577) (13.1380) (25.6568) (15.1377)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 10179 10179 8613 8613 10179 10179
adj. R2 0.018 0.053 0.001 -0.020 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1315693732826039263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

稳健性检验回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
Cpt_Oc1 Cpt_Ph1 Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph
Std 0.0159* -0.0300*** 0.0081** -0.0393*** 0.0050*** -0.0316***
(1.7622) (-13.8110) (2.5709) (-15.8487) (2.7342) (-18.6194)
_cons 0.3553*** 0.3757*** 0.5576*** 0.3676*** 0.5617*** 0.3016***
(3.4714) (15.1726) (15.7577) (13.1380) (25.6568) (15.1377)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 10179 10179 8613 8613 10179 10179
adj. R2 0.018 0.053 0.001 -0.020 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1315693732989617120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Endogeneity test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
第一阶段 第二阶段 第二阶段 Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph
Sth Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph
Std_IV 0.5289*** 0.0058** -0.0226***
(79.7229) (2.3780) (-11.7602)
Std 0.0109** -0.0427***
(2.3782) (-11.8014)
_cons 3.7735*** 0.5179*** 0.4061*** 0.5684*** 0.2381***
(39.4085) (11.0417) (10.9941) (18.6006) (9.8594)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 9,396 9,396 9,396 9,396 9,396
相关性检验 6355.74 - - - -
不可识别检验 3661.74 [0.000] - - - -
弱工具变量检验 6355.74{16.38} - - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1315693733119640545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

内生性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
第一阶段 第二阶段 第二阶段 Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph
Sth Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph
Std_IV 0.5289*** 0.0058** -0.0226***
(79.7229) (2.3780) (-11.7602)
Std 0.0109** -0.0427***
(2.3782) (-11.8014)
_cons 3.7735*** 0.5179*** 0.4061*** 0.5684*** 0.2381***
(39.4085) (11.0417) (10.9941) (18.6006) (9.8594)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 9,396 9,396 9,396 9,396 9,396
相关性检验 6355.74 - - - -
不可识别检验 3661.74 [0.000] - - - -
弱工具变量检验 6355.74{16.38} - - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1315693733337744354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Regression results of intermediary model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable 技术创新 人力资本
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Patent RD Effect Per Staff
Std 0.2287*** 0.1114*** 0.0105*** 0.0096** 0.0010***
(4.9096) (3.0902) (4.0886) (2.1675) (3.5312)
_cons 0.0144*** 0.2118*** 0.3130*** 4.6932*** -0.0039
(4.0626) (3.7905) (20.4809) (23.4029) (-1.1661)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 10179 10141 10141 10103 10179
adj. R2 0.190 0.419 0.115 -0.034 -0.023
), ArticleFig(id=1315693733446796259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

中介模型回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable 技术创新 人力资本
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Patent RD Effect Per Staff
Std 0.2287*** 0.1114*** 0.0105*** 0.0096** 0.0010***
(4.9096) (3.0902) (4.0886) (2.1675) (3.5312)
_cons 0.0144*** 0.2118*** 0.3130*** 4.6932*** -0.0039
(4.0626) (3.7905) (20.4809) (23.4029) (-1.1661)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 10179 10141 10141 10103 10179
adj. R2 0.190 0.419 0.115 -0.034 -0.023
), ArticleFig(id=1315693733627151332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Regression results of the moderation model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable M1 M2 M3 M4
Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph
Std 0.0045* -0.0284*** 0.0050** -0.0295***
(1.8986) (-14.9661) (2.1023) (-15.5372)
Treat×Post -0.0053*** 0.0021
(-3.0171) (1.4986)
Std×Treat×Post 0.0035* -0.0038**
(1.6761) (-2.2555)
Ipp 0.0719 0.0643
(1.3826) (1.5588)
Std×Ipp 0.0640** -0.2055***
(2.1143) (-8.5619)
_cons 0.5835*** 0.2753*** 0.5859*** 0.2778***
(21.4470) (12.7134) (21.5590) (12.8863)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 10179 10179 10179 10179
adj. R2 0.009 -0.012 0.009 -0.005
), ArticleFig(id=1315693733765563365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

调节模型回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable M1 M2 M3 M4
Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph
Std 0.0045* -0.0284*** 0.0050** -0.0295***
(1.8986) (-14.9661) (2.1023) (-15.5372)
Treat×Post -0.0053*** 0.0021
(-3.0171) (1.4986)
Std×Treat×Post 0.0035* -0.0038**
(1.6761) (-2.2555)
Ipp 0.0719 0.0643
(1.3826) (1.5588)
Std×Ipp 0.0640** -0.2055***
(2.1143) (-8.5619)
_cons 0.5835*** 0.2753*** 0.5859*** 0.2778***
(21.4470) (12.7134) (21.5590) (12.8863)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 10179 10179 10179 10179
adj. R2 0.009 -0.012 0.009 -0.005
), ArticleFig(id=1315693733916558310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable 高新技术企业 非高新技术企业 高新技术企业 非高新技术企业
M1 M2 M3 M4
Cpt_Oc Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Ph
Std -0.0022 0.0284*** -0.0491*** 0.0076
(-0.6410) (4.5782) (-18.2732) (1.5977)
_cons 0.6196*** 0.4754*** 0.4617*** -0.1314***
(17.6144) (8.2115) (16.6174) (-2.9690)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 7929 2250 7929 2250
adj. R2 0.005 0.085 -0.001 0.045
), ArticleFig(id=1315693734092719079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

异质性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable 高新技术企业 非高新技术企业 高新技术企业 非高新技术企业
M1 M2 M3 M4
Cpt_Oc Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Ph
Std -0.0022 0.0284*** -0.0491*** 0.0076
(-0.6410) (4.5782) (-18.2732) (1.5977)
_cons 0.6196*** 0.4754*** 0.4617*** -0.1314***
(17.6144) (8.2115) (16.6174) (-2.9690)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 7929 2250 7929 2250
adj. R2 0.005 0.085 -0.001 0.045
), ArticleFig(id=1315693734176605160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable 东部 中西部 东部 中西部
M1 M2 M3 M4
Cpt_Oc Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Ph
Std 0.0095*** -0.0030 -0.0302*** -0.0247***
(3.1468) (-0.7668) (-12.1957) (-8.4141)
_cons 0.5289*** 0.6968*** 0.2806*** 0.2619***
(16.5771) (12.7162) (10.7519) (6.3728)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 6903 3276 6903 3276
adj. R2 -0.000 0.039 -0.016 0.013
), ArticleFig(id=1315693734306628585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315693727088231357, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

异质性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable 东部 中西部 东部 中西部
M1 M2 M3 M4
Cpt_Oc Cpt_Oc Cpt_Ph Cpt_Ph
Std 0.0095*** -0.0030 -0.0302*** -0.0247***
(3.1468) (-0.7668) (-12.1957) (-8.4141)
_cons 0.5289*** 0.6968*** 0.2806*** 0.2619***
(16.5771) (12.7162) (10.7519) (6.3728)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
个体固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
时间固定 Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 6903 3276 6903 3276
adj. R2 -0.000 0.039 -0.016 0.013
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技术标准能否缓解企业“内卷式”竞争?
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孙永波 , 罗兰 , 王凤芹
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(10): 2038-2049
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科学学研究 |热点议题 2026 , 44 (10) : 2038 -2049
技术标准能否缓解企业“内卷式”竞争?
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孙永波, 罗兰, 王凤芹
作者信息
  • 北京工商大学商学院, 北京 100048
通讯作者:
王凤芹(1997-),女,博士研究生,E-mail: 。
作者简介:

孙永波(1970-),男,教授,博士。

罗兰(1998-),女,博士研究生。

Can technical standards alleviate the "rat race" competition of enterprises?
Yong-bo SUN, Lan LUO, Feng-qin WANG
Affiliations
  • Business School, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2026-10-15
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成本刚性上升和技术跃迁导致“内卷式”竞争在制造业行业愈加突出,技术标准的逐步完善对制造业发展提出新的要求,对其“内卷式”竞争产生何种影响是本研究的重点。基于2011-2023年中国A股制造业上市企业数据,实证分析技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响及其内在机制。研究发现:技术标准能够缓解企业“内卷式”竞争,并且技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响具有科技属性和区域异质性;在作用机制方面,技术标准通过提高技术创新和人力资本缓解企业“内卷式”竞争;公平竞争审查制度和知识产权保护能够强化技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的抑制效果。研究结果为企业缓解“内卷式”竞争、政府等相关部门优化政策设计提供新的解决路径。

技术标准  /  “内卷式”竞争  /  产能利用  /  产品差异化

The increasing rigidity of costs and technological leaps have led to the growing prominence of "rat race" competition in the manufacturing sector. The gradual improvement of technical standards has put forward new requirements for the development of the manufacturing industry and has raised the question of what impact they have on "rat race" competition, which is the focus of this study. Based on the data of Chinese A-share listed manufacturing enterprises from 2011 to 2023, this study empirically analyzed the impact of technical standards on "rat race" competition and its underlying mechanism. The empirical results show that technical standards can alleviate "rat race" competition, and the effect is more significant in alleviating product homogeneity-driven "rat race" competition. In terms of the mechanism of action, technical standards mainly alleviate "rat race" competition by promoting technological innovation and enhancing human capital. In terms of the moderating mechanism, the fair competition review system, by breaking down administrative monopolies and local protection, enhances the inhibitory effect of technical standards on "rat race" competition. Intellectual property protection, by reducing the property rights risks in the implementation of technical standards, encourages enterprises to transform common technologies into competitive advantages, thereby alleviating "rat race" competition. In terms of heterogeneity tests, the impact of technical standards on "intra-industry" competition varies asymmetrically due to industry nature and regional characteristics. On the one hand, the improvement of technical standards can only slightly alleviate the overcapacity-driven "rat race" competition of enterprises in the eastern region and non-high-tech enterprises. On the other hand, technical standards can alleviate the product homogeneity-driven "rat race" competition of high-tech enterprises and enterprises located in both the eastern and western regions. The marginal contributions of this study mainly involve three aspects. First, it focuses on the "rat race" behavior at the enterprise level and, based on the manifestations and formation logic of "rat race" competition, innovatively divides it into overcapacity-driven and product homogeneity-driven types, providing a clear analytical framework for understanding the composition and connotation of enterprise "rat race" competition. Second, from the perspective of "rat race" competition, it is the first to verify the micro-governance effect of the macro technical standard system, providing direct empirical evidence for the government to use regulatory policies to solve the problems of overcapacity and product homogeneity. Third, it incorporates technological innovation and human capital into the research framework of technical standards and "rat race" competition, and introduces the fair competition review system and intellectual property protection as moderating variables to systematically analyze the impact mechanism and boundary conditions of technical standards on "rat race" competition. This not only fills the gap in existing research but also provides a reference for enterprises to find effective paths to break the "intra-industry" competition dilemma. The research results provide new solutions for enterprises to alleviate "rat race" competition and for government and other relevant departments to optimize policy design. For enterprises, they should not only actively embrace the standard strategy, treating the adoption, participation, and even the leading formulation of technical standards as an important competitive strategy, but also simultaneously increase R&D and innovation, focus on core technologies, and attach importance to continuously improving the knowledge structure and skill levels of employees through recruitment, training, and incentive mechanisms, making human capital a key force in supporting the implementation and surpassing of standards. For the government, it is necessary to vigorously build an institutional environment that supports technological development, taking technological standards as the main handle of industrial and innovation policies. It should proactively plan and promote advanced technological standards in key national areas, guide the effective allocation of resources, accelerate industry integration and upgrading, and avoid disorderly internal competition. It is also essential to strengthen the rigid constraints of the fair competition review system to prevent technological standards from being improperly used to cause market monopolies or regional blockades, and ensure the openness, non-discrimination and fairness of standards. At the same time, it is necessary to improve and strictly enforce intellectual property protection, increase the cost of infringement, and effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of innovators and essential patent holders.

technical standards  /  "rat race" competition  /  capacity utilization  /  product differentiation
孙永波, 罗兰, 王凤芹. 技术标准能否缓解企业“内卷式”竞争?. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2038 -2049 .
Yong-bo SUN, Lan LUO, Feng-qin WANG. Can technical standards alleviate the "rat race" competition of enterprises?[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (10) : 2038 -2049 .
经济环境的日益复杂和技术的快速发展,导致“内卷式”竞争现象在制造业愈演愈烈。企业为抢占市场竞相压价,不惜牺牲配套服务与产品质量,造成资源投入与产出回报严重背离,最终只能以更低的价格和更差的服务应对疲软的市场,这种扭曲的竞争形态持续强化,对推进我国经济高质量发展构成潜在威胁。习近平总书记明确指出要深化要素市场化配置改革,主动破除“内卷式”竞争。党的二十大报告也提出“要构建全国统一大市场,深化要素市场化改革,建设高标准市场体系”。《国家标准化发展纲要》亦强调要“加快构建推动高质量发展的标准体系、加强标准化人才队伍建设,助力高技术创新,促进高水平开放,引领高质量发展”。技术标准作为重塑竞争秩序的基础性制度,为破除“内卷式”竞争提供了方向指引。
既有研究指出市场准入壁垒、竞争法规滞后性以及央地政策执行偏差[1]共同构成内卷化演进的制度基础,供需结构性失衡、国际循环受阻和资源禀赋约束[2]是引发内卷的市场诱因,低质价格战与模仿同质化、减少人力资本投入和创新投入等[3]是企业应对内卷的战略决策。由此可知,内卷化是制度、市场与个体行为互动的复杂结果。这也意味着,治理的关键在于引入一个能系统性影响上述多因素的联动机制,技术标准凭借其固有的约束性和引导性[4],能够减少政策执行的不确定性,改变企业进行短期博弈的成本收益预期,推动竞争范式从规模扩张转向以质取胜的可持续发展轨道。
基于此,本文围绕技术标准是否以及如何影响企业“内卷式”竞争展开研究,可能存在的边际贡献有:第一,将“内卷”这一行为表现聚焦到企业层面,并根据企业“内卷式”竞争的表现和形成逻辑,创新性地将其划分成产能过剩型与产品同质化型,为理解企业内卷的构成与内涵提供清晰的分析框架;第二,基于企业“内卷式”竞争视角,率先验证宏观技术标准制度的微观治理效应,为政府运用规范性政策解决产能过剩和产品同质化问题提供直接的经验证据;第三,将技术创新和人力资本纳入技术标准和企业“内卷式”竞争的研究框架中,并引入公平竞争审查制度和知识产权保护作为调节变量。通过系统性地分析技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响机制和边界条件,不仅弥补现有研究的空白,且为企业寻找破解内卷困境的有效路径提供参考。
“内卷”一词最早是由德国哲学家康德提出,用于研究人类社会制度演化过程中系统内部不断精细复杂化却无实质性进展的状态[5]。之后,黄宗智[6]将“内卷化”一词延伸至经济领域,将内卷与经济竞争联系起来,用以刻画企业或行业持续增加资源投入但边际效益递减的恶性竞争现象。
企业“内卷式”竞争主要表现为同质化、极端化、长期性。具体而言:产品服务的高度同质化,企业倾向于在非核心领域展开粗放型重复性建设[3];价格策略的极端化,部分企业通过价格战挤压竞争对手生存空间,而非通过质量或技术优势实现市场优胜劣汰;低价竞争的长期性,为维持市场份额,企业采取缩减成本、降低产品质量等方式,形成低价竞争优势,而竞争对手的跟进行为则使整个行业陷入“降价-降质量”的长期恶性循环。由此可知,企业“内卷式”竞争是指在市场需求增长受限的背景下,企业采取低收益竞争策略,导致资源结构性错配和价值创造效率衰减,最终形成难以退出的低效率路径依赖发展模式。
企业“内卷式”竞争的演化过程受资源配置逻辑与竞争维度选择的双重影响[5]。当企业资源过度集中于规模扩张时,将造成供给能力与市场需求的结构性失衡;而当竞争聚焦于参数比拼时,则引致企业差异化能力减弱。这一分化过程催生出企业“内卷式”竞争的两种典型形态——产能过剩型与产品同质化型。产能过剩型“内卷式”竞争的本质是企业基于规模效应摊薄成本的投资逻辑,在政策套利驱动下,形成产能投放持续超越市场需求弹性的格局。产品同质化型“内卷式”竞争则源于行业技术路线趋同和质量标准执行松散,迫使企业陷入低水平创新陷阱,竞争表现为参数层面的“内卷式”改良。
技术标准作为一种新型的技术进步因素,能够对企业“内卷式”竞争产生重要影响。针对产品同质化型“内卷式”竞争,技术标准通过提升生产效率和重构创新基础遏止内卷深化。一方面,技术标准形成的通用语言和规范化程序能够显著降低沟通摩擦[4],为企业实现柔性化生产、智能化制造和精益化管理提供技术基础,推动企业实现自动调整并在一定范围内实现多种工作的成批高效生产,抑制低质量生产引起的资源错配。另一方面,技术标准通过提供明确的技术参数规范和市场偏好信息,显著降低企业在创新方向选择上的不确定性[7],引导企业将研发资源集中于符合标准框架的差异化创新领域,同时流程规范化与操作模块化释放的运营冗余形成可再配置的财务资源,部分转化为企业研发资本投入,双路径协同破解“创新方向缺失”与“创新资本约束”并存的困局,最大限度地弱化低价同质化竞争。
针对产能过剩型“内卷式”竞争,技术标准能够弥补市场机制缺陷。在国内市场,行业门槛太低或被行政力量低成本干预是导致企业“内卷式”竞争的重要原因。在有限的市场中,低效企业退出效率低[5],行业内企业达不到规模经济要求,引发恶性价格战。技术标准的强制性和动态升级能够强化市场筛选机制,迫使生产效率较低的企业退出市场和压缩行政干预空间。在国际市场,技术标准互认机制通过制度兼容性消解技术性贸易壁垒,降低产品重复认证成本和技术协调成本,缩短市场准入周期,显著提升产品出口率,实现过剩产能分流,进而缓解产能过剩型“内卷式”竞争。
然而,技术标准的治理效能存在制度性约束,若制度设计失衡,有可能使企业在“内卷式”竞争中陷入被动。技术标准的强制性和权威性可能过早地锁定技术发展路径,某些并不出色的技术长期占据主导地位,先进技术无法取代旧技术,导致用户长期停留在落后技术上,由此带来的路径依赖限制企业只能在既定框架内进行技术改良。最终企业因无法实现技术突破而被迫陷入同质化的价格战,形成边际效益递减的内卷循环。另外,标准制定过程中形成的技术门槛和合规成本,可能异化成市场准入的过滤机制。中小企业因难以满足标准化认证要求,被迫退出核心竞争领域[8],造成技术资源向头部企业过度集中,进一步加剧资源错配。经过上述分析,本文提出以下假设:
H1a:技术标准能够缓解企业“内卷式”竞争。
H1b:技术标准能够加剧企业“内卷式”竞争。
技术标准加强标准化人才队伍建设,助力高技术创新,引领企业高质量发展。企业“内卷式”竞争反映企业在创新方面的困境,即无法通过技术迭代打造新的利润增长点,以满足企业对市场规模扩张的需求。技术创新的正向拉动作用,能够缓解企业“内卷式”竞争。首先,技术标准能够提高企业创新投入。技术标准的统一性和开源性可以减少企业融入创新生态系统的初始搜索成本和匹配成本,将有更多资源用于研发投入中,避免企业因对研发和高技术的生产力投入不足而削弱自身竞争优势的局面。其次,技术标准提高企业的创新效率。技术标准的公共外部性,形成知识溢出效应。企业能够更广泛了解到现有技术的发展程度[9],获取更多先进的科学技术和生产经验等隐性知识,降低研发试错成本,提高企业研发效率。最后,技术标准能提高创新产出。技术标准的网络外部性可以反映现有市场需求信息,利于企业快速识别消费者需求,降低市场信息搜寻成本,提高企业创新产品产出。基于以上分析,本文提出以下假设:
H2:技术标准促进技术创新,进而缓解企业“内卷式”竞争。
技术标准承载大量的技术知识存量信息、消费者功能需求信息等资源[10],为企业带来许多隐性知识,其溢出效用促使企业加强标准化人力资本。技术标准传达的市场讯息以及有关产品技术的发展方向和质量要求,使得管理层知晓行业目前的发展局面,通过对目前企业“内卷式”竞争形势进行研判,找到合适的市场定位,例如服务于高端消费人群,实施高质量、高附加价值的品牌战略,在这个过程中,提升高管的市场分析和战略决策能力。技术标准通过提高工作标准,对员工的知识和技能提出更高的要求[11],促使员工掌握标准知识、相关政策和程序,提高企业员工的整体素质。同时,通过对产品进行质量认证标准的学习和引用,可以推动企业建立先进的管理机制和理念,提升员工的标准意识,降低产品生产的废品率,并促进员工间相互交流,增强员工的干中学能力。基于以上分析,本文提出以下假设:
H3:技术标准提升人力资本,进而缓解企业“内卷式”竞争。
现代市场经济体制的健康发展离不开市场的公平竞争。作为一种规制政府干预行为的规范约束框架,公平竞争审查制度通过消除市场分割和行政垄断[12],重塑技术标准设定与执行的制度环境,确保其严格遵循市场导向原则与竞争中性逻辑。在该制度作用下,技术标准的全国统一适用性显著提升,有效压缩地方政府将技术标准异化为政策套利的操纵空间,尤其抑制因短期政绩压力和风险规避态度衍生的地方保护主义,即避免出现所有制歧视或区域限制的行为。更重要的是,公平竞争审查制度严禁通过税收优惠、补贴倾斜等政策,给予特定企业成本优势和便利条件,进一步强化市场机制在资源配置中的“优胜劣汰”作用,使得企业必须依靠自身的核心竞争力在市场中立足。公平竞争审查制度保障各类市场主体平等参与市场竞争,有效提升企业依据统一技术标准进行实质性创新以获取竞争优势,系统性缓解产能过剩与产品同质化并存的“内卷式”竞争压力。基于以上分析,本文提出以下假设:
H4:公平竞争审查制度强化技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响。
在激烈的“内卷式”竞争环境中,技术标准的外部性可能会加剧企业技术路径趋同,诱发部分企业采取模仿或窃取等不正当竞争手段。此时,知识产权保护制度设置的惩罚性赔偿规则阻断技术的无偿获取,将侵权成本提高至超过潜在收益的临界点[13],迫使模仿者面临法律风险大于套利收益的决策困境,显著抑制其模仿窃取、拖延谈判等机会主义行为,从而削弱技术标准可能引发的同质化竞争倾向。对于创新主体而言,知识产权保护制度通过保护自主创新企业的专利,确保企业遵循技术标准所研发的新产品和新商业模式的前期支出能得到有效收益,进而鼓励其将后续资源继续投入实际创新而非防御性模仿,最终强化技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的治理效果。基于以上分析,本文提出以下假设:
H5:知识产权保护强化技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响。
本文选取2011-2023年中国A股制造业上市企业为研究对象,实证分析技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响及作用机制。相关数据主要来源于国家标准全文公开系统、《中国科技统计年鉴》《中国统计年鉴》和国泰安数据库。为保证研究结论的可靠性,参照以往研究[12],剔除以下情况的企业:ST和*ST企业、研究期间退市的企业、关键变量缺失值过多的企业。针对少量缺失数据采用线性插值法进行补充。为减少极端异常值的影响,对所有连续变量进行上下1%的缩尾处理。
(1)被解释变量
产能过剩型“内卷式”竞争(Cpt_Oc):参考李雪松等[14]的研究,使用随机前沿生产函数法,将实际产出与前沿产出的比值来衡量企业的产能利用率。当产能利用率处于较高水平时,企业各种资产得到充分利用,单位生产要素投入能产生较高的收入;反之则说明企业大量生产资源被限制,实际产出远低于设计产能,致使营业收入无法匹配庞大的资产规模。因此,该比值越低,企业产能过剩问题越严重,产能过剩型“内卷式”竞争越激烈。
产品同质化型“内卷式”竞争(Cpt_Ph):参考肖作平[15]的研究,选用销售费用率来衡量企业的产品差异化,即销售费用与营业收入的比值。差异化产品因具备独特性,通常需要更少的营销投入即可吸引目标客户;反之,同质化产品因缺乏辨识度,企业被迫依赖价格战或广告轰炸争夺市场,进而销售费用增加。因此,该比值越高,企业同质化程度越严重,产品同质型“内卷式”竞争越激烈。
(2)解释变量
技术标准(Std)。本文借鉴Blind等[16]的做法,选用各行业的国家标准存量来表征技术标准。在收集整理过程中结合企业所在行业、主营业务等因素,对所属标准进行合理分类和取舍,具体过程如下:①利用Python爬取国家标准全文公开系统,搜集2011-2023年全部的有效中国国家标准信息,包括标准名称、类别、状态、发布日期、国际标准分类号等;②对全部国家标准进行进一步筛选处理:一是剔除包含“基本属于、安全要求、管理规范”等名称表达的管理标准和工作标准,仅保留技术标准部分,二是界定技术标准的日期问题,考虑到标准发布后的信号作用,若技术标准在研究期间发布,则以发布日期为始点计算,当技术标准废止时间缺失时,则将替代标准实施日期作为废止日期,不再包含在内;③将技术标准的国际分类与《中国国民经济行业分类》进行重新匹配,得到26个细分制造业的技术标准,从而统计该年细分行业的国家标准存量。
(3)控制变量
为排除其他因素对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响,本文借鉴相关文献[12,13],对企业特征变量与治理结构类变量进行控制,包括:企业年龄(Age),用企业成立年限表示;资产负债率(Lev),以总负债与总资产的比值表示;独立董事比例(Indep),以独立董事人数与董事会人数的比值表示;两职合一(Dual),若董事长与总经理是同一个人为l,否则为0;现金流比率(Crash),以经营活动产生的现金流量净额与总资产的比值表示;股权集中度(Top10),用前十大股东持股比例表示;固定资产占比(Fiexd),以固定资产净额与总资产的比值表示。
为检验技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响,基准回归模型构建如下:
$\mathit{C}\mathit{p}{\mathit{t}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\alpha }}_{0}+{\mathit{\alpha }}_{1}\mathit{S}\mathit{t}{\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathit{j}}\mathit{C}\mathit{o}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}{\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}+\mathit{F}\mathit{i}\mathit{r}\mathit{m}+\mathit{Y}\mathit{e}\mathit{a}\mathit{r}+{\mathit{\varepsilon }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}$
其中,i和t分别代表上市公司和时间,Cptit表示企业“内卷式”竞争,Stdit表示技术标准,Controlsit包括一系列控制变量,Firm表示个体固定效应,Year表示时间固定效应,α0表示常数项,αj表示回归系数,εit为随机扰动项。
相关变量的描述性统计结果如表1所示。结果显示,企业产能利用率最小值和最大值分别为0.0575和0.8840,相差较大,表明部分企业面临严重的产能闲置问题,印证行业普遍存在过度投资的现象;企业产品同质化的中位数为0.0467,标准差为0.0974,数据离散程度较小,表明企业之间的产品较为相似,同质化严重;技术标准的均值为7.8102,最小值为4.6250,最大值为9.3076,整体数据往左偏,表明不同制造行业出台的技术标准情况存在较大差距;其他控制变量的描述性统计结果与以往研究基本一致[12,13]。此外,各变量方差膨胀因子小于10(Vif最大值为1.30),说明模型不存在多重共线性问题。
表2报告技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的检验结果。M1仅将技术标准与企业产能利用率进行回归,M2、M3则在M1的基础上,逐步纳入控制变量、个体-时间效应。结果显示,M1-M3的技术标准影响系数均显著为正,说明技术标准的颁布有助于提升企业的产能利用率,缓解企业产能过剩型“内卷式”竞争;同理,M4、M5和M6是将技术标准与企业产品差异化进行回归,结果显示技术标准能够降低企业的产品同质化问题,缓解企业产品同质化“内卷式”竞争。综合来看,技术标准能够缓解企业“内卷式”竞争,假说H1a得以验证。
为确保结果具备参考性,将进行稳健性分析。表3的M1、M2进行被解释变量替换,参考已有研究[17,18],将总资产周转率、毛利率和营业费用收入率的平均值分别作为产能利用率、产品差异化的替换衡量指标; M3和M4调整样本周期,剔除前后两年的样本,以2012-2022年为研究时段进行重新估计; M5和M6将个体-时间固定效应模型更换成Tobit模型进行验证。结果显示技术标准系数均显著,说明上述结论具备稳健性。
变量互为因果与缺失是造成模型存在内生性的主要原因,为克服上述问题,本文采用两阶段最小二乘法(2SLS)和解释变量滞后一期进行估计。其中,参考陈爱贞等[19]等做法,将技术标准的滞后一期作为工具变量。
结果如表4所示。M1至M3为2SLS,M1报告第一阶段的回归结果,Std_IV的系数显著为正, M2和M3报告产能利用率和产品差异化第二阶段的回归结果,技术标准的系数均通过显著性检验,说明在克服内生性问题后,技术标准仍然显著提高企业产能利用率和产品差异化,缓解企业“内卷式”竞争,假设H1a得证。
表4的M4和M5将解释变量滞后一期,再对基本模型进行回归,能有效避免反向因果造成的内生问题。技术标准系数均显著,说明技术标准能够提高企业产能利用率和产品差异化,进而缓解企业“内卷式”竞争,支持前文的研究假设。
为验证技术标准可能通过提高技术创新和提升人力资本对企业“内卷式”竞争产生影响,本文遵循江艇[20]的做法,构建以下模型:
$\mathit{M}\mathit{e}\mathit{d}\mathit{i}\mathit{a}\mathit{t}\mathit{o}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\alpha }}_{0}+{\mathit{\alpha }}_{1}\mathit{S}\mathit{t}{\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathit{j}}\mathit{C}\mathit{o}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}{\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}+\mathit{F}\mathit{i}\mathit{r}\mathit{m}+\mathit{Y}\mathit{e}\mathit{a}\mathit{r}+{\mathit{\varepsilon }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}$
其中, Mediator为中介变量,分别代表技术创新和人力资本。在技术创新的衡量上,借鉴尹志锋等[21]的思路,基于创新活动“投入-产出-效率”的完整流程,选取对应阶段的代理变量。具体而言,将各年企业研发经费总额的自然对数作为衡量研发投入(Patent)的指标,将各年企业专利申请数值加1的自然对数作为衡量研发产出(RD)的指标,将各年研发投入与研发产出的比值作为衡量企业研发效率(Effect)的指标。在人力资本的衡量上,参考陈爱贞等[19]的研究,从研发人员比例(Per)和员工薪酬占比(Staff)两个方面来衡量,其他变量与前文保持一致。
表5的M1至M3呈现技术创新的检验结果。M1数据结果表明技术标准会刺激企业加大研发投入,M2表明技术标准会增加企业的研发产出, M3表明技术标准会提高企业的研发效率。结合M1、M2和M3,可知技术标准通过提高企业技术创新,从而提高企业产能利用率和产品差异化,即技术标准通过增加技术创新,进而缓解企业“内卷式”竞争,验证假说H2。
表5的M4至M5汇报人力资本的检验结果。M4表明技术标准会刺激企业提高研发人员占比,M5表明技术标准会增加职工薪酬。结合M4和M5,可知技术标准通过提升企业人力资本,从而提高企业产能利用率和产品差异化,即技术标准能够通过提升人力资本,进而缓解企业“内卷式”竞争,验证假说H3。
按照前文理论分析,公平竞争审查制度和知识产权保护在技术标准缓解企业“内卷式”竞争过程中发挥调节效应。因此,构建以下模型进行验证:
$\mathit{C}\mathit{p}{\mathit{t}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}={\mathit{\alpha }}_{0}+{\mathit{\alpha }}_{1}\mathit{S}\mathit{t}{\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\alpha }}_{2}\mathit{M}\mathit{o}\mathit{d}\mathit{e}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{t}\mathit{o}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\alpha }}_{3}\mathit{S}\mathit{t}{\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}\times \mathit{M}\mathit{o}\mathit{d}\mathit{e}\mathit{r}\mathit{a}\mathit{t}\mathit{o}{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathit{j}}\mathit{C}\mathit{o}\mathit{n}\mathit{t}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}{\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}+\mathit{F}\mathit{i}\mathit{r}\mathit{m}+\mathit{Y}\mathit{e}\mathit{a}\mathit{r}+{\mathit{\varepsilon }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{t}}$
其中,Moderator为调节变量,分别代表公平竞争审查制度(Treat×Post)和知识产权保护(Ipp)。公平竞争审查制度的衡量借鉴刘斌和赖洁基[12]的研究思路,将注册地区属于行政垄断性较高的企业作为实验组,Treat赋值为1;其余企业为对照组,Treat赋值为0。同时,尽管公平竞争审查制度的实施时间为2016年,但政策实施具有时滞性,故以2017年为分割线, 2017年以前Post赋值为0,2017当年及以后Post赋值为1;而知识产权保护参考胡凯等[22]的研究,采用地区技术交易成交额与当地GDP的比值来表征各地区的知识产权保护强度,其他变量与前文一致。
表6中M1和M2为在公平竞争审查制度调节下,技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争影响的回归结果。由M1可知,技术标准与公平竞争审查制度的交互项系数显著为正,表明公平竞争审查制度正向调节技术标准与产能利用率的关系,强化技术标准的效果。M2模型的交互项系数显著为负,说明公平竞争审查制度在技术标准与企业产品同质化之间产生显著的负向调节效果。综上所述,公平竞争审查制度通过破除行政垄断与地方保护,提高技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的缓解作用,假设H4得到实证结果支持。
M3和M4则是在知识产权保护调节下,技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争影响的回归结果。其中,M3中技术标准与知识产权保护的交互项系数显著为正,表明知识产权保护对于技术标准促进企业产能利用率存在正向调节作用,M4模型的交互项系数显著为负,说明知识产权保护在技术标准与企业产品同质化之间产生显著的负向调节效果。综上所述,知识产权保护通过降低技术标准实施中的产权风险,促使企业将共性技术转化为差异竞争力,缓解企业“内卷式”竞争行为,假设H5得到实证结果支持。
(1)基于科技属性划分的异质性分析
从科技属性视角来看,企业所处行业性质和技术特征差异可能导致技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争产生差异化影响。因此,本文根据CSMAR数据库中上市公司资质认定信息文件,分为高新技术企业和非高新技术企业,分组进行回归,结果如表7所示。从结果可以看出,技术标准仅对非高新技术企业的产能利用率产生影响,能够弱化非高新技术企业产能过剩型“内卷式”竞争;技术标准水平的提升仅能抑制高新技术企业的产品同质化,缓解高新技术企业产品同质化型“内卷式”竞争。原因可能在于:与非高新技术企业相比,高新技术企业的产能因自动化水平高已接近最优水平,面对技术标准的引导时更倾向于研发新产品,而非高新技术企业通常面临严重的产能闲置和资源配置低效问题,会利用技术标准提供的信息实现资源优化。
(2)基于地区划分的异质性分析
中国各区域经济发展不均衡,可能会影响技术标准与企业“内卷式”竞争之间的关系。因此,按照《关于明确东中西部地区划分的意见》文件的划分,将企业按照地区划分成东、中西部,分别对两组样本进行回归,回归结果如表8所示。由技术标准的回归系数可知,技术标准仅对东部地区的企业产能利用率产生影响,能够缓解位于东部地区的企业产能过剩型“内卷式”竞争;技术标准在东西部均能提高产品差异化,且东部技术标准的弱化效应更强。原因可能在于:东部地区凭借要素流动性、创新生态和政策效能可以将标准转化为升级跳板,而中西部受制于要素约束和市场瓶颈,整体发展相对滞后,尚处于标准合规的生存线挣扎。
本文利用2011-2023年中国A股制造业上市企业数据,实证分析技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的影响机制。研究结论如下:首先,技术标准能够缓解企业“内卷式”竞争,且对缓解产品同质化型“内卷式”竞争的效果更为明显;其次,技术标准的抑制作用主要在于驱动技术创新和提升人力资本;另外,公平竞争审查制度和知识产权保护能强化技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的抑制效果;最后,技术标准对企业“内卷式”竞争的作用效果具有非对称性,技术标准有助于非高新技术企业化解产能过剩,而帮助高新技术企业避免产品同质化;同时,其对东部地区企业的缓解作用强于西部地区。根据以上结论,本文从企业和政府两方面提出以下政策启示:
对于企业而言:(1)要主动拥抱标准战略,将技术标准的采纳、参与甚至是主导制定作为一项重要的竞争战略。企业可以将自身技术与优势融入标准,抢占行业制高点,建立差异化的核心竞争力。(2)在实施技术标准时,应同步加大研发创新,深耕核心技术,并重视通过招聘、培训和激励机制,持续提升员工的知识结构与技能水平,让人力资本成为支撑标准实施与超越的关键力量。(3)高新技术企业应侧重于利用技术标准打破产品同质化困境,研发具备高质量的差异化产品;非高新技术企业则应利用标准推动产能优化整合,避免低水平的重复性建设和恶性价格竞争。(4)在制定技术标准和研发符合标准的产品过程中,应重视知识产权的保护和运用,及时申请专利保护,确保在标准生态中的技术领先地位和合法收益。
对于政府而言:(1)要大力构建支持技术发展的制度环境。一方面,强化公平竞争审查制度的刚性约束,防止技术标准被不当利用造成市场垄断或区域封锁,保障标准的开放性、非歧视性和公平性;另一方面,完善并严格实施知识产权保护,提高侵权成本,切实保障创新者和标准必要专利权人的合法权益。(2)要因地制宜推进技术标准战略。考虑到技术标准在东、中西部企业中的效果差异,中央政府应加大对西部地区在产业政策、人才培养和基础设施等方面的扶持力度,改善其承接、应用先进技术标准的环境。特别是东部地区应深化标准引领,推动产业向全球价值链更高端迈进。对高新技术企业,政府要鼓励其参与国内、国际标准制定,引导其从同质化竞争转向生态位细分,进一步实现产品差异化;对非高新技术企业,引导其采用先进标准推动产能优化升级,提升整体质量和水平。(3)将技术标准作为产业政策和创新政策的主要抓手,在国家重点领域主动布局和推广先进技术标准,引导资源有效配置,加速行业整合升级,避免无序内卷。
  • 国家社会科学基金后期资助项目(22FGLB004)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2025-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-09
  • 修回日期:2025-12-16
基金
国家社会科学基金后期资助项目(22FGLB004)
作者信息
    北京工商大学商学院, 北京 100048

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王凤芹(1997-),女,博士研究生,E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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