Article(id=1315372294374011375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=1746374400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538793414, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538793414, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538793414, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538793414, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372180473496558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538766258, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538833264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=359, endPage=372, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372294579532272, articleId=1315372294374011375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The first set major technical equipment insurance and enterprise innovation investment, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Major technological equipment has significant influence on national security and economic development. Therefore, achieving the domestic substitution of major technological equipment is an inevitable requirement for realizing China's high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology. However, major technical equipment has the characteristics of complex technology, large value, and high level of innovation investment, and once the transformation of R&D achievements fails, the ability and enthusiasm of enterprises to innovate will decline significantly. Therefore, resolving the risk of transformation of major technical equipment achievements has become an important part of enhancing the innovation power of China's high-tech manufacturing industry and solving the problem of "stuck neck" in core technology.

Technology insurance is an effective management tool covering all kinds of risks in the whole life cycle of enterprise technological innovation, and plays an important role in supporting enterprise innovation activities. Among them, in view of the risk of application and transformation of technological innovation achievements, the Ministry of Finance of China issued a notice in 2015 to carry out the pilot work of the insurance compensation mechanism for the first set major technical equipment, aiming to resolve the risk of the transformation of the first set product and solve the problem of market promotion of the first set product. The pilot policy of the first set insurance is the latest practice of using technology insurance to resolve the risk of the transformation of the first set product results, but few scholars have conducted in-depth research on its practical effects.

To address this gap, this paper studies the economic effect of the first set insurance from the perspective of innovation investment, and digs deep into its mechanism. At the same time, this paper also examines the moderating effect of the broad subsidy standard on the impact of the first set insurance on the innovation investment of enterprises based on the subsidy measures for the first set insurance issued by some local governments. The results show that the first set insurance has a significant promoting effect on improving the level of enterprise innovation investment, and the effect is more significant in non-state-owned enterprises, large enterprises, enterprises with overseas background and low level of regional legalization. Further analysis shows that the first set insurance can improve the level of enterprise innovation investment by increasing product demand, improving enterprise risk-taking ability and alleviating financing constraints. The broader subsidy standard for the first set insurance enhances the role of the first set insurance in promoting the innovation investment of enterprises; In addition, the first set insurance has increased the level of enterprise value by increasing the investment in enterprise innovation.

The contributions of this paper are as follows: First, this paper examines the impact effect and mechanism of the pilot policy of the first set insurance on the innovation investment of enterprises, and discusses the differences of the first set insurance on the innovation investment of enterprises in different industries in the high-tech industry, which makes up for the shortcomings of the existing research to a certain extent. Second, this paper analyzes and examines the mechanism of the first set insurance to increase the innovation investment of enterprises from three aspects: improving the risk-bearing capacity of enterprises, increasing product demand and alleviating financing constraints, and examines the economic consequences of the first set insurance to increase the innovation investment of enterprises from the perspective of enterprise value, and deepens the relevant research on the first set insurance. In addition, this paper also discusses the moderating effect of the premium subsidy standard of the first set insurance on the impact of the first set insurance on the innovation investment of enterprises, and examines the policy synergy between the central and local governments.

In conclusion, this paper studies the practical effect of the first set insurance pilot policy from the perspective of enterprise innovation investment, and proves its role in solving the problem of market promotion of technological innovation achievements. Future research can further focus on how the differences in government subsidy policies for the first set of insurance affect the innovation behavior of enterprises.

, authors=Dong-jiao LIU, Tao ZHU, authorsList=Dong-jiao LIU, Tao ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372295569388021, articleId=1315372294374011375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=首台(套)重大技术装备保险与企业创新投入, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

首台(套)重大技术装备保险旨在应对企业创新成果应用转化风险,对化解高端装备“卡脖子”困境,推动高端装备国产化替代和培育新质生产力具有重要意义。从企业创新投入视角,利用2015年首台(套)重大技术装备保险补偿机制试点作为准自然实验,检验首台(套)保险的实践效果。研究发现:首台(套)保险对提升企业创新投入水平具有显著的促进作用,该作用在非国有企业、大型企业、高管具有海外背景和地区法制化水平较低的企业中更显著。进一步分析发现,首台(套)保险通过增加产品需求、提升企业风险承担能力和缓解融资约束来提升企业创新投入水平;更宽泛的首台(套)保险补贴标准增强了首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的促进作用;此外,首台(套)保险通过提升企业创新投入进而提升了企业价值水平。研究为首台(套)保险促进企业创新提供了新的证据,为相关促进科技保险发展的政策制定提供了一定依据。

, authors=刘冬姣, 朱涛, authorsList=刘冬姣, 朱涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱涛, authorNote=

刘冬姣(1963-),女,教授、博士生导师。

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朱涛(1994-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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Accounting Research, 2020(8):50-63., articleTitle=Financing constraints, customer bargaining power and corporate social responsibility, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315372300267008545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, awardId=22BJY217, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BJY217), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315372295833629174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372295842017783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, companyId=1315372295833629174, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Finance, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372295854600696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, companyId=1315372295833629174, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中南财经政法大学金融学院, 湖北武汉 430073)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315372298538955275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Parallel trend test, figureFileSmall=Li1wkvyC8RrFaMCWZ+E7QQ==, figureFileBig=pLKn+AFpqzP0MMOAkqaWsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372298601869836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=图1, caption=平行趋势检验, figureFileSmall=Li1wkvyC8RrFaMCWZ+E7QQ==, figureFileBig=pLKn+AFpqzP0MMOAkqaWsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372298769641997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Placebo test, figureFileSmall=jZdICP+C71dYEoHTfa1muA==, figureFileBig=mcsYxqv2tiNKSWZipG83yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372298828362254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=图2, caption=安慰剂检验, figureFileSmall=jZdICP+C71dYEoHTfa1muA==, figureFileBig=mcsYxqv2tiNKSWZipG83yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372298895471119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Descriptive statisics of main variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量符号 样本量 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
RDratio 25416 0.024 0.021 0 0.113
treat 25423 0.615 0.487 0 1
post 25423 0.711 0.453 0 1
treatpost 25423 0.43 0.495 0 1
SIZE 25423 22.234 1.264 20.02 26.24
SOE 25117 0.312 0.463 0 1
ROA 25423 0.037 0.064 -0.258 0.204
TobinQ 25423 2.066 1.276 0.847 8.135
LEV 25423 0.409 0.197 0.056 0.872
ZFBT 25376 16.016 1.998 9.21 20.279
SHR1 25118 33.822 14.323 9.07 72.79
lnrevenue 25422 21.578 1.423 18.867 25.699
LAZ 25422 1.254 0.841 0.195 4.971
DUAL 25392 0.308 0.462 0 1
CF 25423 0.049 0.065 -0.133 0.242
), ArticleFig(id=1315372298975162896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要变量描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量符号 样本量 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
RDratio 25416 0.024 0.021 0 0.113
treat 25423 0.615 0.487 0 1
post 25423 0.711 0.453 0 1
treatpost 25423 0.43 0.495 0 1
SIZE 25423 22.234 1.264 20.02 26.24
SOE 25117 0.312 0.463 0 1
ROA 25423 0.037 0.064 -0.258 0.204
TobinQ 25423 2.066 1.276 0.847 8.135
LEV 25423 0.409 0.197 0.056 0.872
ZFBT 25376 16.016 1.998 9.21 20.279
SHR1 25118 33.822 14.323 9.07 72.79
lnrevenue 25422 21.578 1.423 18.867 25.699
LAZ 25422 1.254 0.841 0.195 4.971
DUAL 25392 0.308 0.462 0 1
CF 25423 0.049 0.065 -0.133 0.242
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299046466065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The impact of the first set insurance on enterprise innovation input

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
treatpost 0.0025*** 0.0025*** 0.0029*** 0.0019***
(0.0005) (0.0005) (0.0004) (0.0003)
treat 0.0042*** 0.0042*** - -
(0.0004) (0.0004) - -
post 0.0048*** - - -
(0.0004) - - -
SOE -0.0110*** -0.0107*** -0.0093*** -0.0103***
(0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003)
ROA -0.0023*** -0.0022*** -0.0010*** -0.0003
(0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0004)
SIZE -0.0014 -0.0002 -0.0011 -0.0117***
(0.0027) (0.0023) (0.0020) (0.0013)
TobinQ 0.0030*** 0.0033*** 0.0024*** 0.0004***
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001)
LEV -0.0115*** -0.0113*** -0.0106*** -0.0063***
(0.0008) (0.0008) (0.0007) (0.0007)
ZFBT 0.0015*** 0.0018*** 0.0011*** 0.0002***
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0000)
SHR1 -0.0001*** -0.0001*** -0.0000*** -0.0000
(0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000)
lnrevenue 0.0095*** 0.0090*** 0.0087*** 0.0083***
(0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003)
LAZ 0.0027*** 0.0025*** 0.0001 -0.0006***
(0.0002) (0.0002) (0.0002) (0.0002)
DUAL 0.0027*** 0.0024*** 0.0017*** 0.0000
(0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0002) (0.0002)
CF -0.0052** -0.0074*** 0.0029* 0.0011
(0.0022) (0.0020) (0.0018) (0.0011)
常数项 0.0328*** 0.0345*** 0.0250*** 0.0719***
(0.0027) (0.0027) (0.0024) (0.0037)
时间固定效应 N Y Y Y
行业固定效应 N N Y Y
企业固定效应 N N N Y
N 25084 25084 25082 24506
r2_a 0.209 0.227 0.438 0.852
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299130352146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
treatpost 0.0025*** 0.0025*** 0.0029*** 0.0019***
(0.0005) (0.0005) (0.0004) (0.0003)
treat 0.0042*** 0.0042*** - -
(0.0004) (0.0004) - -
post 0.0048*** - - -
(0.0004) - - -
SOE -0.0110*** -0.0107*** -0.0093*** -0.0103***
(0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003)
ROA -0.0023*** -0.0022*** -0.0010*** -0.0003
(0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0004)
SIZE -0.0014 -0.0002 -0.0011 -0.0117***
(0.0027) (0.0023) (0.0020) (0.0013)
TobinQ 0.0030*** 0.0033*** 0.0024*** 0.0004***
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001)
LEV -0.0115*** -0.0113*** -0.0106*** -0.0063***
(0.0008) (0.0008) (0.0007) (0.0007)
ZFBT 0.0015*** 0.0018*** 0.0011*** 0.0002***
(0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0000)
SHR1 -0.0001*** -0.0001*** -0.0000*** -0.0000
(0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000)
lnrevenue 0.0095*** 0.0090*** 0.0087*** 0.0083***
(0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003)
LAZ 0.0027*** 0.0025*** 0.0001 -0.0006***
(0.0002) (0.0002) (0.0002) (0.0002)
DUAL 0.0027*** 0.0024*** 0.0017*** 0.0000
(0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0002) (0.0002)
CF -0.0052** -0.0074*** 0.0029* 0.0011
(0.0022) (0.0020) (0.0018) (0.0011)
常数项 0.0328*** 0.0345*** 0.0250*** 0.0719***
(0.0027) (0.0027) (0.0024) (0.0037)
时间固定效应 N Y Y Y
行业固定效应 N N Y Y
企业固定效应 N N N Y
N 25084 25084 25082 24506
r2_a 0.209 0.227 0.438 0.852
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299214238227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Classification regression of high-tech industries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
medicalpost 0.0047***
(0.0005)
airpost 0.0022**
(0.0010)
phonepost 0.0009***
(0.0003)
equippost -0.0002
(0.0005)
messagepost -0.0005
(0.0005)
elsepost -0.0004
(0.0004)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
N 24486 24486 24486 24486 24486 24486
r2_a 0.853 0.852 0.852 0.852 0.852 0.852
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299281347092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高技术产业的分类回归

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
medicalpost 0.0047***
(0.0005)
airpost 0.0022**
(0.0010)
phonepost 0.0009***
(0.0003)
equippost -0.0002
(0.0005)
messagepost -0.0005
(0.0005)
elsepost -0.0004
(0.0004)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
N 24486 24486 24486 24486 24486 24486
r2_a 0.853 0.852 0.852 0.852 0.852 0.852
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299373621781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

SUTVA and PSM-DID test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
ZZPOST 0.0021***
(0.0003)
treatpost 0.0009***
(0.0003)
0.0019***
(0.0003)
0.0020***
(0.0004)
Hind_rdratio 0.2850***
(0.0334)
预期效应 0.0002
(0.0005)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
N 24486 24473 24486 11707
r2_a 0.852 0.853 0.852 0.857
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299436536342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

SUTVA与PSM-DID检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
ZZPOST 0.0021***
(0.0003)
treatpost 0.0009***
(0.0003)
0.0019***
(0.0003)
0.0020***
(0.0004)
Hind_rdratio 0.2850***
(0.0334)
预期效应 0.0002
(0.0005)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
N 24486 24473 24486 11707
r2_a 0.852 0.853 0.852 0.857
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299512033815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Other robustness tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
RDratio1 RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
treatpost 0.4096*** 0.0019** 0.0018*** 0.0019*** 0.0011***
(0.) (0.0008) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003)
clpost 0.0015***
(0.0003)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y Y
城市固定效应 N N Y N N
省份固定效应 N N N Y N
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
N 23847 24506 24503 24506 22486
r2_a 0.848 0.852 0.854 0.853 0.852
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299579142680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

其他稳健性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
RDratio1 RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
treatpost 0.4096*** 0.0019** 0.0018*** 0.0019*** 0.0011***
(0.) (0.0008) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003)
clpost 0.0015***
(0.0003)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y Y
城市固定效应 N N Y N N
省份固定效应 N N N Y N
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y
N 23847 24506 24503 24506 22486
r2_a 0.848 0.852 0.854 0.853 0.852
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299642057241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Differences in the nature and size of enterprises

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国有企业 非国有企业 大型企业 中小企业
(1) (2) (3) (4)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
treatpost 0.0014*** 0.0021*** 0.0022*** 0.0014***
(0.0004) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0005)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
N 7657 16767 12234 11879
r2_a 0.858 0.850 0.880 0.830
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299709166106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

企业性质与规模差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国有企业 非国有企业 大型企业 中小企业
(1) (2) (3) (4)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
treatpost 0.0014*** 0.0021*** 0.0022*** 0.0014***
(0.0004) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0005)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
N 7657 16767 12234 11879
r2_a 0.858 0.850 0.880 0.830
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299784663579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Differences in executives' overseas background and regional level of rule of law

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海外背景 非海外背景 低法制水平 高法制水平
(1) (2) (3) (4)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
treatpost 0.0023*** 0.0008* 0.0021*** 0.0013***
(0.0004) (0.0004) (0.0004) (0.0004)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
N 14392 9566 9957 14155
r2_a 0.857 0.870 0.845 0.861
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299868549660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

高管海外背景与地区法制化水平差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海外背景 非海外背景 低法制水平 高法制水平
(1) (2) (3) (4)
RDratio RDratio RDratio RDratio
treatpost 0.0023*** 0.0008* 0.0021*** 0.0013***
(0.0004) (0.0004) (0.0004) (0.0004)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y
N 14392 9566 9957 14155
r2_a 0.857 0.870 0.845 0.861
), ArticleFig(id=1315372299931464221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Test of action mechanism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品需求 风险承担 融资约束
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
lnDemand1 lnDemand2 RISK1 RISK2 SA FC
treatpost 0.1298*** 0.0952*** 0.0029*** 0.0019** -0.0138*** -0.0082**
(0.0275) (0.0267) (0.0009) (0.0009) (0.0015) (0.0036)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y Y
N 22361 22253 20658 24531 24599 24599
r2_a 0.749 0.756 0.483 0.586 0.972 0.854
), ArticleFig(id=1315372300006961694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

作用机制检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品需求 风险承担 融资约束
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
lnDemand1 lnDemand2 RISK1 RISK2 SA FC
treatpost 0.1298*** 0.0952*** 0.0029*** 0.0019** -0.0138*** -0.0082**
(0.0275) (0.0267) (0.0009) (0.0009) (0.0015) (0.0036)
控制变量 Y Y Y Y Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y Y
企业固定效应 Y Y Y Y Y Y
N 22361 22253 20658 24531 24599 24599
r2_a 0.749 0.756 0.483 0.586 0.972 0.854
), ArticleFig(id=1315372300086653471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Test of moderating effect and economic consequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (1)
RDratio TobinQ
treatpostflexible 0.0010**
(0.0004)
treatpostRDratio 3.5977**
(1.5351)
treatpost 0.0014*** -0.0673*
(0.0003) (0.0408)
控制变量 Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y
N 24486 24486
r2_a 0.852 0.633
), ArticleFig(id=1315372300166345248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372294374011375, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

调节效应与经济后果检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (1)
RDratio TobinQ
treatpostflexible 0.0010**
(0.0004)
treatpostRDratio 3.5977**
(1.5351)
treatpost 0.0014*** -0.0673*
(0.0003) (0.0408)
控制变量 Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y
时间固定效应 Y Y
行业固定效应 Y Y
N 24486 24486
r2_a 0.852 0.633
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首台(套)重大技术装备保险与企业创新投入
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刘冬姣 , 朱涛
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(2): 359-372
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (2) : 359 -372
首台(套)重大技术装备保险与企业创新投入
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刘冬姣(1963-),女,教授、博士生导师。

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刘冬姣, 朱涛
作者信息
  • 中南财经政法大学金融学院, 湖北武汉 430073
通讯作者:
朱涛(1994-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘冬姣(1963-),女,教授、博士生导师。

The first set major technical equipment insurance and enterprise innovation investment
Dong-jiao LIU, Tao ZHU
Affiliations
  • School of Finance, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15
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首台(套)重大技术装备保险旨在应对企业创新成果应用转化风险,对化解高端装备“卡脖子”困境,推动高端装备国产化替代和培育新质生产力具有重要意义。从企业创新投入视角,利用2015年首台(套)重大技术装备保险补偿机制试点作为准自然实验,检验首台(套)保险的实践效果。研究发现:首台(套)保险对提升企业创新投入水平具有显著的促进作用,该作用在非国有企业、大型企业、高管具有海外背景和地区法制化水平较低的企业中更显著。进一步分析发现,首台(套)保险通过增加产品需求、提升企业风险承担能力和缓解融资约束来提升企业创新投入水平;更宽泛的首台(套)保险补贴标准增强了首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的促进作用;此外,首台(套)保险通过提升企业创新投入进而提升了企业价值水平。研究为首台(套)保险促进企业创新提供了新的证据,为相关促进科技保险发展的政策制定提供了一定依据。

首台(套)重大技术装备保险  /  创新投入  /  科技保险  /  首台(套)重大技术装备保险补贴标准

Major technological equipment has significant influence on national security and economic development. Therefore, achieving the domestic substitution of major technological equipment is an inevitable requirement for realizing China's high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology. However, major technical equipment has the characteristics of complex technology, large value, and high level of innovation investment, and once the transformation of R&D achievements fails, the ability and enthusiasm of enterprises to innovate will decline significantly. Therefore, resolving the risk of transformation of major technical equipment achievements has become an important part of enhancing the innovation power of China's high-tech manufacturing industry and solving the problem of "stuck neck" in core technology.

Technology insurance is an effective management tool covering all kinds of risks in the whole life cycle of enterprise technological innovation, and plays an important role in supporting enterprise innovation activities. Among them, in view of the risk of application and transformation of technological innovation achievements, the Ministry of Finance of China issued a notice in 2015 to carry out the pilot work of the insurance compensation mechanism for the first set major technical equipment, aiming to resolve the risk of the transformation of the first set product and solve the problem of market promotion of the first set product. The pilot policy of the first set insurance is the latest practice of using technology insurance to resolve the risk of the transformation of the first set product results, but few scholars have conducted in-depth research on its practical effects.

To address this gap, this paper studies the economic effect of the first set insurance from the perspective of innovation investment, and digs deep into its mechanism. At the same time, this paper also examines the moderating effect of the broad subsidy standard on the impact of the first set insurance on the innovation investment of enterprises based on the subsidy measures for the first set insurance issued by some local governments. The results show that the first set insurance has a significant promoting effect on improving the level of enterprise innovation investment, and the effect is more significant in non-state-owned enterprises, large enterprises, enterprises with overseas background and low level of regional legalization. Further analysis shows that the first set insurance can improve the level of enterprise innovation investment by increasing product demand, improving enterprise risk-taking ability and alleviating financing constraints. The broader subsidy standard for the first set insurance enhances the role of the first set insurance in promoting the innovation investment of enterprises; In addition, the first set insurance has increased the level of enterprise value by increasing the investment in enterprise innovation.

The contributions of this paper are as follows: First, this paper examines the impact effect and mechanism of the pilot policy of the first set insurance on the innovation investment of enterprises, and discusses the differences of the first set insurance on the innovation investment of enterprises in different industries in the high-tech industry, which makes up for the shortcomings of the existing research to a certain extent. Second, this paper analyzes and examines the mechanism of the first set insurance to increase the innovation investment of enterprises from three aspects: improving the risk-bearing capacity of enterprises, increasing product demand and alleviating financing constraints, and examines the economic consequences of the first set insurance to increase the innovation investment of enterprises from the perspective of enterprise value, and deepens the relevant research on the first set insurance. In addition, this paper also discusses the moderating effect of the premium subsidy standard of the first set insurance on the impact of the first set insurance on the innovation investment of enterprises, and examines the policy synergy between the central and local governments.

In conclusion, this paper studies the practical effect of the first set insurance pilot policy from the perspective of enterprise innovation investment, and proves its role in solving the problem of market promotion of technological innovation achievements. Future research can further focus on how the differences in government subsidy policies for the first set of insurance affect the innovation behavior of enterprises.

first set of major technological equipment insurance  /  innovation Investment  /  technology insurance  /  subsidy standards for the first set of major technological equipment insurance
刘冬姣, 朱涛. 首台(套)重大技术装备保险与企业创新投入. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (2) : 359 -372 .
Dong-jiao LIU, Tao ZHU. The first set major technical equipment insurance and enterprise innovation investment[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (2) : 359 -372 .
党的二十大报告指出,要“加快实施一批具有战略性全局性前瞻性的国家重大科技项目,增强自主创新能力”。重大技术装备事关国家安全和国民经济命脉,实现重大技术装备的国产化替代是实现高水平科技自立自强的必然要求。然而,重大技术装备具有技术复杂、价值量大、创新投入水平高等特点,一旦研发成果转化失败,企业创新的能力与积极性将大幅下降[1]。因此,化解重大技术装备成果转化风险成为提升我国高科技制造业创新动力,解决核心技术“卡脖子”难题的重要一环。
科技保险能够分散和管理企业科技创新风险,提升企业风险承担能力,对企业创新具有积极影响[2,3]。借鉴相关经验,2015年,中国财政部、原保监会、工业和信息化部三部委联合发布开展首台(套)重大技术装备保险补偿机制试点工作的通知(以下简称《通知》)①(① 详见《关于开展首台(套)重大技术装备保险补偿机制试点的通知》,网址: https://www.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/wjfb/zbgy/art/2020/art_ba31b4049c36458bb6e981864ef9ac62.html。),旨在化解首台(套)产品成果转化风险,解决首台(套)产品市场推广难题。试点开展后仅半年,全国共有80个首台(套)产品成果参与投保,在试点启动的6年内,中央财政共发放103亿元首台(套)保险补贴②(② 激活“中国制造”的创新之源 https://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caijingshidian/zgcjb/202203/t20220317_379591.htm。),有效化解了首台(套)产品推广应用过程的风险。
首台(套)保险试点政策是利用科技保险化解首台(套)产品成果转化风险的最新实践,其实践效果备受关注。但仅有少数学者从专利产出视角检验了首台(套)保险对企业创新的影响[1],首台(套)保险如何影响企业创新有待进一步研究与分析。鉴于此,本文从创新投入角度研究首台(套)保险的经济效应,并深入挖掘其作用机制。同时,本文还根据部分地方政府出台的更加宽泛标准的首台(套)保险补贴措施,检验了宽泛补贴标准对首台(套)保险影响企业创新投入的调节效应。
本文可能的贡献在于:第一,本文检验了首台(套)保险试点政策对企业创新投入的影响效应和作用机制,并讨论了首台(套)保险对高科技产业中不同行业企业创新投入的差异,在一定程度上弥补了现有研究的不足。第二,本文从提升企业风险承担能力、增加产品需求和缓解融资约束三个方面分析和检验了首台(套)保险提升企业创新投入的机制,并从企业价值角度检验了首台(套)保险提升企业创新投入的经济后果,深化了首台(套)保险的相关研究。此外,本文还讨论了首台(套)保险保费补贴标准对首台(套)保险影响企业创新投入的调节作用,检验了中央与地方政府间政策的协同性。
首台(套)保险是一种将首台(套)产品质量风险、责任风险等突出风险集中打包的综合类科技保险,其按照“政府引导、市场化运作”的模式,为企业首台(套)产品研发成功后的市场推广提供风险保障。本文认为,首台(套)保险将通过增加产品需求、提升企业风险承担能力、缓解企业融资约束问题三个作用机制对企业研发投入产生积极影响。
首先,首台(套)保险可以增加企业首台(套)产品的市场需求,提升企业创新投入水平。一方面,首台(套)保险可以发挥“增信”功能,降低市场对首台(套)产品质量参差不齐的担忧。保险公司作为风险管理的专业金融机构,能够准确地评估与识别企业首台(套)产品可能存在的质量风险,决定是否承保。因此,首台(套)保险可以向市场传递首台(套)产品发生质量风险可能性更低的信号,降低需求者质量顾虑,提升首台(套)产品市场需求。另一方面,首台(套)保险将首台(套)产品相关责任从生产企业转嫁至保险公司,当风险发生时,企业可以直接向保险公司申请赔付,并获得及时的处理和资金补偿。这也降低了企业的顾虑与维权成本,对提升首台(套)产品的市场需求具有重要意义。
根据“需求引致创新”理论,市场需求提升对增加企业创新投入水平具有重要意义。企业创新活动受盈利水平的影响,市场需求提升可以为企业带来更多收入,提升企业经营绩效[4],从而激励企业增加创新投入以获取潜在的高收益[5],形成“创新-增收-创新”的良性循环。因此,首台(套)保险能够通过增加首台(套)产品的市场需求,激励企业进一步增加创新投入。
其次,首台(套)保险能够提升企业风险承担能力,进而提升企业创新投入水平。一方面,首台(套)保险为首台(套)产品的初次应用提供了风险保障,扩大了首台(套)产品的市场需求规模,降低了首台(套)产品市场认可不足的风险,进而提升企业创新风险承担能力。另一方面,首台(套)保险将企业首台(套)产品的赔偿责任转移至保险公司,能够降低企业意外费用支出,加之政府对首台(套)保险的补贴也能够增加企业资金池,从而提升企业风险承担能力。
企业风险承担能力是影响企业创新决策的关键因素[6]。一方面,风险承担能力的提升能够增强管理者对创新风险和不确定性的容忍度[7],促使企业提升创新投入[8]。另一方面,风险承担能力更高的企业能够更好地配置企业资源,为企业创新活动筹集更多资金[9],提升企业创新投入。此外,企业风险承担能力越强,对周期长、风险高、技术含量高的创新活动投入也更多[10]。因而,首台(套)保险能够通过提升企业的风险承担能力,促进企业增加创新投入。
最后,首台(套)保险还有助于缓解企业融资约束,进而提升企业创新投入水平。企业创新活动需要大量的资金投入,较强的融资约束将导致企业无法获得相应资金用于创新投入[11]。根据信号传递理论,企业、投资者和政府三部门之间存在的信号传递现象能够缓解资金供求之间的信息不对称,对企业融资约束产生重要影响。
首台(套)保险通过以下两个方面发挥信号传递作用,缓解企业融资约束问题:一是企业诉讼风险。企业诉讼作为负面市场事件,能够向外界传递企业风险较高的信号,导致融资约束加强[12]。而首台(套)保险将首台(套)产品的质量与责任风险转嫁到保险公司,提升了纠纷处理效率,降低了首台(套)产品生产企业的法律诉讼风险,从而缓解企业融资约束。二是政府补贴。购买首台(套)保险可以获得政府补贴,而政府补贴可以视为政府对于企业经营活动的支持与肯定,能够向外界传递正向信号[13],从而吸引外部投资者,改善企业融资约束问题。因此,首台(套)保险可以通过降低企业融资约束,提升企业创新投入水平。基于以上分析,本文如下提出假设:
假设1:首台(套)保险能够提升企业创新投入。
假设2:首台(套)保险能够扩大首台(套)产品市场需求进而提升企业创新投入。
假设3:首台(套)保险能够增强企业风险承担能力,进而提升企业创新投入。
假设4:首台(套)保险能够降低企业融资约束,进而提升企业创新投入。
本文以2011-2022年沪深A股上市企业为研究样本,研究了首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响。上市企业数据来源于国泰安(CSMAR)数据库,参考已有研究,对样本进行了如下处理:(1)剔除ST、ST*企业;(2)剔除金融、保险行业上市企业样本;(3)剔除样本期内退市的企业;(4)剔除变量观测值缺失的样本;(5)对连续型变量进行上下1%的缩尾处理。
借鉴已有研究,本文使用如下模型检验首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响:
$RDrati{o}_{it}=\alpha +{\beta }_{1}trea{t}_{i}+{\beta }_{2}pos{t}_{t}+{\beta }_{3}trea{t}_{i}\times pos{t}_{t}+\sigma control{s}_{it}+{\gamma }_{y}+{\theta }_{ind}+{\mu }_{i}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
其中,RDratioit为企业i在时间t的创新投入水平;treati为处理变量,根据上市企业是否属于高科技产业分为实验组和对照组;postt为政策冲击变量;treati×postt(treatpost)是处理变量与政策冲击的交互项,本文重点关注β3的回归系数;controlsit为一系列的控制变量,εit为随机误差项。考虑到企业创新投入还受不随企业变化的时变宏观经济环境、企业所处行业和不随时间而变化的企业特征的影响,本文进一步控制了时间固定效应(γy)、行业固定效应(θind)和企业固定效应(μi)。
(1)企业创新投入
参考解维敏和方红星[14],本文使用企业研发投入占总资产的比值作为企业创新投入的代理变量(RDratio),RDratio数值越大,企业创新投入水平越高。同时,本文还使用企业研发投入与营业收入占比作为企业创新投入的代理变量进行稳健性检验。
(2)首台(套)保险
根据首台(套)重大技术装备保险主要适用企业特征,本文参考彭红星和毛新述[15]研究,将属于高科技产业的上市企业样本作为实验组③(③具体包括制造业(C),信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业(I),科学研究和技术服务业(M)3个门类和中的19个行业,即C25、C26、C27、C28、C29、C31、C32、C34、C35、C36、C37、C38、C39、C40、C41、I63、I64、I65、M73。),treat赋值为1,其余上市企业为对照组,treat赋值为0。其次是政策时间点(post),《通知》于2015年2月发布,因此,本文将2015年及以后的年份赋值为1,其余年份赋值为0。最后,构造实验组和政策时点的交互项(treatpost)。
(3)控制变量
参考刘惠好等[16]研究,本文选择了以下控制变量:企业规模(SIZE),即企业年末总资产加1后取对数;企业性质(SOE),即将国有性质企业赋值为1,否则赋值为0;企业绩效(ROA),即企业利润总额与年末总资产比值;企业价值(TobinQ),即企业股票账面价值与债务账面价值之和占总资产的比重;资产负债率(LEV),即企业年末负债总额与总资产比值;政府补贴(ZFBT),即企业获得的政府补贴总额加1后取对数;股权集中度(SHR1),即第一大股东持股比例;营业收入(lnrevenue),即企业营业收入总额加1取对数;营运效率(LAZ),即流动资产与营业收入的比值;两职合一(DUAL),若企业董事长与总经理两职合一时,赋值为1,否则为0;现金流量(CF),即企业营业现金流金额占总资产的比重。表1报告了主要变量的描述性统计。
表2报告了首台(套)保险对企业创新投入影响的回归结果。其中,表2第(1)至(4)列是依次加入控制变量、时间固定效应、行业固定效应和企业固定效应的回归结果,treatpost的回归系数均为正,在1%水平下显著。表2结果表明,首台(套)保险对企业创新投入具有显著的促进作用,前文研究假设1得以验证。
表3报告了首台(套)保险对不同行业高科技产业企业创新投入的影响。本文参考国家统计局《高技术产业(制造业)分类(2017)》标准④(④国家统计局: https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/gjtjbz/202302/t20230213_1902772.html。),将高科技产业企业进一步分为医药制造(medical),航空、航天器及设备制造(air),电子及通信设备制造、计算机及办公设备制造(phone)⑤(⑤由于电子及通信设备制造、计算机及办公设备制造企业在行业代码上存在交叉,故将其作为一类行业。),医疗仪器设备及仪器仪表制造(equipment),信息化学品制造(message)及其他(else)共6类行业,并分别以这6类企业作为实验组利用模型(1)进行回归。表3的回归结果表明,首台(套)保险对医药制造,航空、航天器及设备制造,电子及通信设备制造、计算机及办公设备制造3类高科技产业的企业创新投入均具有显著的正向影响。而对于医疗仪器设备及仪器仪表制造,信息化学品制造及其他行业,首台(套)保险则不具有显著的影响。可见,首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响在不同行业存在一定差异,需要进一步优化首台(套)保险机制。
(1)平行趋势检验
在政策冲击之前,实验组和对照组企业在创新投入方面应具有相同的变化趋势是使用双重差分方法的前提条件。本文参考周文义和陶一桃[17]研究,构造事件研究法的动态模型检验平行趋势。图1展示了政策影响企业创新投入的动态效应,虚线部分为95%置信区间。可以发现,在政策发生前,实验组和对照组企业创新投入不存在显著性差异,符合双重差分方法的前提条件。在政策发生后的第三年,政策效果得以显现,且具有持续增强的趋势。这说明首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响具有滞后性和积累性,这可能与首台(套)保险的宣传程度有关。
(2)稳定单元处理效果假设(SUTVA)检验
SUTVA是使用DID方法进行因果识别的重要条件,包含两个要求:一是企业是否受到政策冲击是互相独立的,企业接受政策冲击不会影响其他企业的潜在结果,即不存在溢出效应;二是处理组企业不会预期到自己将要接受政策冲击,从而改变自己的行为决策,即不存在预期效应。
在溢出效应方面,本文从以下两个方面进行检验。首先,《通知》表明高科技制造企业是首台(套)保险的重点服务对象,但其他高科技企业亦存在购买首台(套)保险的可能。因而,首台(套)保险试点政策或存在一定的溢出效应。基于此,本文进一步将实验组缩小为高科技制造业样本,构建新的实验组与政策时间的交互项ZZPOST,进行回归。表4列(1)结果表明在考虑了溢出效应后,首台(套)保险依然显著增加了企业的创新投入水平。其次,企业创新投入或存在同群效应。为此,本文借鉴李宗泽和李志斌[18]的做法,将企业所属行业的上一级分类中其他企业创新投入的均值作为同群效应变量(Hind_rdratio)⑥(⑥ 以制造业为例,将C10-C19行业代码归纳为C1类行业,其他行业类推。)。表4第(2)列treatpost的回归系数依然显著为正,再次说明在考虑了溢出效应后,首台(套)保险对企业创新投入水平具有促进作用。
在预期效应方面,参考方福前等[19]做法,使用“是否处理组”与“是否是政策实施的前1期”的交互项作为预期效应的代理变量,回归结果如表4第(3)列所示,treatpost的回归系数仍然显著为正,且不存在预期效应。
(3)PSM-DID
本文进一步使用倾向匹配双重差分法(PSM-DID)来缓解样本选择性偏误导致的政策效应估计与真实效应的偏差问题。具体而言,本文将treat=1的观测值作为实验组,选择控制变量作为匹配特征变量,通过Logit模型采用1:1近邻匹配方法对样本进行逐年匹配。倾向得分匹配平衡性检验结果表明,匹配后对照组与实验组各主要变量的标准偏差值均小于10%,匹配变量在匹配后基本无差异。匹配后的估计结果如表4第(4)列所示,表明前文估计结果具有稳健性。
(4)安慰剂检验
参考马述忠等[20]研究,本文使用安慰剂检验验证企业创新投入的增加不是不可观测因素导致的。具体而言,本文随机生成一个享受首台(套)保险试点的高技术企业名单,然后估计首台(套)保险的政策效果。最后使用蒙特卡洛模拟重复1000次上述步骤,并画出1000次估计系数的分布情况。图2是安慰剂检验的结果,不难发现,回归系数集中分布在0值附近,且服从正态分布,符合安慰剂检验的预期结果,表明基础回归结论并非偶然原因导致。
(5)其他稳健性检验
第一,替换被解释变量。参考已有研究,本文进一步使用企业创新投入支出占营业收入的比重(RDratio1)作为企业创新投入的代理变量,回归结果如表5第(1)列所示。第二,使用行业聚类标准误。考虑到同行业企业的创新投入存在一定相关性,会使得估计结果存在一定偏误。为消除同行业企业间存在的相关性的影响,本文将模型中的回归标准误聚类到行业层面,回归结果见表5列(2),研究结论依旧稳健。第三,控制城市与省份固定效应。考虑到企业创新投入与企业所处地区的经济发展水平、创新激励政策等因素存在一定相关性,本文在模型(1)的基础上进一步控制了省份固定效应和城市固定效应。表5列(3)和列(4)回归结果与基准回归结果一致。第四,排除其他政策影响。企业创新投入在受首台(套)保险影响的同时可能还受到其他科技保险政策影响,如在2017年9月,工业和信息化部、财政部、原保监会提出开展重点新材料首批次应用保险补偿机制试点工作。考虑到政策推广的滞后性,本文将重点新材料保险试点政策时间定义为2018年,实验组不变,构建重点新材料政策与实验组的交互项变量clpost。表5第(5)列表明,在控制重点新材料保险政策的影响后,首台(套)保险依然能够促进企业创新投入。
(1)企业性质异质性
国有企业与非国有企业在经济社会中所扮演的角色存在一定差异。政治观理论认为,政府能够干预国有企业的经营活动,引导国有企业加大研发投入以提升居民福祉与保障社会和谐,甚至会干预国有企业进行高风险的创新项目[21]。而相较于国有企业创新投入的政策干预,非国有企业更加追求创新投入效率。因此,首台(套)保险的风险管理作用可能对非国有企业的创新投入具有更显著的影响。表6(1)和(2)列结果表明,首台(套)保险对国有企业和非国有企业的创新投入水平均具有显著的促进作用,而在非国有企业样本中,treatpost的回归系数为0.0021,表明首台(套)保险对非国有企业创新投入具有更显著的影响,与本文预期一致。
(2)企业规模异质性
考虑到不同规模的企业在研发创新能力方面存在较大差异,大企业和中小企业受首台(套)保险的影响可能也存在差异。因此,本文依据行业规模中位数将企业分为大型企业和中小企业进行分样本回归。表6第(3)、(4)列表明首台(套)保险对大型企业创新投入的促进作用效果更显著。可能的原因是,一方面,大型企业更加注重创新风险管理,更易纳入首台(套)保险,使得首台(套)保险的作用效果得以发挥。另一方面,大型企业往往具有更大规模的创新产品,首台(套)保险可以降低企业用于防范相关风险的财务支出,从而进一步提升企业创新投入。而中小企业在创新风险管理和创新产出规模上相对不足,因此,首台(套)保险对其创新投入的影响效应较弱。
(3)高管海外背景差异
董事高管特征对企业创新投入具有重要影响。根据趋同理论,海归高管的价值观和行为方式与西方文化表现出较高的一致性[22],体现为海归高管具有创造性思维、创新力与高风险容忍的特征,更倾向于进行研发活动。首台(套)保险降低了企业研发成果转化的风险,能够增强海归高管的创新意愿。基于此,本文预期在董事高管拥有海外背景的企业中,首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的促进作用更明显。表7第(1)、(2)列表明,treatpost的回归系数在高管具有海外背景的样本企业中为0.0023,在1%水平下显著,在高管不具有海外背景的企业中为0.0008,影响效应较小。
(4)地区法制化水平
地区法制化水平在一定水平上反映了首台(套)产品购买企业在遭遇装备发生风险时保障自身合法权益的维权成本,地区法制化水平越低,购买首台套产品企业维权成本越高。而首台(套)保险以保险合同形式将首台套设备风险从生产者转移至保险公司,大大降低了设备购买企业的维权成本,增强了设备制造企业的声誉,从而提升设备制造企业的市场需求,进一步激励企业加大创新投入。基于此,本文预期,在法制化水平较低的地区,首台(套)保险的推行能够发挥增信作用,更好地提升企业创新投入。本文根据中国分省份市场化指数中“市场中介组织的发育和法律制度环境评分”得分中位数,将样本分为低法制水平和高法制水平两组。表7第(3)、(4)列表明,首台(套)保险对高、低法制水平地区企业创新投入均具有显著的促进作用,且在低法制水平地区的作用效果更佳。
(1)市场需求机制
前文分析指出,首台(套)保险为企业首台(套)设备提供保险保障,能够有效增加企业创新产品需求。基于此,本文分别使用企业营业收入与专利申请数的比值取对数(lnDemand1)和企业营业收入与专利授权数的比值取对数(lnDemand2)作为企业首台(套)产品市场需求的代理变量,验证这一机制。回归结果如表8第(1)和第(2)列所示,首台(套)保险能够增加首台(套)产品需求,进而对企业创新投入产生积极影响。
(2)提升企业风险承担能力
根据前文分析,提升企业风险承担能力是首台(套)保险提升企业创新投入的作用路径之一。借鉴何瑛等[23]做法,本文使用经过行业资产利润率均值调整后的企业资产利润率(ADJROA,ADJROA=ROA-企业所处行业在t年的ROA均值)的近三年滚动标准差(RISK1)衡量企业风险承担能力。同时,本文还按照以上方法,使用调整后的企业资产利润率的5年滚动标准差衡量企业风险承担能力(RISK2)。回归结果如表8中第(3)、(4)列所示,treatpost的回归系数为0.0029(0.0019),在1%(5%)水平下显著。这表明首台(套)保险能够提升企业风险承担能力,进而增加企业创新投入。
(3)缓解企业融资约束
首台(套)保险还能通过缓解企业融资约束来提升企业创新投入。企业创新项目需要长期且大量的资金投入,而融资约束会导致企业创新资金来源不足,导致企业创新投入降低。参考Hadlock和Pierce[24]、陈峻等[25]做法,本文使用SA指数和FC指数测算企业融资约束程度,指数数值越大,企业面临的融资约束越大。为缓解融资约束指标与主要控制变量的机械相关问题,本文在使用SA和FC指数回归时,控制变量中去掉了SIZE变量。回归结果如表8第(5)和第(6)列所示,首台(套)保险能够降低企业融资约束程度,进而提升企业创新投入。
随着首台(套)保险补偿机制试点工作的深入推行,上海、江苏、山西等地方政府为推动自身装备制造业的发展,纷纷出台了地方版的省首台(套)保险试点。相较于中央补贴的首台(套)产品认定标准,省首台(套)产品的认定标准更宽松,首台(套)保险的补贴范围更加广泛。那么,更宽松的补贴标准会对首台(套)保险促进企业增加创新投入的影响效应产生怎样的影响呢?一方面,省首台(套)保险补贴可以使得无法获得中央财政首台套保费补贴的企业降低首台(套)参保成本,增加首台(套)保险的参保率,降低企业首台(套)产品成果应用风险,从而更好地激励企业加大研发投入。而另一方面,省首台(套)保险补贴试点降低了企业首台套产品及获得首台(套)保险补贴的认定标准与难度,降低了企业低质量创新产品的应用风险与风险转嫁成本,可能诱发企业短视行为,降低企业的产品创新力度和质量,从而降低企业加大创新投入的动力。
基于以上分析,本文收集了样本期内各省地方版首台(套)保险试点开展情况,若该省在样本期内开展了省首台(套)保险补贴试点,则赋值为1(flexible=1),否则赋值为0。然后检验补贴标准的调节效应,若treatpostflexible显著为正,则表明更宽泛的补贴标准增强了首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的提升作用。表9列(1)首台套补贴标准的调节效应回归结果表明,更宽泛首台(套)保险的补贴标准对首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响具有显著的正向调节作用,即更宽泛的补贴标准增强了首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的提升作用。
前文研究表明,首台(套)保险对企业创新投入具有显著的积极影响。那么,首台(套)保险通过提升企业创新投入是否对企业经营发展产生影响?本文从企业价值视角进一步研究首台(套)保险影响企业创新投入的经济后果。参考已有研究,本文使用TobinQ衡量企业价值水平,并进行回归检验。若treatpost与RDratio的交乘项系数显著为正,则表明首台(套)保险通过影响企业创新投入对企业价值提升产生了积极影响。表9第(2)列说明,首台(套)保险通过提升企业创新投入产生了经济后果,显著地提升了企业价值。
科技保险在促进企业研发创新方面具有重要意义,本文采用2011-2022年沪深A股上市企业样本,实证分析了首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响效应和作用机制。研究发现:首先,首台(套)保险对提升企业创新投入具有显著促进作用。其次,首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响在不同样本间存在差异,在非国有企业、大型企业、高管具有海外背景企业和地区法制化水平较低的企业中,首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的影响更明显。最后,进一步分析发现,增加产品需求、提升企业风险承担能力和缓解融资约束是首台(套)保险影响企业创新投入的作用机制。宽泛的首台(套)保险补贴标准增强了首台(套)保险对企业创新投入的积极作用。此外,首台(套)保险通过提升企业创新投入,对企业价值提升也具有积极影响。
本文研究结论具有以下启示:第一,提升首台(套)保险补贴质效,扭转“政府补贴热、市场需求冷”的局面。一方面,各级政府应进一步放宽首台(套)保险保费补贴条件,调整补贴比例,在扩大首台(套)保险补贴受益企业基本面的同时,提升首台(套)保险促进企业创新的效能。另一方面,首台(套)保险补贴多采用后补贴方式,这在一定程度上占用了企业资金的同时,还引起了企业对能否“报销”产生担忧,不利于首台(套)保险的推广。政府应适当调整首台(套)保险补贴方式,探索从“后补贴”向“购买即补贴”的补贴方式转变。第二,增强企业风险管理意识,加强首台(套)保险的宣传推广工作。一方面,政府与保险公司应不定期开展企业风险管理知识教育讲座,增强企业对于首台套装备相关风险的认知水平。另一方面,积极宣传首台(套)保险成功案例,提升企业对首台(套)保险的知悉度和认可度。第三,不断创新产品设计,提升首台(套)保险风险保障能力。保险业应围绕企业首台套装备产品风险及时推出针对性强、保障水平高的首台(套)装备保险,全面护航企业研发创新。
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BJY217)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
  • 修回日期:2025-05-05
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BJY217)
作者信息
    中南财经政法大学金融学院, 湖北武汉 430073

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朱涛(1994-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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