Article(id=1315372280818020743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736006400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-05, revisedDate=1741881600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538790181, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538790181, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538790181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538790181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372180473496558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538766258, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538833264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=305, endPage=314, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372281019347336, articleId=1315372280818020743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Social construction mechanism and governance path of emerging technology risk, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Emerging technology risks constitute a "perpetual topic" in the process of human scientific and technological innovation. As a kind of "processual existence," it is urgent to clarify the process mechanism through which emerging technology risks are established from the perspective of social construction. Based on the social construction paradigm, this study constructs a processual explanatory framework, revealing that the social construction of emerging technology risks involves a process of "risk generation, risk rhetoric, and risk perception." It also presents a derivation logic where risk states gradually "externalize, objectify, and socialize" as they connect across the levels of "macro society, meso-subjects, and micro-individuals." Specifically, the generation of emerging technology risks has a clear "field" within the social system, giving rise to multiple types of risk patterns through systemic interactions. The rhetoric and interpretation of emerging technology risks are based on the strategies of multi-subject discourse construction and translation links, essentially representing a "discourse competition" for the power to interpret risks. The public's perception of risks associated with emerging technologies is a specific risk perception state formed by the interweaving of the "objective knowledge path" and the "simplified mechanism of trust" under information stimulation. The governance of emerging technology risks urgently requires logical transformation and paradigm transcendence. From a macro-structural perspective, it is necessary to adhere to the balanced logic of "systematic equilibrium," achieving "dimensional balance" and "intensity balance" among systems. From a meso-subject perspective, it is crucial to establish a collaborative logic for the division of labor among subjects, forming an "expanded knowledge community" to facilitate the integration of "public knowledge." From a micro-individual perspective, it is essential to adhere to the neutralizing logic of cognitive adaptation, bringing the public's perception of emerging technology risks "back" to a non-polarized rational space.

, authors=Zhen-jing PANG1, 2, Er-xing SHAO1, authorsList=Zhen-jing PANG, Er-xing SHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372281690435979, articleId=1315372280818020743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=新兴技术风险的社会建构机理及治理路径研究, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新兴技术风险是人类科技创新过程的“永恒议题”,作为一种“过程性存在”,亟待从社会建构视角厘清新兴技术风险如何确立的过程机理。研究基于社会建构范式构建过程性解释框架,揭示了新兴技术风险的社会建构是一个“风险生成-风险修辞-风险认知”的过程,并呈现出随着“宏观社会-中观主体-微观个体”层次衔接,其风险状态逐渐“外化-客观化-社会化”衍生逻辑。具体而言,新兴技术风险的生成具有清晰的社会系统“场域”,在系统交互的作用下生成多类型的风险样态。新兴技术风险的修辞与诠释建立在多主体话语建构与转译链接策略基础之上,其本质属于风险解释权的“话语竞争”。公众对新兴技术的风险认知是信息刺激下“客观知识路径”与“信任的简化机制”的相互交织所形成的某种特定风险认知状态。新兴技术风险治理亟待实现逻辑转换与范式超越,需从宏观结构视角恪守“系统平衡”的兼顾逻辑,做到系统间的“维度平衡”与“强度平衡”,在中观主体视角确定主体分工的协同逻辑,形成“扩展的知识共同体”,促进“公共性知识”的集成,在微观个体视角需坚持认知调适的中和逻辑,将公众的新兴技术风险认知“拉回”非极化的理性空间。

, authors=庞祯敬1, 2, 邵而行1, authorsList=庞祯敬, 邵而行, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

庞祯敬(1989-),男,副研究员,博士,E-mail:。

邵而行(2002-),女,硕士研究生。

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The generation logic and basic patterns of emerging technology risks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 系统交互 风险生成环境 风险生成逻辑 风险基本样态 风险关注内核
1 技术系统 隐秘性 内生性逻辑 技术失控风险 技术概率
2 技术-价值 拟人性 关系性逻辑 关系失调风险 定色定位
3 技术-创新 动态性 发展性逻辑 价值失衡风险 行为边界
4 技术-秩序 结构性 分配性逻辑 结果异化风险 社会影响
), ArticleFig(id=1315372285498864040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372280818020743, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新兴技术风险的生成逻辑与基本样态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 系统交互 风险生成环境 风险生成逻辑 风险基本样态 风险关注内核
1 技术系统 隐秘性 内生性逻辑 技术失控风险 技术概率
2 技术-价值 拟人性 关系性逻辑 关系失调风险 定色定位
3 技术-创新 动态性 发展性逻辑 价值失衡风险 行为边界
4 技术-秩序 结构性 分配性逻辑 结果异化风险 社会影响
), ArticleFig(id=1315372285561778601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372280818020743, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Subjective differences in the interpretation of emerging technology risks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标/维度 话语建构能力
强 弱
转译链接能力 强 强势主体(政府) 依赖主体(技术-市场)
弱 抗争主体(社会) 弱势主体(公众)
), ArticleFig(id=1315372285654053290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372280818020743, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新兴技术风险“诠释”的主体分异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标/维度 话语建构能力
强 弱
转译链接能力 强 强势主体(政府) 依赖主体(技术-市场)
弱 抗争主体(社会) 弱势主体(公众)
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新兴技术风险的社会建构机理及治理路径研究
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庞祯敬 1, 2 , 邵而行 1
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(2): 305-314
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (2) : 305 -314
新兴技术风险的社会建构机理及治理路径研究
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庞祯敬1, 2 , 邵而行1
作者信息
  • 1 四川大学公共管理学院, 四川成都 610065
  • 2 清华大学中国科技政策研究中心, 北京 100086
作者简介:

庞祯敬(1989-),男,副研究员,博士,E-mail:。

邵而行(2002-),女,硕士研究生。

Social construction mechanism and governance path of emerging technology risk
Zhen-jing PANG1, 2 , Er-xing SHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Public Adiministration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
  • 2 China Institute for Science and Technology Policy at Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15
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新兴技术风险是人类科技创新过程的“永恒议题”,作为一种“过程性存在”,亟待从社会建构视角厘清新兴技术风险如何确立的过程机理。研究基于社会建构范式构建过程性解释框架,揭示了新兴技术风险的社会建构是一个“风险生成-风险修辞-风险认知”的过程,并呈现出随着“宏观社会-中观主体-微观个体”层次衔接,其风险状态逐渐“外化-客观化-社会化”衍生逻辑。具体而言,新兴技术风险的生成具有清晰的社会系统“场域”,在系统交互的作用下生成多类型的风险样态。新兴技术风险的修辞与诠释建立在多主体话语建构与转译链接策略基础之上,其本质属于风险解释权的“话语竞争”。公众对新兴技术的风险认知是信息刺激下“客观知识路径”与“信任的简化机制”的相互交织所形成的某种特定风险认知状态。新兴技术风险治理亟待实现逻辑转换与范式超越,需从宏观结构视角恪守“系统平衡”的兼顾逻辑,做到系统间的“维度平衡”与“强度平衡”,在中观主体视角确定主体分工的协同逻辑,形成“扩展的知识共同体”,促进“公共性知识”的集成,在微观个体视角需坚持认知调适的中和逻辑,将公众的新兴技术风险认知“拉回”非极化的理性空间。

新兴技术风险  /  新兴技术治理  /  社会建构  /  风险认知

Emerging technology risks constitute a "perpetual topic" in the process of human scientific and technological innovation. As a kind of "processual existence," it is urgent to clarify the process mechanism through which emerging technology risks are established from the perspective of social construction. Based on the social construction paradigm, this study constructs a processual explanatory framework, revealing that the social construction of emerging technology risks involves a process of "risk generation, risk rhetoric, and risk perception." It also presents a derivation logic where risk states gradually "externalize, objectify, and socialize" as they connect across the levels of "macro society, meso-subjects, and micro-individuals." Specifically, the generation of emerging technology risks has a clear "field" within the social system, giving rise to multiple types of risk patterns through systemic interactions. The rhetoric and interpretation of emerging technology risks are based on the strategies of multi-subject discourse construction and translation links, essentially representing a "discourse competition" for the power to interpret risks. The public's perception of risks associated with emerging technologies is a specific risk perception state formed by the interweaving of the "objective knowledge path" and the "simplified mechanism of trust" under information stimulation. The governance of emerging technology risks urgently requires logical transformation and paradigm transcendence. From a macro-structural perspective, it is necessary to adhere to the balanced logic of "systematic equilibrium," achieving "dimensional balance" and "intensity balance" among systems. From a meso-subject perspective, it is crucial to establish a collaborative logic for the division of labor among subjects, forming an "expanded knowledge community" to facilitate the integration of "public knowledge." From a micro-individual perspective, it is essential to adhere to the neutralizing logic of cognitive adaptation, bringing the public's perception of emerging technology risks "back" to a non-polarized rational space.

emerging technology risks  /  emerging technology governance  /  social construction  /  risk perception
庞祯敬, 邵而行. 新兴技术风险的社会建构机理及治理路径研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (2) : 305 -314 .
Zhen-jing PANG, Er-xing SHAO. Social construction mechanism and governance path of emerging technology risk[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (2) : 305 -314 .
自工业革命以来,人类在科学技术领域的颠覆式跃迁,创造出了一种“持续进步、不可逆转、合乎目的”的现代性新图景,科学理性作为技术福利线性函数的核心变量,在推动国家、社会与个人“福祉”累积的同时,也带来了诸多风险不确定性。人们在技术“统治”下对财富、权利等的公平分配孜孜以求的同时,却悄然实现了另一种“消极的平等”,即“风险面前人人平等”[1]。可以说,科技风险分配已经摆脱财富分配逻辑(收益与风险正相关)的束缚,实现了跨阶层、跨群体、跨领域的弥漫式增长,直至将人类带入了“风险社会”(risk society)的泥淖[2]。特别是20世纪90年代以来,基础科学出现向宏观拓展、微观深入和极端条件方向交叉融合发展趋势,宇宙演化、量子科技、生命科学等重要基础科学领域出现重大突破,可望催生新的重大科学思想和科学理论。一些重点领域如超级计算、人工智能、生物科技、清洁能源等正在告别以“单一技术成果突破”的发展时代,走向呈现“多点群发”的“集群式创新”的新阶段,大批新兴技术的“跃迁”,催生出了以智能、绿色、健康为特征的重大产业变革,并成为助推社会经济发展的“新业态”。在此背景下,新兴技术作为一种“创造性破坏”,在知识、技术与应用层面“链式突破”的同时,正以“赋能、赋权、赋智”的方式,不可逆转地形塑着我们的生产生活方式甚至思维模式,并涌现出了多种事实不清、价值有争议、风险巨大、治理紧迫性的典型场景与紧急案例。
作为一种客观存在,新兴技术风险是新一轮科技革命与产业变革波及全球的客观产物。但作为一种社会构想,它却蕴于特定的社会场景之中,通过不同的社会系统、行为主体、微观个体而建构起来,并与复杂的价值观念、利益诉求、制度规范等交织,呈现出某种程度的不可计算性、不可预测性和不可归因性。特别是,在“后常规科学”(post-normal science)所描述的“知识残缺、事实残缺、信息残缺”的情境下[3],不同的主体出于维护“本体性安全”(ontological security)及“科林格里奇困境”(Collingridge’s Dilemma)的忧虑,不得不建构起符合自身专业、利益与价值坐标的新兴技术风险定义[4]。正如乌尔里希·贝克(Ulrich Beck)所言“现代社会风险是决策和选择、科学与政治、市场与资本、价值与利益、自然与伦理的问题,这不仅是外在的风险,而是每个人的生活中和不同社会场景中内生的风险”[5],这使得新兴技术风险的社会建构上具有极强的内涵竞争性和价值源头的“框架前提”(framing assumption)差异。
因此,有必要从社会建构的视角,厘清新兴技术风险是如何“确立”起来的?包括新兴技术风险如何生成、如何诠释、如何认知的过程机制,提出社会建构视角下新兴技术风险治理的价值归依和路径选择,建构一种全新的新兴技术风险认知体系、评价体系与约束体系,以助力于实现新兴技术的“善治”。
作为理解“风险社会”的核心议题之一,新兴技术风险的研究已颇为丰富,涵盖了技术内生、制度衍生、文化感知、资本异化等多种认知逻辑,并在理论框架、场景生态、现实案例等多个层次形成了较为成熟的研究轮廓。总体而言,已有研究对新兴技术风险的话语叙事主要是从“社会事实”和“社会定义”范式切入,侧重于对新兴技术风险客观状态、要素和特征的界定,及风险属性的主观阐释。
基于“社会事实”的新兴技术风险话语叙事,认为新兴技术风险的性质存在于客观的社会性事实中,表现为新兴技术的“跃迁”所造成的某种社会病理、社会功能解组、功能失调、行为失范等无序状态,其研究进路依循实证主义对其成因、危害、后果及治理对策进行清晰刻画,具有代表性观点包括技术内生论、制度衍生论、资本异化论[6]。首先,技术逻辑下新兴技术风险通过概率描述其发生可能性,并将其简化为一个对概率“事实”进行预测、计算、评估和控制的“技术问题”,具有“超验理性”(transcendental rationalism)的价值负载,寄望于通过“技术路线图”的优化来实现新兴技术风险的“可控性”[7,8]。其次,制度逻辑则倾向于将新兴技术风险视为社会制度规约“失灵”的副产品,即新兴技术产生于既定制度环境,却又超越了既定制度“工具集”的约束范围,从而衍生出的社会结构功能失灵或社会秩序紊乱的状态,新兴技术风险治理则需要在“制度失范-制度改良-制度规范”的周期性规律中实现新兴技术社会影响的秩序性[9,10]。最后,资本逻辑则将新兴技术风险定格为资本驱动下的生产方式以“商品”物化或“保险”货币化的形式根植于社会场景中的客观存在,而资本的非正义逐利性侵蚀新兴技术的“中立性”,技术社会化过程中“目的”与“手段”的“错置或越轨”,是新兴技术风险产生的根源,这无疑需要重塑技术与资本的良善关系以引导新兴技术发展的正确方向[11,12]。
与“社会事实”范式不同,“社会定义”范式则将“从客观事实(性质或要素)入手认知新兴技术风险”视为“一种方向性的错误”,强调“是集体定义,而非客观构成,决定了新兴技术风险以社会问题的形式存在”[13]。“社会定义”范式试图从群体与社会文化视角阐释新兴技术风险的生成逻辑,强调社会价值、规范、信念等对风险维度、强度与形态的形塑作用[14,15]。如此以来,新兴技术风险即成为了社会群体广泛共享的信念系统下的一种“社会表征”(social representations)[16]。一些研究者更是结合“风险文化理论”(the cultural theory of risk)的“阶层/团体”分析模式,将新兴技术风险描绘为不同群体对风险现象的文化体认[17]。最典型的例子,便是欧美基于不同的科学理性和社会理性文化传统,而对转基因技术风险呈现出迥异的风险感知[2]。
可以发现,对新兴技术风险的“社会事实”和“社会定义”阐释,一直贯穿于科技风险与治理研究的始终,它从静态视角揭示了新兴技术风险作为一种“对象性事实”的客观要素和主观性质。但仍有一个重要问题没有被广泛揭示,新兴技术风险的生成、诠释和认知,作为一种“过程性存在”,它是如何被“宣称”(claims-making)从而建构起来的,即新兴技术风险在“宏观社会-中观主体-微观个体”多层次视角是怎么样进入公共话语空间?又是如何在社会互动中被宣称成为“问题存在”的?它需要经历哪些阶段或过程的建构?因而,在考察新兴技术风险作为“问题”的真相是什么之外,我们还应当探寻它是如何呈现出来的过程,即所谓的社会建构的过程机理。
事实上,随着“建构主义”兴起,已有越来越多的研究开始关注新兴技术风险的认称状况(putative conditions)被“建构”起来的过程机制,而不仅仅是对风险的客观状况(objective conditions)进行描述和阐释[18]。建构主义秉承现象学本体论的基本论点,将新兴技术风险视为“解释过的事实”(而非客观事实本身),其研究的基本议题锚定于新兴技术社会化进程中,其风险如何转换(抑或建构)成为公共问题[19]。这一转化不仅是客观风险“量”的累积,而是包含了复杂的风险生成、修饰、认知等社会机制,且蕴含着激烈“问题竞争”过程,如不同主体间的社会关注竞争、问题合法性竞争、风险定义权竞争等。建构主义对新兴技术风险的解构中极力避免布尔迪尔(Bourdieu)所言的“学究谬误”(scholastic fallacy)[20],坚持用行动者的“发现逻辑”取代学者先入为主的“诠释逻辑”和“验证逻辑”,试图从“真实化”(actulization)或“主体间性”(inter-subjective)风险的产生、定义及经历的社会过程来理解新兴技术风险[21]。因而,文本内容分析、话语分析、探讨意义的框架分析(frame analysis)常常被用作探究新兴技术风险社会建构过程机理的方法。
归纳研究图谱可知,现有社会建构视角下的新兴技术风险研究,主要结合具体的新兴技术场景案例(如人工智能、转基因、合成生物学、核能等兼具对生产生活方式变革性影响和不确定性风险张力的技术),从行动主体视角对新兴技术风险进行考察和反思。主要包括:以叙事(narrative)和修辞(rhetorical)为基础,讨论多主体对新兴技术风险内涵识别的异质性[22];以会话(conversation)和论辩(argumentative)为基础,分析新兴技术风险决策实践中,不同利益主体在协商和联盟过程中如何对新兴技术风险进行论辩、倡导并形成集体性共识的过程[23,24];以话语建构和符号(semiotic)为基础,阐释新兴技术风险“宣称”过程中不同主体的身份、意义、立场、知识、联系等策略[25];以批评话语分析(critical discourse analysis)为基础,反思新兴技术风险阐释背后的主体权力关系失衡和主体网络联结失序[26,27]。
可以说,社会建构视角下的新兴技术风险研究在理论、视角、方法上已初步展示了解释力和生命力,但在研究轮廓上则主要集中于中观主体层次对新兴技术风险的话语建构,缺乏宏观的社会系统和微观公众个体层次对新兴技术风险生成、认知的过程机制详细阐释,更未形成对新兴技术风险社会建构过程的“宏观-中观-微观”立体式框架,以获得“既见森林,又见树木”理论视野。本文则尝试提供了探索性的解释框架,以作一些有益讨论。
新兴技术风险的社会建构是一个“风险生成-风险修辞-风险认知”的过程,并呈现出随着“宏观社会-中观主体-微观个体”层次衔接,其风险状态逐渐“外化-客观化-社会化”衍生逻辑。
首先,在风险生成域,在不同的历史时期,某一新兴技术在知识、技术、应用层面的颠覆式跃迁或渐进式迭新,不断与既有的社会价值系统、秩序系统和创新系统发生交互(冲突、磨合与适应),蕴生出新的风险生成环境和风险生成路径,从而诱发新的风险基本样态和风险关注内核。在这一阶段,新兴技术风险走出“实验室”,即开始超越布尔迪厄(Bourdieu)所谓的“具备一定稳定结构、独特运行规则且不依附于周围域场的,具有自身演化逻辑和必然性的科学域场”[28],在“研究开发-设计制造-实验推广-部署应用”的技术周期中,新兴技术具有特定功能、需求的技术系统、产品或服务在一定范围内与社会系统融合,从而进入了技术社会化应用阶段,技术也因此获取某种社会角色[29]。因而,新兴技术风险问题开始被赋予额外的社会意义上的风险想象,其风险生成环境和风险生成路径也具有了“非线性”特征,在社会价值层面(伦理、道德、信念等)、秩序层面(制度、权利、权力等)、创新层面(资本、行为、工具)则表现为多元的风险基本样态和风险关注内核。由此,新兴技术风险便在内涵、外延、维度等上便从一个科学问题“外化”为了一个社会问题,即所谓的新兴技术“风险的外化”阶段。
其次,在风险修辞域,被“外化”为社会问题的新兴技术风险开始进入“公共话语空间”[30],不同的行动主体(行政主体、市场主体、技术主体、社会主体等)开始基于自身固有的知识、利益和价值“框架前提”对新兴技术风险进行不同的“话语宣称”,并采取不同的身份、意义、关系、联系、符号、立场、知识等话语建构策略对新兴技术风险的阐释展开“问题竞争”[31],其目的是将具有自身“主观化”知识、价值与利益负载的新兴技术风险狭义定义上升为“客观化”的社会集体性共识。不同的行动主体不失时机地利用“权力路径”和“网络路径”,通过问题化过程、权益化过程、摄入过程、同盟者激活过程等“转译链接”策略,试图建立起自身关于新兴技术风险的知识分配方案、价值分配方案、利益分配方案的“合法性”和“述行性”,以实现自身在行动者网络中“关键节点”的枢纽地位,即所谓的新兴技术“风险的客观化”阶段。
在风险认知域,经过“修辞”的新兴技术风险以结构化或半结构化、碎片化信息的形式,通过多元信息渠道(如权威性渠道、互动性渠道、媒体性渠道、知识性渠道),以文本的、话语的、图形的、影音等形式“展露”于公众,并获得公众关注,在风险刺激、风险传感和风险学习等信息加工机制的作用下,公众将原始的新兴技术风险信息抽取为“有意义的风险信息”,最终在知识路径的分析式决策与信任路径的启发式决策相互交织下,形成某种特定的关于新兴技术风险的感知,并最终影响对新兴技术的态度、接纳和相关行为,即所谓新兴技术“风险的社会化”阶段。
从宏观视角看,新兴技术风险的生成具有清晰的社会系统“场域”,主要包括四大系统:技术系统是新兴技术的知识与器物(硬件与软件)的载体,表现为技术的具体产品、硬件、软件和服务,在风险维度上,它强调技术风险定量运算、精确预测和有效控制等的确定性;价值系统是人们对新兴技术的认知、评价体系,强调新兴技术不能“僭越”技术与人、社会、自然等的正常的价值可接受性;创新系统是促进技术社会化的行为体系,注重对技术创新行为的约束性,强调行为工具理性的“限度”,不能排斥价值理性或忽视责任意识;秩序系统是技术社会化条件下的权利、权力、利益与责任的分配体系,强调技术嵌入社会场景所带来的各主体间的权责分配、权力结构和利益格局能维持一个“秩序化”的良好状态(见表1)。
技术系统自我交互是新兴技术风险生成的内生性逻辑,其环境特征具有隐秘性,即新兴技术的本身的不稳定性,内生性逻辑关注内核是技术内生风险,强调技术本身的不确定性、偏差性和脆弱性是诱发一切风险问题的根源。技术-价值系统交互是新兴技术风险生成的关系性逻辑,其环境特征具有拟人性,即新兴技术天生具有辅助人类、增利人类的功能。关系性逻辑关注内核是技术的角色定位,其着重体现了人类中心主义的思想,把人类的利益作为价值原点和道德评价的依据,有且只有人类才是价值判断的主体。
技术-创新系统交互是新兴技术风险生成的发展性逻辑,其环境特征具有动态性,发展性逻辑的关注内核是行为边界问题,比如,工具理性与价值理性的张力、责任伦理与信念伦理的断裂、技术的“拜物教”、技术理性的统治、技术的意识形态、资本的“抽象权力”等[32]。技术-秩序系统交互是新兴技术风险生成的分配性逻辑,其环境特征具有结构性,即新兴技术打破了不同主体、群体、范围内原始的权力格局、权利秩序和利益分配方案。分配性逻辑关注的内核是影响结果,就像尼采呼唤“重新评估一切价值”,人类的宿命在于人们永远寄希望于“重新评估现代性”,并建构一种全新的技术约束体系以维护本体性安全。
总结新兴技术风险的基本样态可以发现,内生性逻辑下的新兴技术风险的基本样态是技术失控风险,即技术风险“概率”的无法完全科学预测、计算、评估和控制,无法从根源上驱散新兴技术应用的负面影响,透明、内部安全、外部安全等是基本主题。关系性逻辑下的新兴技术风险的基本样态是关系失调风险,即新兴技术发展过程中对人与技术关系、人与社会关系、技术与社会关系边界的“僭越”。发展性逻辑下的新兴技术风险的基本样态是价值失衡风险,即新兴技术创新实践过分追求手段和达到目的的可能性,而忽视责任、意义、信念等价值,协作共享与创新、以人为本(有益、无害、可持续)等是基本主题。分配性逻辑下的新兴技术风险的基本样态是结果异化风险,即新兴技术社会化过程中因认知、理解、使用能力差异,而造成的权利、权力和利益重构,并缺乏制度修正机制的状态。
在此阶段,新兴技术实现了从假说猜想、理论学说、实验技术到社会应用的转变,技术系统的内生性风险开始“展露”于社会,并与复杂的社会价值体系、规制体系、利益结构体系交互,新兴技术的风险形态与逐渐脱离科学场域,外化为某种社会价值冲击、秩序解组、利益失调、行为失范的“社会问题”状态,从而引发社会集体性的风险信号警觉。
新兴技术风险通过“外化”展露于社会场景,多元利益主体在各自“群体体认”中试图建构起“风险是什么、为什么、怎么办”的知识框架,并试图将其制度化与合法化,这一过程实质是建构新兴技术风险的集体性知识坐标的过程。“话语建构”和“转译链接”是多主体实现新兴技术风险“诠释”的两大路径,话语建构是对新兴技术风险“问题宣称”,具有极强的“修辞”性特征,其核心在于争夺社会关注、竞争问题合法性、占据风险定义权,转译链接则是主体将自身对新兴技术风险理解的“知识图谱”让其他主体接受或影响他人界定风险的过程。从这个角度讲,新兴技术风险在概念、内涵、维度、强度阐释上实际上具有主体的竞争性和主体间“框架前提差异”,不同的主体都试图通过符合自身知识、价值、利益“坐标”的新兴技术风险话语建构来认知新兴技术风险,因此,话语竞争就成了新兴技术风险诠释的主轴。
依照“话语建构能力”和“转译链接能力”象限划分,新兴技术风险诠释的多主体行动网络具有角色配置的强弱分异,可将新兴技术风险的诠释主体分为强势主体、依赖主体、抗争主体和弱势主体(见表2),其中政府是强势主体,政府作为公权力的承载,在新兴技术应用与开发中,扮演着决策者、执行者与监督者的角色,承担着新兴技术发展战略制定,新兴技术应用与开发政策、法规、程序、标准出台,新兴技术评估、检测、监督、审批等职责,可以说,政府行为决定了新兴技术应用的规模与程度,其首要目标是创造科技创新势能,获取新兴技术社会化的公共利益,同时也蕴含新兴技术风险的权威价值界定和公共治理之责。其次,技术-市场行动者是依赖主体,他们作为知识权力和市场权力的承载,其价值诉求在于追求科学真理和技术的产业转化,因技术创新的资源依赖和市场依赖,技术-市场主体往缺乏系统性阐释新兴技术风险的动因,但亦凭借其知识壁垒和市场优势深刻影响其他主体对新兴技术风险的判断。再次,社会行动者是抗争主体,他们以倡导某种社会理念、追求社会共同利益为价值诉求,是社会权力的承载,在新兴技术风险话语建构中,社会主体凭借其“先验理性”的优势,在没有历史、经验和实践的情况下,其亦可刻画出完整的新兴技术风险图谱,通过“批判”“警示”等策略,试图建构起技术怀疑主义的风险话语体系,困于知识细分和场景分异,社会行动主体的新兴技术风险诠释对其他主体的影响往往停留于启发性的引导意义,而规范性的指导意义则面临情景排异。而公众则是弱势主体,因专业残缺和精力缺陷,公众不具备主动诠释新兴技术风险的能力,反而成为其他主体话语竞争的“争夺对象”,在新兴技术风险的“论争”中,公众的风险意识和注意力被“唤起”,成为判断社会整体风险认知坐标的“标的群体”。
新兴技术风险的多主体话语建构通过特定的“身份建构、立场建构、知识建构、符号建构”等策略来实现,其中对风险的“知识合法性、利益分配性、价值导向性”竞争是核心,通常策略为通过树立“专家权威或机构权威”的身份建构博取主体信任,借助刻画“风险的刻板印象”的符号建构简化风险认知,借力叙述“风险威胁、概率与距离的事实或可能”的知识建构创造传播话术,借势宣扬“科学理性、社会理性或生态理性”社会氛围或文化的立场建构扩大群体认同。而新兴技术风险的多主体的转译链接则主要通过“权力引用”和“网络联结”两条路径实现。权力引用路径类似于福柯的有关权力和话语的关系论述,即某一主体的新兴技术风险话语获得了政治权力的引用或背书,其话语体系便具备了社会“普遍性意义”,因此在新兴技术风险话语建构中,如何争取中央政府、国家领导、官方媒体等权威符号“加持”,成为单一主体的风险阐释方案被转化为社会采纳集体方案的“捷径”;此外,“网络联结”路径则倾向于从建构主体“同盟”的视角,来阐释多主体风险话语从“竞争”演化为“趋同”的策略机制,这类似于行动者网络理论(actor-network theory)所述之“问题化、权益化、摄入和激活”策略[33],其中,问题化可看作一项新兴技术风险阐释方案的新策略发起者提出符合其他行动者利益的合作方案,以使自身和新加入者结成联盟;权益化过程则是发起者采取一系列行动来影响并固化其他行动者的角色;摄入的过程是成功的权益化使得相关主体被卷入,并成为发起者所构建新兴技术风险阐释系统的参与者;激活过程则是使得发起主体成为整个新兴技术风险阐释联盟链的代言人,进而对其他行动者行使话语权力。总的来说,不同主体总是试图通过“网络联结”的过程来建立起主体同盟的“圈”或“链”,以形成政府、科学、技术、市场与社会间的无缝之网,其中发起主体总是力图实现其在新兴技术风险诠释中作为“关节点”的枢纽地位,并扮演新兴技术风险“权威价值分配者”的角色。
通过不同主体在新兴技术风险阐释中的反复话语竞争和转译链接,多主体在“后常规科学”所描述的知识残缺、信息残缺、事实残缺等情境下,演化形成基于特定的“共识”的一套具有“良善价值”的新兴技术风险知识体系,该体系具有普遍性,是对新兴技术风险所展现的社会偏好、态度和行为的“最大公约数”,其实质是集合了多元行动主体偏好的“集体方案”。
多主体对新兴技术风险阐释的话语竞争过程,形成复杂的风险“信息情景”,不同内容、性质、源头的信息,通过权威渠道、社交渠道、学习渠道、网络渠道获得公众关注并形成初始的风险信息刺激,这些信息多以非结构或半结构形式存在,具有碎片化、随意性的特征,在公众特定“主观价值、客观知识、个体经验、情感共鸣”等规范下,通过“风险传感”和“风险学习”遴选为符合公众“本体性安全”坐标的“有意义”的风险信息[34]。
公众从“最大限度的理性”客观知识路径和信任的“启发的简化机制”两种路径进行风险认知决策,客观知识路径表示公众基于自身风险知识的“存量”对新兴技术的成本、收益或环境进行理性计算,从而形成对某种新兴技术是否具有风险、具有何种风险的体认,但由于公众认知能力的有限性,人类无法获取完整的技术知识,因而公众惯性通过信任来弥补认知的不足来减少对信息技术风险认知的复杂性,确保内心的安全感,换言之,公众将对新兴技术风险的认知“转嫁”至对多元行动主体评价,并通过对不同主体的信任强度来决定对新兴技术风险认知的强度。这种信任关系往往借助在科技风险议题上与多主体互动形成的“初始印象或经验”,当面对新兴技术风险认知识别时,公众往往需要寻找相关主体以提供“担保”,而公众基于价值认同或互动经验对不同行动主体的信任判断,就成为了决定公众新兴技术风险认知方向、强度、形态的核心要素,当公众认为自己与“标的”主体分享同样的价值或具有良好的互动历史“体验”时,公众会基于对该主体的良好的信任关系而形成与之相同的新兴技术风险认知[35]。
值得注意的是,公众对新兴技术的风险认知形成并不是单一的基于信任服从和信息接受的“一致性机制”,其过程存在复杂的“反驳机制、从众机制、说服机制、极化机制、中和机制、消解机制”,而这一过程正是公众对新兴技术的风险认知被唤起、扰动直至形成稳定倾向的过程,即风险的社会化完成过程。
新兴技术风险的“确立”是一个“生成-修辞-认知”的社会建构过程,这决定了任何单一框架的新兴技术治理范式均会面临效能失灵与理论困境,因此,新兴技术风险治理亟待实现逻辑转换与范式超越,需从宏观结构、中观主体、微观个体的综合视角,建构层次衔接的综合性治理框架,以实现多元逻辑的整合。
新兴技术风险的生成超越了“科学场域”限制,在新兴技术社会化应用过程中,技术系统逐渐与价值系统、创新系统、秩序系统交互,衍生出多类型的风险样态,如伦理道德风险、行为失范风险、权益分配风险等,其本质是新兴技术的“新能量”对社会系统产生的无序扰动而暂时缺乏修正的状态。新兴技术风险生成的“系统交互”特点决定了其风险治理需恪守“系统平衡”的兼顾逻辑,须做到系统间的“维度平衡”与“强度平衡”。维度平衡强调新兴技术治理不可单一重视某一系统功能目标,不可偏废其一或偏重其一,当过分单一重视某一系统的功能目标时,其他系统的功能将得到“抑制”,如单一重视技术系统的内生风险,而忽视社会风险,则有可能产生不必要的风险的社会放大;强度平衡强调不同目标系统的新兴技术治理需有其相适应的治理强度,不可“过度”亦不可“失度”,如以控制性(非指导性)为功能目标进行价值系统的治理,则处于下位的创新系统或秩序系统将失去治理的弹性空间,新兴技术正常的社会化创新应用进程和技术公共福利将会得到“钳制”,因此不同系统的治理强度需根据应用情景因地制宜选择指导性、规范性、约束性、管制性的功能目标。
新兴技术风险的修辞与诠释是建立在多主体话语建构与转译链接基础上,并在权力引用和网络联结层面呈现出多组态的策略选择,这导致新兴技术风险集体“共识方案”的形成实质是一场多主体的关于风险解释权的“话语竞争”,极易导致风险论述的公共舆论场走上非平衡的紧张状态,风险信息传递呈现多渠道的碎片化状态。为此,新兴技术的风险诠释需从主体视角确定主体分工的协同逻辑,新兴技术作为颠覆性的知识跃迁,没有任何单一机构或主体能够提供支撑风险解释的全部知识,新兴技术风险的社会诠释必须调集多元主体协同参与,逐渐形成由技术主体、市场主体、社会主体、专家学者、政府及公众等组成的“扩展的知识共同体”,充分利用各自优势,在不同的情景视角承担不同职责,可以将新兴技术风险诠释的角色配置分为五类,即风险事实信息提供者、风险专业知识提供者、风险分析思路提供者、风险情绪感受表达者和风险规制方向提供者。
技术主体需承担风险事实信息提供者,主要通过提供现场证据、公布实地调查结果等方式,填充风险问题认知的中空地带,可以使新兴技术的风险判断能够建立在全面信息源基础之上;专家学者需自觉于风险专业知识提供者,主要通过专业的风险分析、风险推理等方式,弥补在风险问题识别中所缺乏的专业知识,使新兴技术的风险诠释能够具有更坚实的学理基础;社会主体需担当风险分析思路提供者,通过作出更多领域、更多层次、更多角度的价值判断,改变风险问题阐释的单一性和狭隘性,使新兴技术的风险诠释更具综合性;公众需转变“无知的沉默”状态,不失时机地承担风险情绪感受表达者,通过各种媒介表达自身对新兴技术风险问题的经验体验、心理感受和情绪状况,促使各类社会成员间形成集体的心理共鸣与共情;政府需作为风险规制方向提供者,通过建构原则框架、战略导向等方式,促进新兴技术风险诠释超越“行业性知识与群体性知识”,并朝“公共性知识”方向发展。
公众对新兴技术的风险认知建立在信息刺激下的“客观知识路径”与“信任的简化机制”基础上,但由于受碎片化、非结构化、非专业化等信息情景影响,公众所关注的新兴技术的事实判断可能会出现两极化,比如风险感知极化、风险归因极化、风险意向极化、风险评价极化等,为此,新兴技术风险治理需从个体视角确立认知调适的中和逻辑,通过建构多元的认知调适框架促使公众固有的新兴技术知识结构、主观价值规范及思维分析范式发生转换或扩展,为公众将新兴技术风险认知“拉回”非极化的理性空间提供更丰富的认知资源,从而形成较为正态分布的公众风险认知人群图谱。其中,信息对冲调适、专业普及调适、情绪引导调适、价值中和调适是主要的方法与路径,并将调适路径与风险认知极化的多元情景结合,与风险认知极化形成的“全生命周期”匹配,针对典型事件、负面舆情、争议问题,采取“滴灌式”议题设置和策略组合实现新兴技术风险认知的“敏捷调适”。
新兴技术风险是人类追求科技创新过程的“永恒议题”,传统“社会事实”和“社会定义”范式揭示了新兴技术风险作为一种“对象性事实”的客观要素和主观性质,但作为一种“过程性存在”,亟待从社会建构视角厘清新兴技术风险确立的过程机理。本研究基于社会建构视角,构建了新兴技术风险确立的过程性框架。研究认为,新兴技术风险的社会建构是一个“风险生成-风险修辞-风险认知”的过程,并呈现出随着“宏观社会-中观主体-微观个体”层次衔接,其风险状态逐渐“外化-客观化-社会化”衍生逻辑。新兴技术风险的生成具有清晰的社会系统“场域”,在技术系统与价值系统、秩序系统、创新系统交互下生成多类型的风险样态,并各自具有不同的关注内核、生成逻辑、生成环境;新兴技术风险的修辞与诠释是建立在多主体话语建构与转译链接基础上,其本质是多主体的关于风险解释权的“话语竞争”,依照“话语建构能力”和“转译链接能力”象限划分,新兴技术风险诠释的多主体行动网络具有“强势主体、依赖主体、抗争主体和弱势主体”角色配置的强弱分异,多主体话语建构通过特定的“身份建构、立场建构、知识建构、符号建构”等策略来实现,并在权力引用和网络联结层面呈现出转译链接策略选择;公众对新兴技术的风险认知是在信息刺激、风险传感和风险学习等信息加工机制的作用下,公众将原始的风险信息抽取为“有意义的风险信息”,最终在“客观知识路径”与“信任的简化机制”的相互交织下,形成的某种特定的关于新兴技术风险认知状态。
新兴技术风险治理亟待实现逻辑转换与范式超越,需从宏观结构、中观主体、微观个体的综合视角,建构层次衔接的综合性治理框架,以实现多元逻辑的整合。新兴技术风险生成的“系统交互”特点决定了其风险治理需恪守“系统平衡”的兼顾逻辑,须做到系统间的“维度平衡”与“强度平衡”;新兴技术的风险诠释需从主体视角确定主体分工的协同逻辑,形成“扩展的知识共同体”,承担风险事实信息提供者、风险专业知识提供者、风险分析思路提供者、风险情绪感受表达者和风险规制方向提供者等角色定位,促进新兴技术风险诠释超越“行业性知识与群体性知识”,并朝“公共性知识”方向发展;新兴技术风险治理需从个体视角确立认知调适的中和逻辑,通过信息对冲调适、专业普及调适、情绪引导调适、价值中和调适等方法与路径,将公众新兴技术风险认知“拉回”非极化的理性空间。
  • 国家社会科学基金青年项目(22CSH014)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-05
  • 修回日期:2025-03-14
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国家社会科学基金青年项目(22CSH014)
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    1 四川大学公共管理学院, 四川成都 610065
    2 清华大学中国科技政策研究中心, 北京 100086
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