Article(id=1315372248010182956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=1743091200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538782359, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538782359, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538782359, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538782359, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372180473496558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538766258, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538833264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=245, endPage=254, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372248240869677, articleId=1315372248010182956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Creation and destruction: Research on the combination of innovation policy implementation strategies in the development of emerging technology industry, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of emerging technology industry is an important way to reshape the international competition pattern, open up new fields and new paths for development, and shape new momentum and new advantages for national development. However, the development of emerging technology industry not only faces the double uncertainty of technology and market, but also faces the challenge and competition of old technology.The combination of creation and then destruction is an important policy implementation strategy of the Chinese government to coordinate the competition between old and emerging technologies and promote the development of emerging technologies. The strategy combination of creation and destruction refers to the policy implementation strategy set that promotes the growth of emerging technologies and gradually replaces old technologies. However, the creation and destruction strategies have their best background conditions, and the optimal combination of policy implementation strategies should be determined by combining the implementation scenarios and characteristics of innovation policies. How to implement the combination of creation and destruction strategies for emerging technology industries has become an important practical policy issue.

Therefore, this study takes the combination of creation and destruction policy implementation strategies as the theme, takes the adoption of innovation policies in China's new energy automobile industry as a case, analyzes the specific process of the Chinese government's promotion of creation and destruction policy implementation strategies, and focuses on the question of how to determine the combination of creation and destruction policy implementation strategies? What are the paths of creation and destruction? What is the logic of the strategic combination of creation and destruction? The research conclusions have practical significance for improving the implementation efficiency of innovation policies.

The findings are as follows: (1) the dynamic adjustment process of combination of creation and then destruction are a discretionary process. In the three stages of "achieve innovative breakthroughs", "achieve commercialize" and "enhance international competitiveness", the Chinese government successively adopted the policy implementation strategies of "creation first", " simultaneous combination from creation and destruction" and "creation from destruction"; (2) The implementation strategy of combination of creation and then destruction requires a systematic realization path. "Creation" includes the layout and cultivation of diversified technologies, the creation of market opportunities for commercialization of emerging technologies and the creation of technological opportunities for innovation of emerging technologies. "Destruction" includes reducing the relative competitive advantage of old technologies, breaking the policy protection space of emerging technologies, and destroying the mainstream technical route expectations and visions of old technologies. (3) combination of creation and then destruction are essentially the government's behavior of intervening the competition between old and emerging technologies by creating and adjusting the policy protection space, which reflects the organic combination of "promising government" and "effective market".

The contributions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, it puts forward a three-dimensional theoretical analysis framework of "goal-setting - strategy selection - implementation path" for innovation policy implementation strategies, which opens the black box of the combination of innovation policy implementation strategy in the field of new energy automobile industry in China. Thus, we enrich the research on innovation policy. Second, it interprets the theoretical logic of the combination of creation and destruction strategies, reveals the coupling relationship between "promising government" and "efficient market" in the development process of emerging technology industries. It can expand the theory of policy implementation, and is conducive to improving the efficiency of policy implementation.

, authors=Hong-jun GENG1, Chang WANG2, Hai-lin YAO2, authorsList=Hong-jun GENG, Chang WANG, Hai-lin YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372249536909622, articleId=1315372248010182956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=新兴技术产业的创新政策实施策略组合研究, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

立与破策略组合是中国政府协调新旧技术竞争关系,推动新兴技术创新与产业化的政策实施策略集合,但较少有学者展开理论研究。本文以中国政府推动新能源汽车产业创新发展过程中实施的创新政策为例,对创新政策的立与破策略组合的实施过程、实现路径和理论逻辑展开研究。研究发现:(1)立与破策略组合是政府针对新兴技术发展过程中相机抉择的政策行为,涵盖了“以立为主”“立破结合”“以破促立”连续一体化的政策实施策略;(2)立与破的实施策略需要系统性的实现路径。“立”包括多样化新兴技术布局与培育,以及市场机会和技术机会的创建;“破”则包括对旧技术相对竞争优势的削弱和主流技术路线期望与愿景的降低,也包括对新兴技术政策保护空间的撤离;(3)立与破策略组合本质上是政府通过创建和调整政策保护空间,对新旧技术竞争关系进行调控的行为,体现了“有为政府”和“有效市场”的有机结合。这一研究发现拓展了创新政策理论框架,深化了政策执行理论。研究结论将为促进新兴技术产业发展,提升政策执行效能,提供启示与借鉴。

, authors=耿红军1, 王昶2, 姚海琳2, authorsList=耿红军, 王昶, 姚海琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王昶, authorNote=

耿红军(1990-),男,副教授,博士。

姚海琳(1977-),女,副教授,博士。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王昶(1973-),男,教授、博士生导师, E-mail:。
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耿红军(1990-),男,副教授,博士。

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耿红军(1990-),男,副教授,博士。

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姚海琳(1977-),女,副教授,博士。

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姚海琳(1977-),女,副教授,博士。

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新兴技术产业的创新政策实施策略组合研究
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耿红军 1 , 王昶 2 , 姚海琳 2
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(2): 245-254
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科学学研究 |热点议题 2026 , 44 (2) : 245 -254
新兴技术产业的创新政策实施策略组合研究
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耿红军1, 王昶2 , 姚海琳2
作者信息
  • 1 南京理工大学公共事务学院, 江苏南京 210094
  • 2 中南大学商学院, 湖南长沙 410083
通讯作者:
王昶(1973-),男,教授、博士生导师, E-mail:。
作者简介:

耿红军(1990-),男,副教授,博士。

姚海琳(1977-),女,副教授,博士。

Creation and destruction: Research on the combination of innovation policy implementation strategies in the development of emerging technology industry
Hong-jun GENG1, Chang WANG2 , Hai-lin YAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 2 School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15
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立与破策略组合是中国政府协调新旧技术竞争关系,推动新兴技术创新与产业化的政策实施策略集合,但较少有学者展开理论研究。本文以中国政府推动新能源汽车产业创新发展过程中实施的创新政策为例,对创新政策的立与破策略组合的实施过程、实现路径和理论逻辑展开研究。研究发现:(1)立与破策略组合是政府针对新兴技术发展过程中相机抉择的政策行为,涵盖了“以立为主”“立破结合”“以破促立”连续一体化的政策实施策略;(2)立与破的实施策略需要系统性的实现路径。“立”包括多样化新兴技术布局与培育,以及市场机会和技术机会的创建;“破”则包括对旧技术相对竞争优势的削弱和主流技术路线期望与愿景的降低,也包括对新兴技术政策保护空间的撤离;(3)立与破策略组合本质上是政府通过创建和调整政策保护空间,对新旧技术竞争关系进行调控的行为,体现了“有为政府”和“有效市场”的有机结合。这一研究发现拓展了创新政策理论框架,深化了政策执行理论。研究结论将为促进新兴技术产业发展,提升政策执行效能,提供启示与借鉴。

创新政策  /  实施策略  /  立与破策略  /  新兴技术产业  /  新能源汽车

The development of emerging technology industry is an important way to reshape the international competition pattern, open up new fields and new paths for development, and shape new momentum and new advantages for national development. However, the development of emerging technology industry not only faces the double uncertainty of technology and market, but also faces the challenge and competition of old technology.The combination of creation and then destruction is an important policy implementation strategy of the Chinese government to coordinate the competition between old and emerging technologies and promote the development of emerging technologies. The strategy combination of creation and destruction refers to the policy implementation strategy set that promotes the growth of emerging technologies and gradually replaces old technologies. However, the creation and destruction strategies have their best background conditions, and the optimal combination of policy implementation strategies should be determined by combining the implementation scenarios and characteristics of innovation policies. How to implement the combination of creation and destruction strategies for emerging technology industries has become an important practical policy issue.

Therefore, this study takes the combination of creation and destruction policy implementation strategies as the theme, takes the adoption of innovation policies in China's new energy automobile industry as a case, analyzes the specific process of the Chinese government's promotion of creation and destruction policy implementation strategies, and focuses on the question of how to determine the combination of creation and destruction policy implementation strategies? What are the paths of creation and destruction? What is the logic of the strategic combination of creation and destruction? The research conclusions have practical significance for improving the implementation efficiency of innovation policies.

The findings are as follows: (1) the dynamic adjustment process of combination of creation and then destruction are a discretionary process. In the three stages of "achieve innovative breakthroughs", "achieve commercialize" and "enhance international competitiveness", the Chinese government successively adopted the policy implementation strategies of "creation first", " simultaneous combination from creation and destruction" and "creation from destruction"; (2) The implementation strategy of combination of creation and then destruction requires a systematic realization path. "Creation" includes the layout and cultivation of diversified technologies, the creation of market opportunities for commercialization of emerging technologies and the creation of technological opportunities for innovation of emerging technologies. "Destruction" includes reducing the relative competitive advantage of old technologies, breaking the policy protection space of emerging technologies, and destroying the mainstream technical route expectations and visions of old technologies. (3) combination of creation and then destruction are essentially the government's behavior of intervening the competition between old and emerging technologies by creating and adjusting the policy protection space, which reflects the organic combination of "promising government" and "effective market".

The contributions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, it puts forward a three-dimensional theoretical analysis framework of "goal-setting - strategy selection - implementation path" for innovation policy implementation strategies, which opens the black box of the combination of innovation policy implementation strategy in the field of new energy automobile industry in China. Thus, we enrich the research on innovation policy. Second, it interprets the theoretical logic of the combination of creation and destruction strategies, reveals the coupling relationship between "promising government" and "efficient market" in the development process of emerging technology industries. It can expand the theory of policy implementation, and is conducive to improving the efficiency of policy implementation.

innovation policy  /  implementation strategy  /  combination of creation and then destruction  /  emerging technology industry  /  new energy vehicles
耿红军, 王昶, 姚海琳. 新兴技术产业的创新政策实施策略组合研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (2) : 245 -254 .
Hong-jun GENG, Chang WANG, Hai-lin YAO. Creation and destruction: Research on the combination of innovation policy implementation strategies in the development of emerging technology industry[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (2) : 245 -254 .
发展新兴技术产业是重塑国际竞争格局,开辟发展新领域新赛道,塑造发展新动能新优势重要途径[1]。然而,新兴技术产业的发展不仅面临技术与市场的双重不确定性,还面临对旧技术的挑战和竞争。在新旧技术竞争中,一方面如果政府放任市场主导,旧技术凭借其优越的产品性能和完善的产业配套,可能会挤压新兴技术产业发展的空间,延缓新兴技术产业成长速度;另一方面如果政府过度政策保护,新兴技术可能停留在幼稚化阶段,无法培育出与旧技术展开市场竞争的核心能力[2]。为此,中国政府提出了立与破的政策实施策略,用于协调新旧技术竞争关系。2024年7月,党中央在《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》中再次强调,要“坚持以制度建设为主线,加强顶层设计、总体谋划,破立并举、先立后破”。如何针对新兴技术产业实施立与破的政策策略组合,已成为重要的现实政策议题。
立与破策略组合指的是推动新兴技术孕育成长,并逐步替代旧技术的政策实施策略集合。这一政策实施策略组合在中国新能源汽车产业发展中得到了充分的展现。一方面,政府通过实施“立”的策略,加大对新能源汽车的支持,推动新能源汽车技术快速进步[3];另一方面,政府又实施“破”的策略,对传统燃油汽车设计更多的附加条件,削弱传统燃油汽车对新能源汽车的竞争力[4]。然而,“立”和“破”各有其最适应的背景条件,需要结合创新政策的实施和执行情景及特征来确定最优的政策实施策略组合。
因此,本研究以立与破政策实施策略组合为主题,以中国新能源汽车产业中采纳创新政策为案例,分析中国政府推动立与破政策实施策略的具体过程,重点回答如何确定立与破的策略组合?“立”策略和“破”策略的实现路径有哪些?立与破策略组合背后的理论逻辑是什么?等问题,研究结论对于提升创新政策执行效能具有现实意义。
政策实施或政策执行是政策过程的重要环节,是联通政策目标和政策结果的中间过程[17]。现有研究已经基于政策属性特征、政策行动者和政策工具等视角对政策执行给出了很好的解释。政策属性视角主要研究政策本身的特征对政策执行的影响,强调政策问题的复杂性和不确定性,是政策执行差异的来源[5], Matland [6]依据政策“模糊性-冲突性”特征,提出行政执行、政治执行、实验性执行和象征性执行四种策略。
政策属性视角指明了政策特征对于政策执行的影响,但忽视了政策实施主体的能动作用,政策行动者视角弥补了此方面的不足。政策行动者视角认为,政策执行过程中的冲突现象实际上是多元执行主体之间行动目标冲突的外化,具体来讲,政策行动者及其行为、动机、策略、认知等会影响政策的有效执行[7],目前,已形成了“自上而下”(top-down)与“自下而上”(bottom-up)两种经典的分析范式[8]。
政策行动者视角强调了关键行动者对政策执行的影响,但忽视了政府推动政策目标实现过程中的政策工具的影响。为此,部分学者提出了政策工具视角。政策工具视角认为政策工具涉及政府工具的选择以及政策传递的手段,政府通过采用各种政策工具的组合来实现其目标,并提出政策执行问题是多种政策工具之间的互相调节。因此,政策是否能够有效执行,关键在于如何在复杂的执行环境中设计和采用最优的工具组合[9]。
然而,政策工具视角主要强调政策工具与政策任务的适配性及不同政策工具之间的协同或冲突关系,忽视了政府重大任务的复杂性和长期性。由于任务的长期性、复杂性和系统性,通常需要花费数十年的时间完成,需要政府做出长期的承诺,并将高度复杂的发展任务分解成不同阶段可解决的具体目标,根据不同目标,实施差异化的政策实施策略[10]。例如,为了解决可持续转型重大任务,现有研究已经指出,可以在不同阶段实施“立”的策略和“破”的策略[4,11]。但现有研究未能解释政府如何根据政策任务的复杂性特征来采取差异化动态策略组合。尤其是在新兴技术领域,现有研究并未全面揭示政府如何针对性实施差异化策略组合,协调新旧两种技术竞争关系,推动新兴技术产业快速发展。
综上所述,现有研究已经指出,可以在不同阶段实施“立”的策略和“破”的策略[4,11]。然而,现有研究仅是粗线条的勾勒了两种实施策略的理论依据及现实案例,尚未全面解剖如何实施“立与破”策略组合?“立”与“破”的关系是什么?难以为政府提升创新政策实施效能提供理论依据。
为此,本文根据“战略任务—行动过程—行动结果”案例研究基本分析范式,构建了“战略任务——策略实施——实施结果”的具体研究框架(见图1)。其中,本文主要聚焦在策略实施环节,本文将策略实施环节进一步细分为“目标制定—策略选择—实现路径”三个环节,“目标制定”根植于政府面临的发展任务和现实的产业情境,是将政府面临的发展任务进一步分解成可以实现的阶段型目标,作为前置性环节,它蕴藏着政府“干什么”的目标指向;“策略选择”是设计能够实现政策目标的创新方向和原则,蕴藏着政府“怎么干”的原则导向;实现路径指在创新方向和基本原则引领下,实施的主要政策措施,推动政策目标实现的具体途径,蕴藏着政府“如何干”的路径设计。
本文选择案例研究方法。案例研究是在研究现象与社会背景没有明显边界的情况下,通过对特定对象的详实描述与系统分析,综合展现情境脉络与演进规律,是一个线性、反复的过程,适合研究“如何”的问题。单案例研究作为案例研究的主流,兼具描述、探索与解释功能,可聚焦典型个案展开长周期的分析,对建构、发展以及检验理论具有重要意义。本研究旨在探索中国政府如何采取立与破的政策实施策略组合,属于“如何”的问题,适合采取案例研究。同时,立与破的政策实施策略组合需要在较长时间周期内分阶段进行分析,以建构、发展相关理论模型,因此,本文采用单案例研究法进行研究。
本文以新能源汽车产业中创新政策为案例,主要原因如下:一是中国政府在推动新能源汽车发展过程中实施了立与破的政策实施策略组合。中国政府在推动新能源汽车发展过程中,既有体现“立”的政策实施策略,直接支持新能源汽车发展,也有体现“破”的政策实施策略,破除传统燃油汽车竞争优势,完整走过了立与破策略组合实施历程,是立与破政策实施策略组合的典型;二是中国新能源汽车发展效果显著,2023年,国内新能源汽车销量占全部汽车销售量比重达31.6%,已经成为中国出口的“新三样”之一。
为保证数据可靠性,研究通过多信源(multiple sources)混合方法获得中国新能源汽车数据。包括来自笔者2019 年 11月-2024 年3月的10余次实地调研与深度访谈,调研部门包括国务院发展研究中心、工信部赛迪研究院、深圳科创局、深圳工信局、湖南工信厅等相关政府部门,新能源汽车和动力电池等相关行业协会,比亚迪、潍柴动力、宁德时代等相关企业,中南大学、中国科学院等科研院所;二手资料主要包括国家和地方出台的各类新能源汽车政策、主要政策制定者的讲话、以及调研对象提供的内部会议纪要、档案文件、网络宣传资料等。采取滚雪球抽样的方式,根据撰写需要,对企业和政府工作人员展开了数次跟踪调研和线上回访。
本文采用数据编码和归类的方法进行数据分析,目的在于从大量一、二手资料中提炼主题,进而论证和深化文献回顾部分所指出的研究不足。首先,从梳理案例发展历史、关键政策事件开始,研究者对不同来源数据进行综合与交叉验证,建立关键事件数据库,并绘制政策的事件序列图(图2);再次,进行案例分析,根据文献回顾部分提出的理论框架,识别在不同阶段,产业现状、政策目标、政策策略、政策路径的不同表现;再次,我们将案例不同时期进行比较分析。通过这一过程分析,文章在案例数据、涌现构念或维度、现有研究文献之间,不断穿梭迭代比较,同时借助图表等方式,使关键构念或维度、相互关系及理论模型更加清晰;最后,根据涌现的理论与文献比较,进一步补充数据,直至达到理论饱和点。
按照中国政府对新能源汽车产业实施目标的不同,将中国新能源汽车产业发展过程分为“从无到有”“从有到用”“从用到强”三个阶段,分阶段讨论政策实施策略。
20世纪80年代,美国、德国、日本为了解决传统燃油汽车环境污染问题,开始重视新能源汽车的研发,开辟新能源汽车新赛道。1992年,钱学森院士向党中央领导人建议“我国汽车工业应直接跳过用汽油柴油阶段,直接进入减少环境污染的新能源阶段”,获得党和国家主要领导人的高度重视。然而,此阶段中国并未有发展新能源汽车产业的现实基础,美国、日本等新能源汽车领先国家也向中国出口新能源汽车技术意愿不足,自主研发成为了中国发展新能源汽车唯一选择。为此,中国政府确定了实现新能源汽车“从无到用”的政策目标,实施“以立为主”的政策实施策略组合。
“以立为主”主要“立”的是培育和布局新能源汽车发展的多样化技术。一是为推动关键核心技术突破与可行性验证,中国政府将新能源汽车列入重大科技专项。1992年,中国政府将“电动汽车关键技术研究”列入“八五国家重点科技攻关计划”,投资1500万元,重点用于电动汽车的研制开发;“九五”期间,科技部将“电动汽车重大科技产业工程项目”列入国家科技攻关计划项目;“十五”期间,科技部启动“电动汽车重大科技专项”,进行“三纵三横”技术研发布局,重点推动动力系统技术创新突破;“十一五”期间,新能源汽车研发继续被列入国家科技计划,重点在于验证技术在整车上应用的可行性。二是为了引导市场主体加强新能源汽车核心技术创新,实施了产业结构调整政策,塑造新能源汽车发展愿景和期望。2004年,中国政府出台《汽车产业发展政策》首次提出积极开展电动汽车、车用动力电池等新型动力汽车的研究和产业化,给予了新能源汽车合法性身份;2005年,中国政府出台《产业结构调整指导目录》,将电动汽车等新能源汽车和关键零部件列为鼓励类;同年,《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006 — 2020)》将新能源汽车列为重点优先领域,新能源汽车在中国汽车工业中的战略地位进一步加强;2007年,中国政府出台《新能源汽车生产准入管理规则》,这是中国第一份以新能源汽车为主的制度规范,为市场主体进入新能源汽车产业提供了制度支持。
在“以立为主“的政策实施策略组合作用下,上汽、一汽、东风、福田汽车等汽车公司及同济大学、清华大学、北京理工大学、中国科学院等高校和科研院所率先对新能源汽车技术进行研发,并组建产学研合作机制,推动新能源汽车技术创新和产业化。仅在“十一五”期间,节能与新能源汽车共申请专利2011项,发布国家标准30项、行业标准32项,初步形成了我国在新能源汽车方面的标准体系。中国新能源汽车实现了从无到有创新突破,在2008年北京奥运会期间,新能源汽车累计运营370多万公里,运送乘客440多万人次,完成了当时规模最大的新能源汽车示范。
此阶段,中国已经能够生产具有一定性能的新能源汽车,但中国新能源汽车产业尚处于产业发展早期,技术成熟度不高,产业链不完备,消费基础设施不完善,用户认知度低。与传统燃油汽车相比,产品缺乏竞争力[3]。然而,新能源汽车产业创新发展需要将新能源汽车推向市场,验证新能源汽车商业化的可行性。为此,中国政府确定了推动新能源汽车产生实现“从有到用”的政策目标,采用“立破结合”的政策实施策略组合。
“立破结合”的“立”是创建新能源汽车发展的政策机会窗口。一是创建新能源汽车商业化的市场机会。一方面,实施购买补贴政策及政府购买等政策,创建制度型市场。2009年,财政部等四部门启动了“十城千辆”的试点示范项目,采用政府补贴的形式推动新能源汽车在试点城市商业化应用。2013年,《关于继续开展新能源汽车推广应用工作的通知》提出,政府机关、公共机构等领域车辆采购要向新能源汽车倾斜,新增或更新的公交、公务、物流、环卫车辆中新能源汽车比例不低于30%;另一方面,建设基础设施推动商业化采用。2014年,《国务院办公厅关于加快新能源汽车推广应用的指导意见》第一次把电动车充电设施建设提高到与新能源汽车发展同等重要的位置,并提出了加快充电设施建设的具体措施。二是创建新能源汽车创新的技术机会。首先,以战略规划引领创新方向。2009年3月,出台《汽车工业调整和振兴规划》,第一次把发展新能源汽车作为中国的国家战略,并提出具体的创新和产业化路线,为新能源汽车的发展指明了方向。其次,实施补贴退坡机制倒逼市场主体提升技术能力。2013年,财政部等四部委联合出台的《关于继续开展新能源汽车推广应用工作的通知》,根据新能源汽车能量密度等指标设置了梯度补贴额度,并明确提出对新能源汽车补贴采用退坡形式逐年降低,鼓励汽车企业进行技术研发。最后,设置白名单制度,拓展本土车企的市场空间,如规定动力锂电池制造领域外商股比不能超出50%的限制,提出新能源汽车所使用的电池必须进入《电池行业规范》目录(俗称“白名单”),否则使用该电池的新能源车辆将无法进入推广目录。
“立破结合”的“破”是削弱传统燃油汽车的相对竞争优势。一是实行差异化的路权政策,破坏消费者对传统燃油汽车的偏好,《2014国务院办公厅关于加快新能源汽车推广应用的指导意见》提出,有关地区为缓解交通拥堵采取机动车限购、限行措施时,应当对新能源汽车给予优惠和便利。为此,中国地方政府在新能源汽车上牌、出行等方面给予便利,传统燃油汽车对于以城市出行为主的消费者的市场吸引力下降。二是实施绿色标签制度,塑造新能源汽车相对于传统燃油汽车更高的合法性。《轻型汽车燃料消耗量标示管理规定》提出新生产和进口汽车销售时必须在显著位置粘贴燃料消耗量标识,向消费者提供燃料消耗量信息,引导消费者购买低油耗节能汽车。三是提高成品油消费税单位税额,增加传统燃油汽车的经济成本。2009年,《国务院关于实施成品油价格和税费改革的通知》,汽油消费税单位税额由每升0.2元提高0.8元,柴油消费税单位税额油由每升0.1元提高0.7元;2014-2015年期间,连续3次上调成品消费税,汽油消费税提高至1.52元/升,柴油提高至1.2元/升,成品油消费税的提高也改变了价格敏感性用户对传统燃油汽车的偏好,引导其购买新能源汽车。
在“立破结合”政策实施策略组合作用下,中国新能源汽车实现了从有到用的转变,2015年,中国新能源汽车销量达33.1万辆,第一次超过美国,成为新能源汽车产销量第一大国。同时,在基础材料、基础工艺、动力电池、电机、电控等关键核心技术方面也取得了重大突破。以动力电池为例,中国掌握了电池材料、单体电池、电池系统、批量生产工艺等核心技术,电池能量密度显著提高,2015年,磷酸铁锂电池单体的能量密度提高到接近140(W·h)/kg,三元材料的电池单体的能量密度达到180(W·h)/kg。
随着中国新能源汽车产量规模的提升,需要在全球范围内寻找新的市场机遇,中国开始面临新能源汽车如何在全球竞争中取胜问题。现阶段,中国新能源汽车已经具有一定的技术创新能力,具备与全球车企展开市场竞争的产业基础。如果政府继续维持以往对新能源汽车支持方式与力度,中国新能源汽车产业可能较长时间停留在“大而不强”阶段,无法在全球新能源汽车竞争中获得优势地位。为此,中国政府制定了推动新能源汽车“从用到强”的政策目标,确立了“以破促立”的政策实施策略组合,更多的发挥市场竞争机制,完成从政策驱动向市场驱动转型。
首先,“以破促立”的“破”是撤离新能源汽车的政策保护空间。一是减弱政府购买补贴。2019年,《关于进一步完善新能源汽车推广应用财政补贴政策的通知》提出,新能源汽车购买补贴退坡50%,表明未来主导汽车市场的力量将由政府转向市场,释放了市场竞争力是企业生存决定因素的预期,企业开始基于构建竞争优势进行创新决策;二是取消外资企业股权限制与动力锂电池白名单制度,2017年,取消了动力锂电池制造领域外商股比不能超出50%的限制,增加了外资企业在我国市场的政治合法性,并主动引进特斯拉等外资企业在中国成立全资公司,通过鼓励外资企业进入我国市场,主动增强市场竞争程度。
其次,“以破促立”的“破”是降低传统燃油汽车发展的期望与愿景。一是塑造绿色发展愿景,降低了传统燃油汽车合法性。2020年9月,中国政府明确提出2030年“碳达峰”与2060年“碳中和”目标,传统燃油汽车是二氧化碳等气体排放的重要领域,据中国汽车技术研究中心测算,相比传统汽油车,纯电动车碳排放减少43.4%,推动新能源汽车替代燃油汽车成为实现双碳目标的重要举措,甚至海南等省市开始提出禁售传统燃油汽车时间表,淘汰传统燃油汽车逐步成为共识。二是实施双积分政策,赋予传统燃油汽车推动新能源汽车发展的责任。2017年,出台《乘用车企业平均燃料消耗量与新能源汽车积分并行管理办法》,规定生产、消费传统燃油汽车的厂商必须生产或消费一定比例的新能源汽车,2019年度、2020年度,新能源汽车积分比例要求分别为10%、12%;三是实施差异化金融政策,提升消费者购买传统燃油汽车的成本。2017年,《关于调整汽车贷款有关政策的通知》,提出商用传统动力汽车贷款最高发放比例为70%;自用新能源汽车贷款最高发放比例为85%。四是实施更严格排放标准政策,进一步缩小传统燃油汽车的发展空间。2023年,开始全面实施汽车国六排放标准和非道路移动柴油机械国四排放标准,基本淘汰国三及以下排放标准汽车。
在“以破促立“的政策实施策略作用下,中国新能源汽车市场规模和市场竞争力快速提升,2023年,中国新能源汽车产销量分别达到958.7万辆和949.5万辆,同比分别增长35.8%和37.9%;我国新能源汽车产销量占全球比重超过60%,连续9年位居世界第一位,国内新能源汽车销量占全部汽车销售量比重达31.6%;同时,新能源汽车出口120.3万辆、同比增长77.2%,成为中国对外出口的“新三样”之一。
新能源汽车案例显示,立与破策略组合是政府相机抉择的动态调整过程,面对“从无到有”“从有到用”“从用到强”三个阶段性政策目标,分别选择了“以立为主”“立破结合”及“以破促立”三种阶段性策略组合。
面向“从无到有”政策目标,主要采取了“以立为主”政策实施策略,旨在提升创新主体的创新期望,推动构建创新网络和加速技术学习[11],培育新兴技术产业知识创造、技术创新和产业化功能,解决新兴技术机会窗口开启与与后发国家创新主体进入动机不足之间矛盾;面向“从有到用”政策目标,主要采取了“立破结合”政策实施策略,意在推动新兴技术产业创新的同时,设置一定政策保护空间,避免配套成熟的传统技术产业对成熟度不高的新兴技术发展的遏制,为新兴技术成长提供一定市场空间。面向“从用到强”政策目标,主要采取了“以破促立”的政策实施策略,主动撤离对市场竞争产生强干预的政策,发挥市场竞争机制作用,持续降低传统技术产业未来期望与愿景,推动其主动将创新资源配置到新兴技术产业中。
立与破的实施策略需要系统性的实现路径。“立”包括布局和培育多样化新兴技术、创建新兴技术的市场机会和技术机会三条实现路径。
一是布局和培育多样化新兴技术,这是“立”的核心内容。新兴技术演进逻辑和产业竞争逻辑是技术布局重点考虑因素。基于新兴技术演进规律,中国政府基于技术成熟度、技术潜力等因素,制定了新能源汽车“三纵三横”战略布局,重视维持技术的多样性,创造技术变异、选择和复制的空间,防止由于政府偏好导致技术路线选择失误[12];基于产业竞争逻辑,中国政府确定了以纯电驱动为主的技术路线,与美国和日本展开差异化竞争,也避免财政资源投向的分散化,导致无法产生战略引领作用。
二是创建新兴技术创新的技术机会,这是“立”的充分条件。技术机会分为外生的技术机会和构建的技术机会两种类型。其中,构建的技术机会是政府为以满足提高技术能力目标而向企业或科研机构提出的技术要求[2]。在新能源汽车发展初期,新能源汽车产品性能差,成本高,新能源汽车的市场需求小,不能构建起支撑新能源汽车创新与迭代的最小可行性空间;在此条件下,政府主动作为,基于战略目标主动构建技术机会,通过不断提升技术标准,引导企业和科研机构开展更高强度的技术学习,塑造了新能源汽车技术进步的激励机制。
三是创建新兴技术商业化的市场机会,这是“立”的必要条件。以新能源汽车为代表的新兴技术的商业化不仅是简单的技术扩散,还需要用户消费习惯、基础设施、社会文化等协同变化,推动社会—技术体系变革[4]。为了快速推动新能源汽车商业化,中国政府扮演了试验性用户和领先用户角色,通过政府采购、购买补贴、路权制度等创建了制度型市场,为新能源汽车发展开启了具有中国特色的市场机会窗口[13],构建起了需求拉动技术、技术驱动需求的良性反馈机制。
“破”包括降低传统燃油汽车的主流技术路线愿景与期望,削弱旧技术的相对竞争优势、撤离新兴技术的政策保护空间三条实现路径。
一是降低旧技术作为主流技术路线的愿景与期望,这是“破”的基础前提。愿景和期望是市场主体进行创新决策的主要依据,传统燃油汽车等旧技术作为主导技术路线,已经在全球范围内形成了广泛的行动者网络,具有共同的愿景与期望,将会指引关键行动者采取协调一致的集体行动提升旧技术的性能[14],政府只有在宏观系统层次采取行动,降低旧技术作为主流技术路线的愿景与期望才能推动关键行动者采纳新兴技术,并将投向旧技术路线的人才、资金、土地等要素重新配置到新技术路线上[4]。
二是削弱传旧技术的相对竞争优势,这是“破”的立足点。新旧技术竞争是系统性过程[6],传统燃油汽车等旧技术在产品性能、综合成本、基础设施建设、售后服务等方面具有综合优势,导致市场对新能源汽车等新兴技术产品需求不足,但创新主体技术学习、迭代需要市场主体的技术应用反馈,这就需要政府基于消费者的需求出台相应的政策措施,削弱传统燃油汽车等旧技术的相对竞争力,推动一定量的消费者成为新能源汽车等新兴技术产品的早期采用者[4,12];
三是撤离新兴技术的政策保护空间,这是“破”的落足点。政府对新兴技术创新发展干预可以概括为政策保护空间的建立、调整和撤离。政策保护空间的建立和调整可以理解成“立”的政策策略实施,保护空间撤离可以理解成“破”的政策策略实施,指的是当新技术产品在市场要求的主要性能方面能够与旧技术产品相媲美,且形成了旧技术产品无法企及的竞争优势后,应撤离相关支持政策,让市场竞争机制发挥主导作用[11]。
本质上,立与破政策实施策略组合是政府通过创建和调整政策保护空间,对新旧技术竞争关系进行调控的政策行为,既反映了政府的技术远见和抱负,也反映了政府把握产业发展的动态能力,体现了“有为政府”和“有效市场”的有机结合,理论逻辑如图4所示。
立与破是辩证统一、相辅相成的。立是前提,也是根本目的。政府通过遮蔽旧技术的竞争,为新兴技术发展创建了政策保护空间。一方面通过创建技术机会和市场机会,为新兴技术的发展提供充要条件;另一方面,通过培育和布局新兴技术,激发多条技术路线、多个技术主体之间的竞争。因此,这种“立”不是简单的政策干预,完全隔绝竞争机制,而是创造新兴技术内部多条技术路线竞争机会,并由市场选择主导技术。
破是保障,也是手段。一方面,政府通过削弱旧技术的竞争优势和市场期望,为新兴技术创造参与市场竞争的基础条件;另一方面,在新兴技术具备一定产业基础时,主动撤离政策保护空间,让新旧技术直接展开竞争,发挥市场配置资源的决定性作用。因此,“破”并不是简单采取政策指令的方式,强制旧技术的退出和淘汰,而是发挥市场机制,引导企业做出抉择。
总之,立与破策略组合是政府针对新兴技术发展过程中相机抉择的政策实施策略,反映了政府与市场的耦合关系,表明政府和市场不是简单的二分法,新兴技术产业发展需要更好发挥政府引导作用和市场的决定性作用[28]。
发展新兴技术是后发国家重塑国际竞争格局,开辟发展新领域新赛道,塑造发展新动能新优势的重要途径。立与破策略组合是后发国家调整新旧技术竞争关系,推动新兴技术产业创新发展的政策实施策略。本文通过对中国新能源汽车的案例研究,研究发现:(1)立与破策略组合是政府针对新兴技术发展过程中相机抉择的政策行为,涵盖了“以立为主”“立破结合”“以破促立”连续一体化的政策实施策略;(2)立与破的实施策略组合需要系统性的实现路径。“立”包括多样化新兴技术布局与培育,以及市场机会和技术机会的创建;“破”则包括对旧技术相对竞争优势的削弱和主流技术路线期望与愿景的降低,也包括对新兴技术政策保护空间的撤离;(3)立与破策略组合本质上是政府通过创建和调整政策保护空间,对新旧技术竞争关系进行调控的行为,体现了“有为政府”和“有效市场”的有机结合。
本文贡献在于:第一,提出了“目标制定—策略选择——实施路径”三维创新政策实施策略理论分析框架,打开中国场景下新能源汽车产业领域的创新政策立与破实施策略组合黑箱,丰富了创新政策研究。第二,诠释了立与破策略组合的理论逻辑,揭示了新兴技术产业发展过程中的“有为政府”和“有效市场”耦合关系,拓展了政策执行理论,有利于提升政策执行效能。
基于研究发现,本文得出如下实践启示:一是确定立与破的阶段性主导策略组合。立与破政策实施策略组合是相机抉择的过程,包括“以立为主”“立破结合”“以破促立”等具体策略,需要政府根据新兴技术发展的不同阶段,依据政策任务和目标,采取阶段性主导策略。二是制定行之有效的实现路径。立与破实施策略组合具有多样化的实施路径,要把“立”与“破”的策略与手段有机结合,提升政策效能;三是坚持有为政府和有效市场的有机结合。立与破策略组合不是简单的政府支持和禁止的行政命令,而要在“立”和“破”的过程中引入市场竞争机制,发挥市场主导作用。
本研究仍存在以下不足:首先,单案例研究普适性不足,未来可进行多案例研究或政策仿真分析,检验及拓展本研究的理论观点;其次,未检验不同策略组合的影响效应,未来可以构建实证模型,进行实证检验。
  • 国家社会科学基金青年项目(24CGL001)
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(23&ZD106)
  • 国家社会科学基金面上项目(20BXW114)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
  • 修回日期:2025-03-28
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目(24CGL001)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(23&ZD106)
国家社会科学基金面上项目(20BXW114)
作者信息
    1 南京理工大学公共事务学院, 江苏南京 210094
    2 中南大学商学院, 湖南长沙 410083

通讯作者:

王昶(1973-),男,教授、博士生导师, E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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