Article(id=1315372241634832463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=1750694400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538780839, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538780839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538780839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538780839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372180473496558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538766258, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538833264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=281, endPage=290, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372241848741968, articleId=1315372241634832463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The mechanism of tacit knowledge transformation of academic genealogy acting on scientific paradigm, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The evolution of scientific paradigm is the core issue of scientific development, and the inheritance of tacit knowledge is crucial to the shaping of scientific paradigm as it continues to accumulate in the academic genealogy. Focusing on the mechanism of tacit knowledge transformation in the transmission of academic genealogy on the formation of scientific paradigm, 967 valid samples were collected through questionnaires and empirically examined by using structural equation modeling. The study shows that tacit knowledge transformation significantly contributes to scientific consensus through cognitive, methodological, and normative consensus, and then promotes scientific paradigm formation. The attribute characteristics of the discipline play a moderating role in this process, the stronger the maturity, intersectionality and openness of the discipline, the higher the effectiveness of the transformation of tacit knowledge, and the more likely it is to promote the formation of innovative scientific paradigm. The study deepens the theoretical connotation of academic genealogy and expands the rationale for analyzing the influence mechanism of tacit knowledge, which is inspirational for government departments to formulate policies on talent cultivation and discipline construction, universities and research institutions to improve academic management and promote scientific research innovations, and scholars to pursue excellence in innovations and expand the paths of their academic careers.

, authors=Jin GAO, Zhong-xing HUANG, Ze WANG, authorsList=Jin GAO, Zhong-xing HUANG, Ze WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhong-xing HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372244180774999, articleId=1315372241634832463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=学术谱系隐性知识转化对科学范式的作用机理, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

科学范式演进是科学发展的核心议题,而隐性知识在学术谱系中持续积淀,其传承对科学范式形塑至关重要。聚焦学术谱系传承中隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的作用机理,通过问卷调查收集967份有效样本,运用结构方程模型进行实证检验。研究表明,隐性知识转化通过认知、方法、规范等方面共识显著促进科学共识达成,进而推动科学范式形成。学科属性特征在这一过程中起调节作用,学科的成熟度、交叉融合度、开放包容度越强,隐性知识转化的效用则越高,越可能促进创新性科学范式形成。研究深化了学术谱系理论内涵,拓展隐性知识影响机制分析理路,对政府部门制定人才培养和学科建设政策、高校与科研机构改进学术管理及促进科研创新、学者个体追求卓越创新和拓展学术生涯路径具有启发意义。

, authors=高进, 黄种兴, 王泽, authorsList=高进, 黄种兴, 王泽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄种兴, authorNote=

高进(1978-),男,教授、博士生导师。

王泽(1989-),男,博士研究生。

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黄种兴(2000-),男,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
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The paradigm or the approach?, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315372250245738635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, awardId=22BZZ028, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金资助项目(22BZZ028), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315372244998664282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372245007052891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, companyId=1315372244998664282, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Humanities and Law, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372245019635804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, companyId=1315372244998664282, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东北大学文法学院, 辽宁沈阳 110169)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315372248819675259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Simplified theoretical model of tacit knowledge transformation influencing scientific paradigm formation, figureFileSmall=WpZlE706WdaCFXT9vVkU2Q==, figureFileBig=MGejchNHrIv/YypMEY6LWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372248890978428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=CN, label=图1, caption=隐性知识转化影响科学范式形成的简化理论模型, figureFileSmall=WpZlE706WdaCFXT9vVkU2Q==, figureFileBig=MGejchNHrIv/YypMEY6LWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372249083916413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Descriptive statistics for variables, figureFileSmall=cx3DA+y72x1gtgiPPGc1Dw==, figureFileBig=H5prMjGFB8zLbywgE25VCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372249151025278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=CN, label=图2, caption=变量描述性统计, figureFileSmall=cx3DA+y72x1gtgiPPGc1Dw==, figureFileBig=H5prMjGFB8zLbywgE25VCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372249222328447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reliability and validity of measurement model

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变量 Cronbach's α 组合信度 AVE 区分效度
隐性知识转化 0.842 0.814 0.662 0.723
科学共识达成 0.857 0.835 0.649 0.746
学科特征 0.868 0.827 0.685 0.778
科学范式形成 0.875 0.851 0.674 0.735
), ArticleFig(id=1315372249293631616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测量模型信度与效度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 Cronbach's α 组合信度 AVE 区分效度
隐性知识转化 0.842 0.814 0.662 0.723
科学共识达成 0.857 0.835 0.649 0.746
学科特征 0.868 0.827 0.685 0.778
科学范式形成 0.875 0.851 0.674 0.735
), ArticleFig(id=1315372249381712001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting result of the theoretical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 χ2/df RMSEA GFI AGFI CFI TLI IFI PGFI PNFI PCFI
判断标准 <3 <0.05 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 >0.50 >0.50 >0.50
模型数值 1.94 0.043 0.936 0.908 0.937 0.926 0.934 0.607 0.628 0.691
), ArticleFig(id=1315372249478180994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

理论模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 χ2/df RMSEA GFI AGFI CFI TLI IFI PGFI PNFI PCFI
判断标准 <3 <0.05 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 >0.50 >0.50 >0.50
模型数值 1.94 0.043 0.936 0.908 0.937 0.926 0.934 0.607 0.628 0.691
), ArticleFig(id=1315372249578844291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Result of the test for mediating effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径 中介效应 95%置信区间 总效应 Sobel Z值
隐性知识转化-认知共识-科学范式形成 0.154*** [0.113, 0.195] 0.617*** 5.24***
隐性知识转化-方法共识-科学范式形成 0.142*** [0.098, 0.187] 0.584*** 4.87***
隐性知识转化-规范共识-科学范式形成 0.137*** [0.091, 0.182] 0.563*** 4.56***
), ArticleFig(id=1315372249645953156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中介效应检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径 中介效应 95%置信区间 总效应 Sobel Z值
隐性知识转化-认知共识-科学范式形成 0.154*** [0.113, 0.195] 0.617*** 5.24***
隐性知识转化-方法共识-科学范式形成 0.142*** [0.098, 0.187] 0.584*** 4.87***
隐性知识转化-规范共识-科学范式形成 0.137*** [0.091, 0.182] 0.563*** 4.56***
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Moderating effect of maturity in disciplines

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路径 高成熟度组 低成熟度组 Δχ2
标准化系数 C.R. 标准化系数 C.R.
实践经验转化→认知共识 0.476 7.315*** 0.294 2.624** 12.37***
方法知识转化→方法共识 0.441 5.173*** 0.308 2.217* 10.25**
科研规范转化→规范共识 0.452 5.728*** 0.327 2.562** 9.47**
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学科成熟度的调节效应

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路径 高成熟度组 低成熟度组 Δχ2
标准化系数 C.R. 标准化系数 C.R.
实践经验转化→认知共识 0.476 7.315*** 0.294 2.624** 12.37***
方法知识转化→方法共识 0.441 5.173*** 0.308 2.217* 10.25**
科研规范转化→规范共识 0.452 5.728*** 0.327 2.562** 9.47**
), ArticleFig(id=1315372249889222791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Moderating effect of intersectionality in disciplines

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学科交叉度水平 简单斜率 标准误 t值 显著性
低(-1SD) 0.36 0.041 8.78 p<0.001
高(+1SD) 0.55 0.038 14.47 p<0.001
斜率差异 0.047 3.94 p<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1315372249956331656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

学科交叉度的调节效应

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学科交叉度水平 简单斜率 标准误 t值 显著性
低(-1SD) 0.36 0.041 8.78 p<0.001
高(+1SD) 0.55 0.038 14.47 p<0.001
斜率差异 0.047 3.94 p<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1315372250048606345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Moderating effect of openness in disciplines

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学科开放度 标准化系数 标准误 t值 显著性
-1SD 0.37 0.028 13.21 p<0.001
Mean 0.41 0.034 12.06 p<0.001
+1SD 0.45 0.036 12.50 p<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1315372250132492426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372241634832463, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

学科开放度的调节效应

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学科开放度 标准化系数 标准误 t值 显著性
-1SD 0.37 0.028 13.21 p<0.001
Mean 0.41 0.034 12.06 p<0.001
+1SD 0.45 0.036 12.50 p<0.001
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学术谱系隐性知识转化对科学范式的作用机理
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高进 , 黄种兴 , 王泽
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(2): 281-290
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (2) : 281 -290
学术谱系隐性知识转化对科学范式的作用机理
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高进, 黄种兴 , 王泽
作者信息
  • 东北大学文法学院, 辽宁沈阳 110169
通讯作者:
黄种兴(2000-),男,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
作者简介:

高进(1978-),男,教授、博士生导师。

王泽(1989-),男,博士研究生。

The mechanism of tacit knowledge transformation of academic genealogy acting on scientific paradigm
Jin GAO, Zhong-xing HUANG , Ze WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Humanities and Law, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15
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科学范式演进是科学发展的核心议题,而隐性知识在学术谱系中持续积淀,其传承对科学范式形塑至关重要。聚焦学术谱系传承中隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的作用机理,通过问卷调查收集967份有效样本,运用结构方程模型进行实证检验。研究表明,隐性知识转化通过认知、方法、规范等方面共识显著促进科学共识达成,进而推动科学范式形成。学科属性特征在这一过程中起调节作用,学科的成熟度、交叉融合度、开放包容度越强,隐性知识转化的效用则越高,越可能促进创新性科学范式形成。研究深化了学术谱系理论内涵,拓展隐性知识影响机制分析理路,对政府部门制定人才培养和学科建设政策、高校与科研机构改进学术管理及促进科研创新、学者个体追求卓越创新和拓展学术生涯路径具有启发意义。

学术谱系  /  隐性知识  /  科学共识  /  学科特征  /  科学范式

The evolution of scientific paradigm is the core issue of scientific development, and the inheritance of tacit knowledge is crucial to the shaping of scientific paradigm as it continues to accumulate in the academic genealogy. Focusing on the mechanism of tacit knowledge transformation in the transmission of academic genealogy on the formation of scientific paradigm, 967 valid samples were collected through questionnaires and empirically examined by using structural equation modeling. The study shows that tacit knowledge transformation significantly contributes to scientific consensus through cognitive, methodological, and normative consensus, and then promotes scientific paradigm formation. The attribute characteristics of the discipline play a moderating role in this process, the stronger the maturity, intersectionality and openness of the discipline, the higher the effectiveness of the transformation of tacit knowledge, and the more likely it is to promote the formation of innovative scientific paradigm. The study deepens the theoretical connotation of academic genealogy and expands the rationale for analyzing the influence mechanism of tacit knowledge, which is inspirational for government departments to formulate policies on talent cultivation and discipline construction, universities and research institutions to improve academic management and promote scientific research innovations, and scholars to pursue excellence in innovations and expand the paths of their academic careers.

academic genealogy  /  tacit knowledge  /  scientific consensus  /  characteristics of discipline  /  scientific paradigm
高进, 黄种兴, 王泽. 学术谱系隐性知识转化对科学范式的作用机理. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (2) : 281 -290 .
Jin GAO, Zhong-xing HUANG, Ze WANG. The mechanism of tacit knowledge transformation of academic genealogy acting on scientific paradigm[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (2) : 281 -290 .
科学范式演进是科学发展的核心议题,范式的形成离不开科学共同体知识的积累与传承,而学术谱系传承是其关键环节。科学知识较大部分是隐性的,难以借助语言表达,需要通过师徒互动和身体力行等方式传递。师承关系中传承的并不限于客观科学知识,还包含客观科学知识之外的东西[1]。在科研工作中,直觉、热情和洞察力等无形要素乃是学生受导师所传。例如,牛顿从导师巴罗身上习得的数学直觉,对其开创经典力学产生深远影响。此外,关于Lattes平台上737919份硕、博士人才简历研究表明,学术谱系传承为研究人员及其研究领域的人力资源培训评估提供良好契机[2]。
学术谱系的隐性知识传承对科学范式形塑至关重要,隐性知识在学术谱系中持续积淀。学术谱系的代际延伸伴随知识的创生、扩散与重构[3],学界普遍认同隐性知识转化在科学范式形成中的功能作用,有学者对数学谱系项目和学术谱系平台提供的21.3万和67.5万份学术记录展开分析,形成能够识别谱系图中配置模式的度量标准[4],但对隐性知识转化与科学范式形成之间的作用机制探讨尚不充分。既有研究多将隐性知识视为整体,鲜有关于操作技能、方法思路和价值规范等不同类型隐性知识的差异性转化及其对科学范式构成影响的考察。与此同时,隐性知识转化与科学范式形成之间可能存在科学共识达成等中介机制,但尚缺乏系统的理论阐释和实证检验。
概言之,学界对隐性知识转化塑造科学范式的微观过程剖析不足,亟待进一步探究。本研究聚焦于学术谱系传承中的隐性知识转化,探究其影响科学范式形成的作用机理。从知识、方法、规范等维度解构隐性知识,剖析不同类型隐性知识转化与科学范式形成的关系,引入科学共识的中介变量和学科特征的调节变量,构建隐性知识转化影响科学范式形成的理论模型并展开实证分析,以期为优化学术谱系建设、助益科学范式创新以及促进科研管理发展提供学理支撑和实践启示。
特定的领域或理论显示出科学知识积累,意味着科学取得进步[5],而科学范式形成是科学发展的重要标志,其理论脉络可追溯至科学哲学领域,不同流派对科学范式的形成机制提出不同解释。逻辑实证主义指向方法而非结果[6],强调科学范式的形成源于经验事实归纳。而后现代主义对日常生活的对象重新进行理论化[7],申明科学范式的形成是社会建构过程,受科学共同体内部权力关系和话语体系影响。批判理性主义则尝试在两者之间探寻平衡,主张科学范式的形成有赖于经验事实支撑,也需要科学共同体的批判讨论和理性争辩。可以说,科学范式演进受到多重因素影响。其中,科学发现被视为促成范式演进的根本动力,新的理论观点和实验事实的出现往往动摇原有范式根基,引发范式变革;技术进步为科学范式演进筑牢基础,新研究工具和方法发展使得原有范式无法阐释的问题得以破解,研究领域随之拓展;社会需求则为科学范式演进注入现实驱动力,重大社会问题的解决通常需要超越原有范式界限,开辟全新研究方向及路径。这些因素贯穿于科学范式演进历程,而不同学者进一步从大学转型[8]、结构变革[9]和方法论多元主义[10]等方面展开科学范式研究,研究成果颇丰,但尚存不足。一是不同学科领域科学范式的特征差异未受充分关注,研究结论的普适性有待检验。二是科学范式形成和演进的微观机制尚待深入揭示,尤其是隐性知识转化等因素的作用不够明确。三是科学范式研究的理论基础有待夯实,学科交叉融合的趋势亟需增强。
学术谱系是由具有师承关系的不同代际学者所构成的学术网络[11],具备历时性与系统性特征[12]。科学家凭借师承关系的延续,获取知识积累和研究资源,而知识包括显性知识和隐性知识。卓越学者的隐性知识隐藏在其个人头脑、思维习惯及行为过程中,是通过长期科研实践所独有的[13]。在社会化阶段,学者凭靠细致观察、潜心模仿和勇于实践等方式传承科研隐性知识,形成默会知识;在外化阶段,隐性知识以语言、文字和图像等形式表达出来,转变为可视化概念和命题;在组合阶段,不同来源的隐性知识被整合,构成全新知识体系;在内化阶段,隐性知识融入个体的认知结构和行为模式。因此,在学术谱系传承中,师徒间的交流互动贯穿于隐性知识转化各阶段,隐性知识得以跨代际传承和创新性发展。有学者指出,就科学史与历史理解的评价范式而言,学术谱系具备学术评价参照系的部分功能[14]。另有学者分析学术谱系网络,以此预测研究人员在学术领域的未来影响力[15]。还有学者剖析隐性知识转化为显性知识的过程机理,揭示创新型人才知识共享的行动逻辑[16]。尽管这些研究分别探讨了学术谱系的作用发挥和隐性知识的转化过程,但并未关注两者之间的联系及其对科学范式形成的影响。一方面,匮缺学术谱系与科学范式之间的关系探讨。另一方面,学术谱系内部知识转化机制尚待阐明,隐性知识对科学范式形成的作用机理尚不清晰。
依靠学术谱系传承,隐性知识内蕴的价值理念、研究思路和技术方法等得以代际相传,转化为科学范式生成的内在动力。具体而言,学术谱系传承中隐性知识的社会化、外化、组合、内化过程,助益科学共同体的实践经验、方法知识和科研规范等方面完善,从而达成一系列科学共识,促进科学范式形成。在此过程中,不同的学科特征产生重要影响。综上,构建简化理论模型如图1所示。
导师隐性知识不仅影响学生科研兴趣[17],而且其经验、方法和规范通过言传身教和环境沉浸等方式得以传承,促进科学共同体形成合力以及科学范式生成与发展。实践经验是隐性知识的重要部分,前辈学者以在场实践进行示范引导,后辈学者以观察学习将其内化为思维能力。方法知识也是隐性知识的关键组成,通过学术谱系的科研方法发展助益后辈学者掌握和运用前人的研究方法,并在此基础上结合科研现状进行拓展。而科研规范是隐性知识的外在表现,凭借学术谱系的调适及传承助益后辈学者共构科学共同体的价值追求和行为准则,引导科学范式确立。因此,提出以下假设:
H1:隐性知识转化对科学范式形成具有显著促进作用。
H1a:实践经验转化促进科学范式形成。
H1b:方法知识转化促进科学范式形成。
H1c:科研规范转化促进科学范式形成。
了解各种研究范式有助于减少研究偏差[18],而科学共识是科学共同体就特定科学主张达成的一致性看法,为新范式的确立提供理论、方法和规范,在隐性知识转化影响科学范式形成的过程中发挥作用。具体来看,认知共识即科学共同体对研究的对象、概念和理论等达成认同性看法,以奠定范式变革的理论基础;方法共识在于科学共同体对研究的方法操作和技术运用等形成认可,为范式转变提供方法论;规范共识则是科学共同体就价值理念和科研准则等形成共同遵循,构建范式更替的制度保障。因此,提出以下假设:
H2:科学共识达成在隐性知识转化与科学范式形成间起中介作用。
H2a:认知共识在隐性知识转化与科学范式形成间起中介作用。
H2b:方法共识在隐性知识转化与科学范式形成间起中介作用。
H2c:规范共识在隐性知识转化与科学范式形成间起中介作用。
不同学科的研究对象、知识结构和范式特征存在差异,这些差异影响隐性知识转化、科学共识达成以及科学范式形成的效果。学科成熟度反映学科发展阶段及其完善程度,学科越成熟,学科共同体越发达,知识积累越丰厚,隐性知识转化更易催生共识形成,有助于范式建立。而包含两门学科及以上的学术研究活动称为学科交叉研究[19],学科交叉度即本学科和其他学科的知识融合程度,交叉度较高的学科更能吸收和借鉴跨学科知识,促成科学共识达致,形塑开放包容的科学范式。学科开放度则展现学科对外交流合作的态度和行为,开放度高的学科更倾向于吸纳新知识和新思想,为隐性知识转化及创新提供机会,凝聚与时俱进的科学共识,塑造影响力更强的科学范式。因此,提出以下假设:
H3:学科特征对隐性知识转化影响科学范式形成具有调节作用。
H3a:学科成熟度调节隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的影响。
H3b:学科交叉度调节隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的影响。
H3c:学科开放度调节隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的影响。
采用李克特七点量表测量主要变量,要求被试者根据自身感受以及所在学科的真实情况进行评分,同时设置人口统计学和科研职称等方面控制变量。
(1)以学术谱系传承中的隐性知识转化为自变量,从实践经验、方法知识和科研规范的转化等维度进行测量。实践经验转化具体指导师的言传身教和案例讲解等方式,涉及导师将科研实践中积累的经验、心得和技巧等隐性知识传授给学生的进程。而方法知识转化即导师通过详细讲解和示范演练等方式,将科研方法背后的思维逻辑和创新思路等隐性知识授予学生的过程。导师的治学风格对学生具有榜样效应[20],科研规范转化涉及导师以身作则和展开情景教学,促成学术伦理、规范意识和评价标准等隐性知识内化于学生行为实践的历程。
(2)以科学共识达成为中介变量,就认知共识、方法共识和规范共识等维度进行测量。科学进程中普遍存在共识[21],认知共识涉及科学共同体在研究对象、基本概念与核心理论等方面形成的认同看法;方法共识包括科学共同体的研究方法和操作流程等方面认可;规范共识则关涉科学共同体就学术道德和伦理框定等方面所遵从的一般依循。
(3)以学科特征为调节变量,围绕学科成熟度、学科交叉度和学科开放度等维度进行测量。学科成熟度表现在一门学科的发展程度上,成熟学科拥有系统完整的理论体系、方法规范和人才培养体系。而跨学科研究对于解决复杂问题变得越来越重要[22],学科交叉度呈现于该学科与其他学科知识融合的广度和深度,交叉学科更注重跨领域合作和方法借鉴。学科开放度则反映出对外界交流合作的态度和行为倾向,开放学科更加国际化及包容性更强。
(4)以科学范式形成为因变量,从理论、方法和规范等方面范式进行测量。范式可被视为哲学框架[23],理论范式是科学研究的指导原则,即一定时期内被科学共同体普遍接受的理论体系。而方法范式是科学研究的具体依据,涵盖科学共同体广泛采用的学术方法和技术路线。规范范式则是科学研究的实践准则,囊括科学共同体践行的共识性学术规范及伦理。
(5)以性别、年龄、收入等人口统计变量和科研职称等维度变量为控制变量。
采用问卷形式收集数据,问卷设计遵循严格程序。首先,明确研究变量内涵。其次,基于前人量表而开发初始测量条目。再者,邀请领域专家评估初始问卷条目,根据评估结果完善问卷。最后,选取少量样本进行预测试,根据信效度分析结果进一步修订问卷,形成正式施测问卷。为检验正式问卷的信效度,在正式施测前选取部分样本展开预测试。预测试样本共发放问卷50份,回收有效问卷42份。预测试采取在线问卷形式,借助问卷星平台发放和回收。问卷填答采取匿名方式,承诺所收集数据仅用于学术研究,以提高被试者配合度。预测试数据采用SPSS 22.0进行信效度分析,分析结果显示问卷整体的Cronbach's α系数为0.95,各变量的信度系数也均在0.80以上,而因子分析的KMO值为0.87,Bartlett球形检验在0.001水平上显著,表明问卷具备良好信度和结构效度。
以我国高校和科研院所的博士生导师为调查对象,先是按照学科门类将总体划分为自然科学、工程技术、人文社科、交叉学科四个层面,其后在每个层面中随机抽取若干所高校和科研院所作为样本单位,最终在样本单位中随机抽取一定数量的博士生导师作为样本个体。抽样框的形成以全国高校和科研院所名录为基础,剔除不授予博士学位的机构,以及博士生导师人数过少的机构。调研实施分为线上和线下两种方式。线上调研通过问卷星平台向目标样本发送电子问卷,并跟踪问卷填答情况。为提高问卷回收率,研究团队定期向被试者发送问卷填写提醒。线下调研则采取纸质问卷方式,主要通过现场发放收集数据。调研过程持续近半年,研究团队在调研结束后剔除无效问卷,取得有效样本967份。
调查样本涵盖967位不同学科背景的科研人员。男性占63.3%,女性占36.7%。年龄结构上,36-45岁年龄段占比最高,达42.7%,反映中青年学者在科研队伍里具备中坚作用。职称方面,研究员(教授)占比九成以上,契合博导资格分布情况。所涉学科领域分布较广,自然科学占44.3%,工程技术占29.7%,人文社科占19.9%,交叉学科占6.1%,偏重理工类但兼顾文科。整体上,调查样本在性别、年龄、职称和学科等维度上均具有较好的代表性,较为全面地反映不同群体的学术谱系传承特点。
变量测量指标的均值和标准差如图2所示。隐性知识转化三维度中,方法知识转化和科研规范转化的均值更高,实践经验转化的均值相对略低,表明导师在学术指导过程中更为重视系统性的研究思路和规范意识的传授,而对具体经验技能的传递则颇为欠缺。科学共识达成三维度的均值水平相近,在4.75-4.82之间,反映科研共同体在不同层面形成共识的同质性特征,符合科学共识的生成规律。学科特征三维度中,学科成熟度均值最高,学科的交叉度和开放度略低,表明不同学科在发展阶段和属性上存在差异。科学范式形成的各维度均值比较接近,在4.88-4.93之间,表明学科范式在不同结构层面趋于统一。
进行内部一致性信度检验,所有变量的Cronbach's α系数均在0.8以上(见表1),表明测量指标的同质信度较好,测量结果可靠。组合信度检验显示各变量的组合信度也均达0.8以上,符合测量学要求。对部分样本进行重测信度分析,发现各变量的两次测量结果相关系数都在0.7以上,处于可接受水平。综合来看,测量指标的信度水平较为理想。
参阅文献资料,借助专家评定方式对测量指标进行内容效度检验,结果显示各题项的内容效度指数均在0.8以上,表明测量内容与研究构念能够较好匹配。通过探索性因子分析发现,各变量的测量指标因子负荷均在0.5以上,并基本归入预设维度,初步验证测量模型的结构效度。进一步采用验证性因子分析评估测量模型拟合优度,各拟合指标达到理想水平(χ2/df=2.38,RMSEA=0.047,CFI=0.937,TLI=0.926,SRMR=0.035),表明测量模型与数据的拟合较好。AVE均在0.6以上(见表1)且大于各变量间相关系数的平方,表明测量指标对所属构念的解释力较强,并具备理想的区分效度水平。
采用程序性和统计性方法控制共同方法偏差。在问卷设计时采取匿名填答和题项随机排序等措施,在正式施测前通过预调研进行完善。采用Harman单因素检验评估是否存在严重的共同方法偏差,结果显示第一个因子的方差解释量为26.7%,低于40%的判断阈值。在结构方程模型中加入由所有观测变量指向的方法因子,发现方法因子对各题项的影响均不显著,模型拟合优度无明显改善(ΔCFI=0.006)。随机选取部分样本延后两周进行重复测量,两次测量结果的显著相关也在一定程度上排除偏差影响。在回归分析中引入标记变量,通过对比发现其回归系数并不显著,对主效应和中介效应影响甚微。
对理论模型进行结构方程拟合分析,各指标均达统计学标准(见表2)。χ2/df为1.94,低于3的判断阈值;RMSEA为0.043,表明拟合良好;GFI、AGFI分别为0.936和0.908,均大于0.9;CFI、TLI和IFI分别为0.937、0.926和0.934,也均大于0.9;PGFI、PNFI和PCFI分别为0.607、0.628和0.691,均在0.5以上。这些结果表明就绝对适配度、相对适配度、简约适配度等而言,理论模型均获数据支撑,为后续的假设检验及路径分析奠定基础。
从主效应检验看,实践经验转化、方法知识转化和科研规范转化均正向影响科学范式形成。此外,采用Bootstrap法和Sobel法检验科学共识达成的中介作用。如表3所示,Bootstrap结果表明隐性知识转化通过认知共识(中介效应系数0.154,p<0.001)、方法共识(中介效应系数0.142,p<0.001)和规范共识(中介效应为0.137,p<0.001)对科学范式形成产生影响。而Sobel检验结果也验证了中介路径的存在,Z值分别为5.24、4.87和4.56。
为检验学科成熟度的调节效应,根据其均值将样本划分为高成熟度组(N=494)和低成熟度组(N=473),采用多群组比较分析。如表4所示,隐性知识转化对科学共识达成的影响在高成熟度学科中要显著强于低成熟度学科,如在高成熟度组中实践经验转化对认知共识的路径系数为0.476,而在低成熟度组中仅为0.294,差异显著(Δχ2=12.37,p<0.001)。方法知识转化和科研规范转化对方法共识、规范共识的影响在两组间也存在差异(Δχ2分别为10.25和9.47,p<0.01),表明成熟学科的完善知识体系和稳定范式有利于隐性知识作用发挥,而发展中学科的理论方法尚未系统成熟,隐性知识转化的效用相对有限。
在结构方程模型中纳入隐性知识转化与学科交叉度的交互项,通过层次回归分析发现交互项对科学共识达成具有正向影响,表明高交叉度学科有助于不同背景学者的隐性知识融合,形成共识的可能性更大。采用简单斜率分析(见表5),发现学科交叉度较高时(+1个标准差),隐性知识转化与科学共识达成的关系更加正向(β=0.55,p<0.001);当学科交叉度较低时(-1个标准差),二者关系减弱(β=0.36,p<0.001),斜率差异检验表明调节效应显著,不同学科知识在交叉融合中激发创新动力,多样化思维融合益于达成高水平共识。
对学科开放度的调节作用进行Johnson-Neyman分析,考察隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的影响在学科开放度所有取值下是否显著。结果发现,当学科开放度处于一定区间时,隐性知识转化与科学范式形成的正向关系最为显著。进一步选取学科开放度的高、中、低三个点(-1SD、Mean、+1SD)考察调节效应变化,发现当开放度由低到高时,隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的影响依次增强(系数从0.37提高到0.45,p<0.001),调节效应随学科开放水平的提升而增强(见表6)。这表明学科的开放发展有利于吸收借鉴不同文化语境下的隐性知识,扩大学术视野,促进科学范式创新。
为验证研究结论的稳健性,采用Bootstrap法从总样本(N=967)中随机抽取90%的子样本(N=870)重复1000次,并对各路径系数进行参数估计,发现各估计值与总样本分析结果高度一致,且95%置信区间均不包含0,表明研究结果对样本变化不敏感。为控制样本异质性,考察不同性别、职称、学科背景下的结构方程模型,发现主要路径在不同亚群中均显著成立,且组间差异不显著(ΔCFI<0.01)。采用Cook距离和马氏距离相结合的方法识别并删除多元异常值,重新进行假设检验,未发生实质性变化。此外,在方法选择上采用多重检验策略。考虑到各变量测量指标间可能存在一定程度的概念重叠,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS-SEM)进行路径分析,发现主要路径系数的方向、大小和显著性水平与协方差结构分析结果高度一致。为减少变量测量偏差,选取替代变量重新检验假设,发现检验结论未发生实质性改变。
基于实证数据,验证学术谱系传承中隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的正向影响。学术谱系传承过程中,导师通过言传身教等方式将实践经验、方法知识和科研规范等隐性知识授予学生,助益其转化为洞察能力和科学素养等内在禀赋,促成科学共同体达成对研究对象、范式及规范的普遍共识,推动科学范式发展。这一发现彰显隐性知识作为科学范式的存续要素而发挥作用的内在机理,丰富关于知识积累与范式形成关系的认识。而隐性知识转化与科学范式形成的关系受科学共识达成的中介作用影响,即隐性知识转化促进学科内部在认知、方法、规范等方面形成共识,继而促进科学范式塑成。
考察不同学科背景下的隐性知识转化作用差异,发现学科特征对隐性知识转化、科学共识达成与科学范式形成的关系具有调节作用。学科成熟度越高、交叉融合程度越深、开放水平越高,隐性知识转化对科学范式形成的促进作用就越强。这表明成熟学科中知识积累更为丰富、共同体规模更大、范式体系更加完善,为隐性知识转化创造良好条件;交叉学科中不同知识谱系交融,为隐性知识转化提供广阔空间;开放型学科中师生和同行之间互动交流更频繁,使得隐性知识转化更为深入。这些发现揭示了不同学科语境下隐性知识生成、扩散和应用的差异化特点,凸显了学科文化和组织特征等因素对知识转化实践的塑造作用。
与关注学科权威和资源投入等科学范式形成的影响因素研究不同,本研究聚焦于学术谱系传承这一视角,解析隐性知识在代际传递中的凝练、分享与应用过程,形成基于微观视角阐释宏观科学现象的新思路。既有研究聚焦隐性知识对组织绩效和创新能力影响,而本研究从科学社会学视角出发,将隐性知识置于学术谱系传承的特定情境中,考察其与科学范式这一学科元规则之间的关系,拓展隐性知识研究在科学学领域的应用。多数研究关注学科差异对科研实践影响,本研究则在学科视角下剖析隐性知识转化的边界条件,揭示学科的属性、特点和文化等因素影响隐性知识作用效果的内在机理。
在理论和实证层面对知识转化理论和范式理论等经典理论进行拓展。其一,将隐性知识转化置于学术谱系这一特殊的文化情境中探察,凸显文化背景和组织情境等因素对隐性知识生成、传播和应用过程的作用发挥,丰富知识转化理论关于文化情境调节作用的认识。其二,分析隐性知识转化通过科学共识达成影响科学范式形成的内在机制,深化范式理论关于知识积累与范式形成内在关联的理解。其三,比较不同学科语境下隐性知识转化的效应差异,呈现不同知识类型、学科组织和学术文化等因素影响隐性知识产生、共享和运用的情境依赖性。
创新之处主要体现在研究视角、分析框架和情境考察等方面。从研究视角来看,基于知识社会学的理论视角,将知识转化理论和范式理论相结合,实现从微观到宏观以及从个体到群体的理论贯连。就分析框架而言,将隐性知识区分为实践经验、方法思维和价值规范等不同类型,将科学共识划分为认知、方法和规范等不同层次,为理解隐性知识、科学共识与科学范式的关系提供精细的分析工具。以情境考察来说,将隐性知识转化嵌融于学术谱系传承情境,探究文化传统和组织惯例等要素作用,并比较不同学科属性及生态等因素影响。
对政府部门制定人才培养及学科建设政策具有参考价值。一是重视学术谱系建设,制定和执行有助于营造良师益友型环境的育才政策,激励资深学者与新生力量开展学术互动,加强科研伦理和学术规范的言传身教,为学术谱系传承提供制度保障。二是打造开放融合的学术生态,促进不同学科的知识谱系融合,为跨学科研究团队提供政策支持,推动交叉学科知识的汇聚与创新。三是推行多元化科研考核取向的指导性政策,关注科研产出,并强调对科研过程、科学素养和学术贡献的全面评价,引导学者形成长期主义价值追求。
对高校和科研机构改进学术管理及促进科研创新具有借鉴意义。首先,注重学术梯队建设,强化不同层次和不同学科背景学者之间的互动交流,通过传帮带机制促进隐性知识的代际传承,培育知识密集和合作紧密的学术共同体,为其提供资金和平台支持。其次,建立健全导师指引和学术规范等隐性知识管理制度,明确导师在科研指导和学风塑造等方面的责任。最后,建立多维度和全过程的科研绩效评估体系,重视科研团队的论文和专利等显性产出,并深入考察学者的创新思维和学术潜力等方面的隐性知识转化效能。
对学者个体追求卓越创新和拓展学术生涯路径具有启发意义。一方面,自觉加强学术谱系传承,主动向德高望重的前辈请教,在学思互鉴中吸收前人的真知灼见。在吸收前人隐性知识的基础上坚持开放创新,积极参与跨学科研究,在多元知识融合中催生新的研究视角和范式突破。另一方面,坚守学术理想,秉持学术操守,自觉遵循科研伦理和学术规范,以大师情怀严格要求自己,当学术楷模和后学引路人,保持科研创新激情,敢于挑战前沿和突破陈规,在传承创新中实现学术目标和贡献学术价值。
虽取得具有价值的发现,但本研究尚存局限。其一,采用问卷数据进行实证检验,难以全面展现隐性知识转化影响科学范式形成的动态历程,未来可采用追踪数据开展纵向研究,揭示各变量间关系的动态演化规律。其二,采用问卷调查方法收集数据,难以直接观测和度量学术谱系传承中的隐性知识转化过程,未来可结合引文分析和社会网络分析等方法,多维度考察隐性知识在学术圈中的流动轨迹。其三,样本主要来自国内高校和科研机构,研究结论的普适性有待检验,未来可扩大样本的地域和类型,开展跨文化和跨区域的国际比较研究。
  • 国家社会科学基金资助项目(22BZZ028)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
  • 修回日期:2025-06-24
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国家社会科学基金资助项目(22BZZ028)
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    东北大学文法学院, 辽宁沈阳 110169

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黄种兴(2000-),男,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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