Article(id=1315372230251492308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=1738857600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538778125, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538778125, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538778125, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538778125, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372180473496558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538766258, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538833264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=291, endPage=304, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372231371371477, articleId=1315372230251492308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Study on the impact of scientific knowledge input on the value of inventions——A causal inference based on a counterfactual framework, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The relationship between scientific knowledge—a critical input to technological systems—and invention value remains a central concern in science policy and innovation management. While existing studies have primarily focused on correlational analyses, yielding inconsistent findings, the integration of scientific knowledge into technological systems is not random but intimately linked to knowledge recombination patterns and invention team characteristics. The inconsistency in research findings likely stems from endogeneity issues caused by selection bias, which traditional regression analyses fail to address. Causal inference methods are thus necessary to accurately estimate the net causal effect of scientific knowledge on invention value, thereby providing more reliable evidence for science and technology policymaking.
Using a counterfactual causal framework, we employed Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Generalized Propensity Score Matching (GPSM) to estimate the causal effects of both the presence and intensity of scientific knowledge inputs on patents' technological and commercial value. Existing measures of scientific knowledge input intensity focus solely on citation counts, overlooking variations in scientific literature impact. We address this limitation by developing the Patent Scientific Citation h-index (PSH), inspired by the h-index methodology, which integrates both quantitative and qualitative dimensions of scientific citations to more accurately assess patents' scientific knowledge absorption. We measured patents' technological value using two indicators: forward citation counts and technological generality. Commercial value was quantified through the frequency of patent transfers. Analyzing 1,685,970 utility patents granted by the USPTO (2001-2010) and their 6,473,214-citation links to 1,407,439 scientific papers, we established the following findings:
(1) Our findings demonstrate positive causal effects of scientific knowledge input on both the technological and commercial value of patents. Patents incorporating scientific knowledge receive significantly more forward citations than those without such inputs. This indicates that scientific knowledge integration enhances a patent's capacity to serve as a foundation for subsequent innovations. Moreover, scientific knowledge input significantly enhances patents' technological generality. Specifically, we observe that scientific knowledge incorporation enables the development of more influential general-purpose technologies. The theoretical mechanism underlying this relationship lies in how comprehensive scientific understanding enhances researchers' cognitive capabilities to effectively identify, access, and recombine knowledge from distant technological domains. Finally, patents incorporating scientific knowledge demonstrate significantly higher transfer frequencies compared to those without such knowledge inputs. This pattern suggests that science-based inventions exhibit enhanced potential for private value realization, primarily because established scientific frameworks provide a shared cognitive platform and common language among market participants.
(2) A nonlinear relationship exists between scientific knowledge input intensity and inventive value. Empirical analysis reveals a fluctuating "rise-decline-rise" pattern in patents' forward citations and transfer frequencies as the PSH index increases. Patents with either low or high PSH intensities demonstrate superior technological impact and market transaction potential. In low-PSH domains, moderate scientific knowledge integration maintains technological advancement while aligning with market cognition. Mid-range PSH shows diminishing returns due to potential divergence from user expectations. High-PSH patents leverage rich scientific knowledge to overcome technical barriers, yielding enhanced technological impact and market value. Regarding technological generality, our findings reveal that patents characterized by higher PSH indices embody more fundamental scientific principles. The universal applicability of these underlying principles facilitates technology extension and diffusion across diverse application contexts, resulting in enhanced levels of technological generality.
This study makes several significant contributions to the innovation policy literature. First, we employ a causal inference framework to establish the causal relationship between scientific knowledge input and inventive value. Second, we advance methodological development by introducing a novel approach that incorporates the H-index to quantify scientific knowledge input intensity. These empirically grounded findings provide robust evidence for optimizing science and technology policies, bridging the gap between theoretical frameworks and practical policy implementation.
, authors=Gui-yan OU
1, Jiang WU
1, 2, 3, Ming-liang YUE
4, Kai-li WANG
5, authorsList=Gui-yan OU, Jiang WU, Ming-liang YUE, Kai-li WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gui-yan OU, Jiang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372233862788068, articleId=1315372230251492308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=科学知识输入对发明价值的影响效应研究——基于反事实框架的因果推断, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
科学知识被广泛视为创新过程中的“发明地图”,其与发明价值之间的关系一直是科技政策与创新管理领域的核心议题。然而,已有研究主要聚焦于二者的相关性分析,研究结论不尽一致,难以为科技决策提供确切的参考依据。本文基于反事实框架,运用倾向得分匹配(PSM)与广义倾向得分匹配(GPSM)方法,以美国专利商标局USPTO 2001-2010年授权的1,685,970件发明专利及其与科学论文构成的6,473,214个专利-论文引用对为研究样本,构建专利科学引用H指数(PSH)作为量化科学知识输入强度的代理指标,系统考察了科学知识输入及其强度对发明价值的因果效应。研究结果表明:(1)科学知识输入对专利的前向引用、技术通用性和专利转让均具有显著的正向因果效应;(2)科学知识输入强度与专利前向引用、专利转让次数均存在非线性关系,随着PSH指数的递增,专利的前向引用和转让次数表现出“先上升-后下降-再上升”的波动趋势,而低强度与高强度区间的发明专利则都具有更高的技术影响力和市场交易潜力;(3)高强度的科学知识输入是形成通用性技术的重要驱动力。本研究从因果推断视角验证了科学知识对发明价值的影响效应,并结合H指数提出了评估科学知识输入强度的新方法,为科技政策优化提供了重要的实证依据。
, authors=欧桂燕
1, 吴江
1, 2, 3, 岳名亮
4, 王凯利
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1 School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
2 Center for E-commerce Research and Development, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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1 武汉大学信息管理学院, 湖北武汉 430072
2 武汉大学电子商务研究与发展中心, 湖北武汉 430072
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岳名亮(1986-),男,研究员。
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岳名亮(1986-),男,研究员。
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王凯利(1992-),女,讲师。
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王凯利(1992-),女,讲师。
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5 National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372234542265331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, companyId=1315372234525488113, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
5 华中师范大学国家数字化学习工程技术研究中心, 湖北武汉 430079)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315372236404535315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Data processing flowchart, figureFileSmall=bSVTwk8enguuaxld8HyvQg==, figureFileBig=GU4VFkhaMLAtLUhb44TVWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372236471644180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
数据处理流程图, figureFileSmall=bSVTwk8enguuaxld8HyvQg==, figureFileBig=GU4VFkhaMLAtLUhb44TVWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372236672970773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
PSH index calculation process, figureFileSmall=WB7gCDCg59EBzfAQjaNCEA==, figureFileBig=2UU9PnXko8UG4Ixy2hoi9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372236756856854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
PSH指数计算过程示意图, figureFileSmall=WB7gCDCg59EBzfAQjaNCEA==, figureFileBig=2UU9PnXko8UG4Ixy2hoi9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372236819771415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Patent PSH index distribution, figureFileSmall=yNHiiaV9j/CeTTUJnju2eA==, figureFileBig=fB5HmtmY8mirgOh8QwL+kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372236878491672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
发明专利PSH指数分布(≤50), figureFileSmall=yNHiiaV9j/CeTTUJnju2eA==, figureFileBig=fB5HmtmY8mirgOh8QwL+kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372236953989145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Comparison of kernel density function before and after matching, figureFileSmall=RgvM/Dciq0cY1A13AmFUeQ==, figureFileBig=LTA6XXp4YtTGbmzUIUpcjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372237025292314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
匹配前后的核密度函数图对比, figureFileSmall=RgvM/Dciq0cY1A13AmFUeQ==, figureFileBig=LTA6XXp4YtTGbmzUIUpcjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372237109178395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Common range of propensity score, figureFileSmall=YfHyke/+0fgxVBBm3gL6Kw==, figureFileBig=iLICDXjR3tERhwpfofrd9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372237188870172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
倾向得分共同取值范围, figureFileSmall=YfHyke/+0fgxVBBm3gL6Kw==, figureFileBig=iLICDXjR3tERhwpfofrd9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372237251784733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Dose-response function plots a for three outcome variables, figureFileSmall=RLNeQTEDTCuemIpJpPa3Mw==, figureFileBig=R0ajbvDBLUvNZ9xV8F18vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372237369225246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
3个结果变量的剂量反应函数图, figureFileSmall=RLNeQTEDTCuemIpJpPa3Mw==, figureFileBig=R0ajbvDBLUvNZ9xV8F18vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372237436334111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=
Dose-response function plots for three outcome variables (30% sample), figureFileSmall=s8+U8L2ccbUvUXHIEVTdTA==, figureFileBig=dABLlh2YQxrddfy9sODyzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372237503442976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
3个结果变量的剂量反应函数图(30%样本), figureFileSmall=s8+U8L2ccbUvUXHIEVTdTA==, figureFileBig=dABLlh2YQxrddfy9sODyzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372237570551841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Variable names, variable symbols, and variable meanings
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 变量符号 | 变量含义 |
| 结果变量 | | |
| 前向引用 | Citations_5 | 焦点专利自授权日起五年内获得的前向引用次数 |
| 技术通用性 | Patent_Generality | 根据Trajtenberg等提出的技术通用性指数计算[14],取值范围为0~1 |
| 专利转让次数 | Num_Assignment | 焦点专利被转让的次数 |
| 处理变量 | | |
| 科学知识输入与否 | Science_Input | 虚拟变量,如果一项焦点专利引用过科学文献,则设置为1,否则设置为0 |
| 科学知识输入强度 | Science_Intensity | 焦点专利的PSH指数 |
| 协变量 | | |
| 技术复杂性 | Complexity | 根据Trajtenberg等提出的原创性指数计算的结果[14],取值范围为0~1①。计算公式: $Originalit{y}_{p}=1-\sum _{k}^{{N}_{p}}{\left(\frac{Nreference{s}_{pk}}{Nreference{s}_{p}}\right)}^{2}$ |
| 技术新颖性 | Novelty | 根据Squicciarini等改进的激进性指数计算的结果[19],取值范围为0~1②。计算公式: $Radicalnes{s}_{p}=\sum _{j}^{{n}_{p}}\frac{C{T}_{j}}{{n}_{p}};IP{C}_{pj}\ne IP{C}_{p}$ |
| 技术成熟度 | Maturity | 焦点专利与后向引用专利的平均时间间隔。 |
| 技术累积速度 | Tech_Cum_Speed | 焦点专利主IPC4分类号在五年内的平均发展变化程度③。计算公式: $Tech\_Cum\_Spee{d}_{p}=\sqrt[5]{\frac{{n}_{p}}{{n}_{5}}}*100\%$ |
| 技术多样性 | Tech_Diversity | 焦点专利所属的IPC分类号数量 |
| 专利范围 | Patent_Scope | 焦点专利的权利要求数量 |
| PCT专利 | PCT | 虚拟变量。如果焦点发明为PCT申请专利则设置为1,否则设置为0 |
| 发明人科学发明经验 | Inventor_Sci_Expe | 焦点专利的发明人团队过去五年中已授权的专利中引用过科学文献的专利占其授权专利数量比值的最大值 |
| 发明人技术知识广度 | Inventor_Tech_Bread | 焦点专利的发明人团队过去五年授权专利所属不同IPC4分类号数量 |
| 发明人数量 | Num_Inventors | 焦点专利的发明人数量 |
| 申请人数量 | Num_Applicants | 焦点专利的专利权人数量 |
| 申请人科学发明经验 | Num_Applicants_Sci | 专利权人在焦点专利申请前就已授权的发明专利中引用过科学文献的发明专利数量 |
| 后向专利引用数量 | Num_PC | 焦点专利参考的专利文献数量 |
| 申请人组织类型 | OrgTypes | 虚拟变量。根据组织类型设置个人、公司、政府、大学、医院5个虚拟变量 |
| 授权时间 | Year | 虚拟变量,根据授权年份设置 |
| 地理位置 | Country | 虚拟变量,根据焦点专利第一个发明人所属国家设置 |
| 技术领域 | IPC | 虚拟变量,根据焦点专利主IPC分类号所属的“部”设置 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372237675409442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
变量名称、变量符号及变量含义
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 变量符号 | 变量含义 |
| 结果变量 | | |
| 前向引用 | Citations_5 | 焦点专利自授权日起五年内获得的前向引用次数 |
| 技术通用性 | Patent_Generality | 根据Trajtenberg等提出的技术通用性指数计算[14],取值范围为0~1 |
| 专利转让次数 | Num_Assignment | 焦点专利被转让的次数 |
| 处理变量 | | |
| 科学知识输入与否 | Science_Input | 虚拟变量,如果一项焦点专利引用过科学文献,则设置为1,否则设置为0 |
| 科学知识输入强度 | Science_Intensity | 焦点专利的PSH指数 |
| 协变量 | | |
| 技术复杂性 | Complexity | 根据Trajtenberg等提出的原创性指数计算的结果[14],取值范围为0~1①。计算公式: $Originalit{y}_{p}=1-\sum _{k}^{{N}_{p}}{\left(\frac{Nreference{s}_{pk}}{Nreference{s}_{p}}\right)}^{2}$ |
| 技术新颖性 | Novelty | 根据Squicciarini等改进的激进性指数计算的结果[19],取值范围为0~1②。计算公式: $Radicalnes{s}_{p}=\sum _{j}^{{n}_{p}}\frac{C{T}_{j}}{{n}_{p}};IP{C}_{pj}\ne IP{C}_{p}$ |
| 技术成熟度 | Maturity | 焦点专利与后向引用专利的平均时间间隔。 |
| 技术累积速度 | Tech_Cum_Speed | 焦点专利主IPC4分类号在五年内的平均发展变化程度③。计算公式: $Tech\_Cum\_Spee{d}_{p}=\sqrt[5]{\frac{{n}_{p}}{{n}_{5}}}*100\%$ |
| 技术多样性 | Tech_Diversity | 焦点专利所属的IPC分类号数量 |
| 专利范围 | Patent_Scope | 焦点专利的权利要求数量 |
| PCT专利 | PCT | 虚拟变量。如果焦点发明为PCT申请专利则设置为1,否则设置为0 |
| 发明人科学发明经验 | Inventor_Sci_Expe | 焦点专利的发明人团队过去五年中已授权的专利中引用过科学文献的专利占其授权专利数量比值的最大值 |
| 发明人技术知识广度 | Inventor_Tech_Bread | 焦点专利的发明人团队过去五年授权专利所属不同IPC4分类号数量 |
| 发明人数量 | Num_Inventors | 焦点专利的发明人数量 |
| 申请人数量 | Num_Applicants | 焦点专利的专利权人数量 |
| 申请人科学发明经验 | Num_Applicants_Sci | 专利权人在焦点专利申请前就已授权的发明专利中引用过科学文献的发明专利数量 |
| 后向专利引用数量 | Num_PC | 焦点专利参考的专利文献数量 |
| 申请人组织类型 | OrgTypes | 虚拟变量。根据组织类型设置个人、公司、政府、大学、医院5个虚拟变量 |
| 授权时间 | Year | 虚拟变量,根据授权年份设置 |
| 地理位置 | Country | 虚拟变量,根据焦点专利第一个发明人所属国家设置 |
| 技术领域 | IPC | 虚拟变量,根据焦点专利主IPC分类号所属的“部”设置 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372237759295523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Descriptive statistics of main variables
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 样本量 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
| Citations_5 | 1,685,970 | 6.902 | 16.355 | 0 | 2,348 |
| Patent_Generality | 1,496,992 | 0.530 | 0.281 | 0 | 0.976 |
| Num_Assignment | 1,685,970 | 0.475 | 0.899 | 0 | 21 |
| Science_Input | 1,685,970 | 0.275 | 0.446 | 0 | 1 |
| Science_Intensity | 463,393 | 7.004 | 11.822 | 0 | 250 |
| Complexity | 1,685,970 | 0.477 | 0.284 | 0 | 0.975 |
| Novelty | 1,632,772 | 0.474 | 0.341 | 0 | 1 |
| Maturity | 1,660,462 | 3,359.372 | 3,232.240 | 0 | 638,550 |
| Tech_Cum_Speed | 1,682,142 | 1.047 | 0.093 | 0.574 | 2.887 |
| Tech_Diversity | 1,685,970 | 1.174 | 0.526 | 1 | 23 |
| Patent_Scope | 1,685,970 | 17.763 | 14.170 | 1 | 887 |
| PCT | 1,685,970 | 0.100 | 0.300 | 0 | 1 |
| Inventor_Sci_Expe | 1,685,970 | 0.312 | 0.324 | 0 | 1 |
| Inventor_Tech_Bread | 1,685,970 | 5.734 | 8.076 | 0 | 148 |
| Num_Inventors | 1,685,970 | 2.510 | 1.804 | 0 | 76 |
| Num_Applicants_Sci | 1,530,794 | 2,188.774 | 4,688.280 | 0 | 45,899 |
| Num_Applicants | 1,530,794 | 1.034 | 0.213 | 1 | 14 |
| Num_PC | 1,685,970 | 22.541 | 46.978 | 0 | 2,399 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372237826404388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
主要变量的描述统计结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 样本量 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
| Citations_5 | 1,685,970 | 6.902 | 16.355 | 0 | 2,348 |
| Patent_Generality | 1,496,992 | 0.530 | 0.281 | 0 | 0.976 |
| Num_Assignment | 1,685,970 | 0.475 | 0.899 | 0 | 21 |
| Science_Input | 1,685,970 | 0.275 | 0.446 | 0 | 1 |
| Science_Intensity | 463,393 | 7.004 | 11.822 | 0 | 250 |
| Complexity | 1,685,970 | 0.477 | 0.284 | 0 | 0.975 |
| Novelty | 1,632,772 | 0.474 | 0.341 | 0 | 1 |
| Maturity | 1,660,462 | 3,359.372 | 3,232.240 | 0 | 638,550 |
| Tech_Cum_Speed | 1,682,142 | 1.047 | 0.093 | 0.574 | 2.887 |
| Tech_Diversity | 1,685,970 | 1.174 | 0.526 | 1 | 23 |
| Patent_Scope | 1,685,970 | 17.763 | 14.170 | 1 | 887 |
| PCT | 1,685,970 | 0.100 | 0.300 | 0 | 1 |
| Inventor_Sci_Expe | 1,685,970 | 0.312 | 0.324 | 0 | 1 |
| Inventor_Tech_Bread | 1,685,970 | 5.734 | 8.076 | 0 | 148 |
| Num_Inventors | 1,685,970 | 2.510 | 1.804 | 0 | 76 |
| Num_Applicants_Sci | 1,530,794 | 2,188.774 | 4,688.280 | 0 | 45,899 |
| Num_Applicants | 1,530,794 | 1.034 | 0.213 | 1 | 14 |
| Num_PC | 1,685,970 | 22.541 | 46.978 | 0 | 2,399 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372237901901861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Results of balance test for matching variables
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 样本 | 均值 | 标准偏差(%) |
| 处理组 | 控制组 |
| Complexity | 匹配前 | 0.510 | 0.454 | 20.1 |
| 匹配后 | 0.510 | 0.506 | 1.3 |
| Novelty | 匹配前 | 0.496 | 0.463 | 9.7 |
| 匹配后 | 0.496 | 0.498 | -0.7 |
| LnMaturity | 匹配前 | 7.574 | 7.778 | -25.6 |
| 匹配后 | 7.574 | 7.551 | 2.9 |
| Tech_Cum_Speed | 匹配前 | 1.058 | 1.048 | 9.7 |
| 匹配后 | 1.058 | 1.063 | -5.6 |
| LnTech_Diversity | 匹配前 | 0.145 | 0.084 | 20.3 |
| 匹配后 | 0.145 | 0.137 | 2.5 |
| LnPatent_Scope | 匹配前 | 2.820 | 2.610 | 27.5 |
| 匹配后 | 2.820 | 2.842 | -3.0 |
| PCT | 匹配前 | 0.095 | 0.095 | -0.2 |
| 匹配后 | 0.095 | 0.098 | -1.1 |
| Inventor_Sci_Expe | 匹配前 | 0.514 | 0.250 | 85.0 |
| 匹配后 | 0.514 | 0.509 | 1.4 |
| LnInventor_Tech_Bread | 匹配前 | 1.628 | 1.495 | 14.8 |
| 匹配后 | 1.628 | 1.591 | 4.1 |
| LnNum_Inventors | 匹配前 | 0.893 | 0.710 | 29.4 |
| 匹配后 | 0.893 | 0.869 | 3.9 |
| LnNum_Applicants_Sci | 匹配前 | 5.238 | 4.789 | 14.8 |
| 匹配后 | 5.237 | 5.275 | -1.3 |
| LnNum_Applicants | 匹配前 | 0.025 | 0.020 | 4.3 |
| 匹配后 | 0.025 | 0.023 | 1.9 |
| LnNum_PC | 匹配前 | 2.898 | 2.517 | 37.3 |
| 匹配后 | 2.898 | 2.859 | 3.7 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372237973205030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
匹配变量平衡性检验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 样本 | 均值 | 标准偏差(%) |
| 处理组 | 控制组 |
| Complexity | 匹配前 | 0.510 | 0.454 | 20.1 |
| 匹配后 | 0.510 | 0.506 | 1.3 |
| Novelty | 匹配前 | 0.496 | 0.463 | 9.7 |
| 匹配后 | 0.496 | 0.498 | -0.7 |
| LnMaturity | 匹配前 | 7.574 | 7.778 | -25.6 |
| 匹配后 | 7.574 | 7.551 | 2.9 |
| Tech_Cum_Speed | 匹配前 | 1.058 | 1.048 | 9.7 |
| 匹配后 | 1.058 | 1.063 | -5.6 |
| LnTech_Diversity | 匹配前 | 0.145 | 0.084 | 20.3 |
| 匹配后 | 0.145 | 0.137 | 2.5 |
| LnPatent_Scope | 匹配前 | 2.820 | 2.610 | 27.5 |
| 匹配后 | 2.820 | 2.842 | -3.0 |
| PCT | 匹配前 | 0.095 | 0.095 | -0.2 |
| 匹配后 | 0.095 | 0.098 | -1.1 |
| Inventor_Sci_Expe | 匹配前 | 0.514 | 0.250 | 85.0 |
| 匹配后 | 0.514 | 0.509 | 1.4 |
| LnInventor_Tech_Bread | 匹配前 | 1.628 | 1.495 | 14.8 |
| 匹配后 | 1.628 | 1.591 | 4.1 |
| LnNum_Inventors | 匹配前 | 0.893 | 0.710 | 29.4 |
| 匹配后 | 0.893 | 0.869 | 3.9 |
| LnNum_Applicants_Sci | 匹配前 | 5.238 | 4.789 | 14.8 |
| 匹配后 | 5.237 | 5.275 | -1.3 |
| LnNum_Applicants | 匹配前 | 0.025 | 0.020 | 4.3 |
| 匹配后 | 0.025 | 0.023 | 1.9 |
| LnNum_PC | 匹配前 | 2.898 | 2.517 | 37.3 |
| 匹配后 | 2.898 | 2.859 | 3.7 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372238052896807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Average treatment effect (ATT) results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 样本 | 处理组 | 控制组 | ATT | T值 |
| Citation_5 | 匹配前 | 10.765 | 6.927 | 3.839 | 112.29*** |
| 匹配后 | 10.765 | 10.223 | 0.542 | 7.77*** |
| Patent_Generality | 匹配前 | 0.559 | 0.516 | 0.043 | 78.6*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.559 | 0.553 | 0.006 | 6.27*** |
| Is_Assignment | 匹配前 | 0.378 | 0.297 | 0.080 | 88.62*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.378 | 0.353 | 0.025 | 14.62*** |
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平均处理效应(ATT)结果
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| 变量名称 | 样本 | 处理组 | 控制组 | ATT | T值 |
| Citation_5 | 匹配前 | 10.765 | 6.927 | 3.839 | 112.29*** |
| 匹配后 | 10.765 | 10.223 | 0.542 | 7.77*** |
| Patent_Generality | 匹配前 | 0.559 | 0.516 | 0.043 | 78.6*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.559 | 0.553 | 0.006 | 6.27*** |
| Is_Assignment | 匹配前 | 0.378 | 0.297 | 0.080 | 88.62*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.378 | 0.353 | 0.025 | 14.62*** |
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Conditional distribution parameter estimation of result variables given scientific knowledge input intensity and GPS conditions
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| 变量名称 | Citation_5 | Patent_Generality | Num_Assignment |
| K | 28.768*** (1.237) | 0.064*** (0015) | 0.242*** (0.054) |
| K2 | -86.369*** (4.192) | -0.148*** (0.053) | -1.436*** (0.183) |
| K3 | 64.880*** (3.382) | 0.179*** (0.043) | 1.110*** (0.148) |
| GPS | 74.467*** (2.339) | 1.668*** (0.029) | 3.235*** (0.102) |
| GPS2 | -338.529*** (12.129) | -6.684*** (0.154) | -17.528*** (0.529) |
| GPS3 | 384.357*** (16.043) | 7.672*** (0.206) | 21.470*** (0.700) |
| K*GPS | -17.147*** (2.952) | -0.123*** (0.038) | 0.607*** (0.129) |
| _cons | 5.505*** (0.106) | 0.473*** (0.001) | 0.474*** (0.005) |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372238287777834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
给定科学知识输入强度和GPS情况下的结果变量条件分布参数估计
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | Citation_5 | Patent_Generality | Num_Assignment |
| K | 28.768*** (1.237) | 0.064*** (0015) | 0.242*** (0.054) |
| K2 | -86.369*** (4.192) | -0.148*** (0.053) | -1.436*** (0.183) |
| K3 | 64.880*** (3.382) | 0.179*** (0.043) | 1.110*** (0.148) |
| GPS | 74.467*** (2.339) | 1.668*** (0.029) | 3.235*** (0.102) |
| GPS2 | -338.529*** (12.129) | -6.684*** (0.154) | -17.528*** (0.529) |
| GPS3 | 384.357*** (16.043) | 7.672*** (0.206) | 21.470*** (0.700) |
| K*GPS | -17.147*** (2.952) | -0.123*** (0.038) | 0.607*** (0.129) |
| _cons | 5.505*** (0.106) | 0.473*** (0.001) | 0.474*** (0.005) |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372238367469611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Results of PSM robustness test after sample reduction
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 样本 | 处理组 | 控制组 | ATT | T值 |
| Citation_5 | 匹配前 | 10.710 | 6.934 | 3.775 | 60.14*** |
| 匹配后 | 10.710 | 10.280 | 0.430 | 3.38*** |
| Patent_Generality | 匹配前 | 0.557 | 0.516 | 0.041 | 41.16*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.557 | 0.550 | 0.007 | 3.85*** |
| Num_Assignment | 匹配前 | 0.613 | 0.465 | 0.148 | 45.42*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.613 | 0.568 | 0.045 | 7.21*** |
), ArticleFig(id=1315372238442967084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372230251492308, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
减少样本后的PSM稳健性检验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 样本 | 处理组 | 控制组 | ATT | T值 |
| Citation_5 | 匹配前 | 10.710 | 6.934 | 3.775 | 60.14*** |
| 匹配后 | 10.710 | 10.280 | 0.430 | 3.38*** |
| Patent_Generality | 匹配前 | 0.557 | 0.516 | 0.041 | 41.16*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.557 | 0.550 | 0.007 | 3.85*** |
| Num_Assignment | 匹配前 | 0.613 | 0.465 | 0.148 | 45.42*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.613 | 0.568 | 0.045 | 7.21*** |
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