Article(id=1315372224819875891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737907200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-27, revisedDate=1749744000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538776831, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538776831, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538776831, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538776831, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372180473496558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538766258, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538833264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=255, endPage=269, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372225058951220, articleId=1315372224819875891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The spatiotemporal evolution of talent policies and their impact on new quality productive forces in Chinese prefecture-level cities: Based on quantitative analysis of 3308 policy texts from 2002 to 2021, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Adopting a spatial perspective on talent policies, this paper constructs a quantitative standard for Chinese urban talent policy, and scores 3308 talent policies in 293 prefecture-level cities. On this basis, by using spatial analysis methods, this paper characterizes the spatiotemporal differentiation and evolutionary processes of talent policies at the prefecture-level in China from 2012 to 2021. Meanwhile, this paper designs an evaluation index system for new quality productive forces in cities, and conducts a quantitative study on the relationship between urban talent policies and new quality productive forces. The results show that: (1) The comprehensive scores of talent policies exhibit a southeast-to-northwest gradient, featuring higher scores in the southeast and lower scores in the northwest. Specifically, the eastern region has maintained a high level of scores throughout, while the central region, despite starting from a lower base, has experienced rapid growth. In contrast, the western and northeastern regions have experienced relatively slower improvements. (2) Based on the analysis of urban types from the three dimensions of "policy intensity-policy objective-policy measure", it is evident that cities with simultaneous progress in all three dimensions tend to expand from the coast towards the inland. Additionally, internal polarization is prominent in the western and northeastern regions. (3) The analysis of urban types based on the three dimensions of "policy instrument-policy link- prioritized talent" reveals that the central region exhibits shortcomings in the use of safeguard policy instruments, while the western and northeastern regions lack adequate development policy instruments. The western region faces notable shortcomings in talent retention policies, while the northeastern region exhibits deficiencies in talent cultivation policies. While regions vary in their preferences for talent types, highly educated talents have universally emerged as the primary focus. (4) In practical terms, talent policies significantly enhance the development of new quality productive forces by leveraging the talent agglomeration effect, innovation-driven effect, and industrial upgrading effect, with distinct heterogeneities observed across regions and policy types. The research conclusions can provide decision-making references for local governments to formulate more practical talent policies. The marginal contributions of this paper lie in: Firstly, it innovatively designs a quantitative standard system for prefecture-level talent policies in China, encompassing three dimensions: policy intensity, policy objectives, and policy measures. This system was applied to score 3308 talent policy texts across 293 prefecture-level cities from 2002 to 2021, thereby establishing a panel database (2012-2021) of comprehensive scores and detailed indicators for China's prefecture-level talent policies. This provides comprehensive and robust data support for subsequent research. Secondly, employing spatial analysis methods, the paper systematically characterizes the spatiotemporal evolution of talent policies at the prefecture-level in China. It presents a panoramic view of their gradient distribution pattern, internal regional polarization characteristics, and the trajectory of spatial center shifts, constituting a valuable exploration into the spatial dynamics of nationwide prefecture-level talent policies. Thirdly, it constructs an evaluation index system for urban new quality productive forces and conducts a quantitative study on the relationship between talent policies and new quality productive forces. This research precisely identifies the heterogeneous effects of policies across regions, policy instruments, and policy links, offering new perspectives and evidence for understanding the spatiotemporal evolution and practical effectiveness of talent policies in Chinese cities.

, authors=Yang YE1, Jie XU2, Zhang-long HUANG3, Ze-yi QIAN4, authorsList=Yang YE, Jie XU, Zhang-long HUANG, Ze-yi QIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372228473114693, articleId=1315372224819875891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=中国地市级人才政策时空演进与新质生产力——基于2002-2021年3308项政策文本的量化分析, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文基于人才政策空间视角,构造了中国城市人才政策量化标准,并对293个地级市3308项人才政策进行打分,在此基础上使用空间分析方法对2012至2021年中国地市级层面人才政策时空分异特征及演变过程进行刻画,同时设计城市新质生产力评价指标体系,对人才政策和新质生产力的关系展开定量研究。结果表明:(1)中国地市级人才政策综合得分呈现东南高-西北低的梯级分布特征,东部地区始终保持较高水准,中部地区起点较低但增速较快,西部和东北地区提升相对缓慢。(2)基于“政策力度-政策目标-政策措施”三维度城市类型分析显示,三维并进型城市呈现由沿海向内陆扩展的趋势,西部和东北地区内部极化特征突显。(3)基于“政策工具-政策环节-重点人才”三维度城市类型分析显示,中部地区保障型政策工具存在短板,西部和东北地区发展型工具暴露出明显不足;西部地区人才留用政策短板突出,东北地区育才政策劣势明显;各地区重点人才类型偏好具有差异,但学历人才已普遍成为城市人才政策的主要目标。(4)从实际效果来看,城市人才政策能够通过发挥人才集聚效应、创新驱动效应与产业结构升级效应显著促进新质生产力发展,且该作用存在明显的区域异质性和政策异质性。研究结论可为地方政府制定更切合实际的人才政策提供决策参考。

, authors=叶杨1, 徐洁2, 黄章龙3, 钱则一4, authorsList=叶杨, 徐洁, 黄章龙, 钱则一, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐洁, authorNote=

叶杨(1998-),男,硕士。

黄章龙(1998-),男,博士研究生。

钱则一(1995-),男,博士研究生。

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徐洁(1993-),女,讲师, E-mail:。
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journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372229295198288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, companyId=1315372229282615375, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 Department of Economics, Clark University, Massachusetts 01610, U.S.), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372229307781201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, companyId=1315372229282615375, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 美国克拉克大学经济系, 美国马萨诸塞州 01610)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315372232029884528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Analytical framework for urban talent policies, figureFileSmall=rIkLYqYrM/eGqiElbJsp9Q==, figureFileBig=dIzuVjhEA7RVN4tYNhTmNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232105382001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=图1, caption=城市人才政策分析框架, figureFileSmall=rIkLYqYrM/eGqiElbJsp9Q==, figureFileBig=dIzuVjhEA7RVN4tYNhTmNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232315097202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Overall framework of China's urban talent policies, figureFileSmall=ZfEF5i3I+GfUqnG1pT05pw==, figureFileBig=sX2WfCFiMvXtNblFBDp9Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232369623155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国城市人才政策整体架构, figureFileSmall=ZfEF5i3I+GfUqnG1pT05pw==, figureFileBig=sX2WfCFiMvXtNblFBDp9Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232432537716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Spatial distribution of the comprehensive scores of talent policies of Chinese prefecture-level cities in 2012 and 2021, figureFileSmall=dGY4Tmkc89ayO8KH64dgeQ==, figureFileBig=N4JK9KPqoZF8rfvOwPhlKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232499646581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2012年和2021年中国地市级人才政策综合得分空间分布

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2024)0650的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=dGY4Tmkc89ayO8KH64dgeQ==, figureFileBig=N4JK9KPqoZF8rfvOwPhlKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232587726966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The standard deviation ellipse and centroid migration path of spatial distribution of comprehensive scores of talent policies of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2012 to 2021, figureFileSmall=R5eNjCjP4wqNIlEvYfIEKA==, figureFileBig=joboIdhRwTEm4lQGz9MpPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232680001655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2012-2021年中国地市级人才政策综合得分空间分布的标准差椭圆并重心移动轨迹

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2024)0650的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=R5eNjCjP4wqNIlEvYfIEKA==, figureFileBig=joboIdhRwTEm4lQGz9MpPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232738721912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Types of synergy in talent policies of Chinese prefecture-level cities in 2012 and 2021, figureFileSmall=vRThgsUSbIDtptRGtr4rSQ==, figureFileBig=qrNFHc8e8PiwxxYmI2sudw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232810025081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2012年和2021年中国地市级人才政策协同类型

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2024)0650的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=vRThgsUSbIDtptRGtr4rSQ==, figureFileBig=qrNFHc8e8PiwxxYmI2sudw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232881328250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Policy instrument application intensity types in talent policies of Chinese prefecture-level cities in 2012 and 2021, figureFileSmall=H9O76qGiBBmXXJ90k8I4OA==, figureFileBig=4SpigZ1CpLs7SGt/mkWRvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372232961020027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2012年和2021年中国地市级人才政策政策工具发力类型

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2024)0650的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=H9O76qGiBBmXXJ90k8I4OA==, figureFileBig=4SpigZ1CpLs7SGt/mkWRvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372233061683324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Driving force types in policy links of talent policies in Chinese prefecture-level cities in 2012 and 2021, figureFileSmall=vRrSbudUM5+aArs4z9KykQ==, figureFileBig=+jW6DXPhnEzU9/tTMSMYtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372233120403581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2012年和2021年中国地市级人才政策政策环节驱动类型

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2024)0650的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=vRrSbudUM5+aArs4z9KykQ==, figureFileBig=+jW6DXPhnEzU9/tTMSMYtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372233187512446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Spatial distribution of prioritized talent types in talent policies of Chinese prefecture-level cities in 2012 and 2021, figureFileSmall=98WRXktscXVpqW8HyNNx1w==, figureFileBig=YA6lI7uH7U5h/jbYi4oCLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372233279787135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2012年和2021年中国地市级人才政策重点人才类型空间分布

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2024)0650的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=98WRXktscXVpqW8HyNNx1w==, figureFileBig=YA6lI7uH7U5h/jbYi4oCLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372233346896000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The direction and distance parameters of the shift in the comprehensive score center of gravity for talent policies from 2012 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 重心坐标 移动方向 移动距离
(km)
东西向距离
(km)
南北向距离
(km)
移动速度
(km/a)
东西向速度
(km/a)
南北向速度
(km/a)
2012 29.87°N,115.86°E
2015 30.61°N,115.39°E 西偏北 93.52 53.30 76.85 31.17 17.77 25.62
2018 31.68°N,115.26°E 西偏北 121.57 24.39 119.10 40.52 8.13 39.70
2021 32.03°N,115.26°E 西偏北 39.67 4.36 39.43 13.22 1.45 13.14
), ArticleFig(id=1315372233455947905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2012-2021年人才政策综合得分重心移动方向和距离参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 重心坐标 移动方向 移动距离
(km)
东西向距离
(km)
南北向距离
(km)
移动速度
(km/a)
东西向速度
(km/a)
南北向速度
(km/a)
2012 29.87°N,115.86°E
2015 30.61°N,115.39°E 西偏北 93.52 53.30 76.85 31.17 17.77 25.62
2018 31.68°N,115.26°E 西偏北 121.57 24.39 119.10 40.52 8.13 39.70
2021 32.03°N,115.26°E 西偏北 39.67 4.36 39.43 13.22 1.45 13.14
), ArticleFig(id=1315372233544028290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evaluation index system of new quality productivity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 构成要素 基础指标 指标测算
实体性要素 新劳动者 新产业员工数 战略性新兴产业和未来产业上市公司的总员工数
新质人力资本投入 教育支出占地方财政支出的比重
新质人力资本产出 普通高等学校在校学生数
新劳动资料 新生产工具 机器人安装密度
新基础设施 电信业务总量
互联网宽带接入用户
新劳动对象 新能源 是否入选新能源示范城市
新质绿色环境 生活垃圾无害化处理率
环境污染治理投资
碳交易、用能权交易、排污权交易总额
渗透性要素 技术创新 技术研发 科学支出占地方财政支出的比重
创新产出 当年申请的发明数量
当年申请的实用新型数量
组织创新 智能化 人工智能企业数量
绿色化 当年申请的绿色发明数量
当年申请的绿色实用新型数量
要素创新 大数据发展 是否处于国家级大数据综合试验区
大数据交易 有无数据交易所
), ArticleFig(id=1315372233611137155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新质生产力评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 构成要素 基础指标 指标测算
实体性要素 新劳动者 新产业员工数 战略性新兴产业和未来产业上市公司的总员工数
新质人力资本投入 教育支出占地方财政支出的比重
新质人力资本产出 普通高等学校在校学生数
新劳动资料 新生产工具 机器人安装密度
新基础设施 电信业务总量
互联网宽带接入用户
新劳动对象 新能源 是否入选新能源示范城市
新质绿色环境 生活垃圾无害化处理率
环境污染治理投资
碳交易、用能权交易、排污权交易总额
渗透性要素 技术创新 技术研发 科学支出占地方财政支出的比重
创新产出 当年申请的发明数量
当年申请的实用新型数量
组织创新 智能化 人工智能企业数量
绿色化 当年申请的绿色发明数量
当年申请的绿色实用新型数量
要素创新 大数据发展 是否处于国家级大数据综合试验区
大数据交易 有无数据交易所
), ArticleFig(id=1315372233678246020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Baseline regression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
人才政策得分 0.0086*** 0.0021** 0.0011*** 0.0010*** 0.0010*** 0.0009***
(0.0009) (0.0008) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003)
控制变量 否 是 否 是 是 是
城市固定效应 否 否 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 否 否 是 是 是 是
观测值 2740 2740 2740 2740 2740 2466
R-squared 0.0428 0.3897 0.9760 0.9810 0.9810 0.9841
), ArticleFig(id=1315372233757937797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基准回归

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
人才政策得分 0.0086*** 0.0021** 0.0011*** 0.0010*** 0.0010*** 0.0009***
(0.0009) (0.0008) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003)
控制变量 否 是 否 是 是 是
城市固定效应 否 否 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 否 否 是 是 是 是
观测值 2740 2740 2740 2740 2740 2466
R-squared 0.0428 0.3897 0.9760 0.9810 0.9810 0.9841
), ArticleFig(id=1315372233854406790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Endogeneity test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
第一阶段 第二阶段 第一阶段 第二阶段
省级有效人才政策数量 接壤城市人才政策得分均值
工具变量 0.0261***
(0.0027)
0.5003***
(0.0517)
人才政策综合得分 0.0017*
(0.0009)
0.0014**
(0.0007)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
固定效应 是 是 是 是
观测值 2730 2730 2740 2740
第一阶段F值 94.98 93.73
Kleibergen-Paap rk LM检验 88.759*** 72.845***
Cragg-Donald Wald F统计量 170.007 220.038
Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F统计量 94.978 93.727
), ArticleFig(id=1315372233929904263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

内生性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
第一阶段 第二阶段 第一阶段 第二阶段
省级有效人才政策数量 接壤城市人才政策得分均值
工具变量 0.0261***
(0.0027)
0.5003***
(0.0517)
人才政策综合得分 0.0017*
(0.0009)
0.0014**
(0.0007)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
固定效应 是 是 是 是
观测值 2730 2730 2740 2740
第一阶段F值 94.98 93.73
Kleibergen-Paap rk LM检验 88.759*** 72.845***
Cragg-Donald Wald F统计量 170.007 220.038
Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F统计量 94.978 93.727
), ArticleFig(id=1315372234009596040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mechanism analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
人才集聚效应 创新驱动效应 产业结构升级效应
创新投入 创新产出
人才政策综合得分 0.0004***
(0.0002)
0.0004**
(0.0001)
0.0278**
(0.0126)
0.1020**
(0.0478)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
城市固定效应 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是
观测值 2172 2739 2740 2465
R-squared 0.8856 0.8039 0.8178 0.8938
), ArticleFig(id=1315372234089287817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

机制分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
人才集聚效应 创新驱动效应 产业结构升级效应
创新投入 创新产出
人才政策综合得分 0.0004***
(0.0002)
0.0004**
(0.0001)
0.0278**
(0.0126)
0.1020**
(0.0478)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
城市固定效应 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是
观测值 2172 2739 2740 2465
R-squared 0.8856 0.8039 0.8178 0.8938
), ArticleFig(id=1315372234168979594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Regression results of urban heterogeneity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
东中部-省会 东中部-非省会 西部东北-省会 西部东北-非省会
人才政策综合得分 0.0001 0.0004* 0.0011* 0.0002
(0.0007) (0.0002) (0.0006) (0.0001)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
城市固定效应 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是
观测值 130 1460 140 1010
R-squared 0.9672 0.9866 0.9905 0.9975
), ArticleFig(id=1315372234240282763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

城市异质性回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4)
东中部-省会 东中部-非省会 西部东北-省会 西部东北-非省会
人才政策综合得分 0.0001 0.0004* 0.0011* 0.0002
(0.0007) (0.0002) (0.0006) (0.0001)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
城市固定效应 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是
观测值 130 1460 140 1010
R-squared 0.9672 0.9866 0.9905 0.9975
), ArticleFig(id=1315372234324168844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Regression results of policy instruments heterogeneity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
东中部 西部东北
奖励型 0.0276*** 0.0095
(0.0082) (0.0058)
保障型 0.0337*** 0.0462***
(0.0125) (0.0121)
发展型 0.0302** 0.0458***
(0.0149) (0.0142)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
观测值 1590 1590 1590 1150 1150 1150
R-squared 0.9821 0.9821 0.9820 0.9926 0.9927 0.9926
), ArticleFig(id=1315372234403860621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

政策工具异质性回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
东中部 西部东北
奖励型 0.0276*** 0.0095
(0.0082) (0.0058)
保障型 0.0337*** 0.0462***
(0.0125) (0.0121)
发展型 0.0302** 0.0458***
(0.0149) (0.0142)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
观测值 1590 1590 1590 1150 1150 1150
R-squared 0.9821 0.9821 0.9820 0.9926 0.9927 0.9926
), ArticleFig(id=1315372234479358094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Regression results of policy links heterogeneity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
东中部 西部东北
引才 0.0218*** 0.0258***
(0.0063) (0.0069)
育才 0.0219*** 0.0309**
(0.0070) (0.0124)
留用 0.0326** 0.0414***
(0.0147) (0.0126)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
观测值 1590 1590 1590 1150 1150 1150
R-squared 0.9822 0.9821 0.9820 0.9927 0.9927 0.9926
), ArticleFig(id=1315372234546466959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372224819875891, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

政策环节异质性回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
东中部 西部东北
引才 0.0218*** 0.0258***
(0.0063) (0.0069)
育才 0.0219*** 0.0309**
(0.0070) (0.0124)
留用 0.0326** 0.0414***
(0.0147) (0.0126)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
城市固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
年份固定效应 是 是 是 是 是 是
观测值 1590 1590 1590 1150 1150 1150
R-squared 0.9822 0.9821 0.9820 0.9927 0.9927 0.9926
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中国地市级人才政策时空演进与新质生产力——基于2002-2021年3308项政策文本的量化分析
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叶杨 1 , 徐洁 2 , 黄章龙 3 , 钱则一 4
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(2): 255-269
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科学学研究 |热点议题 2026 , 44 (2) : 255 -269
中国地市级人才政策时空演进与新质生产力——基于2002-2021年3308项政策文本的量化分析
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钱则一(1995-),男,博士研究生。

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钱则一(1995-),男,博士研究生。

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叶杨1, 徐洁2 , 黄章龙3, 钱则一4
作者信息
  • 1 中南大学商学院, 湖南长沙 410083
  • 2 中南大学公共管理学院, 湖南长沙 410075
  • 3 清华大学公共管理学院, 北京 100084
  • 4 美国克拉克大学经济系, 美国马萨诸塞州 01610
通讯作者:
徐洁(1993-),女,讲师, E-mail:。
作者简介:

叶杨(1998-),男,硕士。

黄章龙(1998-),男,博士研究生。

钱则一(1995-),男,博士研究生。

The spatiotemporal evolution of talent policies and their impact on new quality productive forces in Chinese prefecture-level cities: Based on quantitative analysis of 3308 policy texts from 2002 to 2021
Yang YE1, Jie XU2 , Zhang-long HUANG3, Ze-yi QIAN4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
  • 2 School of Public Administration, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
  • 3 School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 4 Department of Economics, Clark University, Massachusetts 01610, U.S.
出版时间: 2026-02-15
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本文基于人才政策空间视角,构造了中国城市人才政策量化标准,并对293个地级市3308项人才政策进行打分,在此基础上使用空间分析方法对2012至2021年中国地市级层面人才政策时空分异特征及演变过程进行刻画,同时设计城市新质生产力评价指标体系,对人才政策和新质生产力的关系展开定量研究。结果表明:(1)中国地市级人才政策综合得分呈现东南高-西北低的梯级分布特征,东部地区始终保持较高水准,中部地区起点较低但增速较快,西部和东北地区提升相对缓慢。(2)基于“政策力度-政策目标-政策措施”三维度城市类型分析显示,三维并进型城市呈现由沿海向内陆扩展的趋势,西部和东北地区内部极化特征突显。(3)基于“政策工具-政策环节-重点人才”三维度城市类型分析显示,中部地区保障型政策工具存在短板,西部和东北地区发展型工具暴露出明显不足;西部地区人才留用政策短板突出,东北地区育才政策劣势明显;各地区重点人才类型偏好具有差异,但学历人才已普遍成为城市人才政策的主要目标。(4)从实际效果来看,城市人才政策能够通过发挥人才集聚效应、创新驱动效应与产业结构升级效应显著促进新质生产力发展,且该作用存在明显的区域异质性和政策异质性。研究结论可为地方政府制定更切合实际的人才政策提供决策参考。

人才政策  /  政策量化  /  时空演变  /  新质生产力

Adopting a spatial perspective on talent policies, this paper constructs a quantitative standard for Chinese urban talent policy, and scores 3308 talent policies in 293 prefecture-level cities. On this basis, by using spatial analysis methods, this paper characterizes the spatiotemporal differentiation and evolutionary processes of talent policies at the prefecture-level in China from 2012 to 2021. Meanwhile, this paper designs an evaluation index system for new quality productive forces in cities, and conducts a quantitative study on the relationship between urban talent policies and new quality productive forces. The results show that: (1) The comprehensive scores of talent policies exhibit a southeast-to-northwest gradient, featuring higher scores in the southeast and lower scores in the northwest. Specifically, the eastern region has maintained a high level of scores throughout, while the central region, despite starting from a lower base, has experienced rapid growth. In contrast, the western and northeastern regions have experienced relatively slower improvements. (2) Based on the analysis of urban types from the three dimensions of "policy intensity-policy objective-policy measure", it is evident that cities with simultaneous progress in all three dimensions tend to expand from the coast towards the inland. Additionally, internal polarization is prominent in the western and northeastern regions. (3) The analysis of urban types based on the three dimensions of "policy instrument-policy link- prioritized talent" reveals that the central region exhibits shortcomings in the use of safeguard policy instruments, while the western and northeastern regions lack adequate development policy instruments. The western region faces notable shortcomings in talent retention policies, while the northeastern region exhibits deficiencies in talent cultivation policies. While regions vary in their preferences for talent types, highly educated talents have universally emerged as the primary focus. (4) In practical terms, talent policies significantly enhance the development of new quality productive forces by leveraging the talent agglomeration effect, innovation-driven effect, and industrial upgrading effect, with distinct heterogeneities observed across regions and policy types. The research conclusions can provide decision-making references for local governments to formulate more practical talent policies. The marginal contributions of this paper lie in: Firstly, it innovatively designs a quantitative standard system for prefecture-level talent policies in China, encompassing three dimensions: policy intensity, policy objectives, and policy measures. This system was applied to score 3308 talent policy texts across 293 prefecture-level cities from 2002 to 2021, thereby establishing a panel database (2012-2021) of comprehensive scores and detailed indicators for China's prefecture-level talent policies. This provides comprehensive and robust data support for subsequent research. Secondly, employing spatial analysis methods, the paper systematically characterizes the spatiotemporal evolution of talent policies at the prefecture-level in China. It presents a panoramic view of their gradient distribution pattern, internal regional polarization characteristics, and the trajectory of spatial center shifts, constituting a valuable exploration into the spatial dynamics of nationwide prefecture-level talent policies. Thirdly, it constructs an evaluation index system for urban new quality productive forces and conducts a quantitative study on the relationship between talent policies and new quality productive forces. This research precisely identifies the heterogeneous effects of policies across regions, policy instruments, and policy links, offering new perspectives and evidence for understanding the spatiotemporal evolution and practical effectiveness of talent policies in Chinese cities.

talent policy  /  policy quantification  /  spatiotemporal evolution  /  new quality productive forces
叶杨, 徐洁, 黄章龙, 钱则一. 中国地市级人才政策时空演进与新质生产力——基于2002-2021年3308项政策文本的量化分析. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (2) : 255 -269 .
Yang YE, Jie XU, Zhang-long HUANG, Ze-yi QIAN. The spatiotemporal evolution of talent policies and their impact on new quality productive forces in Chinese prefecture-level cities: Based on quantitative analysis of 3308 policy texts from 2002 to 2021[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (2) : 255 -269 .
人才是驱动创新、引领发展的第一资源,习近平总书记强调“为发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展培养急需人才”。随着各地对人才重视程度的提高,地方政府人才政策颁布数量与日俱增,但政策内容地域差异显著,实际效果参差不齐,难以有效优化人才空间配置[1]。在此背景下,考虑到我国资源禀赋和经济社会发展存在显著区域差异,发展新质生产力需要尊重生产力空间布局规律[2]。而把握人才政策的时空特征与演进趋势,是理解其如何塑造并适应生产力空间布局的核心前提,更是破解人才配置失衡、提升政策效能、精准赋能新质生产力发展的关键抓手。
已有研究在人才政策文本分析、演进脉络梳理及局部效果评估方面积累了丰富成果,但仍存在两方面有待深化之处:
其一,对人才政策空间动态性的系统性刻画不足。深入理解人才政策的全国性空间分布格局、区域内部结构分化及动态迁移路径,对于把握国家人才战略实施效果、优化区域人才资源配置具有重要意义。然现有研究多聚焦单一城市、特定区域或典型案例,对全国地市级层面人才政策时空格局的全景式、历时性刻画相对有限[3,4]。更重要的是,传统政策文本分析方法(如PMC指数模型)难以支撑大规模政策文件的评估,尤其在精细刻画全国范围的复杂时空格局方面存在局限[5-7]。随着研究深度和广度的不断拓展,以空间分布地图为代表的空间分析方法在政策研究中的应用日益广泛[8-11],但在人才政策领域仍较有限。
其二,政策效果评估的严谨性与科学性有待提升。现有研究在因变量选择上多局限于创新绩效等传统指标,难以全面反映新阶段城市发展的核心动能[12,13];同时对自变量的量化亦显粗糙,多使用0-1变量或简单计数表征人才政策强度,未能有效捕捉不同政策在主体层级、目标清晰度、措施完备性、工具组合及环节侧重等关键维度的实质性差异[14-16],难以精准评估因政策设计差异所导致的效果分化。作为党和国家提出的战略性概念,新质生产力为检验人才政策在驱动城市高质量发展方面的实际效果提供了更全面、更契合时代要求的衡量指标,然而两者间关联机制仍缺乏基于系统评价体系的实证检验。
本文的边际贡献在于:第一,创新性地设计了涵盖政策力度、政策目标、政策措施三个维度的中国地市级人才政策量化标准体系,对2002-2021年①(①此处与标题中的“2002-2021年”指本文构建人才政策数据库所依据的政策文本的颁布时间范围,共收集3308项政策文本。实际用于时空演进分析与效应检验的面板数据时间跨度为2012-2021年。此设定基于以下严谨性考虑:政策有效期通常为5年,实操过程中发现部分政策有效期可能更长;为确保2012-2021年分析期内所有生效的政策均被纳入考量,本研究将政策收集时间前溯至2002年;同时经验证,2002年之前颁布的政策在2012年及以后仍有效的可能性极低,因此2012年作为面板数据起始点可有效涵盖所有可能影响该分析期的政策。最终合成的城市人才政策综合得分面板数据覆盖期为2012-2021年,后续关于人才政策时空演进特征及其对新质生产力影响的实证分析均基于此面板数据进行。)全国293个地级市3308项人才政策文本进行打分,据此建立了2012-2021年中国地市级人才政策综合得分及细分指标面板数据库,为后续研究提供了全面坚实的数据支撑。第二,运用空间分析方法系统刻画了中国地市级人才政策的时空演进特征,全景式呈现了其梯级分布格局、区域内部极化特征及空间重心迁移轨迹,在全国地市级人才政策的空间动态性研究方面进行了有价值的探索。第三,构建了城市新质生产力评价指标体系,对人才政策和新质生产力的关系展开定量研究,精准识别了政策在区域、政策工具和政策环节等方面的异质性影响,为理解中国地市级人才政策的时空演变及其实际效能提供了新视角、新证据。
参考现有研究[17,18],本文构建了涵盖政策力度、政策目标与政策措施3个维度的中国城市人才政策量化标准②(②由于篇幅限制,正式的人才政策量化标准未在文中汇报,留存备索。)。其中,政策力度由政策发布机构的行政级别与公文文种所决定;政策目标反映了人才政策中有无清晰的人才规划;政策措施则体现了政策的具体执行内容,特别地,本文将其归纳为人才引进等8项一级措施,在此基础上细分为39项二级措施[4,19],并对应至引、育、留用3类政策环节[20],以及奖励型、保障型和发展型3类政策工具[12](图1)。
政策客体是政策的直接作用对象,本文将人才政策客体归纳为顶尖人才、高级专业技术人才、高技能人才、创新创业人才和学历人才等14类③(③由于篇幅限制,各政策客体的定义未在文中汇报,留存备索。)。由于同一项政策对不同政策客体的目标与措施可能存在差异,因此对每项政策都按照“客体—目标”“客体—措施”的一一对应方式分别进行打分。在初步确定政策量化标准后组成评估小组,从相关部门提供的人才政策汇编中随机抽取项目,由每位成员独立地根据量化标准对其进行量化,并就方向有冲突的政策进行多轮次讨论与修正,最终确定正式的政策量化标准。
图2反映了中国城市人才政策设计的组织全貌。本文将政策主体设定为各城市市委、市政府、市人才办(市人才工作领导小组)、市人社局、市委组织部、市科技局、市公安局、市教育局,在其官方网站上依据关键词检索党政公文文件,并按政策有效期、文种等进行二次筛选。最终收集了293个地级市颁布的3308项政策,并依据前文所述的量化标准,将其整理为涵盖各单项政策不同指标、维度的数据库。
在此基础上,政策力度、政策目标与政策措施的年度分数计算方式如公式(1)-(3)所示,特别地,公式(4)用以反映政策力度、政策目标与政策措施的整体力度,即人才政策综合得分。
$T{P}_{ij}=\sum _{k=1}^{{N}_{ij}}({P}_{ijk}*\sum _{t=1}^{15}{C}_{ijkt})$
$T{G}_{ij}=\sum _{k=1}^{{N}_{ij}}\sum _{t=1}^{15}{G}_{ijkt}*{C}_{ijkt}$
$T{M}_{ij}=\sum _{k=1}^{{N}_{ij}}\sum _{t=1}^{15}\sum _{a=1}^{8}\sum _{b=1}^{{Q}_{a}}{M}_{ijktab}$
$T{M}_{ij}^{***}=\sum _{k=1}^{{N}_{ij}}\sum _{t=1}^{15}({P}_{ijkt}*{G}_{ijkt}*\sum _{a=1}^{8}\sum _{b=1}^{{Q}_{a}}{M}_{ijktab})$
其中,i表示年份,j表示城市,k表示第k项政策,t表示第t类政策客体,a表示第a项一级措施,b表示第b项二级措施,N表示政策总数,Q表示所含二级措施总数,C表示所含二级措施非零项总数,P表示政策力度模板数值,G表示政策目标模板数值,M表示政策措施模板数值,TP表示政策力度年度数值,TG表示政策目标年度数值,TM表示政策措施年度数值,TM***表示人才政策综合得分。在此基础上,依据政策有效期精确方式的不同(按照政策出台年度或政策出台当年月度)分别合成了两套2012-2021年地市级人才政策综合得分及其细分指标的面板数据,以进行后续研究。
(1)时空演进特征:东部遥遥领先,中部后起之秀,西部东北长期落后④(④参考洪俊杰等[21],东部包括河北、山东、江苏、浙江、福建、广东、海南,东北包括辽宁、吉林、黑龙江,中部包括山西、河南、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西,西部包括内蒙古、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆、广西、四川、贵州、云南。)
本文使用人才政策综合得分(TM***)对2012-2021年中国地市级人才政策的空间演变特征进行分析,图3展示了代表性年份人才政策综合得分的空间分布。总体来看,研究期内人才政策综合得分呈现东南高-西北低的梯级分布特征,东部沿海地区形成高分连片区,中部地区紧随其后,形成高、中、低等级水平城市共存格局,而广大的西北部和东北地区显著落后。从时序演进来看,2012-2021年中国大部分城市人才政策综合得分明显提高,东部地区如广州、佛山、常州、南通、厦门等城市人才政策综合得分始终保持较高水准且不断提高,中部地区起点较低但增速较快,特别是合肥、郑州等城市研究期内人才政策综合得分涨幅明显,而西部和东北地区城市提升相对缓慢,尤其是陇南、盘锦等城市甚至出现等级倒退。值得关注的是,西部和东北地区呈现出较大的区域内部分化,如成都、南宁、西宁、长春和沈阳等省会城市人才政策综合得分增速明显快于区域内其他城市,表明西部和东北地区人才政策发展逐步形成核心-边缘结构,极化特征明显。
(2)空间方向特征:重心持续向西偏北方向迁移,西部东北未来可期
为进一步探究人才政策综合得分时空演变特征,本文测算其空间分布重心及标准差椭圆相关属性[22],选取代表性年份绘制重心移动轨迹和标准差椭圆分布图。如表1和图4所示,2012-2021年间人才政策综合得分的空间重心整体向西偏北方向迁移。具体来看,空间重心在2012-2015年加速向西移动,在2015-2018年加速向北移动。这一变化源于国家战略引导(如对西部及东北人才计划倾斜)⑤(⑤本文对2010-2021年国家对西部及东北地区的人才倾斜政策进行了整理,由于篇幅限制,代表性政策及其要点未在文中汇报,留存备索。)和区域内在需求增强(创新驱动与产业转型需要)的共同推动。特别地,西部和东北地区的人才政策在实践中日益呈现多元化、灵活化、在地化特征,“不求所有、但求所用”的“候鸟式”人才引进机制便是因地制宜的代表性创新。总体来看,虽然研究期内东强西弱的格局未变,但西部和东北地区自身的提升幅度大于中部和东部地区,展现出强劲发展势头。
(1)人才政策研究维度:从单一到多维的演进路径
依据前文理论分析,城市人才政策由政策力度、政策目标和政策措施三个子维度构成,只有三维协同发力才能更好实现人才政策的整体效应。本文依据各子维度得分将人才政策划分为三维并进、二维协同、一维推进和全面滞后等8种城市类型⑥(⑥以2012年各指标前25%(即293个地级市从大到小排序第73个城市)值为基准,大于等于该基准值为1,反之为0,最后根据政策力度、政策目标和政策措施3个指标的0-1值,划分为8种类型。)。如图5所示,2012年,三维并进型城市多集中于东部沿海地区,特别是长三角和珠三角地区,如南京、宁波、广州、深圳等,中西部地区仅零星分布。研究期内,三维并进型城市呈现由沿海向内陆扩展的趋势。至2021年,东部与中部地区均有超过80%的城市为三维并进型,但两大区域的发展路径有显著差别:2012年,东部地区城市如嘉兴、温州、泰州等仅重视政策措施,忽视政策力度或政策目标,属于政策力度或政策目标弥补型的人才政策演进路径;而中部地区城市如永州、宣城、黄山等,研究期初仅关注政策力度或政策目标,缺乏政策措施的实际投入,属于政策措施追赶型人才政策演进路径。此外,西部和东北地区内部极化特征突显,省会城市及区域中心城市多为三维并进型,而其余城市多为全面滞后型,人才政策显著的核心-边缘结构可能会加剧区域发展水平的内部分异程度。
(2)人才政策政策工具:重物质奖励、轻人才保障与发展
依据前文理论分析,本文将人才政策工具归纳为奖励型、保障型和发展型,依据城市在不同类型人才政策工具中的发力重点将城市划分为三重发力、双重发力、单向发力和全面滞后等8类⑦(⑦由于本文中,各类政策工具得分均已进行标准化处理(即除以对应二级措施数量),因此参考图3的图例,我们将政策工具得分大于等于1/39(39为二级措施总数)赋值为1,其余赋值为0。最后根据奖励型、保障型和发展型3类政策工具的0-1值,划分为8种类型。图7中政策环节的划分标准同理。)。如图6所示,时序演变方面,2012年,在非全面滞后型城市中近半数城市属于重奖励、轻保障或发展的偏向型政策工具发力类型,说明研究期初大多数城市的人才政策工具十分单一,且侧重于生活补贴、薪酬待遇等。这一现象至2021年有较大改善,大量城市对不同类型人才政策工具进行拓展,三重和双重发力城市数量显著增加。空间特征方面,山东、江西、福建、广东和广西等省份的城市大多为三重发力型,呈现显著的局部自相关特征,说明城市人才政策工具的使用受到省域内其他城市的影响。此外,四大板块城市对人才政策工具表现出差异化偏好,中部地区城市在人才保障方面存在短板,西部和东北地区城市发展型工具方面存在显著不足。
(3)人才政策政策环节:重外部人才引进,轻本地育才与留用
引才、育才和留才用才是人才政策重要的三个环节,只有三轮齐发力才能形成人才政策“引育留用”全链条的综合驱动。因此,本文对人才政策进行进一步拆解分析,依据城市在引育留用中的重点发力环节将城市划分为8类。如图7所示,时序演进方面,大多数城市在各人才政策环节的投入均有明显提高。值得注意的是,研究期内重视外部引才忽视内部育才用才的城市数量翻番,即越来越多的城市对引才的重视程度显著超过另外两个政策环节,导致了人才政策结构的失衡。空间特征方面,至2021年,引-育-留用三轮驱动型城市主要分布于东部沿海和中部地区,呈现出明显的集聚特征。西部和东北地区内部极化特征依然显著,少数城市属于全面领先的引-育-留用三轮驱动型城市,剩余城市大都属于全面滞后型。西部地区城市人才政策留用短板突出,而东北地区大量城市在育才方面存在不足,说明人才政策滞后的地区普遍存在以外部引才为主,忽视本地育人用人的重外部轻内部的问题。
(4)重点人才类型:从高端人才偏好到年轻学历人才偏好
重点人才类型即一个城市人才政策的主要施策对象,反映了一个地区的人才偏好以及发展目标。本文将地区人才政策文本中涉及最多的人才类型作为其重点人才类型,并对其时空演变特征进行分析⑧(⑧基于人政面板数据,本文分别提取出2012和2021年各城市涉及到各类客体的政策总数,并将涉及政策总数最多的客体作为该城市重点人才类型,如所选客体非唯一,则进一步比较其政策目标、政策措施和综合得分并取其值更高者。政策文本分析可得,超80%城市的重点人才类型为顶尖人才、高级专业技术人才、高技能人才、创新创业人才和学历人才,因此本文将这5类人才类型作为主要分析对象。)。如图8所示,空间分布特征来看,各地区对人才类型的偏好呈现出显著的区域异质性。除学历人才外,东部地区大量城市将高级专业技术人才作为人才政策的重点目标,中部和东北地区相对重视创新创业人才,而西部地区对高技能人才、顶尖人才的兴趣更大。时序演进方面,各地区对学历人才的偏好呈现出前所未有的热情。2012年,仅不到20%的城市将学历人才作为政策重点人才类型,至2021年,已有超过40%的城市将政策重心置于学历人才。这一现象在东部、中部和东北地区城市尤为突出,如杭州、嘉兴、常州、泰州、深圳、东莞等长三角和珠三角城市的重点人才类型均转变为学历人才,晋城、岳阳、哈尔滨、辽源等的重点人才类型由高级专业技术人才转变为学历人才。显然,各地对高层次人才的争夺已逐渐演变为以学历人才为主的争夺。出现该现象的原因可能在于,随着人口老龄化程度不断加深,能否吸引并留住更多的高素质年轻人口,将很大程度上决定一座城市未来的创新潜力和经济社会发展动能。
前述研究虽直观呈现了中国地市级人才政策的时空格局特征及动态演变趋势,但对其实际成效的评估仍需深化。鉴于此,本文拟选取新质生产力作为考察人才政策效果的衡量指标,并通过固定效应模型分析人才政策对新质生产力的影响:
$N{P}_{it}=\alpha +\beta Scor{e}_{it}+\gamma {X}_{it}+{\delta }_{i}+{\mu }_{t}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
其中,NPit表示城市i在t年的新质生产力水平,Scoreit表示城市i在t年的人才政策综合得分,Xit为城市层面的一系列控制变量。δi为城市固定效应,μt为时间固定效应,εit为随机扰动项。
(1)被解释变量
参考已有研究[23,24],本文从实体性要素(新劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象)和渗透性要素(技术创新、组织创新、要素创新)两个维度构建城市新质生产力评价指标体系(表2),并采用熵值法测算得到2012-2021年城市新质生产力发展综合指数的面板数据。
(2)核心解释变量
核心解释变量为人才政策,即前文所述的人才政策综合得分(TM***),该指标综合考虑了政策力度、政策目标与政策措施等维度,具有较好的代表性。在基准回归中,主要使用人才政策综合得分(年度口径)作为核心解释变量,并在后续分析中使用月度口径综合得分以及滞后一期的年度口径综合得分作为替代变量进行稳健性检验。
(3)控制变量
为控制潜在影响因素,保证估计结果的可靠性与准确性,本文在计量模型中引入以下控制变量:城市人均GDP、金融发展水平、教育水平、医疗服务、城市房价、人力资本水平等,数据主要来源于《中国区域经济统计年鉴》和《中国城市统计年鉴》。
(1)基准回归
表3报告了基准回归结果,列(1)仅加入核心解释变量,人才政策综合得分的估计系数显著为正,说明其与新质生产力发展综合指数存在显著的正相关关系。列(2)和列(3)分别在列(1)基础上加入控制变量及固定效应,列(4)则将所有控制变量和固定效应纳入模型,结果表明在控制相关因素后,人才政策对新质生产力发展始终存在显著的正向促进作用。列(5)和列(6)分别将核心解释变量替换为月度口径综合得分及滞后一期的年度口径综合得分,结论依然保持稳健。
为缓解潜在的内生性问题,本文采用城市所在省份当年有效人才政策数量作为人才政策的工具变量[25]。一方面,省级政策的颁布对城市政策的制定有较强的导向作用;另一方面,省级层面政策通常是方向性的,需要城市出台配套政策才能落实到位,故城市新质生产力不会受到省级人才政策的直接影响[16]。此外,本文还使用样本城市所有接壤城市人才政策综合得分的均值作为工具变量进行补充[26,27]。接壤城市政府间信息交流频繁,且存在人才竞争关系,这促使其积极采取政策跟踪和政策学习方式,因此出台的人才政策在结构和力度上往往相近[28,29];同时,由于公共政策存在地域分割性[30],临近地区人才政策难以直接影响本地新质生产力发展。如表4所示,基于两种工具变量的分析均表明,在缓解潜在内生性问题后,人才政策对新质生产力发展的促进作用依然稳健。
(2)机制分析
赋能新质生产力发展的关键,在于打破空间壁垒,推动人才链和创新链、产业链深度融合,健全人才集群与产业集群协同发展机制,以人才引领产业、以产业集聚人才。本文基于“人才政策—人才集聚—创新驱动—产业升级—新质生产力发展”的理论框架,从多个维度考察城市人才政策与新质生产力发展之间的潜在作用路径。理论上,人才政策可能通过提供经费支持、生活保障等措施形成“虹吸效应”,促进高端人才的地理集聚[25]。参考白俊红等[31],本文采用科研、技术服务和地质勘查业从业人员数与信息传输、计算机服务和软件业从业人员数之和占城市总从业人员的比重测度城市人才集聚水平。在此基础上,人才集聚衍生的知识溢出与协同创新效应能够激发创新动能,表现为研发投入的强化(以地方科学支出占财政一般预算内支出比重表征)与创新产出的提升(以城市当年专利数量表征)[32]。进一步地,持续积累的创新动能有助于推动产业结构高级化,体现为第三产业增加值占GDP比重的系统性攀升[33]。表5的结果表明,城市人才政策能够通过提升人才集聚水平、增强创新投入与产出及推动产业结构升级等多重路径,显著促进新质生产力发展。
(3)异质性分析
城市异质性。表6报告了基于区域划分的省会与非省会城市的分样本回归结果。在东部和中部地区,非省会城市人才政策对新质生产力发展有显著的正向影响,这一结论与已有研究相呼应[25]。这类城市凭借较低的竞争压力,借助人才政策引导,使其获得稳定职业发展与高就业质量,进而吸引人才集聚。这些人才能够带来先进的技术知识和创新理念,促进上下游企业之间的协同创新,为新质生产力发展注入源源不断的动力。反观省会城市,由于其往往已具备一定的人才规模和较强的资源集聚效应,人才政策对新质生产力发展的促进作用并不明显。在西部和东北地区,省会城市人才政策能够正向促进新质生产力发展,而这一作用在非省会城市不显著,这与前文所发现的该区域人才政策极化特征高度契合。非省会城市人才政策的滞后导致其在集聚关键人才方面力不从心,产业发展缺乏核心技术与创新驱动力,极大限制了新质生产力的提升。
政策工具异质性。在此基础上,本文进一步考察了不同政策工具对新质生产力的异质性影响。如表7所示,东部和中部地区各类政策工具均对新质生产力发展产生了显著正向影响,而西部和东北地区奖励型政策工具的效果不明显。从全局来看,保障型政策对新质生产力发展的促进作用最大,其次是发展型政策,最后是奖励型政策,这与前文所发现的研究期初“重奖励、轻保障与发展”的特征形成鲜明对比,提示地方特别是西部与东北地区应更加注重保障型和发展型政策的投入,为人才提供多元的福利待遇与广阔的成长空间,如此有助于充分释放政策对新质生产力的赋能潜力。
政策环节异质性。与政策工具类似,本文亦从区域视角探究了各类政策环节的异质性影响。表8的结果表明,各政策环节实际效果存在明显差异。值得注意的是,各区域均是留用环节政策作用最明显。人才留用不仅关乎留住当下的创新成果与技术经验,更是为了形成支撑长远发展的稳定创新力量和产业人才梯队。育才环节政策效果次之,引才环节政策影响相对较弱,这也与前文观察到的西部和东北地区侧重外部引才、忽视本地育人用人的做法形成了鲜明对比。相关事实表明,尽管东北地区在引才方面下了很大功夫,但人才流失率依然居高不下⑨(⑨参见《以人才振兴助力人口高质量发展》,来源:《光明日报》,全文见https://news.gmw.cn/2023-11/04/content_36942115.htm。),类似地,西部地区的引才实践也面临相同困境[34],这充分说明,单纯依靠外部引才不仅成本高昂,还难以形成稳定的人才队伍。因此,西部、东北地区需在优化引才机制的同时,将政策资源向人才培养与稳定留用进一步倾斜,构建“引育留用”协同发力的长效机制与稳定可持续的人才生态系统,从根本上为新质生产力发展筑牢根基。
本文基于人才政策空间视角,构造了中国城市人才政策量化标准,对中国地市级3308项人才政策进行打分,使用空间分析方法对其时空分异特征及演变过程进行刻画,并进一步探究了城市人才政策对新质生产力的影响,得出如下结论:
第一,中国地市级人政综合得分整体呈东南高-西北低的梯级分布特征。研究期内,大部分城市人政综合得分提升明显,东部城市始终保持高水准,中部起点较低但增速快,西部和东北提升缓慢并逐步形成核心-边缘结构。空间重心整体向西偏北迁移,说明西部和东北在人政综合得分上的涨幅大于中部和东部。
第二,从政策维度来看,政策力度、政策目标和政策措施三维并进型城市呈东部沿海向内陆扩展的趋势。2021年,东、中部有超过80%的城市属三维并进型,但东部和中部的人才政策演进路径不同,前者为政策力度或政策目标弥补型,后者为政策措施追赶型。西部和东北内部极化特征凸显,省会及区域中心城市多为三维并进型,其余城市多为全面滞后型。
第三,从政策工具来看,研究期初大量城市政策工具十分单一,多聚焦奖励型人才政策工具。至2021年,政策工具多样化程度改善,奖励型、保障型和发展型三重或双重发力城市数量显著增加。四大板块城市对政策工具偏好各异,中部在保障型工具方面存在短板,西部和东北发展型工具匮乏。
第四,从政策环节来看,大多数城市对引才、育才和留用等各政策环节的投入不断提高,但重视外部引才忽视内部育才用才的问题进一步凸显,导致人才政策结构失衡。空间上,引-育-留用三轮驱动型城市集聚于东部沿海和中部地区,西部和东北地区内部极化特征依然显著,且西部留用短板突出,东北大量城市育才滞后。
第五,从重点人才类型来看,各地对高层次人才的争夺转向以年轻学历人才为主。四大地区对人才类型的偏好呈现显著的区域异质性,除学历人才外,东部地区注重高级专业技术人才,中部与东北地区青睐创新创业人才,而西部地区偏好高技能人才与顶尖人才。
第六,从实际效果来看,城市人才政策能够通过发挥人才集聚效应、创新驱动效应与产业结构升级效应显著促进新质生产力发展,且该作用存在明显的区域异质性和政策异质性。在东部和中部地区,非省会城市的人才政策能够正向影响新质生产力发展,而省会城市人才政策效果不明显;西部和东北地区则相反,省会城市人才政策对新质生产力发展具有显著促进作用,而非省会城市人才政策作用有限。从政策工具来看,保障型政策对新质生产力的促进作用最为突出,其次是发展型政策,最后是奖励型政策;从政策环节来看,留用环节政策的效果最显著,育才环节政策次之,引才环节政策效果相对较弱。
根据上述研究结论,本文主要从以下四方面提出对策建议:
第一,因地制宜,锻长补短。从政策维度来看,东部城市应持续优化政策力度与目标,在保持人才吸引力的同时探索创新,引领全国人才政策风向标;中部城市应利用其增速优势,加快构建竞争力强的政策环境;西部和东北地区需进一步强化省会及中心城市的辐射带动作用,提升外围城市的三维并进能力,以期增强区域整体效能。
第二,软硬兼施,对症下药。从政策工具来看,中部城市除传统物质型奖励外,还应当在政策软环境上加大投入,进一步完善公共服务体系,同时关注人才在子女入学、配偶就业等方面的实际需求,以增强人才归属感;而对西部和东北地区而言,政府应更加注重发展型政策,构建公开透明的评价及晋升体制,营造尊重人才、爱护人才、服务人才的良好环境。
第三,引育并重,强化留用。从政策环节来看,大量城市存在“重引轻育轻留用”的问题。从全局来看,引才仅仅是人才总量的再分配,地方政府应当更重视育才、用才,方能将人才资源这个蛋糕做大、做实。特别是西部和东北地区,要着重加强本地人才的留用和培养,减少外部依赖,构建引育留用协同发展的人才政策链。
第四,精准定位,错位发展。地方政府应精准定位自身在区域创新链和产业链中的角色,更具针对性地引入相关类型人才。具体地,东部地区应聚焦高新技术等战略性新兴产业,吸引和培养具有国际视野的高端人才和创新团队;中部地区要围绕现有的创新基础和自身优势,选准重点领域集聚创新人才,在自主创新方面寻求新突破;西部地区应充分利用西部大开发等政策机遇,依据独特的资源优势发展特色产业,促进产才融合;东北地区应立足转型需求,吸引和培养适应经济社会发展新业态的创新人才。
  • 湖南省社会科学基金项目(24YBQ038)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-27
  • 修回日期:2025-06-13
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湖南省社会科学基金项目(24YBQ038)
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    1 中南大学商学院, 湖南长沙 410083
    2 中南大学公共管理学院, 湖南长沙 410075
    3 清华大学公共管理学院, 北京 100084
    4 美国克拉克大学经济系, 美国马萨诸塞州 01610

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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