Article(id=1315372218650047353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736956800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-16, revisedDate=1739721600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538775359, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538775359, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538775359, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538775359, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372180473496558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538766258, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538833264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=270, endPage=280, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372218897511290, articleId=1315372218650047353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Multiple pathways for technology transitions in automotive industry incumbents——A synthesis of history, governance, and strategy, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Radical technological changes reveal significant variations in the adaptability of incumbent firms. Existing studies on the factors influencing adaptability often overlook the heterogeneity of technological changes across industries and attempts to discover the marginal effect of individual antecedent variables on firms' adaptability. These approaches have been increasingly critiqued in recent years.

This study investigates the transition within the automotive industry from internal combustion engine (ICE) technology to new energy vehicle (NEV) technology. The salient features of this change are: first, different incumbent firms had different historical deposits before the change, and how they treat their historical legacy will affect their ability to successfully adapt to technological change. Second, the ICE power technology as the core knowledge has fundamentally changed, and how the incumbent firms acquire the NEV core knowledge will affect their ability to adapt to technological change. Third, production systems, distribution and service networks are still largely available as complementary assets, and how these complementary assets are exploited will affect the incumbent firm's ability to adapt to technological change.

Based on these characteristics, the study develops a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) framework that includes seven antecedent variables across three critical dimensions: firm historical factors, organizational structures for new business, and strategies for new business development. Firm historical factors includes whether it was a Sino-foreign joint venture before the transition, its R&D experience and market position in the fuel vehicle era. Organizational structures for new business includes whether it has set up an independent business unit for the new energy vehicle business, and whether it has established new energy technology alliances with other firms. And new business development strategy includes whether it has adopted a highly innovative product strategy, and whether it has adopted a diversified product strategy. The degree of technological transition is utilized as the outcome variable.

Using a sample of 42 automotive industry incumbents, the findings reveal that incumbents can achieve successful transition through two distinct pathways: the "history-constrained" pathway and the "opportunity-oriented" pathway. Firms that adopt a "history-constrained" pathway have a rich heritage (R&D experience, market position), and therefore choose a smaller degree of product innovation (e.g., hybrids) in their new business development strategy and diversify their product offerings to test the new energy vehicle market, which they are unfamiliar with. In order to free themselves from the constraints of a strong legacy business, these firms will set up a separate business unit for new business. Firms that have taken the "opportunity-oriented" pathway do not have a strong fuel-vehicle business, so the establishment of a separate new energy division is not a core requirement. For these firms, the main concern is how to seize the opportunity of the industry's technological transition to ‘overtake’. These firms are less likely to diversify into new products because their traditional business is weak and their ability to invest in new business is limited. Both "history-constrained" pathway and "opportunity-oriented" pathway require firms to be free of joint venture constraints and to acquire core knowledge through new technology alliances in order to be successful. Each pathway is closely associated with the specific characteristics of the technological change under study. While the conclusions do not encompass all possible types of technological changes, they provide feasible pathways for incumbents to achieve successful transition in specific types of technological transitions.

, authors=Yu-shen DU1, Zi-qi XIAO1, 2, Xin-yuan ZHANG1, 2, Hong-li BAO3, authorsList=Yu-shen DU, Zi-qi XIAO, Xin-yuan ZHANG, Hong-li BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zi-qi XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372219971253117, articleId=1315372218650047353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=传统汽车企业技术转型的多重路径——历史、治理与战略的组合, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

面对激进式技术变迁,不同在位企业的适应性表现出很大的差异。现有关于企业适应性影响因素的研究忽视了不同行业技术变迁的异质性,并试图发现单个前因变量对企业适应性的边际影响。近年来,这两种做法受到了批评。本文选择汽车行业从燃油动力技术向新能源动力技术变迁作为研究背景,这一变迁的特点是在位企业历史背景多样化、核心知识大幅度更新、互补资产仍保留相当的价值。从这些特点出发,本文构建了包括企业历史因素、新业务组织方式和新业务发展战略3个关键维度共7个前因变量的QCA分析框架,尝试发现在位企业成功转型的多重路径。基于42家整车制造企业样本的研究结果表明:在位企业可以通过“历史约束型”和“面向机遇型”两种不同的路径成功实现转型,每一种转型路径都与给定的技术变迁特点密切相关。本文的研究结论虽然不能覆盖各种可能的技术变迁类型,但至少为给定类型的技术变迁中在位企业如何成功转型提出了可行的路径。

, authors=杜玉申1, 肖紫琪1, 2, 张馨元1, 2, 包红丽3, authorsList=杜玉申, 肖紫琪, 张馨元, 包红丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=肖紫琪, authorNote=

杜玉申(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

张馨元(2000-),女,博士研究生。

包红丽(1988-),女,蒙古族,讲师,博士。

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肖紫琪(1999-),女,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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杜玉申(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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杜玉申(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

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张馨元(2000-),女,博士研究生。

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包红丽(1988-),女,蒙古族,讲师,博士。

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包红丽(1988-),女,蒙古族,讲师,博士。

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Variable measures and data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 度量方式 数据来源
结果变量 技术转型 近三年(2021-2023年)传统车企新能源汽车销量占其汽车总销量比例的均值 中国乘用车市场信息联席会
前因变量 合资背景 若该车企为中外合资企业,则赋值为1,否则为0 企业年报、官方网站披露的信息
传统技术
研发经验
传统车企进入新能源领域以前在市场上销售过的所有燃油车车型的数目 企业年报、官方网站、行业数据库及第三方市场研究机构报告
传统业务
市场地位
近三年(2021-2023年)传统车企燃油汽车销量占整个市场燃油汽车总销量比例的均值 中国乘用车市场信息联席会及中国汽车工业协会发布的年度市场销售报告
独立
事业部
若设立独立新能源汽车事业部,则赋值为1,否则为0 企业官方网站、企业年报、行业分析报告等商业信息查询平台
新技术
联盟
传统车企进入新能源领域后与其他企业建立新能源技术联盟的总数 手工整理汽车公司官网、企业年报以及相关媒体报道等资料
产品创新幅度 传统车企进入新能源领域后销售的纯电动和氢燃料车型销量总和占所有新能源车型销量的比例 中国乘用车市场信息联席会
新产品
多样化
传统车企进入新能源领域以来在市场上销售过的所有新能源车型的数量 企业年报与财务报告、企业官方网站和产品发布公告
), ArticleFig(id=1315372224459158440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量度量与数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 度量方式 数据来源
结果变量 技术转型 近三年(2021-2023年)传统车企新能源汽车销量占其汽车总销量比例的均值 中国乘用车市场信息联席会
前因变量 合资背景 若该车企为中外合资企业,则赋值为1,否则为0 企业年报、官方网站披露的信息
传统技术
研发经验
传统车企进入新能源领域以前在市场上销售过的所有燃油车车型的数目 企业年报、官方网站、行业数据库及第三方市场研究机构报告
传统业务
市场地位
近三年(2021-2023年)传统车企燃油汽车销量占整个市场燃油汽车总销量比例的均值 中国乘用车市场信息联席会及中国汽车工业协会发布的年度市场销售报告
独立
事业部
若设立独立新能源汽车事业部,则赋值为1,否则为0 企业官方网站、企业年报、行业分析报告等商业信息查询平台
新技术
联盟
传统车企进入新能源领域后与其他企业建立新能源技术联盟的总数 手工整理汽车公司官网、企业年报以及相关媒体报道等资料
产品创新幅度 传统车企进入新能源领域后销售的纯电动和氢燃料车型销量总和占所有新能源车型销量的比例 中国乘用车市场信息联席会
新产品
多样化
传统车企进入新能源领域以来在市场上销售过的所有新能源车型的数量 企业年报与财务报告、企业官方网站和产品发布公告
), ArticleFig(id=1315372224538850217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ensembles, calibration anchors and descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模糊集校准锚点 描述性统计
集合 完全不隶属 交叉点 完全隶属 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
技术转型 0.0399 0.0794 0.1610 0.1328 0.1696 0.0020 0.9360
合资背景 — — — 0.5000 0.5000 0.0000 1.0000
传统技术研发经验 11.0000 19.0000 25.7500 22.5476 15.8583 3.0000 67.0000
传统业务市场地位 0.0027 0.0097 0.0359 0.0201 0.0204 0.0003 0.0704
独立事业部 — — — 0.3333 0.4714 0.0000 1.0000
新技术联盟 2.0000 5.5000 10.7500 8.8333 10.2025 0.0000 40.0000
产品创新幅度 0.6028 0.7143 0.8705 0.7163 0.2337 0.0000 1.0000
新产品多样化 5.0000 7.0000 10.0000 9.0714 7.3368 1.0000 33.0000
), ArticleFig(id=1315372224610153386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

集合、校准锚点与描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模糊集校准锚点 描述性统计
集合 完全不隶属 交叉点 完全隶属 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
技术转型 0.0399 0.0794 0.1610 0.1328 0.1696 0.0020 0.9360
合资背景 — — — 0.5000 0.5000 0.0000 1.0000
传统技术研发经验 11.0000 19.0000 25.7500 22.5476 15.8583 3.0000 67.0000
传统业务市场地位 0.0027 0.0097 0.0359 0.0201 0.0204 0.0003 0.0704
独立事业部 — — — 0.3333 0.4714 0.0000 1.0000
新技术联盟 2.0000 5.5000 10.7500 8.8333 10.2025 0.0000 40.0000
产品创新幅度 0.6028 0.7143 0.8705 0.7163 0.2337 0.0000 1.0000
新产品多样化 5.0000 7.0000 10.0000 9.0714 7.3368 1.0000 33.0000
), ArticleFig(id=1315372224685650859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of necessary conditions for the NCA method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件a 方法 精确度 上限区域 范围 效应量(d) p值b
合资背景 CR 100% 0 1 0 1
CE 100% 0 1 0 1
传统技术研发经验 CR 100% 0 1 0 0.4970
CE 100% 0 1 0 0.4130
传统业务市场地位 CR 100% 0 1 0 0.7720
CE 100% 0 1 0 0.7130
独立事业部 CR 100% 0 1 0 0
CE 100% 0.0100 1 0.0100 0
新技术联盟 CR 93% 0.1600 1 0.1600 0.0050
CE 100% 0.0700 1 0.0700 0
产品创新幅度 CR 92.90% 0 0.9900 0 0.3000
CE 100% 0 0.9900 0 0.3520
新产品多样化 CR 90.50% 0.0600 0.9900 0.0600 0.0740
CE 100% 0 0.9900 0 0.0710
), ArticleFig(id=1315372224756954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

NCA方法必要条件分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件a 方法 精确度 上限区域 范围 效应量(d) p值b
合资背景 CR 100% 0 1 0 1
CE 100% 0 1 0 1
传统技术研发经验 CR 100% 0 1 0 0.4970
CE 100% 0 1 0 0.4130
传统业务市场地位 CR 100% 0 1 0 0.7720
CE 100% 0 1 0 0.7130
独立事业部 CR 100% 0 1 0 0
CE 100% 0.0100 1 0.0100 0
新技术联盟 CR 93% 0.1600 1 0.1600 0.0050
CE 100% 0.0700 1 0.0700 0
产品创新幅度 CR 92.90% 0 0.9900 0 0.3000
CE 100% 0 0.9900 0 0.3520
新产品多样化 CR 90.50% 0.0600 0.9900 0.0600 0.0740
CE 100% 0 0.9900 0 0.0710
), ArticleFig(id=1315372224819868589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of single condition necessity of fsQCA method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高技术转型 非高技术转型
一致性 覆盖度 一致性 覆盖度
合资背景 0.2593 0.2496 0.7232 0.7504
~合资背景 0.7407 0.7128 0.2768 0.2872
传统技术研发经验 0.5612 0.5552 0.4623 0.4931
~传统技术研发经验 0.4876 0.4569 0.5830 0.5889
传统业务市场地位 0.4902 0.4833 0.5556 0.5905
~传统业务市场地位 0.5847 0.5496 0.5138 0.5207
独立事业部 0.5981 0.8634 0.0878 0.1366
~独立事业部 0.4019 0.2901 0.9122 0.7099
新技术联盟 0.7844 0.7976 0.2860 0.3135
~新技术联盟 0.3248 0.2968 0.8153 0.8030
产品创新幅度 0.5968 0.5535 0.5274 0.5274
~产品创新幅度 0.4904 0.4905 0.5534 0.5967
新产品多样化 0.6499 0.6752 0.4623 0.4931
~新产品多样化 0.4312 0.3865 0.5830 0.5889
), ArticleFig(id=1315372224895366062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

fsQCA方法单个条件必要性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高技术转型 非高技术转型
一致性 覆盖度 一致性 覆盖度
合资背景 0.2593 0.2496 0.7232 0.7504
~合资背景 0.7407 0.7128 0.2768 0.2872
传统技术研发经验 0.5612 0.5552 0.4623 0.4931
~传统技术研发经验 0.4876 0.4569 0.5830 0.5889
传统业务市场地位 0.4902 0.4833 0.5556 0.5905
~传统业务市场地位 0.5847 0.5496 0.5138 0.5207
独立事业部 0.5981 0.8634 0.0878 0.1366
~独立事业部 0.4019 0.2901 0.9122 0.7099
新技术联盟 0.7844 0.7976 0.2860 0.3135
~新技术联盟 0.3248 0.2968 0.8153 0.8030
产品创新幅度 0.5968 0.5535 0.5274 0.5274
~产品创新幅度 0.4904 0.4905 0.5534 0.5967
新产品多样化 0.6499 0.6752 0.4623 0.4931
~新产品多样化 0.4312 0.3865 0.5830 0.5889
), ArticleFig(id=1315372224979252143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Sufficient conditional configuration analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高技术转型 非高技术转型
S1a S1b S1c S1d S2a S2b NS1 NS2 NS3 NS4 NS5
历史
因素
合资背景 $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\bullet$ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\bullet$ $\otimes$ ${\huge \bullet}$
传统技术研发
经验
$\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\otimes$ $\bullet$ ${\huge \bullet}$
传统业务市场
地位
$\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$
新业务
组织方式
独立事业部 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\bullet$ $\otimes$ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $
新技术联盟 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$
新业务发
展战略
产品创新幅度 $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\bullet$ $\otimes$ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\otimes$ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\bullet$
新产品多样化 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\bullet$ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\bullet$ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\bullet$
一致性 0.9255 0.9290 0.9226 0.9078 0.8838 0.9312 0.9528 1 1 1 0.9949
原始覆盖度 0.2230 0.2346 0.2379 0.2617 0.1308 0.0289 0.3636 0.2016 0.1380 0.0310 0.0796
唯一覆盖度 0.0301 0.0411 0.0387 0.0579 0.1034 0.0289 0.1271 0.0270 0.0331 0.0310 0.0394
总体一致性 0.9251 0.9649
总体覆盖度 0.5106 0.5056
), ArticleFig(id=1315372225067332528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

充分条件组态分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高技术转型 非高技术转型
S1a S1b S1c S1d S2a S2b NS1 NS2 NS3 NS4 NS5
历史
因素
合资背景 $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\bullet$ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\bullet$ $\otimes$ ${\huge \bullet}$
传统技术研发
经验
$\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\otimes$ $\bullet$ ${\huge \bullet}$
传统业务市场
地位
$\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$
新业务
组织方式
独立事业部 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\bullet$ $\otimes$ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $
新技术联盟 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$
新业务发
展战略
产品创新幅度 $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\otimes$ $\bullet$ $\otimes$ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\otimes$ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\bullet$
新产品多样化 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$ $\bullet$ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\bullet$ ${\Large \otimes} $ $\bullet$
一致性 0.9255 0.9290 0.9226 0.9078 0.8838 0.9312 0.9528 1 1 1 0.9949
原始覆盖度 0.2230 0.2346 0.2379 0.2617 0.1308 0.0289 0.3636 0.2016 0.1380 0.0310 0.0796
唯一覆盖度 0.0301 0.0411 0.0387 0.0579 0.1034 0.0289 0.1271 0.0270 0.0331 0.0310 0.0394
总体一致性 0.9251 0.9649
总体覆盖度 0.5106 0.5056
), ArticleFig(id=1315372225180578737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Robustness tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 调高案例数阈值
S1 S2
历史因素 合资背景 ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $
传统技术研发经验 $\bullet$ ${\Large \otimes} $
传统业务市场地位 ${\huge \bullet}$ $\otimes$
新业务
组织方式
独立事业部 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$
新技术联盟 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$
新业务
发展战略
产品创新幅度 $\bullet$
新产品多样化 ${\huge \bullet}$ $\bullet$
一致性 0.9078 0.8602
原始覆盖度 0.2617 0.1061
唯一覆盖度 0.2484 0.0933
总体一致性 0.9053
总体覆盖度 0.3544
), ArticleFig(id=1315372225247687602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372218650047353, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

稳健性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 调高案例数阈值
S1 S2
历史因素 合资背景 ${\Large \otimes} $ ${\Large \otimes} $
传统技术研发经验 $\bullet$ ${\Large \otimes} $
传统业务市场地位 ${\huge \bullet}$ $\otimes$
新业务
组织方式
独立事业部 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$
新技术联盟 ${\huge \bullet}$ ${\huge \bullet}$
新业务
发展战略
产品创新幅度 $\bullet$
新产品多样化 ${\huge \bullet}$ $\bullet$
一致性 0.9078 0.8602
原始覆盖度 0.2617 0.1061
唯一覆盖度 0.2484 0.0933
总体一致性 0.9053
总体覆盖度 0.3544
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传统汽车企业技术转型的多重路径——历史、治理与战略的组合
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杜玉申 1 , 肖紫琪 1, 2 , 张馨元 1, 2 , 包红丽 3
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(2): 270-280
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科学学研究 |热点议题 2026 , 44 (2) : 270 -280
传统汽车企业技术转型的多重路径——历史、治理与战略的组合
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杜玉申1, 肖紫琪1, 2 , 张馨元1, 2, 包红丽3
作者信息
  • 1 吉林大学数量经济研究中心, 吉林长春 130012
  • 2 吉林大学商学与管理学院, 吉林长春 130012
  • 3 内蒙古民族大学管理学院, 内蒙古通辽 028000
通讯作者:
肖紫琪(1999-),女,博士研究生, E-mail:。
作者简介:

杜玉申(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师。

张馨元(2000-),女,博士研究生。

包红丽(1988-),女,蒙古族,讲师,博士。

Multiple pathways for technology transitions in automotive industry incumbents——A synthesis of history, governance, and strategy
Yu-shen DU1, Zi-qi XIAO1, 2 , Xin-yuan ZHANG1, 2, Hong-li BAO3
Affiliations
  • 1 Center for Quantitative Economics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
  • 2 School of Business and Management, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
  • 3 Management School, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15
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面对激进式技术变迁,不同在位企业的适应性表现出很大的差异。现有关于企业适应性影响因素的研究忽视了不同行业技术变迁的异质性,并试图发现单个前因变量对企业适应性的边际影响。近年来,这两种做法受到了批评。本文选择汽车行业从燃油动力技术向新能源动力技术变迁作为研究背景,这一变迁的特点是在位企业历史背景多样化、核心知识大幅度更新、互补资产仍保留相当的价值。从这些特点出发,本文构建了包括企业历史因素、新业务组织方式和新业务发展战略3个关键维度共7个前因变量的QCA分析框架,尝试发现在位企业成功转型的多重路径。基于42家整车制造企业样本的研究结果表明:在位企业可以通过“历史约束型”和“面向机遇型”两种不同的路径成功实现转型,每一种转型路径都与给定的技术变迁特点密切相关。本文的研究结论虽然不能覆盖各种可能的技术变迁类型,但至少为给定类型的技术变迁中在位企业如何成功转型提出了可行的路径。

技术转型  /  传统汽车企业  /  QCA  /  NCA

Radical technological changes reveal significant variations in the adaptability of incumbent firms. Existing studies on the factors influencing adaptability often overlook the heterogeneity of technological changes across industries and attempts to discover the marginal effect of individual antecedent variables on firms' adaptability. These approaches have been increasingly critiqued in recent years.

This study investigates the transition within the automotive industry from internal combustion engine (ICE) technology to new energy vehicle (NEV) technology. The salient features of this change are: first, different incumbent firms had different historical deposits before the change, and how they treat their historical legacy will affect their ability to successfully adapt to technological change. Second, the ICE power technology as the core knowledge has fundamentally changed, and how the incumbent firms acquire the NEV core knowledge will affect their ability to adapt to technological change. Third, production systems, distribution and service networks are still largely available as complementary assets, and how these complementary assets are exploited will affect the incumbent firm's ability to adapt to technological change.

Based on these characteristics, the study develops a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) framework that includes seven antecedent variables across three critical dimensions: firm historical factors, organizational structures for new business, and strategies for new business development. Firm historical factors includes whether it was a Sino-foreign joint venture before the transition, its R&D experience and market position in the fuel vehicle era. Organizational structures for new business includes whether it has set up an independent business unit for the new energy vehicle business, and whether it has established new energy technology alliances with other firms. And new business development strategy includes whether it has adopted a highly innovative product strategy, and whether it has adopted a diversified product strategy. The degree of technological transition is utilized as the outcome variable.

Using a sample of 42 automotive industry incumbents, the findings reveal that incumbents can achieve successful transition through two distinct pathways: the "history-constrained" pathway and the "opportunity-oriented" pathway. Firms that adopt a "history-constrained" pathway have a rich heritage (R&D experience, market position), and therefore choose a smaller degree of product innovation (e.g., hybrids) in their new business development strategy and diversify their product offerings to test the new energy vehicle market, which they are unfamiliar with. In order to free themselves from the constraints of a strong legacy business, these firms will set up a separate business unit for new business. Firms that have taken the "opportunity-oriented" pathway do not have a strong fuel-vehicle business, so the establishment of a separate new energy division is not a core requirement. For these firms, the main concern is how to seize the opportunity of the industry's technological transition to ‘overtake’. These firms are less likely to diversify into new products because their traditional business is weak and their ability to invest in new business is limited. Both "history-constrained" pathway and "opportunity-oriented" pathway require firms to be free of joint venture constraints and to acquire core knowledge through new technology alliances in order to be successful. Each pathway is closely associated with the specific characteristics of the technological change under study. While the conclusions do not encompass all possible types of technological changes, they provide feasible pathways for incumbents to achieve successful transition in specific types of technological transitions.

technological transitions  /  automotive industry incumbents  /  QCA  /  NCA
杜玉申, 肖紫琪, 张馨元, 包红丽. 传统汽车企业技术转型的多重路径——历史、治理与战略的组合. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (2) : 270 -280 .
Yu-shen DU, Zi-qi XIAO, Xin-yuan ZHANG, Hong-li BAO. Multiple pathways for technology transitions in automotive industry incumbents——A synthesis of history, governance, and strategy[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (2) : 270 -280 .
虽然激进式技术创新常常会淘汰在传统技术时代占据主导地位的企业[1],但研究者们也都承认,有些在位企业可以成功地适应新技术[2]。因此,一个值得研究的理论问题是:为什么有些企业适应了技术变迁并存活下来,而另外一些企业却失败了?或者说,哪些因素决定了在位企业对新技术的适应能力?
现有文献广泛探讨了影响在位企业适应技术变迁的各种因素。这些因素大致可以分为三组。一是企业本身的客观因素,如企业规模[3],组织结构[4],高层管理者特征[5],过去的研发经验和市场进入经验[6],与新技术相关的互补资产[7,8],等等。二是企业外部因素,如利益相关者[9],企业所在的商业生态系统[10];三是与企业认知和行为相关的因素,如对企业身份和原有商业模式的执念[11],对原有技术的承诺和担心冲击现有业务[12],等等。
Eggers和Park在系统回顾了上述文献后指出[2],这些研究存在两个方面的问题:一是缺少对技术变迁事件异质性的考虑。实际上,在某一个技术变迁事件中促进在位企业技术转型的因素到了另外一个变迁事件中却成为阻碍因素。这意味着,研究在位企业技术转型的影响因素时必须考虑变迁本身的特征这一情境因素。二是研究者总是试图发现每个影响因素与企业技术转型之间的确定性关系。Eggers和Park认为[2],这种寻求简单解的做法是不可能有结果的。
为了克服Eggers和Park[2]指出的现有研究的两个缺陷,本文在研究设计上采取了两项针对性措施。一是以中国汽车行业从传统的燃油动力技术向新能源动力技术变迁作为研究背景,基于该变迁过程的特点选择可能影响在位企业适应性的因素;二是采用定性比较分析方法(QCA)探索提升在位企业适应性的多种因素组合。
本文构建了一个以历史因素(合资背景,传统技术研发经验,传统业务市场地位)、新业务组织方式(独立事业部,新技术联盟)和新业务发展战略(产品创新幅度,新产品多样化)为前因变量,以企业技术转型程度为结果变量的分析框架,采用QCA方法识别传统车企实现技术转型的多重路径并解释其机理,建立特定类型技术变迁的特点与转型路径之间的理论联系。本文的研究结论有助于在位企业根据技术变迁的特点选择有效的转型路径。
我国汽车行业从传统的燃油动力技术向新能源动力技术变迁的过程具有三个方面的独特性。一是在位企业的历史背景差异巨大,既有在20世纪八、九十年代合资浪潮中诞生的中外合资车企,也有后续从模仿到自主创新的本土车企[13]。不同企业在燃油车时代的研发经验和市场地位也有很大差异。能否摆脱历史羁绊并利用其中的有利因素将会影响到在位企业的技术转型;二是行业核心技术由内燃机技术变成了完全不同的三电技术(电池、电机与电控技术),与此相关的技术范式和生产工艺流程也发生了重大变化,因而在位企业获取新技术、组织新业务的方式可能会影响其技术转型;三是与核心技术配套的互补资产,如生产设施、销售和服务网络,在新技术下仍有利用价值,在位企业如何通过产品创新幅度,新产品多样化等决策利用原有互补资产可能会影响其成功转型。基于以上三个特点,下文提出一个包含历史背景、新业务组织方式和新业务发展战略三方面因素的研究框架。
(1)合资背景
我国合资车企的历史可以追溯到20世纪80年代,当时中国政府通过“市场换技术”的策略,引入众多国际知名汽车制造商与国内企业成立合资公司。由于合资外方在技术与管理、资金投入、市场与品牌影响力等方面拥有多重优势,他们在实际经营决策中拥有更大的控制权。合资外方的全球战略布局仍然围绕着传统燃油车业务,而对中国迅速展开的新能源转型关注不足,这可能会影响合资车企的转型速度。此外,合资车企的决策和管理涉及中外双方股东,这种双重管理模式往往导致在新能源项目上的决策和执行过程冗长,会限制企业的快速转型[14]。
(2)传统技术研发经验
我国的传统车企,无论是合资品牌还是国产品牌,都已具有三四十年的历史,在机械部件研发和制造领域积累了大量的经验,有着非常成熟的研发流程和制造工艺。虽然动力技术变迁使得传统车企的内燃机知识大幅贬值,但其在车身结构、底盘设计、质量和安全性控制等方面的经验积累对新能源汽车的设计和商业化仍然有价值。动力系统方面的知识也可以部分迁移至混合动力汽车的开发。此外,传统车企在研发活动一般规律方面的经验积累也为其吸收和应用新能源技术奠定了基础。
然而,传统技术经验也容易使在位企业陷入技术锁定,产生惰性及核心能力刚性[15]。传统车企基于燃油动力技术构建了包含整车设计、制造和优化的一套成熟的技术体系,这些方面相互加强形成了正反馈机制,迫使企业继续沿用原有的技术[16]。此外,转向新能源技术需要重新学习新知识(如关于“三电系统”),建立新技术人才队伍,这些转换代价高昂且结果具有极大不确定性,从而会阻碍企业技术转型。
可见,传统技术研发经验对于车企向新能源技术转型的影响是双向的[6,15],关键在于企业如何利用这些经验。
(3)传统业务市场地位
如果传统车企在燃油车时代建立了强大的市场地位,这会对其技术转型产生双重影响,最终的效应取决于与其他影响因素的配合关系。
一方面,强大的市场地位中包含着促进转型的因素。强大的市场地位意味着企业拥有雄厚的资金实力,使其能够承担新能源技术研发的高昂成本,从而推动技术转型。良好的品牌形象和知名度使其在推出电动车时更容易获得市场认可。此外,强大的传统车企通常控制着庞大的销售网络,使其能够迅速地将新产品推向市场,并提供完善的售后服务[17]。
另一方面,强大市场地位也包含着阻碍转型的因素。首先,在位企业如今强大的市场地位是建立在一套成熟且高效的组织和流程之上的,而这些组织和流程又以燃油动力技术为基础,如果转向新能源动力技术,则意味着放弃上述核心能力和市场地位,这是传统车企难以接受的。其次,强大的市场地位通常伴随着广泛的供应链和社会网络,这种长期密切的伙伴关系,会成为企业技术转型的羁绊因素[18]。第三,传统车企市场地位越高,意味着来自于燃油车的收入在公司总体经营业绩中越发举足轻重。相比之下,来自于新能源业务的收入一时难以支撑起公司的整体业绩。对短期业绩下降的担忧会导致企业转型的积极性不高。
(1)独立事业部
大量研究表明,在同一业务部门内同时发展新老两种不同的技术会造成资源分配冲突和路径依赖问题。为新技术成立独立的事业部不失为一个有效的解决方式[1]。事业部将新技术相关的活动在地点、组织和企业文化等维度上与旧技术隔离开来,为新技术的发展创造一个受保护的环境,能够使其免受来自旧业务的资源竞争和程序干扰[19]。另外,新成立的独立部门不太可能对原有价值网络做出强烈的承诺,也不用考虑原有客户的价值主张,因而能专注于新技术的开发和商业化。
(2)新技术联盟
当一个技术变迁涉及到核心技术的替代时,如何获取新的核心技术是在位企业面临的关键挑战[2]。技术联盟不仅为传统车企获取新能源技术提供了途径,还能通过成本与风险分担、共享前沿技术信息弥补自主研发的不足[20]。在传统车企向新能源转型的过程中,存在着形式多样的联盟。例如,通过与电池厂商及其他核心零部件企业开展联合研发和投资建厂,确保了核心部件供应的稳定性;借助科技公司在智能座舱、自动驾驶和车联网技术方面的创新成果,提升了车辆的智能化水平;与充电桩运营商及能源企业协作,优化充换电网络布局,助力电动车普及等。尽管某些联盟成立的首要目标不是共同研发,但是在联盟成员间互动的过程中,自然地发生了知识的转移和信息的共享。
(1)产品创新幅度
从传统燃油动力汽车到纯粹的新能源动力汽车是一个连续过度的谱系。在位企业可以选择在原有业务基础上发展混合产品,也可以推出创新幅度很高的全新产品。该决策不仅直接影响到其现有资产的贬值程度[12],也关乎技术转型的难度。
选择高创新幅度的转型策略,例如推出纯电动车或氢燃料电池车,通常导致传统燃油车相关资产大幅贬值[12],企业需要开发新技术、投资新生产线,并进行大规模的员工培训和人员招聘。此外,新技术的研发和应用面临诸多不确定性,如果研发失败或市场反应不佳,企业将面临巨大的经济损失。但高创新幅度的策略一旦取得成功,企业可能会获得行业领导者的地位及更高的利润率。高创新幅度策略也更符合技术发展趋势,增强了产品的盈利预期,容易吸引资本的持续注入。
另一方面,采用低创新幅度的产品策略,例如在传统燃油车基础上发展混合动力车,可以充分利用现有设施、员工技能和供应商网络等资源,同时延续了消费者熟悉的产品特点,容易被市场接受。然而,这种策略落后于技术发展的前沿,会导致企业在技术进步中逐渐失去市场份额和品牌影响力,能够得到政府、产业和社会支持的力度也有限。
综上所述,两种创新策略各有优劣,其对于成功转型的效力受企业自身历史背景、资源和能力的影响。
(2)新产品多样化
新产品多样化是指在给定技术创新幅度(混合动力,纯电动)前提下,通过改变车身布局、大小和附加功能推出适合不同应用场景的产品。对于传统车企来说,新能源汽车市场充满了未知数,包括消费者的偏好、应用场景要求、产品技术标准等[21]。面对未知的市场,企业可以推出多样化的产品,也可以推出单一款式的产品。每一种策略都有其优势与劣势,关键在于与其它影响因素的配合。
多样化的产品策略为传统车企提供了探索消费者偏好的机会。通过推出不同功能配置的车型,车企可以根据其市场表现得到最真切的反馈并调整后续的产品设计。占据多个细分市场还可以增加企业的总体市场份额,从而提升企业的品牌知名度和市场势力。然而,多样化产品布局需要巨大的资源投入;不同类型的产品在生产工艺、供应链管理和质量控制上也存在显著差异,要求企业具备更高的生产组织和管理能力[22]。如果传统车企在燃油车时代市场地位较高,拥有雄厚的资金、人才和管理经验,或许能够有效支撑其开展多样化的生产。
单一化的产品策略可以简化生产流程和供应链管理,实现规模效应。并且有助于建立企业在特定细分市场的品牌形象。但其市场风险较大,如果企业聚焦的目标市场出现需求下降或政策变化,企业整体业绩将受到严重影响。此外,单一产品线的市场覆盖面有限,难以建立行业领导者的地位[23]。对于那些在传统技术时代资源积累不足,想借助行业技术变迁的机会实现“弯道超车”的企业,首先在局部市场取得竞争优势然后再逐步扩展竞争领域不失为一种现实的策略。
综上所述,本文从历史背景、新业务组织方式和新业务发展战略三个关键维度构建了传统车企技术转型路径的分析框架,采用QCA方法识别促进企业技术转型的因素组合(图1)。
现有关于在位企业技术变迁适应性的研究多采用回归分析方法,其隐含的假设是整体可分性,即各个影响因素可以独立且线性地作用于结果变量,回归结果是单个自变量对因变量的边际效应。而实际中,技术转型的多个影响因素之间通常存在协同作用和相互依赖性,可能呈现非线性甚至非对称的关系模式,这种关系难以用回归模型来捕捉[24]。因此,为了克服回归分析方法的上述局限性,本文首先运用NCA方法,检验特定前因条件是否是技术转型的必要条件[25]。随后,采用QCA方法识别哪些条件或条件组合能够充分导致技术转型,并解释其背后复杂的因果机制[24]。
不同行业的技术变迁具有不同的特点。由于研究体量的限制,本文无法同时涵盖多个行业,因此选择单一行业作为研究样本。尽管这种做法无法得到适用于所有类型技术变迁的结论,但针对选定类型的技术变迁,本文能够在一个统一的研究框架内,深入探讨技术转型的多重路径,为特定变迁情境下的企业适应技术变迁提供可行的路径。
具体而言,选择汽车行业作为研究样本基于以下两个关键理由:首先,汽车行业的技术变迁已然深入,这一长期且系统的产业变迁过程可以为本研究提供丰富的企业案例,研究者可以获得大量的定性和定量数据,这些数据为测量前因变量和结果变量奠定了基础;其次,传统车企的历史背景、应对变迁的策略表现出高度的异质性,这些异质性为分析不同变迁路径的影响奠定了基础。
基于本文的研究框架(图1)和QCA方法要求,设计的变量度量方法和数据来源见表1。
在进行QCA和NCA分析之前,需要将所有变量数据校准到0到1之间隶属度的模糊集。其中,合资背景、独立事业部两个变量的度量方式表明它们已经属于清晰集数据,无需校准;技术转型、传统技术研发经验、传统业务市场地位、新技术联盟、产品创新幅度、新产品多样化等6个变量按照如下方式进行校准:数据的25 %、50 %、75 %分位值分别作为完全不隶属、交叉点、完全隶属的校准点,根据上述分位数值建立锚点,校准锚点和描述性统计见表2。
本文使用NCA和fsQCA方法对单个前因变量的必要性进行检验[24,25]。NCA方法判断必要条件的标准为:(1)效应量应超过0.1;(2)蒙特卡洛仿真置换检验的p值应小于0.01;(3)精确度不小于95%[25]。由表3结果可知,合资背景、传统技术研发经验、传统业务市场地位、独立事业部、产品创新幅度以及新产品多样化等条件的效应量均小于 0.1,因此它们不是实现高技术转型的必要条件。新技术联盟的效应量虽然大于0.1(0.16,CR方法)且p值显著,但精确度仅为93%(小于95%),也不满足判别标准。进一步使用fsQCA方法进行单个条件的必要性分析,结果如表4所示,在高技术转型的必要性分析中,所有前因条件的一致性均小于0.9的临界值[24],与NCA结果一致,即不存在实现高技术转型的必要条件。只有非独立事业部的一致性为0.91,是导致非高技术转型的必要条件。
因此,根据上述NCA和fsQCA结果,本文认为单个要素并不构成实现高技术转型的必要条件。
通过充分条件组态分析得到导致高技术转型和非高技术转型的组态路径。下面基于组态理论化过程和组态关系对其进行命名,并进一步分析每个高技术转型组态的作用机理。
(1)高技术转型的组态分析
通过fsQCA充分条件分析共识别出6个导致高技术转型的充分条件组态(表5中S1a—S2b)。比较这6个组态的条件可以看出,前4个组态(S1a—S1d)与后2个组态(S2a、S2b)的条件组合具有显著区别。从历史因素来看,前四个组态至少包含着传统技术研发经验丰富或传统业务市场地位高作为辅助条件,而后两个组态则以缺失中外合资、传统技术研发经验和传统业务市场地位等历史羁绊为核心或辅助条件;从新业务的组织方式和发展战略来看,这两类组态也存在着明显的区别。例如,前4个组态都采取了独立新能源事业部的组织方式作为核心条件,而在后2个组态中新能源事业部或者缺失,或者仅作为辅助条件。再比如,前4个组态都以新能源车型多样化为核心条件,而在后2个组态中产品多样化则仅作为辅助条件存在,或者可有可无(S2a列的空单元格)。以上区别表明,企业历史背景是影响其转型路径的基础性因素,因此,本文将前4个组态称为“历史约束型”转型路径,将后两个组态称为“面向机遇型”转型路径。之所以采用这两个名称,除了考虑到两类组态中企业历史的作用外,还考虑到了与历史因素相配合的组织方式和新业务发展战略的差异,下文将详细阐述在每一组态类别中历史因素、组织因素与战略因素的复杂互动。
历史约束型转型路径(S1a—S1d)
4种历史约束型组态的共同特点是传统业务研发经验丰富,市场地位高,采用独立新能源事业部和技术联盟的组织方式开展新能源汽车业务。在新业务发展战略上则以小幅度产品创新(例如混合动力汽车)加多样化新产品抢占市场。这类企业的传统技术研发经验丰富,传统产品市场份额高,这会导致他们对旧技术的资源承诺,也容易固守基于旧技术的运营系统,因此为了采纳新技术他们需要建立独立的新能源事业部以保证对新技术的资源投入和业务流程支持[1]。这类企业在燃油车时代所积累的关于车身、底盘、整车装配等知识,以及品牌影响力、销售和服务网络等互补资产在新能源车时代仍然具有利用价值,但他们缺少电池、电机和电控方面的技术,因而需要与掌握“三电”技术的企业建立技术联盟。也正是因为在传统燃油动力技术上的优势,这类企业在开发新能源汽车时,往往选择较低的产品创新幅度(如油电混合的动力形式),而不是直接跨入到纯电动汽车阶段。同时,为了尽可能地扩大其新能源汽车的市场份额,这类企业会利用其在燃油汽车时代积累的车型开发经验(大小、车身布局、前驱或四驱)以及资金实力,同步推出多样化的新产品车型以期适应不同的细分市场[22],增加企业在整体新能源汽车市场的份额。另外,这种多样化策略为传统车企进入新市场提供了一个试错空间,使得他们能够从众多的车型中培育出受市场欢迎的“爆款”。
②面向机遇型转型路径(S2a、S2b)
面向机遇型组态的共同特点是缺少合资背景,传统技术研发经验少,传统业务市场地位低,他们不受历史因素的羁绊,抓住国家鼓励发展新能源汽车的机遇,迅速进入新能源汽车市场。这类组态可以细分为激进创新亚型和稳健转型亚型。
采取激进技术创新的企业(S2a)生产创新幅度大的产品(例如纯电动或氢能源汽车),为了防止与传统业务之间的资源竞争或运营模式冲突,一般会设立独立的新能源事业部。与此同时,为了在可投入资金有限(因为传统业务市场地位低)的情况下在激进创新的产品市场上取得竞争优势,这类企业不会采取多样化的产品策略。
采用稳健转型策略的企业(S2b)依托原有组织架构(未成立独立的新能源事业部),改造并利用现有生产设施、供应链体系及销售网络,生产创新幅度较低的过渡型产品,与此同时推出多样化的车型,以期扩大市场影响力并试探各个细分市场的需求。不论是激进式技术创新的组态(S2a),还是稳健保守转型的组态(S2b),都需要通过技术联盟来获取企业缺少的新能源动力技术。因为采取这两种转型策略的企业的传统业务都比较弱,其收入难以支撑独立研发的高额费用和技术风险。
(2)非高技术转型的组态分析
首先,在5个非高技术转型的组态中,有四个组态(NS2—NS5)具有强烈的与旧技术相关的历史背景,这一点与高技术转型的组态形成了强烈的对比。这突显了路径依赖机制[15]对传统车企转型的阻碍作用。非高技术转型组态NS1不能从历史因素得到解释,其突出的特点是企业在新业务组织方式、新业务发展战略方面均无所作为,可能反映了一种很低的转型意愿。
其次,全部5个非高技术转型组态都以缺失新能源事业部为核心条件,这与高转型组态形成了强烈的对比,后者几乎都以独立的事业部作为核心条件或辅助条件。这从反面证明了相对独立的业务部门对于车企技术转型的重要性[1]。
最后,组态NS5特别具有启发性。合资背景、丰富的传统技术研发经验、较高的传统业务市场地位表明这些企业是燃油车时代的领导者。而新能源技术联盟、高产品创新幅度及新能源产品多样化作为辅助条件出现,表明这些企业在技术转型过程中进行了相当程度的努力,但由于缺少独立的新能源事业部,最终的结果仍然是技术转型水平很低。这说明,企业在传统技术时代越是强大,为了实现技术转型就越需要相对独立的新业务部门。
本文针对产生高技术转型的组态检验了其稳健性。首先,通过将PRI一致性的阈值从0.75提高到0.8,产生组态与3.2节表5结果一致(不再赘述)。其次,将样本案例数阈值从1提高到2,产生的组态是上文组态的子集(表6)。因此,本文的研究结论具有稳健性。
现有关于在位企业对技术变迁适应性影响因素的研究并没有明确区分变迁的类型。例如,从模拟成像技术到数字成像技术的变迁[11],从5.25英寸硬盘到3.5英寸硬盘的变迁[1],都被笼统地称为技术变迁(technological change)。实际上,这两种变迁的特点有很大的差别。技术变迁的特点不同,意味着在一个行业中有助于在位企业适应技术变迁的因素到了另一个行业可能成为阻碍因素[2]。因此,Eggers和Park主张区分不同的变迁类型来分析影响在位企业成功转型的因素[2]。
本文以汽车行业从燃油动力技术向新能源动力技术变迁为背景,分析了影响在位企业技术转型的因素。汽车行业的技术变迁表现出强烈的历史多样性,行业的核心技术发生了根本性的改变,但部分互补资产(生产设施、销售网络)仍有利用价值。这些特征导致传统车企的历史因素、新业务组织方式、新业务发展战略成为影响转型成功的关键因素。基于QCA分析结果,本研究发现传统车企可以通过两条不同的路径实现技术转型:(1)历史约束型转型路径。采取这种转型路径的企业拥有丰富的历史遗产(研发经验、市场地位),因而在新业务发展战略方面选择较小的产品创新幅度,并通过多样化产品试探他们并不熟悉的新能源汽车市场。为了摆脱强大的传统业务对新业务的束缚,这类企业会设立独立的新业务事业部;(2)面向机遇型转型路径。采取这种转型路径的企业其燃油车业务并不强大,因此设立独立的新能源事业部并非核心条件。因为传统业务实力不强,企业在新业务上的投入能力受限,只有少数企业使用多样化新产品策略。无论是历史约束型转型路径还是面向机遇型转型路径,不受合资方约束并且参加新技术联盟都是转型成功的核心条件。
综合行业技术变迁特点和成功转型的路径,可以得出以下4点启示。
首先,当行业技术变迁涉及到核心知识大部分更迭时,传统车企难以凭借自身力量完成技术转型,技术联盟成为关键策略。技术联盟有助于在位企业降低研发成本、加快研发速度、提升创新质量。
其次,如果原有的互补资产大部分仍有利用价值,企业应充分发挥这些资源优势,在选择技术创新幅度、产品多样化等战略时充分考虑如何利用原有互补资产,以降低转型风险并提升新产品的商业化成功率。
第三,当在位企业拥有雄厚的历史遗产时,如果利用得当,历史并不必然成为转型的障碍。例如,当传统车企把燃油车时代的研发经验应用于混合动力汽车,或者利用原有的市场地位(资金、品牌)推出多样化新产品时,这些历史遗产反而有助于企业技术转型。
最后,合资背景作为一项历史因素会对企业的技术转型产生重要影响。在位企业应考虑通过独立于合资企业之外的新公司或事业部来摆脱合资关系的不利影响。
本研究以汽车行业的在位企业为样本,分析并识别出几种不同的技术转型路径。但是,应该注意到,汽车行业向新能源动力技术的转型总体上属于中等烈度的技术变迁,在这一变迁过程中,原有的销售和服务网络、企业的品牌资产对于在位企业来说仍是竞争优势的来源。但是在其他行业,例如从火力发电到风、光发电,从光纤通讯到星链通讯,原有技术和资产的贬值程度可能会更大,甚至产业链的结构都会发生根本的变化。因此,建议未来的研究探讨更多的行业,并依据不同的技术变迁水平总结和归纳在位企业的转型策略。
  • 教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(22JJD790020)
  • 内蒙古自治区2023年直属高校基本科研青年教师项目(GXKY23S010)
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-16
  • 修回日期:2025-02-17
基金
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(22JJD790020)
内蒙古自治区2023年直属高校基本科研青年教师项目(GXKY23S010)
作者信息
    1 吉林大学数量经济研究中心, 吉林长春 130012
    2 吉林大学商学与管理学院, 吉林长春 130012
    3 内蒙古民族大学管理学院, 内蒙古通辽 028000

通讯作者:

肖紫琪(1999-),女,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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