Article(id=1315372197431066723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730995200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-08, revisedDate=1743264000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538770300, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538770300, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538770300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538770300, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372180473496558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538766258, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538833264, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372461596725884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372180473496558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=334, endPage=345, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372197678530660, articleId=1315372197431066723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Research on the innovation mode selection of Chinese industrial enterprises, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Promoting innovation in the manufacturing industry and promoting high-quality development of the industrial economy are important policy guidelines of the country. Taking the most representative industrial enterprises above designated size in the industrial economy as the research object, innovation modes are divided into two categories: product or process innovation and organizational or marketing innovation. Panel data from 31 provinces in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) for a total of 7 years from 2016 to 2022 are selected, and a panel binary choice model is used to empirically analyze the internal and external influencing factors of industrial enterprise innovation mode selection in each province, revealing the specific reasons why industrial enterprises in each province choose different innovation modes. It is found that: Firstly, the higher the regional economic level and local R&D manpower investment, the more inclined the industrial economy is towards organizational or marketing innovation. The more innovative achievements there are in the local area, the more inclined the industrial economy is towards product or process innovation. Secondly, the higher the proportion of large enterprises, the more inclined the industrial economy is towards organizational or marketing innovation. Thirdly, when selecting innovation models for industrial enterprises above a certain scale, the main influencing factor is not the industrial enterprise itself, but rather the external social environment factors of the location where the enterprise is located, especially the regional economic level, local R&D manpower investment, and local innovation achievements. Fourthly, industrial enterprises choose too many organizational or marketing innovation modes, and there is a phenomenon of market failure in industrial economic innovation. Based on this, suggestions are made: Firstly, in order to achieve more product or process innovation results, policy makers should introduce policies to adjust industrial organizational structure, guide and restrict corporate mergers and acquisitions, oppose large enterprise monopolies, increase free competition among enterprises, and encourage the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. If choosing organizational or marketing innovation models, policy makers should encourage corporate mergers and the formation of more large enterprise groups, committed to enhancing the international competitiveness of large industrial enterprises. Secondly, when the local economic level is high and there is a significant investment in research and development manpower, but there are few local innovation achievements, industrial enterprises should prioritize organizational or marketing innovation models. When the local economic level is not high and there is less investment in R&D manpower, but there are more local innovation achievements, industrial enterprises should prioritize choosing product or process innovation models. Thirdly, policy makers need to attach great importance to the local socio-economic environment when planning innovative models for industrial enterprises. Funds and manpower should be invested to conduct sufficient research on the local economic level, R&D manpower investment, and innovation achievements. Fourthly, in order to promote industrial enterprises to carry out more product or process innovation, policy makers should adopt various policy measures such as bank credit, fiscal subsidies, and tax incentives to help industrial enterprises reduce their initial R&D investment, lower the cost of product or process innovation, compensate for market failures, and guide industrial enterprises to adopt more scientific and reasonable innovation mode choices.

, authors=Yu ZHANG, authorsList=Yu ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372198219595879, articleId=1315372197431066723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=中国工业企业的创新模式选择研究, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

推动制造业创新,促进工业经济高质量发展,是国家的重要政策方针。以工业经济中最具代表性的规模以上工业企业为研究对象,将创新模式分为产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两大类,选取中国31省(除港澳台)2016-2022年共7年的面板数据,采用面板二值选择模型,实证分析各省工业企业创新模式选择的内部和外部影响因素,揭示各省工业企业选择不同创新模式的具体原因。研究发现:第一,地区经济水平和当地的研发人力投入越高,工业经济越倾向组织或营销创新。当地创新成果越多,工业经济越倾向产品或工艺创新。第二,大企业占比越高,工业经济越倾向组织或营销创新。第三,工业企业选择组织或营销创新模式过多,工业经济创新中存在市场失灵现象。据此提出建议:为取得更多产品或工艺创新成果,政策制定者应出台政策,限制大企业垄断,鼓励中小企业发展。政策制定者应采取银行信贷、财政补贴和税收优惠等政策措施,降低工业企业产品或工艺创新成本,弥补市场失灵。

, authors=张煜, authorsList=张煜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

张煜(1988-),男,副研究员,博士后,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BHLqTVE79O3qSc8JtIGBtg==, magXml=nyqv8SkdR0eEkalcE5OD7g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hgWDY7aCUIWqBKFzYUwytQ==, pdfFileSize=1013425, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Q5SbKpSyCSa6r69jf1AcrA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NpKp9AufNmcQ8em3y9+2iA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1315372198760661100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zyxicai@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1315372200237056110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, authorId=1315372198760661100, language=EN, stringName=Yu ZHANG, firstName=Yu, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1315372200312553583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, authorId=1315372198760661100, language=CN, stringName=张煜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国科学技术大学公共事务学院, 安徽合肥 230026, bio={"content":"

张煜(1988-),男,副研究员,博士后,E-mail:。

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张煜(1988-),男,副研究员,博士后,E-mail:。

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Science Research Management, 2008(1):80-86,96., articleTitle=The impact of absorptive capacity, knowledge integration on the organizational innovation and organizational performance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315372202053189762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, awardId=WK2160000022, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(WK2160000022), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1315372202128687235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, awardId=72174107, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金委员会面上项目(72174107), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315372198504808552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372198529974377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, companyId=1315372198504808552, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372198550945898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, companyId=1315372198504808552, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国科学技术大学公共事务学院, 安徽合肥 230026)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315372201092694136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Innovation models of industrial enterprises above designated size in Beijing (2016-2022), figureFileSmall=se96a0nz5gDEgyligomhYQ==, figureFileBig=Q5SbKpSyCSa6r69jf1AcrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372201184968825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=CN, label=图1, caption=北京市规模以上工业企业的创新模式(2016-2022)

资料来源:数据来源于《全国企业创新调查年鉴》,经EXCEL制作而得

, figureFileSmall=se96a0nz5gDEgyligomhYQ==, figureFileBig=Q5SbKpSyCSa6r69jf1AcrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372201390489722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Definition and description of each variable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 变量说明 定义指标 变量符号 变量用途
维度 时间序列 时间(年) t 时间维度
个体效应 地区(省) i 地区维度
因变量 规模以上工业企业创新模式选择 开展产品或工艺创新活动企业数/
实现组织或营销创新企业数(比例)②
doproductp③ 稳健性检验,替换realproduct
实现产品或工艺创新企业数/
实现组织或营销创新企业数(比例)
realproductp 稳健性检验,
替换realproduct
开展产品或工艺创新活动企业数/
实现组织或营销创新企业数(二值)
doproduct 稳健性检验,
替换realproduct
实现产品或工艺创新企业数/
实现组织或营销创新企业数(二值)
realproduct 因变量
规模以上
工业企业内部
影响因素
规模以上工业企业规模 规模以上工业企业资产总计(亿元) asset 控制变量
企业数(个) number 稳健性检验,替换asset
规模以上工业企业R&D投入 R&D人员(人) busirdlabor 稳健性检验,替换busirdtime
R&D人员全时当量(人年) busirdtime 自变量
规模以上工业企业
R&D经费内部支出(万元)
busirdfund 自变量
规模以上工业企业创新产出 专利申请数(件) busipatappl 稳健性检验,替换busipatent
有效发明专利数(件) busipatent 自变量
规模以上工业企业创新合作 开展创新合作的企业数(个) cooperate 自变量
与[高等学校]开展合作的企业占比 schoolcoop 稳健性检验,替换cooperate
规模以上国有控股工业企业主要经济指标 规模以上国有控股工业企业资产总计/规模以上工业企业资产总计 stateasset④ 自变量
规模以上国有控股工业企业主营业务收入/规模以上工业企业主营业务收入 stateinc 稳健性检验,替换stateasset
规模以上大型工业企业主要经济指标 规模以上大型工业企业资产总计/
规模以上工业企业资产总计
largeasset⑤ 自变量
规模以上大型工业企业主营业务收入/规模以上工业企业主营业务收入 largeinc 稳健性检验,替换largeasset
规模以上工业
企业外部
影响因素
全社会研发投入 研究与试验发展(R&D)人员(人) socirdlabor 稳健性检验,替换socirdtime
研究与试验发展(R&D)人员
全时当量(人年)
socirdtime 控制变量
研究与试验发展(R&D)经费
内部支出(万元)
socirdfund 控制变量
全社会科技活动成果 国内三种专利申请授权数合计(件) socipatent 控制变量
《科学引文索引》(篇) socisci 稳健性检验,替换socipatent
主要社会经济指标 地区生产总值(亿元) gdp 自变量
第三产业增加值(亿元) service 自变量
), ArticleFig(id=1315372201470181499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各变量的定义及说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 变量说明 定义指标 变量符号 变量用途
维度 时间序列 时间(年) t 时间维度
个体效应 地区(省) i 地区维度
因变量 规模以上工业企业创新模式选择 开展产品或工艺创新活动企业数/
实现组织或营销创新企业数(比例)②
doproductp③ 稳健性检验,替换realproduct
实现产品或工艺创新企业数/
实现组织或营销创新企业数(比例)
realproductp 稳健性检验,
替换realproduct
开展产品或工艺创新活动企业数/
实现组织或营销创新企业数(二值)
doproduct 稳健性检验,
替换realproduct
实现产品或工艺创新企业数/
实现组织或营销创新企业数(二值)
realproduct 因变量
规模以上
工业企业内部
影响因素
规模以上工业企业规模 规模以上工业企业资产总计(亿元) asset 控制变量
企业数(个) number 稳健性检验,替换asset
规模以上工业企业R&D投入 R&D人员(人) busirdlabor 稳健性检验,替换busirdtime
R&D人员全时当量(人年) busirdtime 自变量
规模以上工业企业
R&D经费内部支出(万元)
busirdfund 自变量
规模以上工业企业创新产出 专利申请数(件) busipatappl 稳健性检验,替换busipatent
有效发明专利数(件) busipatent 自变量
规模以上工业企业创新合作 开展创新合作的企业数(个) cooperate 自变量
与[高等学校]开展合作的企业占比 schoolcoop 稳健性检验,替换cooperate
规模以上国有控股工业企业主要经济指标 规模以上国有控股工业企业资产总计/规模以上工业企业资产总计 stateasset④ 自变量
规模以上国有控股工业企业主营业务收入/规模以上工业企业主营业务收入 stateinc 稳健性检验,替换stateasset
规模以上大型工业企业主要经济指标 规模以上大型工业企业资产总计/
规模以上工业企业资产总计
largeasset⑤ 自变量
规模以上大型工业企业主营业务收入/规模以上工业企业主营业务收入 largeinc 稳健性检验,替换largeasset
规模以上工业
企业外部
影响因素
全社会研发投入 研究与试验发展(R&D)人员(人) socirdlabor 稳健性检验,替换socirdtime
研究与试验发展(R&D)人员
全时当量(人年)
socirdtime 控制变量
研究与试验发展(R&D)经费
内部支出(万元)
socirdfund 控制变量
全社会科技活动成果 国内三种专利申请授权数合计(件) socipatent 控制变量
《科学引文索引》(篇) socisci 稳健性检验,替换socipatent
主要社会经济指标 地区生产总值(亿元) gdp 自变量
第三产业增加值(亿元) service 自变量
), ArticleFig(id=1315372201570844796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics of each variable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 观测值 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
t 217 2019 2.004624 2016 2022
doproductp 217 1.116982 0.2791744 0.5294118 1.92933
realproductp 217 0.942047 0.2613965 0.3692308 1.715529
doproduct 217 0.6267281 0.4847918 0 1
realproduct 217 0.4239631 0.4953272 0 1
schoolcoop 217 0.3402244 0.0640741 0.19 0.5
stateasset 217 0.4726411 0.1659824 0.1337521 0.7451037
stateinc 217 0.3679787 0.167662 0.095887 0.8129556
largeasset 217 0.4709377 0.0853283 0.206535 0.7382982
largeinc 217 0.4371245 0.1157636 0.1424454 0.7335559
i 217 16 8.964952 1 31
lnasset 217 10.25834 0.9572959 7.012701 12.18801
lnnumber 217 8.783889 1.36057 4.682131 11.16623
lnbusirdlabor 217 11.01761 1.626337 5.631212 13.8421
lnbusirdtime 217 10.57757 1.699947 5.153292 13.5575
lnbusirdfund 217 14.45705 1.685041 8.066522 17.28678
lnbusipatappl 217 9.437801 1.696755 2.995732 12.77838
lnbusipatent 217 9.592127 1.618663 4.406719 13.25792
lncooperate 217 7.455282 1.5001 3.091043 10.23728
lnsocirdlabor 217 11.71785 1.33207 7.760041 14.10803
lnsocirdtime 217 11.24331 1.405547 7.026782 13.78762
lnsocirdfund 217 15.00056 1.519157 10.00711 17.6024
lnsocipatent 217 10.59185 1.45976 5.501258 13.67878
lnsocisci 217 8.857851 1.488905 3.367296 11.31268
lngdp 217 9.994706 0.9664746 7.048743 11.76849
lnservice 217 9.327569 0.988084 6.407639 11.16951
), ArticleFig(id=1315372201646342269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各变量的描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 观测值 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
t 217 2019 2.004624 2016 2022
doproductp 217 1.116982 0.2791744 0.5294118 1.92933
realproductp 217 0.942047 0.2613965 0.3692308 1.715529
doproduct 217 0.6267281 0.4847918 0 1
realproduct 217 0.4239631 0.4953272 0 1
schoolcoop 217 0.3402244 0.0640741 0.19 0.5
stateasset 217 0.4726411 0.1659824 0.1337521 0.7451037
stateinc 217 0.3679787 0.167662 0.095887 0.8129556
largeasset 217 0.4709377 0.0853283 0.206535 0.7382982
largeinc 217 0.4371245 0.1157636 0.1424454 0.7335559
i 217 16 8.964952 1 31
lnasset 217 10.25834 0.9572959 7.012701 12.18801
lnnumber 217 8.783889 1.36057 4.682131 11.16623
lnbusirdlabor 217 11.01761 1.626337 5.631212 13.8421
lnbusirdtime 217 10.57757 1.699947 5.153292 13.5575
lnbusirdfund 217 14.45705 1.685041 8.066522 17.28678
lnbusipatappl 217 9.437801 1.696755 2.995732 12.77838
lnbusipatent 217 9.592127 1.618663 4.406719 13.25792
lncooperate 217 7.455282 1.5001 3.091043 10.23728
lnsocirdlabor 217 11.71785 1.33207 7.760041 14.10803
lnsocirdtime 217 11.24331 1.405547 7.026782 13.78762
lnsocirdfund 217 15.00056 1.519157 10.00711 17.6024
lnsocipatent 217 10.59185 1.45976 5.501258 13.67878
lnsocisci 217 8.857851 1.488905 3.367296 11.31268
lngdp 217 9.994706 0.9664746 7.048743 11.76849
lnservice 217 9.327569 0.988084 6.407639 11.16951
), ArticleFig(id=1315372201717645438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Benchmark regression results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量 realproduct
变量 边际效应 变量 边际效应
lnasset 0.179 largeasset -1.572*
(1.40) (-2.22)
lnbusirdtime 0.354 lnsocirdtime -0.639*
(1.39) (-2.08)
lnbusirdfund -0.110 lnsocirdfund 0.285
(-0.35) (1.00)
lnbusipatent 0.172 lnsocipatent 0.455***
(1.20) (4.37)
lncooperate -0.145 lngdp -1.089*
(-0.97) (-2.39)
stateasset 0.339 lnservice 0.534
(1.20) (1.18)
样本量 217
拟合优度 —
), ArticleFig(id=1315372201784754303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基准回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量 realproduct
变量 边际效应 变量 边际效应
lnasset 0.179 largeasset -1.572*
(1.40) (-2.22)
lnbusirdtime 0.354 lnsocirdtime -0.639*
(1.39) (-2.08)
lnbusirdfund -0.110 lnsocirdfund 0.285
(-0.35) (1.00)
lnbusipatent 0.172 lnsocipatent 0.455***
(1.20) (4.37)
lncooperate -0.145 lngdp -1.089*
(-0.97) (-2.39)
stateasset 0.339 lnservice 0.534
(1.20) (1.18)
样本量 217
拟合优度 —
), ArticleFig(id=1315372201860251776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of robustness test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (3) (2) (4)
probit模型 panel模型 logit模型 panel模型
因变量 realproduct realproductp 因变量 doproduct doproductp
lnasset 0.191 0.126 lnnumber -0.815*** -0.399***
(1.52) (1.77) (-6.61) (-4.48)
lnbusirdtime 0.362 0.0870 lnbusirdlabor 0.211 0.161*
(1.51) (1.11) (0.96) (1.99)
lnbusirdfund -0.120 -0.221** lnbusirdfund 0.459* -0.146
(-0.42) (-3.28) (2.39) (-1.88)
lnbusipatent 0.186 0.115* lnbusipatappl 0.410*** 0.269***
(1.37) (2.13) (4.04) (4.38)
lncooperate -0.168 0.107 schoolcoop -2.285*** -0.792**
(-1.16) (1.82) (-3.91) (-2.75)
stateasset 0.344 0.356 stateinc -0.309 0.244
(1.22) (1.69) (-0.89) (0.86)
largeasset -1.615* -1.151*** largeinc -0.297 -0.363
(-2.30) (-4.10) (-0.81) (-1.31)
lnsocirdtime -0.654* -0.248 lnsocirdlabor 0.0233 -0.0327
(-2.25) (-1.71) (0.08) (-0.20)
lnsocirdfund 0.296 0.321* lnsocirdfund -0.513* 0.104
(1.12) (2.17) (-2.35) (0.69)
lnsocipatent 0.470*** 0.169*** lnsocisci 0.214* 0.0729
(4.42) (3.63) (2.01) (1.13)
lngdp -1.029* -0.435* lngdp 0.402 0.533
(-2.44) (-1.97) (1.18) (1.90)
lnservice 0.466 0.0338 lnservice -0.474 -0.461
(1.11) (0.15) (-1.69) (-1.70)
常数项 0.608 常数项 -0.0826
(0.93) (-0.11)
样本量 217 217 样本量 217 217
拟合优度 — — 拟合优度 — —
), ArticleFig(id=1315372201935749249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

稳健性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (3) (2) (4)
probit模型 panel模型 logit模型 panel模型
因变量 realproduct realproductp 因变量 doproduct doproductp
lnasset 0.191 0.126 lnnumber -0.815*** -0.399***
(1.52) (1.77) (-6.61) (-4.48)
lnbusirdtime 0.362 0.0870 lnbusirdlabor 0.211 0.161*
(1.51) (1.11) (0.96) (1.99)
lnbusirdfund -0.120 -0.221** lnbusirdfund 0.459* -0.146
(-0.42) (-3.28) (2.39) (-1.88)
lnbusipatent 0.186 0.115* lnbusipatappl 0.410*** 0.269***
(1.37) (2.13) (4.04) (4.38)
lncooperate -0.168 0.107 schoolcoop -2.285*** -0.792**
(-1.16) (1.82) (-3.91) (-2.75)
stateasset 0.344 0.356 stateinc -0.309 0.244
(1.22) (1.69) (-0.89) (0.86)
largeasset -1.615* -1.151*** largeinc -0.297 -0.363
(-2.30) (-4.10) (-0.81) (-1.31)
lnsocirdtime -0.654* -0.248 lnsocirdlabor 0.0233 -0.0327
(-2.25) (-1.71) (0.08) (-0.20)
lnsocirdfund 0.296 0.321* lnsocirdfund -0.513* 0.104
(1.12) (2.17) (-2.35) (0.69)
lnsocipatent 0.470*** 0.169*** lnsocisci 0.214* 0.0729
(4.42) (3.63) (2.01) (1.13)
lngdp -1.029* -0.435* lngdp 0.402 0.533
(-2.44) (-1.97) (1.18) (1.90)
lnservice 0.466 0.0338 lnservice -0.474 -0.461
(1.11) (0.15) (-1.69) (-1.70)
常数项 0.608 常数项 -0.0826
(0.93) (-0.11)
样本量 217 217 样本量 217 217
拟合优度 — — 拟合优度 — —
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中国工业企业的创新模式选择研究
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[Author(id=1315372198760661100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zyxicai@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1315372200237056110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, authorId=1315372198760661100, language=EN, stringName=Yu ZHANG, firstName=Yu, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1315372200312553583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372197431066723, authorId=1315372198760661100, language=CN, stringName=张煜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国科学技术大学公共事务学院, 安徽合肥 230026, bio={"content":"

张煜(1988-),男,副研究员,博士后,E-mail:。

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张煜(1988-),男,副研究员,博士后,E-mail:。

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张煜
作者信息
  • 中国科学技术大学公共事务学院, 安徽合肥 230026
作者简介:

张煜(1988-),男,副研究员,博士后,E-mail:。

Research on the innovation mode selection of Chinese industrial enterprises
Yu ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15
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推动制造业创新,促进工业经济高质量发展,是国家的重要政策方针。以工业经济中最具代表性的规模以上工业企业为研究对象,将创新模式分为产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两大类,选取中国31省(除港澳台)2016-2022年共7年的面板数据,采用面板二值选择模型,实证分析各省工业企业创新模式选择的内部和外部影响因素,揭示各省工业企业选择不同创新模式的具体原因。研究发现:第一,地区经济水平和当地的研发人力投入越高,工业经济越倾向组织或营销创新。当地创新成果越多,工业经济越倾向产品或工艺创新。第二,大企业占比越高,工业经济越倾向组织或营销创新。第三,工业企业选择组织或营销创新模式过多,工业经济创新中存在市场失灵现象。据此提出建议:为取得更多产品或工艺创新成果,政策制定者应出台政策,限制大企业垄断,鼓励中小企业发展。政策制定者应采取银行信贷、财政补贴和税收优惠等政策措施,降低工业企业产品或工艺创新成本,弥补市场失灵。

产品或工艺创新  /  组织或营销创新  /  工业企业  /  创新模式

Promoting innovation in the manufacturing industry and promoting high-quality development of the industrial economy are important policy guidelines of the country. Taking the most representative industrial enterprises above designated size in the industrial economy as the research object, innovation modes are divided into two categories: product or process innovation and organizational or marketing innovation. Panel data from 31 provinces in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) for a total of 7 years from 2016 to 2022 are selected, and a panel binary choice model is used to empirically analyze the internal and external influencing factors of industrial enterprise innovation mode selection in each province, revealing the specific reasons why industrial enterprises in each province choose different innovation modes. It is found that: Firstly, the higher the regional economic level and local R&D manpower investment, the more inclined the industrial economy is towards organizational or marketing innovation. The more innovative achievements there are in the local area, the more inclined the industrial economy is towards product or process innovation. Secondly, the higher the proportion of large enterprises, the more inclined the industrial economy is towards organizational or marketing innovation. Thirdly, when selecting innovation models for industrial enterprises above a certain scale, the main influencing factor is not the industrial enterprise itself, but rather the external social environment factors of the location where the enterprise is located, especially the regional economic level, local R&D manpower investment, and local innovation achievements. Fourthly, industrial enterprises choose too many organizational or marketing innovation modes, and there is a phenomenon of market failure in industrial economic innovation. Based on this, suggestions are made: Firstly, in order to achieve more product or process innovation results, policy makers should introduce policies to adjust industrial organizational structure, guide and restrict corporate mergers and acquisitions, oppose large enterprise monopolies, increase free competition among enterprises, and encourage the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. If choosing organizational or marketing innovation models, policy makers should encourage corporate mergers and the formation of more large enterprise groups, committed to enhancing the international competitiveness of large industrial enterprises. Secondly, when the local economic level is high and there is a significant investment in research and development manpower, but there are few local innovation achievements, industrial enterprises should prioritize organizational or marketing innovation models. When the local economic level is not high and there is less investment in R&D manpower, but there are more local innovation achievements, industrial enterprises should prioritize choosing product or process innovation models. Thirdly, policy makers need to attach great importance to the local socio-economic environment when planning innovative models for industrial enterprises. Funds and manpower should be invested to conduct sufficient research on the local economic level, R&D manpower investment, and innovation achievements. Fourthly, in order to promote industrial enterprises to carry out more product or process innovation, policy makers should adopt various policy measures such as bank credit, fiscal subsidies, and tax incentives to help industrial enterprises reduce their initial R&D investment, lower the cost of product or process innovation, compensate for market failures, and guide industrial enterprises to adopt more scientific and reasonable innovation mode choices.

product or process innovation  /  organizational or marketing innovation  /  industrial enterprise  /  innovation mode
张煜. 中国工业企业的创新模式选择研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (2) : 334 -345 .
Yu ZHANG. Research on the innovation mode selection of Chinese industrial enterprises[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (2) : 334 -345 .
2023年12月,《工业和信息化部等八部门关于加快传统制造业转型升级的指导意见》(工信部联规〔2023〕258号)指出“实施制造业技术改造升级工程,加快设备更新、工艺升级、数字赋能、管理创新,推动传统制造业向高端化、智能化、绿色化、融合化方向转型,提升发展质量和效益,加快实现高质量发展”。推动制造业创新,促进工业经济高质量发展,是国家的重要政策方针。上述《指导意见》中提到的“设备更新、工艺升级、数字赋能、管理创新”就是工业企业的创新模式,“设备更新、工艺升级”为产品或工艺创新,“数字赋能、管理创新”是组织或营销创新。国家统计局(2019)①(① 见国家统计局官网,栏目:数据—指标解释—科学技术,网址: https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zbjs/202302/t20230202_1897091.html。)对创新模式做了划分:产品创新、工艺创新、组织(管理)创新和营销创新,并界定了概念:“产品创新指企业推出了全新的或有重大改进的产品。工艺创新指企业采用了全新的或有重大改进的生产方法、工艺设备或辅助性活动。组织(管理)创新指企业采取了此前从未使用过的全新的组织管理方式。营销创新指企业采用了此前从未使用过的全新的营销概念或营销策略。”
受多种因素影响,特定的工业企业会倾向采用不同的创新模式,在各种创新模式中各有侧重点。大致可以将四种不同的创新模式分为两大类,即产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新。工业企业会在上述两种创新模式中进行选择,不同的地区会选择不同的创新模式,这充分体现了本地区的特点。以北京市为例,北京市工业企业具有不同的创新模式,详见图1。
研究工业企业选择不同创新模式的具体原因,将有助于工业经济向“高端化、智能化、绿色化、融合化方向”更好地转型,十分必要。有鉴于此,本研究将创新模式分为产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两大类,实证分析各省工业企业创新模式选择的多种影响因素,揭示各省工业企业选择不同创新模式的具体原因,为中国工业企业选择最优创新模式、优化研发模式提供实证指导,推动工业经济“提升发展质量和效益”,最终实现“高质量发展”。
本研究的创新点和贡献在于:第一,研究内容创新。将创新模式分为产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两类,探讨了工业企业选择不同创新模式的具体原因。第二,研究设计科学新颖。为比较两类创新模式的选择,求取二者之比,通过设置门槛值1将比值变量化为二值变量,并将其作为因变量,应用面板离散选择模型研究二值选择的原因,这种研究设计科学新颖。第三,结论和启示有新意。研究探明了各种影响因素的影响,比较了内部和外部影响因素的作用大小,得出工业企业主要的创新模式选择。
工业企业的创新模式有两种,分别为产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新。影响工业企业创新模式选择的因素有外部影响因素和内部影响因素两类。这里首先对两种创新模式和影响创新模式选择的两类影响因素分别进行文献回顾。
在各类创新模式中,国内外很多学者研究了产品创新和工艺创新。Sanchis等研究了哥伦比亚全要素生产率增长的两种创新模式(产品和工艺)之间的相互关系以及这些创新模式之间的动态联系[1]。Xie等发现绿色工艺创新对绿色产品创新有积极影响,绿色工艺创新和绿色产品创新都可以提高企业的财务业绩。绿色产品创新中介了绿色工艺创新与企业财务绩效之间的关系[2]。毕克新等针对制造业企业产品创新与工艺创新知识流耦合的现象,深入分析了影响知识流耦合的因素[3]。
回顾文献,发现很多学者研究了产品创新和工艺创新二者之间的相互关系,也有学者研究了产品或工艺创新的影响因素[3]。
在各类创新模式中,也有很多国内外学者对组织创新(或商业模式创新)和营销创新加以研究。Ballot等探讨了产品、工艺和组织创新之间的关系,检验了这些创新形式之间的绩效互补性[4]。Soltani等研究了营销创新及其决定因素[5]。蔡海龙等指出当前中国农业产业化经营发展进入了一个新阶段,农业产业化经营组织形式的创新更加注重各经营主体之间要素的融合[6]。高闯等从价值链创新的理论视角对企业商业模式创新的实现方式进行解释,并根据企业商业模式的不同形成方式对其分类。此外,还对企业商业模式创新的动力及演进机理进行探讨[7]。卢启程等研究战略学习对组织创新的影响,深入考察动态能力及其3个维度(感知响应、整合利用和重构转变)对战略学习与组织创新关系的中介效应[8]。张罡等对互联网+环境下营销模式创新的概念予以界定,分析营销模式创新中的价值网络演化过程。从整合营销、差异化营销与精准营销三方面提出营销模式创新的策略[9]。
回顾文献,发现有的学者研究了多种创新模式之间的关系如Ballot等[4],有的学者着重研究组织创新和营销创新中的一种[6],也有学者研究了组织或营销创新的影响因素[8]。
在创新模式的影响因素中,有很多国内外学者着重研究了外部影响因素。Javier等研究了获得的关于与供应商、客户和竞争对手关系的外部信息如何导致营销创新[10]。Medda估计了外部研发来源对不同类型创新的影响[11]。Wang研究了互联网+模式下的新营销模式。详细分析“互联网+”背景下营销的必要性、与传统营销模式的比较以及营销的创新策略[12]。李文莲等指出“大数据”正以各种方式和路径影响着企业的商业生态,它已成为企业商业模式创新的基本时代背景[13]。孙晓华等指出工艺创新和产品创新是企业技术创新的主要模式。考察了买方势力对上游企业工艺创新和产品创新的异质性影响[14]。张峰等基于产品主导逻辑与服务主导逻辑,区分并检验了经济政策不确定性对产品创新(价值链上游)和服务转型(价值链下游)的影响[15]。张昕蔚分析了数字经济条件下创新资源配置方式和创新组织方式的变革过程[16]。
回顾文献,发现学者们研究的外部影响因素大致可以分为社会经济因素和研发创新因素。例如,Javier等[10]研究了供应商、客户和竞争对手关系的外部信息,孙晓华[14]研究买方势力,张峰等[15]研究经济政策不确定性。上述因素均是社会经济因素。又如,Medda[11]研究了外部研发来源,Wang[12]研究了互联网+,李文莲等[13]研究“大数据”,张昕蔚[16]分析数字经济。这些因素均是研发创新因素。本研究也将探讨创新模式的外部影响因素,具体分析社会经济因素和研发创新因素的影响。
在创新模式的影响因素中,还有很多国内外学者着重研究了内部影响因素。Haneda等研究了研发(R&D)和产品/工艺创新的组织和人力资源管理实践之间的关系,发现:部门间合作/团队以及研发中心的创建/搬迁/整合与产品和工艺创新呈正相关。拥有研发背景的董事会成员与产品创新呈正相关[17]。Hullova等确定三种资源和能力:技术轨迹、供应链力量、潜在和已实现的吸收能力,可能导致产品和工艺创新之间的不同互补类型[18]。Monteiro等探讨了哪些因素影响营销创新。发现对营销创新贡献最大的因素是:组织创新指数、客户和/或用户建议以及知识产权和许可(IPRL)[19]。安同良等考察与观测企业所处行业、企业规模以及企业所有制三个因素对企业R&D行为的影响,从微观行为数据层面揭示了中国制造业企业R&D活动的行为模式与真实机理[20]。陈艳莹等发现:企业规模与创新模式选择之间存在对应关系,大企业倾向于从事过程创新,小企业倾向于从事产品创新[21]。简兆权等实证探讨吸收能力、知识整合、组织创新与组织创新绩效之间的关系[22]。
回顾文献,发现学者们研究的内部影响因素包括创新合作情况(如Haneda等[17]研究部门间合作/团队)、研发创新水平(如Hullova等[18]研究技术轨迹;Monteiro等[19]探讨知识产权和许可(IPRL))、规模和所有制(如安同良等[20]考察企业规模以及企业所有制)、大型企业(如陈艳莹等[21]指出大企业倾向于从事过程创新)等。本研究也将探讨创新模式的内部影响因素,具体分析规模、创新合作情况、研发水平、所有制(国有经济比重)和大型企业比重等的影响。
最后,在对两种创新模式和影响创新模式选择的两类影响因素分别进行文献回顾工作之后,本研究受学者们的研究思路启发,研究将充分借鉴国内外学者的研究工作,将工业企业创新模式分为产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两大类,实证分析工业企业创新模式选择的外部和内部影响因素。在外部影响因素中,具体分析社会经济因素和研发创新因素的影响。在内部影响因素中,具体分析工业经济的规模、工业经济中的创新合作情况、工业经济研发水平、工业经济中的国有经济比重(即所有制)和大型企业比重等的影响。研究将揭示各省工业企业选择具体创新模式的多种内部和外部原因,为中国工业企业选择最优的创新模式提供实证指引。
研究中所使用的各变量符号、变量用途、定义指标及说明等,具体见表1。
表1中共26个变量。其中,t为样本数据的时间维度,i为样本数据的个体维度。
因变量。实现创新企业数相比仅开展创新活动的企业数,更能实际衡量企业最终的创新选择。二值变量realproduct衡量了实现产品或工艺创新企业数与实现组织或营销创新企业数之比,能够反映各省规模以上工业企业最终的实际创新模式选择,是本研究中的因变量。变量doproduct、doproductp和realproductp用作稳健性检验,用于替换realproduct。
内部影响因素。规模以上工业企业选择创新模式,会受工业经济自身的内部因素影响。这些内部影响因素包括工业经济的规模、工业经济中的创新合作情况、工业经济研发水平、工业经济中的国有经济比重(即所有制)和大型企业比重等。经济指标中,相对于主营业务收入和企业数指标,资产指标衡量规模大小的准确度更高,能够反映企业的实际存量规模大小。因此,选取stateasset、largeasset作为自变量,分别衡量工业经济中的国有比重和大企业占比。选取asset作为控制变量,衡量规模以上工业企业规模。stateinc、largeinc、number仅作稳健性检验,分别用于替换stateasset、largeasset、asset。相比R&D人员busirdlabor,R&D人员全时当量busirdtime衡量R&D人力投入的准确度更高。相比专利申请数busipatappl,有效发明专利数busipatent更能反映实际的创新产出,指标的准确度更高。因此,最终选取了busirdtime、busirdfund、busipatent作为自变量,分别衡量工业经济中的R&D人力投入、R&D经费投入和创新产出,以综合反映工业经济研发水平的影响。busirdlabor、busipatappl仅作稳健性检验,分别用于替换busirdtime、busipatent。选取cooperate作为自变量,衡量工业经济中的创新合作情况。校企合作仅是创新合作中的一种。与高等学校开展合作的企业占比schoolcoop衡量创新合作情况不够全面准确,仅作稳健性检验使用。
外部影响因素。规模以上工业企业选择创新模式,会受工业企业所在地的外部环境因素影响。这些外部影响因素包括研发创新因素(全社会创新水平)和社会经济因素。社会经济因素中,地区经济发展影响工业经济的投入产出,为工业经济提供了市场环境和投入来源,影响工业企业创新成果的应用。社会经济因素中,第三产业中的服务业发展会为工业企业创新提供资金、售后、物流等配套服务,能够影响工业企业的创新模式选择。因此,选取地区生产总值gdp和第三产业增加值service作为自变量,分别衡量地区经济水平和第三产业情况。选取R&D人员全时当量socirdtime和R&D经费内部支出socirdfund作为控制变量,分别用于衡量全社会的R&D人力投入、R&D经费投入。R&D人员指标socirdlabor,衡量R&D人力投入不够准确,仅作稳健性检验,用于替换socirdtime。专利授权数指标不仅包括高校的创新成果,也涵盖了企业等的创新成果,衡量全社会创新成果更为准确。故选取国内三种专利申请授权数socipatent作为控制变量。《科学引文索引》socisci仅作稳健性检验,用于替换socipatent。
本研究的研究对象为规模以上工业企业。规模以上工业企业,资产规模大,创新能力强。规模以上工业企业的研发创新最能代表工业企业创新情况。故研究对象选取规模以上工业企业。
表1中共有26个变量。限于数据可得性,这26个变量均选取了中国31省(除港澳台)2016-2022年共7年的面板数据,共计5642个数据样本。表1中6个变量doproductp、realproductp、stateasset、stateinc、largeasset、largeinc均为计算而得,计算过程中还需使用1736个数据样本。故本研究共使用数据样本7378个。
数据缺失值采用线性插值法补齐:中间数据是左右相邻年份的数据的算术平均值。
实证分析过程中,为消除量纲和异方差影响,表1中除下述变量外,其余各变量样本数据均取对数。因维度变量属性,维度变量i和t无需取对数。因数值较小,二值和比例变量无需取对数,包括表1中的因变量,还有国有控股比例、大型企业比例、校企合作比例(即stateasset、stateinc、largeasset、largeinc、schoolcoop)。
本研究中所采集的所有变量数据均来自EPS数据平台。经核验,数据来源权威可靠。表1中,因变量维度下各指标均为计算而得。其中,比例指标doproductp、realproductp在计算过程中所使用的指标以及表1中规模以上工业企业创新合作维度下各变量指标,数据均取自EPS平台中的全国企业创新调查数据库-年度(分地区)。全国企业创新调查数据库-年度(分地区)的数据来源于《全国企业创新调查年鉴》。因变量维度下,二值指标doproduct、realproduct的数据来源于对比例指标doproductp、realproductp的二值化处理。表1中,规模以上工业企业企业数number以及规模以上工业企业外部影响因素维度、规模以上工业企业R&D投入维度、规模以上工业企业创新产出维度下各变量指标,数据均取自EPS平台中的中国科技数据库-年度(分地区)。中国科技数据库-年度(分地区)的数据来源于《中国科技统计年鉴》《科技统计资料汇编》、中国主要科技指标数据库,由中国科技部、中国国家统计局提供,由EPS DATA整理。表1中规模以上国有控股工业企业主要经济指标、规模以上大型工业企业主要经济指标均为计算而得,计算过程中所使用的指标以及表1中规模以上工业企业资产asset,数据均取自EPS平台中的中国工业经济数据库-年度(分省)。中国工业经济数据库-年度(分省)的数据来源于《中国工业统计年鉴》,由中国国家统计局提供,由EPS DATA整理。
本研究中实证结果由Stata 16软件生成,经Excel整理而得。
样本数据的描述性统计分析,详见表2。
本研究以工业经济中最具代表性的规模以上工业企业为研究对象,将创新模式分为产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两大类,采用面板二值选择模型,实证分析各省工业企业创新模式选择的影响因素,揭示各省工业企业选择不同创新模式的具体原因,为中国工业企业的创新模式选择、优化研发模式提供实证指导。
规模以上工业企业在产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两类创新模式中进行选择,用离散选择模型(二值选择模型)分析两类创新模式选择的影响因素是合适的。
(1)因变量为二值变量
当因变量选取二值变量,即因变量为realproduct或doproduct,实证分析采用面板二值选择模型。
基准回归分析时,因变量为二值变量realproduct,故实证分析采用面板二值选择模型,具体为面板logit模型。
以Y为因变量,X为自变量向量的基准模型,其待估方程形式如下:
P(Y=1|X)=F(X,β)
F(X,β)=exp(X'β)/[1+exp(X'β)]
(1)式和(2)式中,P为概率。X为解释变量向量,β为待估系数向量。Y为因变量。
基准回归时, Y为realproduct, X=(asset, busirdtime, busirdfund, busipatent, cooperate, stateasset, largeasset, socirdtime, socirdfund, socipatent, gdp, service)'。(2)式中,F(X,β)为logistic分布的累积分布函数。此时, (1)式和(2)式中的基准模型实际上是面板logit模型。
(1)式中,若F(X,β)为标准正态的累积分布函数,则(1)式为probit模型,本研究中用于稳健性检验。
(2)因变量为比例值
当因变量为比例值,即因变量Y为realproductp或doproductp,此时的二值选择模型(logit和probit)不再适用,此时适用线性的面板数据模型:
Y=X'β
(3)式中,Y为因变量,X为解释变量向量,β为待估系数向量。
(3)式中的面板数据模型,本研究中用于稳健性检验。此时,Y为realproductp或doproductp。
本研究采用变换模型形式和变量替换两种方法进行稳健性检验。尽管模型形式各异,但为了统一,研究中各面板模型均采用随机效应模型。
本研究将采纳(1)式和(2)式中的面板logit模型,实证研究各省工业企业在产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两类创新模式中选择不同创新模式的影响因素,揭示各省工业企业选择不同创新模式的具体原因。
表3中的回归结果即是(1)式和(2)式中的面板logit模型的回归结果。表3中显示的系数值为各变量的边际效应。
在内部影响因素中,工业经济中大企业占比越高,工业经济越具有组织或营销创新倾向。表3数据显示,在内部影响因素中,仅有largeasset的边际效应显著,为显著的负值(-1.572)。这说明:工业经济内部因素中,仅有大企业占比因素对本地区工业企业选择创新模式具有显著影响。工业经济中大企业占比越高,工业经济越具有组织或营销创新倾向。这一发现不同于陈艳莹等“大企业倾向于从事过程创新”的结论[21]。这可能是由于大企业中的产品和工艺技术已经相对成熟,初级产品层面的创新突破对大型企业的利润贡献已经越来越微弱。短期之内取得产品和工艺技术的创新成果较为困难,因此大型企业更热衷进行组织变革或营销模式创新,通过改进组织结构、优化商业模式、革新营销方式,达到组织效率提升、抢占更多销售市场、短期内获得更多利润的目的。
工业经济规模、工业经济研发水平、工业经济中的创新合作情况、工业经济中的国企占比对各省工业企业选择具体创新模式的决策没有显著影响。表3数据显示,在工业经济内部因素中,lnasset、lnbusirdtime、lnbusirdfund、lnbusipatent、lncooperate、stateasset的影响均不显著。
在外部影响因素中,地区经济水平越高,工业经济越具有组织或营销创新倾向。表3数据显示,在外部影响因素中,lngdp的边际效应显著为负(-1.089)。这可能是由于工业企业所处的地区,经济水平越高,市场发育越成熟,市场渠道通畅,有利于产品营销推广。工业企业革新组织结构,创新营销模式,能更好地匹配成熟的市场,获得稳定的收入。短期内追求产品或工艺创新,成本很高,不利于利润获取。
当地全社会研发人力投入越高,工业经济越具有组织或营销创新倾向。表3数据显示,全社会研发水平中的lnsocirdtime,同样具有显著为负的边际效应(-0.639)。这可能是由于当地全社会研发人力投入高,导致当地研发人员众多,研发工时较长,工业企业通过革新组织或营销模式,灵活调整组织模式,可以充分招聘吸纳社会上充裕的研发人力,延长研发人员劳动时间,适配社会上较长的研发工时。通过组织或营销创新,工业企业可以在较短时间内获得更多利润。
当地创新成果越多,工业经济越具有产品或工艺创新倾向。表3数据显示,全社会研发水平中的lnsocipatent,其边际效应显著性水平最高且数值为正(0.455)。这可能是由于当地创新成果较多,社会上有很多成熟的基础研究或共性关键技术成果,商业化潜力巨大。进行产品或工艺创新,推动基础研究成果的商业化开发,能够充分利用充裕的基础研究成果,投入较少,却具有稳定的利润预期,短期内能够获得充足的利润。因此,此时的工业企业具有产品或工艺创新倾向。
当地全社会研发经费投入、第三产业情况对各省工业企业选择具体创新模式的决策没有显著影响。表3数据显示:工业经济外部因素中,lnsocirdfund、lnservice的影响均不显著。当地研发经费主要投入工业企业以外的部门,工业企业自身不能直接从当地研发经费投入中获益。因此,当地研发经费投入对工业企业创新模式的选择没有显著影响。第三产业尽管能够起到服务工业企业的作用,但服务作用是无差异的,对工业企业产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新所起的服务作用大致相当,并没有偏向,故不能对具体创新模式的选择发挥显著影响。
工业企业选择创新模式,主要的决定因素并非工业经济本身,主要取决于工业经济所处的外部社会环境。表3中,对比内部影响因素和外部影响因素,发现外部影响因素中有三个因素影响显著,数量更多,而内部影响因素中仅有一个显著。可见,规模以上工业企业进行创新模式选择时,最主要的影响因素并非工业企业自身,而主要是企业所在地的外部社会环境因素,尤其是其中的地区经济水平、当地的研发人力投入和当地的创新成果。
工业企业的主要创新模式是组织或营销创新。只在少数情况下,工业企业会选择产品或工艺创新模式。表3数据显示:大多数影响因素均具有组织或营销创新倾向,只有一个影响因素具有产品或工艺创新倾向。这种现象可能是市场失灵导致的结果。由于产品或工艺创新前期投入成本很大,短期内获得利润较难。而组织或营销创新,有利于及时获取外部社会资源,保证产品市场推广的顺畅,变革成本较低,短期内能够取得更多利润。在当地创新成果较多的少数情况下,由于有现成的基础研究成果可供利用,投入成本较低,商业化开发较容易,产品或工艺创新能够取得商业上的成功,工业企业会选择产品或工艺创新模式,此时不存在市场失灵现象。
接下来,进行稳健性检验。本研究采用变换模型形式和变量替换两种方法进行稳健性检验。具体地,本研究将开展4项稳健性检验:
稳健性检验一:变换模型形式。使用面板probit模型,变量不变,重新估计基准模型中的(1)式。估计结果见表4中列“(1)probit模型”。
稳健性检验二:替换变量。依然使用面板logit模型(1)式和(2)式进行估计,但使用doproduct替换realproduct,number替换asset,busirdlabor替换busirdtime,busipatappl替换busipatent,schoolcoop替换cooperate,stateinc替换stateasset,largeinc替换largeasset,socirdlabor替换socirdtime,socisci替换socipatent。估计结果见表4中列“(2)logit模型”。
稳健性检验三:替换因变量,变换模型形式。仅替换因变量,将二值变为比值,用realproductp替换realproduct,同时使用面板数据模型(3)式进行估计。估计结果见表4中列“(3)panel模型”。
稳健性检验四:替换变量,变换模型形式。不仅替换因变量,将二值变为比值,用doproductp替换realproduct,而且替换其他变量。用number替换asset,busirdlabor替换busirdtime,busipatappl替换busipatent,schoolcoop替换cooperate,stateinc替换stateasset,largeinc替换largeasset,socirdlabor替换socirdtime,socisci替换socipatent,同时使用面板数据模型(3)式进行估计。估计结果见表4中列“(4)panel模型”。
整理4项稳健性检验的结果,可得表4。稳健性检验中,二值选择模型汇总的是边际效应。表4中,列“(1)probit模型”和“(2)logit模型”中的系数值为各变量的边际效应。稳健性检验中,面板数据模型汇总的是系数估计值。表4中,列“(3)panel模型”和“(4)panel模型”中的系数值为各变量的系数估计值。
表4中,大多数回归结果均比较相似。例如,基准回归模型中,largeasset的边际效应为显著的负值(-1.572)。列“(1)probit模型”和“(3)panel模型”中,largeasset的系数值同样为显著的负值(-1.615和-1.151)。作为替换的变量,largeinc的系数值也为负(-0.297和-0.363)。再如,基准回归模型中,lnsocipatent的边际效应显著性水平最高且数值为正(0.455)。列“(1)probit模型”和“(3)panel模型”中,lnsocipatent的系数值同样显著性水平最高且数值为正(0.470和0.169)。作为替换的变量,lnsocisci的系数值也为正(0.214和0.0729)。此外,表4中,lnsocirdtime(lnsocirdlabor)的系数值大多为负,lnbusipatent(lnbusipatappl)的系数值大多显著为正,lnbusirdtime(lnbusirdlabor)的系数值大多为不显著的正值,stateasset(stateinc)的系数值大多为不显著的正值,lncooperate(schoolcoop)的系数值大多为负,等等。可见,经过比较,发现研究结果不因变量和模型的选取而改变,研究结论大致一致。故表4中的研究结果是稳健的。
因此,表4通过了稳健性检验。本研究中基准模型的结论稳健。
本研究以工业经济中最具代表性的规模以上工业企业为研究对象,将创新模式分为产品或工艺创新、组织或营销创新两大类,选取中国31省(除港澳台)2016-2022年共7年的面板数据,采用面板二值选择模型,实证分析各省工业企业创新模式选择的内部和外部影响因素,揭示各省工业企业选择不同创新模式的具体原因。
主要结论如下:第一,工业经济内部因素中,仅有大企业占比因素对本地区工业企业选择创新模式具有显著影响。工业经济中大企业占比越高,工业经济越具有组织或营销创新倾向。工业经济规模、工业经济研发水平、工业经济中的创新合作情况、工业经济中的国企占比对各省工业企业选择具体创新模式的决策没有显著影响。第二,工业经济外部因素中,地区经济水平、当地的研发人力投入和当地的创新成果对本地区工业企业选择创新模式具有显著影响。地区经济水平越高,工业经济越具有组织或营销创新倾向。当地全社会研发人力投入越高,工业经济越具有组织或营销创新倾向。当地创新成果越多,工业经济越具有产品或工艺创新倾向。当地全社会研发经费投入、第三产业情况对各省工业企业选择具体创新模式的决策没有显著影响。第三,规模以上工业企业进行创新模式选择时,最主要的影响因素并非工业企业自身,而主要是企业所在地的外部社会环境因素,尤其是其中的地区经济水平、当地的研发人力投入和当地的创新成果。第四,工业企业的主要创新模式是组织或营销创新。工业经济创新中存在市场失灵。
据此,获得政策启示如下:
第一,为了取得更多产品或工艺创新成果,政策制定者应出台政策,调整产业组织结构,引导和限制企业并购,反对大企业垄断,增加企业间自由竞争,鼓励中小企业发展。若选择组织或营销创新模式,政策制定者应当鼓励企业兼并,组建更多大型企业集团,致力于提升大型工业企业的国际竞争力。
第二,在本地经济水平较高,研发人力投入较多,但本地创新成果较少时,工业企业应优先选择组织或营销创新模式。而在本地经济水平不高,研发人力投入较少,但本地创新成果较多时,工业企业应优先选择产品或工艺创新模式。
第三,政策制定者在规划工业企业的创新模式时,需非常重视当地的社会经济环境。应投入资金人力,对当地的经济水平、研发人力投入和创新成果状况做好充足的调研。在对当地的社会经济环境进行深入的研究之后,进一步分析工业经济中大企业占比数据,并据此做出工业企业创新模式的最终选择决策,才能确保政策制定过程的科学性和创新模式选择的正确性。
第四,当工业经济创新中存在市场失灵、工业企业选取组织或营销创新模式过多时,政策制定者为了扭转工业企业创新模式选择的扭曲,推动工业企业更多地开展产品或工艺创新,应采取银行信贷、财政补贴和税收优惠等多种政策措施,帮助工业企业压缩前期研发投入,降低工业企业产品或工艺创新成本,弥补市场失灵,引导工业企业采取更为科学合理的创新模式选择。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(WK2160000022)
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会面上项目(72174107)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-08
  • 修回日期:2025-03-30
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(WK2160000022)
国家自然科学基金委员会面上项目(72174107)
作者信息
    中国科学技术大学公共事务学院, 安徽合肥 230026
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