Article(id=1315372168268067451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=1742400000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538763347, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538763347, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538763347, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538763347, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372022658613552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538728624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538856865, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372560565523080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372560569717385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=571, endPage=585, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372169572495996, articleId=1315372168268067451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Research on the path of digital collaborative innovation under the accumulation of digital labor elements: Based on the analysis of knowledge spillover and the flow of innovation elements, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A comprehensive review of previous literature on digital technology innovation predominantly posits that expediting the agglomeration of capital and talent yields positive externalities. However, shortages in these resources often precipitate systemic disruptions, such as talent poaching competitions and detrimental tax rate races among regions. These phenomena impede the efficient allocation of resources and obstruct the advancement of regional digital collaborative innovation. In contrast, data, as a novel production factor, can manifest agglomeration effects within virtualized environments, thereby propelling urban digital innovation. Lacking a tangible physical form, data factors necessitate integration with traditional elements, such as labor, to generate amplified, synergistic, and multiplicative impacts in production processes. This unique characteristic of data implies that digital labor, by inheriting data-factor attributes, may reconfigure the dynamics of traditional factor mobility, thereby influencing regional digital collaborative innovation.

To empirically validate this theoretical conjecture, this study operationalizes digital collaborative innovation along two dimensions (intra-regional and inter-regional) cooperationwithin the theoretical framework of innovation systems. Utilizing a panel dataset encompassing 283 prefecture - level cities from 2011 to 2023, the research undertakes a rigorous econometric analysis to examine the effects and underlying mechanisms of digital labor factors on digital collaborative innovation. Additionally, it explores the optimal trajectories of digital collaborative innovation across cities, contingent upon the cumulative development of digital labor factors.

The study's principal findings are as follows:(1) Digital labor factors demonstrably accelerate holistic regional digital collaborative innovation.;(2)Knowledge spillovers and the circulation of innovation factors remain pivotal mechanisms through which digital labor drives regional digital collaborative innovation;(3)Under the constraints of knowledge diffusion and factor mobility, the modus operandi of digital labor-driven digital collaborative innovation exhibits distinct spatial heterogeneity. Regions characterized by abundant knowledge reserves (e.g., Beijing and Wuhan), robust intellectual property protection (e.g., Shanghai and Tianjin), or limited innovation-factor competition (e.g., Wuxi and Foshan) are better suited to pursue inter-regional collaborative innovation models. Conversely, cities with proactive policy interventions in innovation-factor circulation (e.g., Guangzhou, Ningbo, and Shenzhen) tend to foster more effective intra-regional digital collaboration;(4)The accumulation of digital labor factors enhances the knowledge absorption capacity of regions with limited knowledge endowments, enabling them to build innovation capabilities through imitative innovation. In this context, intellectual property protection emerges as a critical determinant for transitioning from collaborative to independent innovation. Furthermore, excessive regulatory interventions in talent and capital flows are found to undermine the path of endogenous innovation, thereby impeding the full realization of digital collaborative innovation potential. These findings not only enrich the theoretical understanding of digital labor factor cultivation but also offer a robust foundation for harnessing digital dividends, invigorating digital economic innovation, and formulating evidence - based strategies for regional coordinated development.

This research contributes to the extant literature in three significant ways. First, by integrating the unique characteristics of digital labor, it elucidates the micro-foundations of regional digital collaborative innovation, thereby advancing the theoretical discourse on digital labor valuation. Second, it adopts a dual-dimensional analytical approach, examining both intra and inter-regional collaborative dynamics, which mitigates the potential exacerbation of regional disparities inherent in single-entity or single-city innovation studies. Third, by analyzing the evolving patterns of knowledge spillovers and factor mobility in the context of digital labor accumulation, it identifies region-specific optimal pathways for digital collaborative innovation, providing policymakers with tailored recommendations for formulating effective digital technology cooperation strategies.

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加速驱动数字协同创新,是解决颠覆式技术创新外部性、复杂性问题、推动区域协调发展的关键。基于数字劳动要素特性,剖析数字协同创新的理论机制,并利用283个地级市十余年面板数据进行实证检验,得出:数字劳动要素能通过区内主体协同及区际创新协同合力推进数字协同创新。知识溢出与创新要素流动仍是数字劳动要素激发数字协同创新的渠道机制,但囿于二者的约束,数字劳动要素的协同创新模式存在空间分异特征,其中,知识富集、产权保护程度强的北京、武汉、上海、天津等地区更适宜通过区际协同创新,不断增强自主创新能力,而创新要素流动干预强的广州、宁波、深圳虽能加速区内数字协同创新,但内涵式创新发展路径却因过高的创新要素流动壁垒被阻断。

, authors=王欣亮1, 李想1, 刘飞2, authorsList=王欣亮, 李想, 刘飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘飞, authorNote=

王欣亮(1986-),男,教授、博士生导师。

李想(2000-),男,博士研究生。

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刘飞(1985-),女,教授, E-mail:。
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Based on the dual perspectives of total amount and structure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315372189554160342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, awardId=72474180, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(72474180), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1315372189625463511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, awardId=72074180, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(72074180), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1315372191303185112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, awardId=2025KG-YBXM-103, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省创新支撑计划软科学项目(2025KG-YBXM-103), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315372178892239504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372179135509137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, companyId=1315372178892239504, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Northwest University School of Public Management, Xi’an 710127, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372179148092050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, companyId=1315372178892239504, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西北大学公共管理学院, 陕西西安 710127)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315372179219395219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372179227783828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, companyId=1315372179219395219, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Northwest University School of Economics & Management, Xi’an 710127, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372179236172437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, companyId=1315372179219395219, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 西北大学经济管理学院, 陕西西安 710127)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315372182969103026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Average level of digital innovation agglomeration in various cities from 2011 to 2023, figureFileSmall=qyRe58gwAMa8eRIxrjwOJQ==, figureFileBig=92HynGpGtXd/GY/RTu+OkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372183069766323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2011年-2023年各地市数字创新集聚平均水平

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2022)1873号的标准地图绘制,底图无修改。

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Construction of the index system of digital labor elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据要素获取 数字技能应用 数字习得意识
传统网络渠道 移动电话基站数、移动电话交换机容量、长途光缆密度; 共享互联指数 地区拥有网页数、网页字节数、移动电话用户数、互联网宽带接入用户数; 参与态度 人民网留言、普惠金融广度指数;
网络消费指数 电信业务总量、邮政业务收入、电子商务交易额;
新型数字渠道 IPV4/IPV6地址数、每千人拥有域名数、云计算中心建设数; 数字金融使用
深度指数
移动支付使用指数、保险业务指数
银行信贷业务指数;
认知态度 大数据相关政策发布量;
信息创造指数 高新技术企业研究开发人员、科学研究和技术服务从业人员; 数字风险意识 数字安全社会关注度;
), ArticleFig(id=1315372187373122242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数字劳动要素指标体系构建

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据要素获取 数字技能应用 数字习得意识
传统网络渠道 移动电话基站数、移动电话交换机容量、长途光缆密度; 共享互联指数 地区拥有网页数、网页字节数、移动电话用户数、互联网宽带接入用户数; 参与态度 人民网留言、普惠金融广度指数;
网络消费指数 电信业务总量、邮政业务收入、电子商务交易额;
新型数字渠道 IPV4/IPV6地址数、每千人拥有域名数、云计算中心建设数; 数字金融使用
深度指数
移动支付使用指数、保险业务指数
银行信贷业务指数;
认知态度 大数据相关政策发布量;
信息创造指数 高新技术企业研究开发人员、科学研究和技术服务从业人员; 数字风险意识 数字安全社会关注度;
), ArticleFig(id=1315372187452814019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics

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变量 样本量 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
Eff_coor 3,679 0.0042 0.0371 0.0000 1.0000
Equ_coor 3,679 0.0579 0.1541 0.0000 1.0000
Dc 3,679 0.0192 0.0293 0.0005 0.5508
Agdp 3,679 10.8100 0.5683 8.7729 12.4864
Stru 3,679 43.4188 10.1081 14.3600 84.8500
Fin 3,679 1.1085 0.6623 0.1322 12.8171
Open 3,679 0.1944 0.3162 0.0000 3.2092
Inf 3,679 1.2103 0.6000 0.0484 5.2453
Gov 3,679 0.0383 0.0336 0.0002 0.9367
), ArticleFig(id=1315372187532505796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 样本量 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
Eff_coor 3,679 0.0042 0.0371 0.0000 1.0000
Equ_coor 3,679 0.0579 0.1541 0.0000 1.0000
Dc 3,679 0.0192 0.0293 0.0005 0.5508
Agdp 3,679 10.8100 0.5683 8.7729 12.4864
Stru 3,679 43.4188 10.1081 14.3600 84.8500
Fin 3,679 1.1085 0.6623 0.1322 12.8171
Open 3,679 0.1944 0.3162 0.0000 3.2092
Inf 3,679 1.2103 0.6000 0.0484 5.2453
Gov 3,679 0.0383 0.0336 0.0002 0.9367
), ArticleFig(id=1315372187616391877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Benchmark regression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 0.4937*** 1.2467*** 0.5063*** 1.2122***
(0.0287) (0.1944) (0.0301) (0.2045)
Constants 0.0227*** 0.2798*** 0.0133 0.0414
(0.0007) (0.0044) (0.0289) (0.1961)
控制变量 否 否 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是
N 3679 3679 3679 3679
R2 0.8607 0.8212 0.8613 0.8216
), ArticleFig(id=1315372187704472262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基准回归

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 0.4937*** 1.2467*** 0.5063*** 1.2122***
(0.0287) (0.1944) (0.0301) (0.2045)
Constants 0.0227*** 0.2798*** 0.0133 0.0414
(0.0007) (0.0044) (0.0289) (0.1961)
控制变量 否 否 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是
N 3679 3679 3679 3679
R2 0.8607 0.8212 0.8613 0.8216
), ArticleFig(id=1315372187956130504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Robustness test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 替换被解释变量测度 更换估计模型 剔除个别值 增加时间趋势
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 4.6170*** -6.1725*** 0.1388** 8.8075*** 0.1989*** 1.0509*** 0.5063*** 1.2123***
(1.1279) (1.4159) (0.0618) (1.5606) (0.0235) (0.2647) (0.1901) (0.2954)
L.Equ_coor - - - -0.2799*** - - - -
- - - (0.0399) - - - -
L.Eff_coor - - 1.2176*** - - - - -
- - (0.0297) - - - - -
Constants 5.6933*** -12.9007*** -0.0543*** -11.4558 0.0051 0.0458 0.0135 0.0383
(1.0813) (1.3573) 0.0128 19.1757 (0.0167) (0.1887) (0.0450) (0.1848)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
N 3679 3679 3396 3396 3627 3627 3679 3679
R2 0.8242 0.8371 - - 0.8386 0.8338 0.8613 0.8216
), ArticleFig(id=1315372188065182409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

稳健性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 替换被解释变量测度 更换估计模型 剔除个别值 增加时间趋势
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 4.6170*** -6.1725*** 0.1388** 8.8075*** 0.1989*** 1.0509*** 0.5063*** 1.2123***
(1.1279) (1.4159) (0.0618) (1.5606) (0.0235) (0.2647) (0.1901) (0.2954)
L.Equ_coor - - - -0.2799*** - - - -
- - - (0.0399) - - - -
L.Eff_coor - - 1.2176*** - - - - -
- - (0.0297) - - - - -
Constants 5.6933*** -12.9007*** -0.0543*** -11.4558 0.0051 0.0458 0.0135 0.0383
(1.0813) (1.3573) 0.0128 19.1757 (0.0167) (0.1887) (0.0450) (0.1848)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
N 3679 3679 3396 3396 3627 3627 3679 3679
R2 0.8242 0.8371 - - 0.8386 0.8338 0.8613 0.8216
), ArticleFig(id=1315372188149068490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of the endogeneity treatment test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 宽带中国 珠峰计划 智慧城市 政策组合
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
DID1 0.0232*** 0.1065*** - - - - - -
(0.0045) (0.0293) - - - - - -
DID2 - - 0.0030* 0.1343*** - - - -
- - (0.0016) (0.0231) - - - -
DID3 - - - - 0.0129*** 0.0826*** - -
- - - - (0.0019) (0.0289) - -
DID1*2*3 - - - - - - 0.0379*** 0.1273**
- - - - - - (0.0063) (0.0540)
Constants 0.0135 0.0009 0.0291 3.4273*** 0.0129*** 3.3439*** 0.0282 0.7528***
(0.0302) (0.1980) (0.0301) (0.2681) (0.0019) (0.2718) (0.0299) (0.1172)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
N 3679 3679 3679 3679 3679 3679 3679 3679
R2 0.8510 0.8204 0.8499 0.0202 0.2490 0.0128 0.8513 0.0205
), ArticleFig(id=1315372188375560907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

内生性处理检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 宽带中国 珠峰计划 智慧城市 政策组合
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
DID1 0.0232*** 0.1065*** - - - - - -
(0.0045) (0.0293) - - - - - -
DID2 - - 0.0030* 0.1343*** - - - -
- - (0.0016) (0.0231) - - - -
DID3 - - - - 0.0129*** 0.0826*** - -
- - - - (0.0019) (0.0289) - -
DID1*2*3 - - - - - - 0.0379*** 0.1273**
- - - - - - (0.0063) (0.0540)
Constants 0.0135 0.0009 0.0291 3.4273*** 0.0129*** 3.3439*** 0.0282 0.7528***
(0.0302) (0.1980) (0.0301) (0.2681) (0.0019) (0.2718) (0.0299) (0.1172)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是
N 3679 3679 3679 3679 3679 3679 3679 3679
R2 0.8510 0.8204 0.8499 0.0202 0.2490 0.0128 0.8513 0.0205
), ArticleFig(id=1315372188467835596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of the action mechanism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 知识溢出 创新要素流动
(1) (2) (3)
KS T K
Dc 2.0816*** 6.3338*** 3.6685***
(0.3567) (2.0123) (0.4398)
Constants 0.0227*** 8.6512** 0.0133
(0.0007) (4.1680) (0.0289)
控制变量 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是
N 3679 3679 3679
R2 0.9851 0.9722 0.5576
), ArticleFig(id=1315372188551721677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

作用机制分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 知识溢出 创新要素流动
(1) (2) (3)
KS T K
Dc 2.0816*** 6.3338*** 3.6685***
(0.3567) (2.0123) (0.4398)
Constants 0.0227*** 8.6512** 0.0133
(0.0007) (4.1680) (0.0289)
控制变量 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是
N 3679 3679 3679
R2 0.9851 0.9722 0.5576
), ArticleFig(id=1315372188643996366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Paths of regional digital collaborative innovation under the constraint of knowledge spillover

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 知识富集区 知识贫瘠区 知识产权保护约束
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 0.5582*** 1.4705*** 0.2282 0.7733** -0.8584 -4.1422***
(0.0372) (0.2535) (0.1625) (0.3813) (0.6131) (0.8961)
DC*Knop - - - - 0.6255** 3.4365***
- - - - (0.2819) (0.5601)
Constants -0.0674 -0.2102 0.0621 0.1119 -0.1203** -0.0439
(0.0442) (0.3015) (0.0813) (0.2870) (0.0407) (0.1955)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是 是 是
N 1950 1950 1729 1729 3679 3679
R2 0.8824 0.8453 0.8316 0.8061 0.8473 0.8235
), ArticleFig(id=1315372188849517264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

知识溢出约束下区域数字协同创新的路径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 知识富集区 知识贫瘠区 知识产权保护约束
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 0.5582*** 1.4705*** 0.2282 0.7733** -0.8584 -4.1422***
(0.0372) (0.2535) (0.1625) (0.3813) (0.6131) (0.8961)
DC*Knop - - - - 0.6255** 3.4365***
- - - - (0.2819) (0.5601)
Constants -0.0674 -0.2102 0.0621 0.1119 -0.1203** -0.0439
(0.0442) (0.3015) (0.0813) (0.2870) (0.0407) (0.1955)
控制变量 是 是 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是 是 是
N 1950 1950 1729 1729 3679 3679
R2 0.8824 0.8453 0.8316 0.8061 0.8473 0.8235
), ArticleFig(id=1315372189214421714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Digital collaborative innovation effects under the intervention of innovative talent elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 人才干预强 人才干预弱
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 0.8385*** -0.2772 0.5090*** 1.1855***
(0.0766) (0.8811) (0.0448) (0.3087)
Constants 0.1314** 0.0054 -0.0313 -0.1043
(0.0545) (0.3881) (0.0387) (0.2661)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是
N 1262 1262 2380 2380
R2 0.8744 0.8314 0.8360 0.8203
), ArticleFig(id=1315372189294113491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

创新人才要素干预下的数字协同创新效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 人才干预强 人才干预弱
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 0.8385*** -0.2772 0.5090*** 1.1855***
(0.0766) (0.8811) (0.0448) (0.3087)
Constants 0.1314** 0.0054 -0.0313 -0.1043
(0.0545) (0.3881) (0.0387) (0.2661)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是
N 1262 1262 2380 2380
R2 0.8744 0.8314 0.8360 0.8203
), ArticleFig(id=1315372189382193876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Digital collaborative innovation effects under the intervention of innovative capital elements

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变量 资本干预强 资本干预弱
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 0.6501*** 1.6428 -0.0585 1.1891***
(0.0744) (1.2990) (0.0646) (0.3102)
Constants -0.0866 0.0057 0.0442 0.0918
(0.0587) (0.3961) (0.0352) (0.2824)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是
N 1575 1575 2060 2060
R2 0.8225 0.8499 0.8748 0.8214
), ArticleFig(id=1315372189445108437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372168268067451, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

创新资本要素干预下的数字协同创新效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 资本干预强 资本干预弱
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Eff_coor Equ_coor Eff_coor Equ_coor
Dc 0.6501*** 1.6428 -0.0585 1.1891***
(0.0744) (1.2990) (0.0646) (0.3102)
Constants -0.0866 0.0057 0.0442 0.0918
(0.0587) (0.3961) (0.0352) (0.2824)
控制变量 是 是 是 是
个体固定 是 是 是 是
时间固定 是 是 是 是
N 1575 1575 2060 2060
R2 0.8225 0.8499 0.8748 0.8214
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数字劳动要素累积下数字协同创新的路径研究——基于知识溢出与创新要素流动的分析
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王欣亮 1 , 李想 1 , 刘飞 2
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(3): 571-585
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (3) : 571 -585
数字劳动要素累积下数字协同创新的路径研究——基于知识溢出与创新要素流动的分析
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王欣亮1, 李想1, 刘飞2
作者信息
  • 1 西北大学公共管理学院, 陕西西安 710127
  • 2 西北大学经济管理学院, 陕西西安 710127
通讯作者:
刘飞(1985-),女,教授, E-mail:。
作者简介:

王欣亮(1986-),男,教授、博士生导师。

李想(2000-),男,博士研究生。

Research on the path of digital collaborative innovation under the accumulation of digital labor elements: Based on the analysis of knowledge spillover and the flow of innovation elements
Xin-liang WANG1, Xiang LI1, Fei LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Northwest University School of Public Management, Xi’an 710127, China
  • 2 Northwest University School of Economics & Management, Xi’an 710127, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15
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加速驱动数字协同创新,是解决颠覆式技术创新外部性、复杂性问题、推动区域协调发展的关键。基于数字劳动要素特性,剖析数字协同创新的理论机制,并利用283个地级市十余年面板数据进行实证检验,得出:数字劳动要素能通过区内主体协同及区际创新协同合力推进数字协同创新。知识溢出与创新要素流动仍是数字劳动要素激发数字协同创新的渠道机制,但囿于二者的约束,数字劳动要素的协同创新模式存在空间分异特征,其中,知识富集、产权保护程度强的北京、武汉、上海、天津等地区更适宜通过区际协同创新,不断增强自主创新能力,而创新要素流动干预强的广州、宁波、深圳虽能加速区内数字协同创新,但内涵式创新发展路径却因过高的创新要素流动壁垒被阻断。

数字劳动要素  /  数字协同创新  /  主体协同  /  区际协同  /  知识溢出  /  创新要素流动

A comprehensive review of previous literature on digital technology innovation predominantly posits that expediting the agglomeration of capital and talent yields positive externalities. However, shortages in these resources often precipitate systemic disruptions, such as talent poaching competitions and detrimental tax rate races among regions. These phenomena impede the efficient allocation of resources and obstruct the advancement of regional digital collaborative innovation. In contrast, data, as a novel production factor, can manifest agglomeration effects within virtualized environments, thereby propelling urban digital innovation. Lacking a tangible physical form, data factors necessitate integration with traditional elements, such as labor, to generate amplified, synergistic, and multiplicative impacts in production processes. This unique characteristic of data implies that digital labor, by inheriting data-factor attributes, may reconfigure the dynamics of traditional factor mobility, thereby influencing regional digital collaborative innovation.

To empirically validate this theoretical conjecture, this study operationalizes digital collaborative innovation along two dimensions (intra-regional and inter-regional) cooperationwithin the theoretical framework of innovation systems. Utilizing a panel dataset encompassing 283 prefecture - level cities from 2011 to 2023, the research undertakes a rigorous econometric analysis to examine the effects and underlying mechanisms of digital labor factors on digital collaborative innovation. Additionally, it explores the optimal trajectories of digital collaborative innovation across cities, contingent upon the cumulative development of digital labor factors.

The study's principal findings are as follows:(1) Digital labor factors demonstrably accelerate holistic regional digital collaborative innovation.;(2)Knowledge spillovers and the circulation of innovation factors remain pivotal mechanisms through which digital labor drives regional digital collaborative innovation;(3)Under the constraints of knowledge diffusion and factor mobility, the modus operandi of digital labor-driven digital collaborative innovation exhibits distinct spatial heterogeneity. Regions characterized by abundant knowledge reserves (e.g., Beijing and Wuhan), robust intellectual property protection (e.g., Shanghai and Tianjin), or limited innovation-factor competition (e.g., Wuxi and Foshan) are better suited to pursue inter-regional collaborative innovation models. Conversely, cities with proactive policy interventions in innovation-factor circulation (e.g., Guangzhou, Ningbo, and Shenzhen) tend to foster more effective intra-regional digital collaboration;(4)The accumulation of digital labor factors enhances the knowledge absorption capacity of regions with limited knowledge endowments, enabling them to build innovation capabilities through imitative innovation. In this context, intellectual property protection emerges as a critical determinant for transitioning from collaborative to independent innovation. Furthermore, excessive regulatory interventions in talent and capital flows are found to undermine the path of endogenous innovation, thereby impeding the full realization of digital collaborative innovation potential. These findings not only enrich the theoretical understanding of digital labor factor cultivation but also offer a robust foundation for harnessing digital dividends, invigorating digital economic innovation, and formulating evidence - based strategies for regional coordinated development.

This research contributes to the extant literature in three significant ways. First, by integrating the unique characteristics of digital labor, it elucidates the micro-foundations of regional digital collaborative innovation, thereby advancing the theoretical discourse on digital labor valuation. Second, it adopts a dual-dimensional analytical approach, examining both intra and inter-regional collaborative dynamics, which mitigates the potential exacerbation of regional disparities inherent in single-entity or single-city innovation studies. Third, by analyzing the evolving patterns of knowledge spillovers and factor mobility in the context of digital labor accumulation, it identifies region-specific optimal pathways for digital collaborative innovation, providing policymakers with tailored recommendations for formulating effective digital technology cooperation strategies.

digital labor elements  /  digital collaborative innovation  /  entity collaboration  /  inter-regional collaboration  /  knowledge spillover  /  flow of innovation elements
王欣亮, 李想, 刘飞. 数字劳动要素累积下数字协同创新的路径研究——基于知识溢出与创新要素流动的分析. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (3) : 571 -585 .
Xin-liang WANG, Xiang LI, Fei LIU. Research on the path of digital collaborative innovation under the accumulation of digital labor elements: Based on the analysis of knowledge spillover and the flow of innovation elements[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (3) : 571 -585 .
随着数字经济规模不断扩大,我国数字技术创新水平不断提升,正成为新质生产力发展的重要引擎,但囿于区域产业发展禀赋、技术创新基础差异,致使数字技术创新存在明显的区域集聚与不均衡特征(如图1所示),这将阻碍区域间优势资源共享与创新能力互补,抑制科技创新的“场效应”[1]。2025年政府工作报告提出:“激发数字经济创新活力,将数字技术与制造优势、市场优势更好结合起来”①(①原文出自中国政府网:政府工作报告——2025年3月5日在第十四届全国人民代表大会第三次会议上, https://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/2025qglh/。),同时,习近平总书记也强调:“大力推进区域协同创新”②(②原文出自《习近平在参加江苏代表团审议时强调:牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务》,《人民日报》2023年3月6日,第1版。),这一系列指示表明,具有通用性强、渗透力高[2]、且技术溢出“冰山成本”低等特征的数字协同创新发展对解决区域间产业技术协作障碍、加速优势资源共享、增强创新能力互补具有重要价值。
纵观以往关注数字技术创新的研究,多认为加速资本、人才集聚具有积极效应[3],但资本与人才不足将使创新发展陷入诸如“抢人大战”“税收逐底竞争”等混乱中,抑制资源优化配置[4],阻碍区域数字协同创新。而作为新生产要素的数据要素能在虚拟集聚状态下发挥集聚效应,推动城市数字创新[5],且由于其没有具体的自然物理形态,只有与劳动力等传统要素组合才能在生产中发挥放大、叠加、倍增效应,这使得数字劳动要素将可能因兼具数据要素特性,改变传统要素流动状态,影响区域数字协同创新[6]。那么,数字劳动要素能成为推动区域数字协同创新的引擎吗?随着数字劳动要素不断累积,是否会改变区域数字协同创新的原有路径?在区域协调发展战略下,各区域应如何因地制宜推进区域数字协同创新?回答这一系列问题有利于在数字时代,深化对培育数字劳动要素的认识,同时,为挖掘“数字红利”、激发数字经济创新活力,加速推进数字协同创新、实现区域协调发展的可行路径设计提供理论依据。
数字协同创新依托数字技术创新和区域协同创新[7],其关键目标在于共享区域优势资源、加强区域数字创新能力互补,缩小区域间关键科技创新差距。在这一内涵下,学者们虽对数字协同创新的影响因素进行了一系列探索,得出组织体系[7]、数字创新生态系统[8]、政产学研以及融资机构多主体协同[9]、政府治理能力[10]等会作用于数字协同创新,但由于多局限于定性分析,致使其研究结论客观性不足,使其应用价值受限。相关实证研究重在剖析单个区域或企业数字创新的影响因素分析,主要从数字基础设施[11]、数字治理能力[3]、数字平台[2]等方面进行了研究。但研究结论莫衷一是,Henfridsson等指出,数字基础设施的可供性和可编辑性虽能超越传统集约管理创新模式,使企业的创新模式加速迭代,但这一高速动态性也使数字创新难以控制和预测,导致数字技术创新程度难以断定[12],且韩先锋等也认为数智政策协同的数字技术创新赋能效应因人才禀赋、政府科技投入和数字接入程度等不同存在一定异质性[3]。
数字劳动要素的概念起源于意大利学者蒂齐亚纳·特拉诺瓦的论述,而后学者们对其内涵、价值等进行了一系列探讨。洪永淼和史九领认为数据要素参与生产的过程便是数据要素赋能传统生产要素的过程,当数据与劳动结合时便形成数字劳动要素[6]。此外,诸多学者也从马克思劳动价值论视角剖析数字劳动要素的内涵、价值及表现形式,认为数字劳动是数字经济时代,以数字知识与信息为关键生产资料的生产性和非生产性劳动过程,这使得数字劳动要素兼具数据要素与劳动力的特性[12]。当前,直接研究数字劳动要素影响数字协同创新的文献较少,相关研究重点剖析了数据要素对数字创新的赋能效应,如沈坤荣和林剑威证明了因数据要素的资源属性,公共数据开放对数字创新的作用强于其他类型创新[13],徐晔等也认为数据要素以资源形式作用于企业和科研机构,推动了数据技术发展和应用拓展[14]。但Cusumano等却认为数据要素赋能数字技术创新因大企业的数据优势,会加剧企业创新差距[15]。
综上可见,以往文献对数字劳动要素、数字协同创新均进行了较为详细的分析,对本文研究形成重要的理论支撑,但依然存在以下亟待发展的问题:一是重点从定性层面分析数字劳动要素、数字协同创新的内涵及影响因素,虽也指出了数字劳动对数字农业、工业和服务业发展具有重要价值,但却未详细论述这一价值实现的内在机制,也未进行客观检验,使深化数字劳动要素的价值认识受阻。二是虽实证检验了数字技术、设施、平台、治理等对数字技术创新的作用,但却从其异质性的检验结论难以推断对数字协同创新的客观效应;三是强调了数据要素对数字技术创新的重要价值[13],但却未探索其对数字协同创新的作用,且未关注到数字经济时代,数据要素赋能生产过程需与传统生产要素组合的必然性,致使分析结论与现实发展需求间存在一定脱节。鉴于此,本文重点从以下三个方面展开研究:一是结合数字劳动要素的特性,剖析区域数字协同创新的内在机制,以期深化关于数字劳动要素价值剖析的相关理论;二是从区域内主体协同(简称:区内协同)与区域间技术协同(简称:区际协同)两个层面剖析数字协同创新,并实证检验数字劳动要素影响区域数字协同创新的客观效应,避免因考察单一企业或城市数字创新加剧区域不均衡;三是结合数字劳动要素累积下知识溢出与要素流动的变动特征,识别各区域加速数字协同创新的可行路径,为区域数字技术协作政策制定提供因地制宜的科学路径。
数字协同创新的底层逻辑是技术创新系统协同培育的过程。根据创新系统理论,区域数字协同创新系统由多个子系统与主体共同组成,因空间关联与主体互动形成内部与区域间协同关系(如图2所示)。
在区域内,创新协同强调知识、技术、人才等资源在企业、科研机构、政府、用户等多元主体间有序流动。在区域间,Trippl提出知识共享、资源互补等是区域间建立创新系统,促进协同创新的关键,而创新要素空间配置状态体现了人才、资本等创新资源在区域间的互补程度[16],区域间的创新协同关系建立正是由于创新要素在区域间流动加速了各创新主体之间的技术交流与合作实现的[17]。但区域内和区域间协同并不是孤立的,区内协同是区际协同的创新知识溢出与迭代基础。基于以上空间互动关系,数字劳动要素作为数字知识、技术与信息载体,既以数字思维投入创新中,影响区内协同,也发挥数据要素的可复制性、网络效应等,影响创新主体的空间关联关系,作用于区际协同。就区内协同而言,数字劳动要素作为独特的数字资源型人力资本,具有更高的知识捕获与学习吸收能力,加速数字技术创新能力迭代,提高原有的数字协同创新产出,Abrell等就证明了提高获取知识的能力能够提升数字创新水平[18],Santoso等也证明了数字技能高的个体创新能力更强[19]。此外,其作为数字信息与知识载体能降低协同创新中信息摩擦、知识传播等交易成本,且能从用户视角强化协同创新监管能力,孙大明等[10]也认为应提升公众数字素养、增强数字监管力度,助力数字协同创新。就区际协同而言,数字劳动要素正在改变区域间创新主体的技术交流与合作关系,其以数字能力不断挖掘数字平台与数字基础设施在区际协同中的积极效应,以更高效的知识传播与创新要素流动,打破区际协同创新的物理边界、降低技术转移与知识溢出的交易成本。
由以上分析推断:
H1:数字劳动要素能加速区内及区际数字协同创新。
基于创新生态系统理论,多元主体互动和资源流动是核心要素,而考虑跨区域的协同关系建立时,知识共享和创新要素流动显得尤为重要[16]。左万水等也证明了知识、人力、资本等流动性要素是区域间数字创新互动的主要因素,大学、数字基础设施等非流动性要素仅对本地数字创新具有促进作用[20]。故在分析区域整体数字协同创新时,主要从知识溢出与创新要素流动两种效应展开。
知识溢出效应。知识基础观理论强调外部知识获取对创新绩效提升至关重要[21],但因地理距离较近、或技术邻近的创新主体间更易发生业务往来、人员流动和技术交流,致使知识溢出存在明显的地理边界与技术边界,制约区域整体数字协同创新[22]。而数字劳动要素累积一方面会以超越物理集聚的状态,将知识溢出源由传统的中心区域转为无固定空间区位的“知识池”,又借用数字平台汇集或加速扩散知识,能有效对抗知识溢出的“地理距离衰减效应”,扩大知识溢出地理边界,刘烨等也证明了劳动力在产业组织数字化的虚拟集聚状态,能够克服知识溢出的空间阻滞问题[5]。另一方面,数字劳动要素作为数字知识载体,能利用互联网等数字平台改变创新主体的组织创新和学习能力,降低创新主体涉入跨界技术领域交流的知识内化成本,加速知识在不同产业领域扩散,打破知识溢出的技术边界,增强跨界数字协同创新能力。张骁等通过案例分析也证明了互联网扩展了知识池,使组织能加速实现跨界异质性知识吸收[23],而作为知识载体的数字劳动要素正是这一知识池跨界溢出的主体力量[24]。
由以上分析推断:
H2:数字劳动要素通过知识溢出增强区域数字协同创新。
创新要素流动效应。创新要素自由流动是优化创新要素空间配置、促进区域间人才、资本互补整合,形成区域数字协同创新的重要基础,但因区际行政壁垒、政策障碍等,致使要素空间流动存在较高岗位搜寻成本和资本交易成本,抑制创新要素集聚的扩散效应,导致区域创新形成“极化效应”,进一步抑制创新要素自由流动[25]。数字劳动要素作为创新人才主体,能高效利用数字技术挖掘和使用劳动力市场信息,缓解区际劳动市场信息不对称,降低创新人才跨区域、跨行业的岗位搜寻成本。如Brynjolfsson等就曾证明具有更高AI使用能力时,能降低跨区域和跨语言障碍的岗位搜寻成本,使创新人才能够更便捷地获取全球范围内的职业机会[26]。此外,数字劳动要素作为创新管理者、企业决策者,有助于创新主体高效利用数字技术,构建跨区域数字化操控平台、推动远程协作与虚拟团队建设,降低企业跨区域边界扩张的管理成本,同时,更高效利用区块链等数据技术、以及公共数据资源,也有助于降低跨区域投资与交易的违约与信息挖掘成本,Tambe等也指出数字技能是推动跨区域创新资本流动的关键[27]。
由以上分析推断:
H3:数字劳动要素通过加速创新要素流动增强区域数字协同创新。
数字协同创新既要深化区域内协同创新以突破技术创新瓶颈,又要通过跨区域创新交流与合作,实现区域间数字创新协同。鉴于此,本文从区内与区际协同两个维度衡量数字协同创新,并构建模型(1)和(2)。
$Eff\_coo{r}_{it}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}D{c}_{it}+{\theta }_{k}{X}_{it}+{\delta }_{i}+{\lambda }_{t}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
$Equ\_coo{r}_{it}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{2}D{c}_{it}+{\theta }_{k}{X}_{it}+{\delta }_{i}+{\lambda }_{t}+{\epsilon }_{it}$
式(1)中$Eff\_coo{r}_{it}$表示i市t年区内协同水平,式(2)中$Equ\_coo{r}_{it}$表示i城市t年份的区际协同水平;Dcit表示i市t年数字劳动要素积累程度;Xit表示一系列控制变量。
(1)数字协同创新
区内协同使用地区企业当年联合授权数字经济相关专利数衡量,并对其标准化处理;区际协同使用区域联系、增长及差异状况的协同度来表征,具体测算方法如式(3)—(6)所示:
$I=\frac{n}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}{W}_{ji}}\times \frac{\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}{W}_{it}({x}_{i}-\stackrel{-}{x})({x}_{j}-\stackrel{-}{x})}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}({x}_{i}{-\stackrel{-}{x})}^{2}}$
$\beta In{n}_{it}=\frac{1}{\overline{{y}_{t}}}\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{n}({y}_{it}{-\overline{{y}_{t}})}^{2}\times \frac{Po{p}_{it}}{Po{p}_{t}}}$
$ VIn{n}_{it}=\frac{1}{\overline{{x}_{t}}}\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{n}({x}_{it}{-\overline{{x}_{t}})}^{2}\times \frac{Po{p}_{it}}{Po{p}_{t}}}$
$Equ\_coor=exp\{-{(z-z\text{'})}^{2}/s\}$
式(3)用Moran’s I系数测度区际创新联系状态,其中,n为城市数量;xi和xj分别表示i市和j市的数字创新水平,在此采用当年授权数字经济相关发明和实用新型专利数量表征,${\stackrel{-}{x}}_{t}$为对应年份的平均值;Wji为反地理距离空间权重矩阵。式(4)使用加权变异系数测算区际数字创新增长率差异(βInnit),其中,yit为i市数字创新增长率,$\overline{{y}_{t}}$为城市均值;Popit和Popt分别为i市人口数和城市总人口数。式(5)使用加权变异系数测度区际数字创新水平差异;而后使用将(3)、(4)和(5)的测算结果利用平均赋权法综合为指数z,用以表征某年某市区际数字协同创新实测值,进而利用协同度函数计算其期望值z',并通过式(6)最终测算出区际数字创新协同指数$Equ\_coor$,当该值越趋近于1则表明协同度越高。
(2)数字劳动要素
数字劳动要素(Dc)指从事各类有偿或者无偿的数据生产、数字技术开发、处理数据、维修数字设备等一系列数字相关活动[24],这就需要传统劳动力具有一定数字素养才能成为数字劳动要素。本文结合欧盟委员会出台的《全球数字素养框架》和Mirabile[28]的做法,从数据要素获取、数字技能应用与数字习得意识三个维度入手,构建了包括9个二级指标和22个三级指标的测度体系,更精准刻画数字劳动要素存量(具体如表1所示),并使用熵值法将各指标进行聚合,形成数字劳动要素累积指数,该指数越大,表明数字劳动要素存量更大。
(3)其他控制变量
参考已有研究,纳入经济发展水平等控制变量,其中,经济发展水平(Agdp)采用人均GDP取对数衡量;产业结构高级化(Stru)采用第三产业增加值占地区生产总值的百分比表征;金融支持(Fin)使用金融机构年末存贷款余额占地区生产总值的比重表征;经济开放度(Open)用地区进出口总额占GDP比重衡量;交通基础设施(Inf)用每平方千米公路线路里程数衡量;政府创新投入(Gov)使用全市科技支出占地方一般预算支出比重衡量。
囿于行政区划变化及数据可得性,本文以2011-2023年283个地级市为样本。其中,城市数据主要来自历年《中国城市统计年鉴》《中国科技统计年鉴》以及国泰安、CNRDS等数据库,个别样本缺失值通过各地市统计公报、年鉴查找补充;普惠金融广度、数字金融使用深度等来自蚂蚁金服数据库,并以年均增长率延长1年;其余数据来自北大法宝数据库、各地方政府官网、人民网留言版、百度指数等,由作者手工或Python爬虫获取。变量描述性统计如表2所示。
为验证数字劳动要素对数字协同创新的影响效应,对模型(1)和(2)进行参数估计,结果如表3所示。其中,列(1)—(4)结果显示,无论是否加入控制变量,数字劳动要素均对数字协同创新的区内和区际协同具有显著的正向影响,这表明数字劳动要素改变了数字创新生态系统,加速区域数字协同创新,可见,数字劳动要素既是促使区域主体协同推动数字协同创新的关键、也是促进区际协同推动数字协同创新的重要着力点。
为保障回归结果可靠,本文进行了一系列稳健性检验:一是运用人口加权变异系数的组间差距来衡量区际数字协同创新,并以R&D人员、R&D经费和每万人数字专利授权数作为投入与产出变量,使用SBM进行测算衡量数字创新主体协同;二是引入被解释变量的一阶滞后项作为解释变量,并构建SYS-GMM模型进行检验;三是剔除北京市、上海市、天津市和重庆市这四个考察对象,同时消除时间趋势变动的影响。经过以上处理的检验结果如表4所示,与基准回归结果基本一致。
为解决基准回归模型存在的内生性问题,用“宽带中国”试点政策代替核心解释变量中数据要素获取;用“珠峰计划”,即《基础学科拔尖学生培养试验计划》(以下简称《计划》),替换核心解释变量中数字技能应用;用“智慧城市”试点政策替换核心解释变量中数字习得意识。估计结果如表5所示,估计结果依然支持基准检验结果,证明基准回归稳健。
为验证本文H2和H3,进行中介机制检验。知识溢出$K{S}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}K{S}_{ij}$,其中,$K{S}_{ij}=\frac{H{K}_{i}{K}_{j}}{{{d}_{ij}}^{2}}$,表示i和j间的知识溢出量,H为引力常数,dij为i和j间直线距离,Ki和Kj为知识存量。t年i市的知识存量可以表示为Kit=(1-ω)ki,t-1+Iit,ω为折旧率,取为15%;Iit是t时期i区域的实际R&D经费支出,由名义R&D经费支出平减所得,其中名义R&D经费支出用R&D经费内部支出进行表征。进而以2011年为基期构造平减指数${K}_{i2011}=\frac{{I}_{i2011}}{g+\omega }$,g为实际R&D经费支出的年均增长率,以此类推测算每一年每个地区的知识溢出水平。进而改进原有的引力模型测算创新要素流动,具体将区域间吸引力表示为${M}_{ij}=\frac{{F}_{ij}{N}_{i}^{{\alpha }^{i}}{N}_{j}^{{\alpha }^{j}}}{{R}_{ij}^{b}}$,其中,Fij=1表示区域间引力系数;Ni和Nj表示区域某种规模量;αi和αj为引力参数,取值为1;Rij为区域间距离,b=1为距离衰减系数。基于此,进一步测算创新人才与资本流动。将i区域流入到其他区域的创新人才流动总量表示为${T}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}{T}_{ij}$,i区域流向j区域的创新人才流动量则为${T}_{ij}=\frac{ln{N}_{i}\times lnpgd{p}_{j}}{{d}_{ij}}$,其中,Ni是i区域的创新人才数量,用地区R&D人员数表征;pgdpj是j区域的人均GDP。此外,由于地区创新资本存量决定了吸引力,故使用${K}_{ij}=\frac{ln{C}_{i}ln{C}_{j}}{{D}_{ij}}$测算创新资本流动,其中i区域流入到其他区域的创新资本流动总量${K}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}{C}_{ij}$;Ci和Cj分别表示创新资本存量,经R&D经费测算所得。
基于此,对数字劳动要素影响知识溢出与创新要素流动的效应进行估计,结果如表6所示。表6中列(1)显示,数字劳动要素对知识溢出的影响效应显著为正,即其能提升知识溢出水平;列(2)和(3)的结果表明,数字劳动要素对资本与劳动创新要素流动也具有正向影响,可见,知识溢出、创新要素流动是数字劳动要素推动数字协同创新的重要渠道,H2和H3得以验证。
数字劳动要素能够使各区域创新主体成为知识或创新网络中各节点的平等参与者,并能利用互联网平台,突破物理距离限制,打破知识溢出和要素流动的“距离衰减法则”,那么,数字劳动要素不断累积的背景下,知识溢出和创新要素流动还会约束数字协同创新吗?回答这一问题不仅能回应上文的机制分析,还能识别数字劳动要素的数字协同创新效应异质性。
(1)知识溢出的约束
由于各区域初始学习能力和技术水平差距难以弥补,知识会引致差异化的数字协同创新发展模式,产生不同程度的知识溢出效应,约束数字劳动要素的数字协同创新作用,而知识集聚程度与知识产权保护均会影响区域间知识溢出水平,故从知识集聚程度与产权保护入手,剖析数字劳动要素作用于数字协同创新效应差异。在知识集聚方面,以普通高等学校数量衡量地区知识集聚程度,并以均值为标准划分出富集与贫瘠两类知识集聚区,进行回归分析,结果如表7列(1)-(4)所示。
在知识富集区,数字劳动要素积累既为区域内主体协同数字创新赋能,也有助于区际数字协同创新,但在知识贫瘠区,即使不断累积数字劳动要素,也无法促进区域内主体协同数字创新,只能通过自身数字劳动要素不断积累,与其他区域形成数字协同创新模式,才能促使数字协同创新水平提升。在知识产权保护方面,借鉴林周周的做法[29],用地区技术市场转让规模表征知识产权保护程度(Knop),交互项估计结果如表7中列(5)和(6)所示,证明了知识产权保护越强,数字劳动要素的数字协同创新作用越大,且并没有因为知识产权保护力度提升导致区际协同受阻,反而更增强了区际协同效应。
此外,以上结论还表明,在知识集聚区和产权保护区存在差异化的数字协同创新路径,知识集聚度和知识产权保护存在一定的正向关系,致使数字劳动要素下数字协同创新路径具有一致性,具体路径如图3所示。
(2)创新要素流动性的约束
当前,各地出现了为创新而竞争的新局面,致使落户与税收呈现逐底竞争态势,这将改变原有创新人才与资本流动状态,甚至造成区域创新效率损失[4]。那么,数字劳动要素的出现能否抵消“抢人大战”“税收逐底竞争”带来的创新效率损失,依然发挥出数字协同创新作用呢?为回答以上问题,在创新人才与资本流动约束下进行实证检验。一是在创新人才流动约束下,本文使用是否降低落户门槛作为样本划分标准(选“是”则为强干预样本;反之,则反),这一做法既能解决模型内生性问题,又能兼顾政策评估的现实需求,估计结果如表8所示,可见,数字劳动要素积累能弱化“抢人大战”造成的创新分割,低干预地区数字劳动要素的区际协同创新更强,即数字劳动要素积累能够打破“抢人大战”造成的人才流动壁垒,加速区域数字协同创新。
此外,以上结论还表明,在不同要素干预程度下,虽然数字劳动要素积累均对区际数字协同创新水平具有显著的推进作用,但由于内部要素分布差异,致使数字协调创新的路径存在分异特征,具体路径如图4所示。
(1)知识溢出约束下的路径识别
因区域知识溢出程度存在一定差异,致使不同区域产生差异化的创新模式,也对应着不同的数字协同创新发展路径。鉴于此,本文以数字经济发明专利申请量表示自主创新,数字经济实用新型专利申请量表示模仿创新,进一步识别数字协同创新路径。结果如图5所示。在知识集聚约束下,知识富集区数字劳动要素既能提升自主创新水平、也能加速模仿创新,而在知识贫瘠区仅能加速模仿创新,证明了知识富集区更应通过主体协同加速自主创新,而知识贫瘠区则更应通过模仿创新、整合外部资源,推进区域数字协同创新;在知识产权保护约束下,数字劳动要素累积更能加速自主创新,即区域数字协同创新的目标路径应在此处设定为推进自主创新。
(2)创新要素流动约束下的路径识别
根据要素禀赋理论,区域要素禀赋决定了创新资源规模和结构。为实现要素禀赋与技术进步相匹配,地方政府产生创新资源向外开发和向内优化行为,进而形成外延式与内涵式两种创新模式,那么,在数字劳动要素累积下,数字协同创新应采取哪种模式?本文分别以对应R&D数量表征外延型创新模式,要素配置效率④(④ 要素配置效率测算公式:τKi=$\frac{1}{{\gamma }_{Ki}}$-1;τLi=$\frac{1}{{\gamma }_{Li}}$-1。)表征内涵型创新模式,在创新要素流动约束下进行再检验,结果如图6所示。其中,创新人才要素干预条件下的估计结果表明,过度干预人才流动方向既不利于数字协同创新、也会斩断数字协同创新的内涵式创新路径,而适度干预则还能继续通过外延式创新,实现数字协同创新目标;创新资本要素干预条件下的估计结果表明,加强资本流动干预,会斩断数字协同创新的内涵式创新路径,而在资本弱干预区域,外延式创新路径正在被数字协同创新建立起来。
在区域协调发展的战略目标下,探索数字劳动要素影响数字协同创新的机制与路径。基于创新系统理论框架,从区内与区际协同两个维度刻画数字协同创新,并以2011-2023年283个地级市为研究样本进行实证检验,得出:第一,数字劳动要素能加速区域整体数字协同创新;第二,知识溢出、创新要素流动仍是数字劳动要素驱动区域数字协同创新的关键机制;第三,知识溢出与创新要素流动约束下,数字劳动要素驱动数字协同创新的模式存在空间分异特征:知识富集的北京、武汉,产权保护程度高的上海、天津,以及创新要素竞争较弱的无锡、佛山等地区,更适宜“区际协同创新”模式,而创新要素流动干预强的广州、宁波、深圳则能加速区内数字协同创新;第四,数字劳动要素累积改变了知识贫瘠区的知识吸收能力,可通过模仿创新为数字协同创新储备力量,此时知识产权保护的作用凸显,成为通过协同创新推进自主创新的关键要素;此外,过度干预人才与资本流动都将会损害内涵式创新路径,制约数字协同创新效果发挥。以上结论蕴含以下政策启示:
第一,加速积累数字劳动要素,推动数字协同创新。一方面,应不断完善对劳动力进行数字技能培育的政策体系,引导劳动力积极利用网络资源,系统学习各类数字知识,同时,引导企业建立内部学习平台,根据数字创新需求,开发数字技能资源与培训项目。另一方面,聚焦数字创新需求,积极搭建数字技术应用场景,并举办各类虚拟现实体验、互动式展览活动等,引导企业和劳动者积极学习数字知识与技能。第二,建立区域协同知识产权保护机制,激发知识溢出兼顾产权保护。利用数字技术协同攻关项目审批,引导数字创新协同紧密的区域间签署知识产权保护合作协议、建立常态化沟通协调机制、制定统一的产权保护标准,并利用专利库、版权库等建立,形成区域知识产权信息共享平台,保障知识产权保护与知识溢出共同推进,增强区域整体数字协同创新能力。第三,建立创新人才共享机制,防止创新要素流动掣肘。应积极建立跨区域的人才信息库、开发人才共享服务活动,并以项目补贴等形式引导企业建立柔性引才机制、设立“人才飞地”,同时,引导数字技术合作密切的区域间建立人才工作协调组织,保障人才共享评价、认定、激励符合数字创新需求。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72474180)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72074180)
  • 陕西省创新支撑计划软科学项目(2025KG-YBXM-103)
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2026年第44卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
  • 修回日期:2025-03-20
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(72474180)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(72074180)
陕西省创新支撑计划软科学项目(2025KG-YBXM-103)
作者信息
    1 西北大学公共管理学院, 陕西西安 710127
    2 西北大学经济管理学院, 陕西西安 710127

通讯作者:

刘飞(1985-),女,教授, E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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