Article(id=1315372114144768497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739203200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-11, revisedDate=1751817600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538750443, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538750443, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538750443, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538750443, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372022658613552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538728624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538856865, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372560565523080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372560569717385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=529, endPage=540, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372115105264114, articleId=1315372114144768497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The standard alliance power structure and the standard formation duration, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accelerating the formation of standards is the key for firms to win competitive opportunities. For example, Tesla has established a significant competitive advantage in the electric vehicle market by rapidly building a network of supercharging stations and formulating efficient charging standards; Kodak, once a giant in the photography industry, gradually lost its dominant position in the market because of its failure to launch digital photography standards in time. From various practical cases, we can see that taking the lead in launching standards has become an important way for firms to demonstrate their innovative strength, formulate technical rules and seize competitive opportunities in specific fields. In this regard, how firms can improve the efficiency of standardization and shorten the standard formation duration is a hot topic of concern for managers.

Existing researches have richly studied the standard formation in the three aspects of firm resource capacity, external environment and standard alliance. Indeed, the research around the influencing factors of standard formation has made some progress, but there are still the following deficiencies that need to be further expanded. Firstly, the existing literature has mainly explored the impact of the size and membership diversity of standard alliance on standard formation from the perspective of individual firms, and lacks research at the alliance level. In fact, standard alliance is the main carrier to promote the process of standard development, and the power structure of alliance is the key factor affecting the operational efficiency of alliance. Secondly, the existing studies mainly take the number of standards developed by focal firms and the cumulative number of patent applications filed by the alliance as the proxy variables of standard formation, and lack the measurement of the efficiency of standard formation at the alliance level, so it is difficult to accurately answer the question of whether and how the standard alliance affects the efficiency of standard development.

In summary, this paper focuses on further expanding the stream of literature along the level of standard alliance, and puts forward the research hypothesis on the power structure of standard alliance and the standard formation duration by using the transaction cost theory, and empirically tests the hypothesis by using 1,672 standard alliances in China's telecommunication industry from 2010 to 2020 as samples. The study finds that: the more decentralized the power structure of standard alliance, the longer the time needed to form the standard, because it limits the information processing efficiency and increases monitoring and coordination cost; the regional marketization gap enhances the positive effect of the power structure of alliance and the length of standard formation; the common partnership of alliance firms weakens the positive effect of the power structure of alliance and the length of technical standard formation. The heterogeneity analysis shows that progressive technical standard and standard alliance with younger members are more likely to be affected by the decentralized power structure of the standard alliance, and the positive effect of the decentralized power structure of the standard alliance on the length of technical standard formation is more significant. The relevant research findings provide theoretical support for firms to form standard alliance and accelerate the formation of standards.

, authors=Qian WANG1, 3, Xiao-fei ZHANG2, Yu-tao SUN3, 4, authorsList=Qian WANG, Xiao-fei ZHANG, Yu-tao SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-tao SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372117546349047, articleId=1315372114144768497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

加快形成技术标准是企业赢得竞争先机的关键。本文运用交易成本理论提出标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成时长的研究假设,运用2010-2020年中国通信行业1672个标准联盟为样本进行了实证检验。研究发现:标准联盟权力结构越分散,技术标准形成时间越长;区域间市场化差距会增强联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向作用;联盟企业共同伙伴关系会削弱联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向作用。异质性分析结果显示,渐进式技术标准、成员年龄小的标准联盟更易受到标准联盟权力结构分散的影响,技术标准形成时长更长。相关研究结论为企业组建标准联盟、加快技术标准形成提供了理论支撑。

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王茜(1995-),女,博士。

张晓飞(1991-),男,讲师。

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孙玉涛(1982-),男,教授, E-mail:。
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Management Review, 2023, 35(4): 79-90., articleTitle=Factors driving the performance of setting dual technical standards: The contingent effect of external network position and internal technological capabilities, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315372133144965679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, awardId=24VRC061, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金资助项目(24VRC061), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315372119739970041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372119748358650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, companyId=1315372119739970041, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Economic and Technological Research Institute, Jinan 250000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372119756747259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, companyId=1315372119739970041, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国网山东省电力公司经济技术研究院, 山东济南 250000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315372120004211196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372120012599805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, companyId=1315372120004211196, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372120054542846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, companyId=1315372120004211196, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 内蒙古大学经济管理学院, 内蒙古呼和浩特 010021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315372120436224511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372120448807424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, companyId=1315372120436224511, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372120465584641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, companyId=1315372120436224511, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 大连理工大学经济管理学院, 辽宁大连 116024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315372120570442242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372120578830851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, companyId=1315372120570442242, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 Research Center for S&T Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Industrial Transformation, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372120591413764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, companyId=1315372120570442242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 大连理工大学科技创新创业与产业转型研究中心, 辽宁大连 116024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315372128585757217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Conceptual diagram of the standard alliance, figureFileSmall=wXOfbn4gDhK/6n/SlotgKQ==, figureFileBig=PmMozkTP1kBf0s68z6mkGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372129063907874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=CN, label=图1, caption=标准联盟概念示意图

资料来源:作者整理。

, figureFileSmall=wXOfbn4gDhK/6n/SlotgKQ==, figureFileBig=PmMozkTP1kBf0s68z6mkGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372129659499043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of indicators of standard alliance power distribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单位 联盟成员 联盟成员权力 成员权力均值 成员权力结构
标准联盟1 A、B、C、D 0.2、0.5、0.3、0.8 0.45 0.053
标准联盟2 E、F、G、H 0.2、0.3、0.3、0.3 0.25 0.003
标准联盟3 I、J、K 0.4、0.4、0.3 0.37 0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1315372129768550948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

标准联盟权力结构指标比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单位 联盟成员 联盟成员权力 成员权力均值 成员权力结构
标准联盟1 A、B、C、D 0.2、0.5、0.3、0.8 0.45 0.053
标准联盟2 E、F、G、H 0.2、0.3、0.3、0.3 0.25 0.003
标准联盟3 I、J、K 0.4、0.4、0.3 0.37 0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1315372130078929445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics and correlations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1315372130154426918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量描述性统计和相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1315372130506748455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Negative binomial regression results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
SAPS 14.82* 15.94** 14.94** 16.85**
(8.064) (8.094) (7.324) (8.114)
SAPS*RMG 1.407** 1.356**
(0.655) (0.670)
SAPS*CP -35.10* -36.64*
(20.287) (20.865)
TO 0.039** 0.039** 0.039* 0.040** 0.039**
(0.020) (0.012) (0.020) (0.020) (0.020)
LPA 0.071 0.061 0.064 0.046 0.050
(0.063) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064)
ARE 0.246** 0.256** 0.272** 0.269** 0.285**
(0.120) (0.120) (0.120) (0.120) (0.120)
ITET -2.333*** -2.285*** -2.240*** -2.267*** -2.208***
(0.315) (0.316) (0.317) (0.316) (0.318)
IC -0.000 0.004 0.000 0.003 -0.001
(0.029) (0.029) (0.029) (0.029) (0.029)
SAS 0.001 -0.001 0.000 -0.002 -0.002
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
GP 0.001 -0.004 -0.008 -0.004 -0.006
(0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057)
RMG 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
CP -0.054 -0.060 -0.066 -0.060 -0.067
(0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057)
_cons 0.522*** 0.523*** 0.533*** 0.551*** 0.562***
(0.095) (0.095) (0.095) (0.097) (0.097)
Log likelihood -2828.249 -2823.138 -2820.890 -2821.694 -2820.489
LR chi2 77.75 81.96 86.45 84.85 87.25
), ArticleFig(id=1315372130909401640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

负二项回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
SAPS 14.82* 15.94** 14.94** 16.85**
(8.064) (8.094) (7.324) (8.114)
SAPS*RMG 1.407** 1.356**
(0.655) (0.670)
SAPS*CP -35.10* -36.64*
(20.287) (20.865)
TO 0.039** 0.039** 0.039* 0.040** 0.039**
(0.020) (0.012) (0.020) (0.020) (0.020)
LPA 0.071 0.061 0.064 0.046 0.050
(0.063) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064) (0.064)
ARE 0.246** 0.256** 0.272** 0.269** 0.285**
(0.120) (0.120) (0.120) (0.120) (0.120)
ITET -2.333*** -2.285*** -2.240*** -2.267*** -2.208***
(0.315) (0.316) (0.317) (0.316) (0.318)
IC -0.000 0.004 0.000 0.003 -0.001
(0.029) (0.029) (0.029) (0.029) (0.029)
SAS 0.001 -0.001 0.000 -0.002 -0.002
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
GP 0.001 -0.004 -0.008 -0.004 -0.006
(0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057)
RMG 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
CP -0.054 -0.060 -0.066 -0.060 -0.067
(0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057)
_cons 0.522*** 0.523*** 0.533*** 0.551*** 0.562***
(0.095) (0.095) (0.095) (0.097) (0.097)
Log likelihood -2828.249 -2823.138 -2820.890 -2821.694 -2820.489
LR chi2 77.75 81.96 86.45 84.85 87.25
), ArticleFig(id=1315372130993287721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The result of robustness analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
更改因变量测量方式 采用基尼系数测量自变量 以企业规模表示权力
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
SAPS 102.4*** 122.1*** 115.5*** 0.000** 0.000*** 0.000** 0.050* 0.050* 0.050*
(25.106) (28.667) (27.559) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026)
SAPS*RMG 7.633* 0.000 0.014
(4.083) (0.000) (0.014)
SAPS*CP -152.4* 0.000 -0.093
(79.133) (0.000) (0.076)
RMG 0.000 -0.004 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.001 -0.000 0.002 -0.001
(0.006) (0.008) (0.006) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
CP 0.254 0.235 0.230 -0.070 -0.074 -0.065 -0.470 -0.394 -0.431
(0.191) (0.191) (0.192) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.495) (0.501) (0.500)
Control Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
_cons -2.001*** -1.943*** -1.878*** 0.473*** 0.521*** 0.531*** 0.669* 0.586 0.720*
(0.320) (0.321) (0.328) (0.099) (0.097) (0.097) (0.386) (0.397) (0.391)
Log likelihood -1077.904 -1075.885 -1076.327 -2825.310 -2824.416 -2824.122 -339.221 -338.748 -338.462
LR chi2 159.15 163.19 162.30 83.63 85.42 86 17.01 18.95 18.53
), ArticleFig(id=1315372131337220650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

稳健性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
更改因变量测量方式 采用基尼系数测量自变量 以企业规模表示权力
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
SAPS 102.4*** 122.1*** 115.5*** 0.000** 0.000*** 0.000** 0.050* 0.050* 0.050*
(25.106) (28.667) (27.559) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026)
SAPS*RMG 7.633* 0.000 0.014
(4.083) (0.000) (0.014)
SAPS*CP -152.4* 0.000 -0.093
(79.133) (0.000) (0.076)
RMG 0.000 -0.004 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.001 -0.000 0.002 -0.001
(0.006) (0.008) (0.006) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011)
CP 0.254 0.235 0.230 -0.070 -0.074 -0.065 -0.470 -0.394 -0.431
(0.191) (0.191) (0.192) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.495) (0.501) (0.500)
Control Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
_cons -2.001*** -1.943*** -1.878*** 0.473*** 0.521*** 0.531*** 0.669* 0.586 0.720*
(0.320) (0.321) (0.328) (0.099) (0.097) (0.097) (0.386) (0.397) (0.391)
Log likelihood -1077.904 -1075.885 -1076.327 -2825.310 -2824.416 -2824.122 -339.221 -338.748 -338.462
LR chi2 159.15 163.19 162.30 83.63 85.42 86 17.01 18.95 18.53
), ArticleFig(id=1315372132796838444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The results of heterogeneity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基于标准类型的异质性分析结果 基于标准联盟成员平均年龄的异质性分析
1渐进式技术标准 2新型技术标准 3年龄小 4年龄大
SAPS 14.24* 47.58 52.95*** -15.25
(7.502) (41.258) (16.255) (16.297)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
_cons 0.466*** 1.517*** 0.293* 0.649***
(0.098) (0.404) (0.165) (0.123)
Log likelihood -2667.251 -148.525 -1354.706 -1457.182
LR chi2 77.97 17.39 81.95 22.47
), ArticleFig(id=1315372133031719470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372114144768497, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

异质性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基于标准类型的异质性分析结果 基于标准联盟成员平均年龄的异质性分析
1渐进式技术标准 2新型技术标准 3年龄小 4年龄大
SAPS 14.24* 47.58 52.95*** -15.25
(7.502) (41.258) (16.255) (16.297)
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
_cons 0.466*** 1.517*** 0.293* 0.649***
(0.098) (0.404) (0.165) (0.123)
Log likelihood -2667.251 -148.525 -1354.706 -1457.182
LR chi2 77.97 17.39 81.95 22.47
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标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成
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王茜 1, 3 , 张晓飞 2 , 孙玉涛 3, 4
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(3): 529-540
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (3) : 529 -540
标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成
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王茜(1995-),女,博士。

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王茜(1995-),女,博士。

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张晓飞(1991-),男,讲师。

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张晓飞(1991-),男,讲师。

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王茜1, 3, 张晓飞2, 孙玉涛3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 国网山东省电力公司经济技术研究院, 山东济南 250000
  • 2 内蒙古大学经济管理学院, 内蒙古呼和浩特 010021
  • 3 大连理工大学经济管理学院, 辽宁大连 116024
  • 4 大连理工大学科技创新创业与产业转型研究中心, 辽宁大连 116024
通讯作者:
孙玉涛(1982-),男,教授, E-mail:。
作者简介:

王茜(1995-),女,博士。

张晓飞(1991-),男,讲师。

The standard alliance power structure and the standard formation duration
Qian WANG1, 3, Xiao-fei ZHANG2, Yu-tao SUN3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Economic and Technological Research Institute, Jinan 250000, China
  • 2 School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
  • 3 School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 4 Research Center for S&T Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Industrial Transformation, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15
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加快形成技术标准是企业赢得竞争先机的关键。本文运用交易成本理论提出标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成时长的研究假设,运用2010-2020年中国通信行业1672个标准联盟为样本进行了实证检验。研究发现:标准联盟权力结构越分散,技术标准形成时间越长;区域间市场化差距会增强联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向作用;联盟企业共同伙伴关系会削弱联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向作用。异质性分析结果显示,渐进式技术标准、成员年龄小的标准联盟更易受到标准联盟权力结构分散的影响,技术标准形成时长更长。相关研究结论为企业组建标准联盟、加快技术标准形成提供了理论支撑。

标准联盟权力结构  /  技术标准形成时长  /  区域间市场化差距  /  共同伙伴关系

Accelerating the formation of standards is the key for firms to win competitive opportunities. For example, Tesla has established a significant competitive advantage in the electric vehicle market by rapidly building a network of supercharging stations and formulating efficient charging standards; Kodak, once a giant in the photography industry, gradually lost its dominant position in the market because of its failure to launch digital photography standards in time. From various practical cases, we can see that taking the lead in launching standards has become an important way for firms to demonstrate their innovative strength, formulate technical rules and seize competitive opportunities in specific fields. In this regard, how firms can improve the efficiency of standardization and shorten the standard formation duration is a hot topic of concern for managers.

Existing researches have richly studied the standard formation in the three aspects of firm resource capacity, external environment and standard alliance. Indeed, the research around the influencing factors of standard formation has made some progress, but there are still the following deficiencies that need to be further expanded. Firstly, the existing literature has mainly explored the impact of the size and membership diversity of standard alliance on standard formation from the perspective of individual firms, and lacks research at the alliance level. In fact, standard alliance is the main carrier to promote the process of standard development, and the power structure of alliance is the key factor affecting the operational efficiency of alliance. Secondly, the existing studies mainly take the number of standards developed by focal firms and the cumulative number of patent applications filed by the alliance as the proxy variables of standard formation, and lack the measurement of the efficiency of standard formation at the alliance level, so it is difficult to accurately answer the question of whether and how the standard alliance affects the efficiency of standard development.

In summary, this paper focuses on further expanding the stream of literature along the level of standard alliance, and puts forward the research hypothesis on the power structure of standard alliance and the standard formation duration by using the transaction cost theory, and empirically tests the hypothesis by using 1,672 standard alliances in China's telecommunication industry from 2010 to 2020 as samples. The study finds that: the more decentralized the power structure of standard alliance, the longer the time needed to form the standard, because it limits the information processing efficiency and increases monitoring and coordination cost; the regional marketization gap enhances the positive effect of the power structure of alliance and the length of standard formation; the common partnership of alliance firms weakens the positive effect of the power structure of alliance and the length of technical standard formation. The heterogeneity analysis shows that progressive technical standard and standard alliance with younger members are more likely to be affected by the decentralized power structure of the standard alliance, and the positive effect of the decentralized power structure of the standard alliance on the length of technical standard formation is more significant. The relevant research findings provide theoretical support for firms to form standard alliance and accelerate the formation of standards.

standard alliance power structure  /  standard formation duration  /  regional marketization gap  /  common partnership
王茜, 张晓飞, 孙玉涛. 标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (3) : 529 -540 .
Qian WANG, Xiao-fei ZHANG, Yu-tao SUN. The standard alliance power structure and the standard formation duration[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (3) : 529 -540 .
随着技术变革持续加快,企业间竞争焦点逐渐由产品前移至标准,技术标准成为企业获取竞争优势的来源之一。例如,特斯拉通过制定高效的充电标准,在电动汽车市场建立了显著的竞争优势;曾经的影像行业巨头柯达,因未能及时推出数字影像标准,逐渐失去了市场主导地位。种种实践表明,率先推出技术标准,成为企业获取竞争优势、抢占竞争先机的关键。为此,如何提高标准制定效率、缩短技术标准形成时长成为管理者关注的热点议题。
现有研究主要从三个方面对技术标准形成展开研究。一是企业资源能力层面,吴文华和张琰飞指出标准的技术先进性、成熟度等特征是影响标准形成的重要因素[1]。King等认为企业不仅是标准的执行者,还可以通过自身能力主动塑造技术标准化进程[2]。陈立勇等考察了重组创造和重组再利用两种不同的知识重组行为对企业技术标准制定数量的作用机理[3]。
二是企业外部环境层面,Wang和Kim通过实证研究发现,信息技术标准的制定不仅取决于与技术知识和技术周期有关的技术条件,还取决于市场环境和治理结构[4]。张睿涵和孙冰通过仿真方法论证了政府支持和市场竞争在主导技术标准替代过程中的协同作用,两者相互作用可以加速标准形成速度[5]。
三是企业标准联盟层面,文金艳和曾德明发现,企业标准联盟规模越广、多样性越高,所制定正式标准的数量越多,技术标准形成效率越高[6]。进一步地,文金艳等提出企业标准联盟多样性有利于缩短技术标准研制周期,且联盟关系强度具有调节作用[7]。Ranganathan等研究表明标准联盟企业间影响力和前期多方联盟经验的异质性有助于共识形成,能够提高技术标准研制效率[8]。Llanes和Poblete发现,标准联盟参与方对标准制定的贡献程度不同、参与方之间的合作方式、协议的稳定性等是影响标准制定效率的关键[9]。
梳理现有技术标准形成影响因素研究发现,现有文献主要从企业个体视角探究了标准联盟的规模、成员多样性对技术标准形成的影响,缺乏联盟层面的研究。实际上,标准联盟是推动技术标准研制进程的主要载体,联盟权力结构是影响联盟运行效率的关键因素。此外,现有研究主要以焦点企业制定标准数量以及联盟专利累计申请量作为标准形成的代理变量,缺乏联盟层面标准形成效率的测度,联盟是否以及如何影响技术标准形成时长问题难以得到准确回答。综上,本文主要沿着标准联盟层面的文献流进一步拓展,以2010-2020年通信行业标准联盟为例,探究联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的影响,并进一步分析区域间市场化差距与共同伙伴关系的调节作用。
交易成本理论认为信息成本、监控成本和协调成本等会直接影响市场交易效率和资源配置的合理性。标准联盟是企业间为了开发、制定和推广某项标准而形成的组织集合[10,11]。标准联盟中企业具有不同的权力,当联盟中企业追求的目标差异较大、利益分歧多、信任度低,更有可能出现权力弱势方搭便车、欺诈等机会主义行为现象。因此,基于交易成本理论,标准联盟权力结构分散会引发信息处理、监督和协调成本增加,影响标准联盟运行效率,最终拉长技术标准形成时间。
从交易成本理论视角而言,标准联盟权力结构分散会导致技术标准形成时长增加。首先,标准联盟权力结构分散会增加信息处理成本。标准联盟中权力大的企业占据联盟网络优势地位,掌握更多信息和知识资源[12,13]。这使得权力弱势企业难以有效参与并提出建设性意见,需要与权力优势方反复沟通交流,协商成本提高。同时,权力优势企业出于自身利益考量会选择性地分享知识和信息,导致权力弱势企业难以获取制定标准所需的关键数据和技术细节,对对方想法、知识信息的理解受限。为此权力弱势企业不得不扩大搜索范围,信息搜索成本增加,标准联盟决策效率降低,最终造成标准制定周期延长。
其次,标准联盟权力结构分散会增加监督成本。权力结构分散意味着标准联盟内企业间实力、资源等方面差距较大。权力弱势方不仅容易滋生搭便车、恶意模仿等机会主义行为,权力优势企业为提高个体利益也会增加在联盟利益分配环节对弱势企业的打压。为此,标准联盟需要付出更多的时间来建立和维持信任,并制定更复杂的合同条款进行行为约束和权责分配,监督成本提升,标准联盟进程放缓,技术标准形成时长增加。
最后,标准联盟权力结构分散会增加协调成本。标准联盟中权力大的企业往往具有丰富的合作经验,更擅长于合作解决问题[1],而权力小的企业可能因经验匮乏而对如何合作缺乏认识。权力差距大的企业合作往往难以对共同事项迅速达成共识,合作耗时更长。此外,权力差距大的企业难以形成一致的价值观和行动理念,存在目标错位风险[14],合作效率更低,各方需要更长时间的谈判和妥协才能达成一致。综上,提出假设1:
H1:标准联盟企业权力结构越分散,技术标准形成时长越长。
区域间市场化差距是指标准联盟成员企业所在区域的市场化程度之间的差距。区域间市场化程度反映了市场在资源配置中所起的作用,是正式制度环境重要维度[15]。标准联盟为企业间整合各方优势资源共同推动标准制定提供了机会,但联盟能否能够高效推动标准制定还取决于双方所在区域的市场化程度差距。首先,制度环境差距大的区域在习惯、文化和规范等方面存在较大差异,导致标准联盟内企业间沟通容易产生误解,严重降低信息和知识传递效率,增加信息处理成本。
其次,随着所在市场化程度差距的增加,标准联盟企业间爆发冲突的可能增大[16],容易产生机会主义行为。机会主义风险的增大将增加标准联盟内部企业对于标准合作的谨慎性。为了减少合作中的不确定性和风险,标准联盟内部企业间可能会签订更为详尽和复杂的合同,定期评估进展了解动向,增加标准联盟监督成本。
最后,区域间市场化程度差距大会使各合作方难以把握彼此市场偏好,标准联盟内部企业间协调发展的可能性较低,难以形成共同的发展目标[17],需要更多的谈判和协商才能够达成共识,增加标准联盟协调成本。综上,提出假设2:
H2:区域间市场化差距会增强标准联盟权力结构分散对技术标准形成时长的正向作用。
共同伙伴关系是指两企业与同一第三方企业同时保持合作关系。标准联盟内企业之间可以通过共同合作伙伴间接获得更多信息,有效降低信息不对称风险,提高信息处理效率,减少标准联盟的信息处理成本。
同时,当存在共同伙伴关系时,标准联盟可以通过第三方渠道获得更多的企业内部信息,更容易实施监督行为。标准联盟中某企业如果实施追求自利的机会主义行为,消息会很快扩散,使该企业失去与共同合作伙伴以及联盟企业继续合作的机会,降低了与其他企业合作的可能[18]。这种对不良行为弹劾的扩散效应对机会主义行为产生负激励,使标准联盟企业在相互接触中约束自身行为。因此,共同伙伴关系的存在减少了构建信任和实施监督等活动的需求和必要性,有利于降低标准联盟的监督成本。
此外,当标准联盟企业间存在共同合作伙伴时,双方利益关联性增强,更有可能形成共同行为准则和目标[19]。在此情境下,共识更容易达成,协调成本较低,标准联盟运行效率更高。综上,提出假设3:
H3:共同伙伴关系会削弱标准联盟权力结构分散对技术标准形成时长的正向作用。
本文以2010-2020年通信行业标准联盟为样本进行实证检验原因在于以下两点:一是,通信行业企业通常拥有大量知识产权。将自有专利纳入通信标准,可以使企业的“私权”搭上标准这辆公车,为企业实现从技术领域提前抢占利润空间提供保障。同时,通过标准竞争,企业可以排挤直接竞争对手、控制市场规模,进一步巩固自身的竞争优势。因此,通信行业标准的战略意义明显,企业参与标准相关活动积极性高。二是,通信行业是一个技术密集、变化快速的行业,新技术、新产品层出不穷,可以观察到许多标准联盟现象,为研究提供丰富的数据支持。
本文标准联盟数据来源于全国标准信息公告平台。该平台是集国家标准、行业标准、地方标准、团体标准和企业标准等各类标准资源为一体的综合服务平台,用户可以通过平台查询到最新的标准信息,了解相关行业的技术要求和规范,是了解、获取我国标准化工作的重要窗口。本文从该平台检索2010-2020通信行业标准数据。
本文根据标准号从中国标准化协会搜集获取标准起草单位、项目编号等研究所需信息。一项标准研制的参与企业形成的组织可被视为联盟,一项标准即对应一个联盟(如图1所示)。最终,剔除了缺失值、单个或者两个企业组成的标准联盟、截至2020年未完成技术标准的联盟,本文共有1672个标准联盟样本用于研究假设检验。本文数据来源还包含以下几个方面:大为Innojoy专利数据库检索获得企业专利申请数据、引用信息;WIND数据库获取上市企业信息;爱企查获取企业所在地理位置信息;樊纲市场化指数报告获取区域市场化程度差距数据。
(1)因变量
技术标准形成时长(SFD)。标准联盟是以项目为载体进行合作,目的是产出公开发布的技术标准。因此,技术标准立项则代表标准联盟开始,标准发布表示意味着技术标准正式形成。本文以标准联盟参与研制的技术标准最终发布时间与项目开始时间的差值衡量技术标准形成时长。
(2)自变量
标准联盟权力结构(SAPS)。权力来源主要分为制度观、资源观和网络观三个方面[20,21]。本文采纳网络观,运用标准联盟网络中心度反映企业权力大小。第一,占据中心位置的企业具有资源整合优势[22],使其在技术标准联盟活动中更具影响力和不可替代性。第二,占据网络中心位置的企业具有信息优势,更可能获得主导技术标准制定的机会[23]。第三,企业在标准联盟网络中的核心位置具有意见领袖作用,从而更易成为小团体内的“核心人物”,引导标准联盟进程。
本文以标准联盟各成员企业在网络中的中心度来衡量权力大小,同时通过计算标准联盟成员企业间权力的方差测量权力结构,具体步骤如下:首先,以企业为节点,企业共同参与标准制定作为链接,建立企业间标准联盟关系0-1矩阵[24]。其次,通过度数中心度分析计算企业在联盟网络的中心度,表征权力大小。最后,以标准联盟为单元,计算每个标准联盟在标准联盟起始年所有成员企业网络中心度的方差,表征标准联盟的权力分散程度。
表1中标准联盟1由A、B、C和D 4个企业组成,在标准联盟网络的中心度分别为0.2、0.5、0.3和0.8,该标准联盟权力结构值为0.053。标准联盟2由E、F、G和H 4个企业构成,在标准联盟网络的中心度分别为0.2、0.3、0.3和0.3,该标准联盟权力结构值为0.003,标准联盟3由I、J、K 3个企业组成,在标准联盟网络的中心度分别为0.4、0.4、0.3,该标准联盟权力结构值为0.002。
(3)调节变量
区域间市场化差距(RMG)。首先,本文采用区域市场化总指数衡量联盟成员企业所在区域的市场化程度[25]。随后,以标准联盟每对成员企业所在区域的市场化程度差值求平方测度两者的差距。最后,加总标准联盟所有成员企业对区域市场化程度差距并求均值,以此衡量标准联盟区域间市场化程度差距。
共同伙伴关系(CP)。首先,判断标准联盟每对成员企业在联盟起始年前一年是否存在共同合作伙伴[26],若存在则记为1,反之则记为0。其次,依次加总标准联盟内所有存在共同合作伙伴的成员企业对数量。最后,将这一加总结果除以标准联盟的总成员企业对数量,以此测量标准联盟共同伙伴关系。
(4)控制变量
本文考虑并控制了其他能够对技术标准形成时长产生影响的因素。
标准联盟技术重叠度(TO)。统计标准联盟成员企业两两之间的技术重叠数量,加总联盟所有成员企业对的技术重叠数量并进行对数化处理[27]。
标准联盟成员参与程度(LPA)。本文以标准联盟成员企业起始年参与的标准联盟数量的平均值,测度标准联盟成员参与程度,并对结果进行对数化处理。
标准联盟资源禀赋(ARE)。本文以标准联盟中上市企业占全部成员企业的比例表示联盟资源禀赋[28]。
行业技术环境动荡性(ITET)。借鉴现有研究[29],以联盟起始年和前一年专利申请数量的变化率表征行业技术环境动荡性。
标准联盟创新能力(IC)。本文以标准联盟起始年所有成员企业专利申请数量的平均值进行测量,在此基础上进行对数化处理以避免极端值影响[30]。
标准联盟规模(SAS)。标准联盟参与企业数量越多,机会主义行为以及“搭便车”思想越易形成,协调难度越大,影响技术标准形成时长。因此,本文对各标准联盟的规模加以控制,以各标准联盟成员企业数量进行度量。
标准联盟地理邻近性(GP)。本文参考Liang和Liu对地理邻近性的测度方法[31]以标准联盟中成员企业对同省份成员企业对数量的比例进行表征。
本文因变量为非负整数,且方差和均值并不相等,故采用负二项回归的方法进行实证检验。同时,为了避免多重共线性风险,本文在进行自变量与调节变量相乘之前进行了中心化处理。综上,本文构建模型(1)~(3)验证所提假设:
$SF{D}_{i}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}SAP{S}_{i}+{\beta }_{2}CONTROL{S}_{i}$
$SF{D}_{i}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}SAP{S}_{i}+{\beta }_{2}SAP{S}_{i}*RM{G}_{i}+{\beta }_{3}CONTROL{S}_{i}$
$SF{D}_{i}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}SAP{S}_{i}+{\beta }_{2}SAP{S}_{i}*C{P}_{i}+{\beta }_{3}CONTROL{S}_{i}$
其中,i分别代表标准联盟,SAPSi为标准联盟i的权力结构;SAPSi*RMGi为标准联盟i权力结构与区域间市场化差距的交互项;SAPSi*CPi为标准联盟i权力结构与共同伙伴关系的交互项;CONTROLS代表控制变量;β为待估回归系数。
表2是描述性统计和相关性分析。从技术标准形成时长来看,一项技术标准研制平均耗时约为2.6年。自变量平均值为0.002,一定程度上反映出只有实力相当的企业才有可能进行标准联盟。从各变量的相关系数来看,绝大多数变量间相关系数均小于0.7。此外,本文通过VIF检验进一步排除了变量多重共线性问题。
实证结果如表3所示。模型1只加入控制变量,标准联盟技术重叠、标准联盟资源禀赋对技术标准形成时长具有显著的正向作用(β1=0.039,p<0.05;β2=0.246,p<0.05)。此外,行业技术动荡性对技术标准形成时长具有显著的负向作用(β=-2.333,p<0.01)。
模型2加入自变量标准联盟权力结构,回归结果显示标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长具有显著的正向作用(β=14.82,p<0.1),表明标准联盟权力结构越分散,协调难度越高,标准耗时越久,因此H1得到验证。
模型3加入调节变量区域间市场化差距和自变量的交互项,回归结果显示,交互项系数为正且显著(β=1.407,p<0.05),表明区域间市场化差距会增强标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向作用,与H2一致。
模型4加入调节变量共同伙伴关系和自变量的交互项,交互项的系数为负且显著(β=-35.10,p<0.1),表明共同伙伴关系会削弱标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向作用,H3得到支持。
模型5为全变量模型回归结果,与逐步回归模型结果一致。
(1)更改因变量测量方式
本文将技术标准形成时长连续变量变成分类变量,进行稳健性检验。若技术标准耗时高于中位数,变量记为1,否则记为0。因被解释变量为0/1变量,选用随机效用估计量的logistic模型进行回归分析。表4模型1-3的结果可以看出,本文实证检验结果具有稳健性。
(2)更改自变量测量方式
一是,采用基尼系数重新测量标准联盟的权力结构,进而对假设进行检验[32]。估计结果如表4模型4-6所示。二是,基于资源观视角,以企业规模测量企业权力大小。为此,本文以包含三个及以上上市企业的标准联盟为样本,以各标准联盟上市企业间资产规模差距的方差测度权力结构。估计结果如表4模型7-9所示。总体而言,实证结果仍然稳健。
(1)基于标准类型
技术标准可以分为渐进式和新型技术标准两种类型[33]。本文根据标准类型进行分组回归,结果如表5模型1、2所示。从结果可以看到,标准联盟权力结构分散对技术标准形成时长的正向作用在渐进式技术标准分组中得到了验证,而新型技术标准分组中不显著。原因可能在于:一是新型技术标准投入大,面临技术和商业风险高,企业间更愿意共享彼此掌握的信息和知识,从而有利于降低标准联盟的信息成本。二是与权力大的企业合作制定新型标准可以有效降低标准研制风险,降低机会主义风险,从而减少监督成本,推动技术标准形成。
(2)基于标准联盟成员平均年龄
本文根据各标准联盟成员平均年龄的均值进行分组回归,结果如表5模型3、4所示。从结果可以看出,在成员年龄小的标准联盟中,权力结构对技术标准形成时长具有正向作用。相反,在成员年龄大的标准联盟中,权力结构对技术标准形成时长则不具有显著的作用。原因在于:当标准联盟成员平均年龄较小时,年轻企业可能存在缺乏合作经验、合作机制不健全等问题,标准联盟在权力分布分散情境下,产生信息不对称以及矛盾冲突概率更大,更有可能拉长技术标准形成时长。
本文从标准联盟层面,考察了标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的影响,主要得出以下几点研究结论:
第一,标准联盟权力结构分散限制了信息处理效率,增加了监督和协调成本,从而拉长了技术标准的形成时长。第二,区域间市场化差距增加了标准联盟内企业间的沟通难度,容易引发机会主义行为和信任危机,增加达成共识的难度,因此会增强标准联盟权力结构分散对技术标准形成时长的正向作用。与之相反,共同伙伴关系能够促进标准联盟企业间信息的交流,增强信任和合作意愿,降低机会主义风险,因此会削弱标准联盟权力结构分散对技术标准形成时长的正向作用。第三,渐进式标准通常涉及到现有技术的改良和优化,而非从零到一的新技术开发,联盟企业之间信息共享意愿低,协调和监督成本增大,使渐进式技术标准形成所需时间在权力结构分散的情境下更长。此外,成员企业平均年龄小的标准联盟因成员缺乏经验等问题,导致协调和监督成本更高,从而在权力结构分散的情境下技术标准形成时长更长。
一是,验证了标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成时长间的关系,丰富了技术标准形成相关研究。现有文献主要从企业个体视角探究了标准联盟的规模、成员多样性对技术标准形成的影响,缺乏联盟层面的研究。与此同时,缺乏联盟层面标准形成效率的测度,联盟是否以及如何影响技术标准制定效率问题难以得到准确回答。本文发现,当标准联盟权力结构分散时,标准联盟的信息成本、协调成本以及监督成本更高,导致技术标准形成往往需要更长的时间。上述研究结果不仅证明了标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成的重要作用,还为理解标准联盟对技术标准形成的影响提供了新的理论视角,并拓展了交易成本理论的应用边界。
二是,探究了区域间市场化差距以及共同伙伴关系的调节作用,深化了关于标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成时长之间关系的研究。本文研究结果表明,标准联盟区域间市场化差距会加剧权力结构分散对技术标准形成时长的延长效应,而广泛存在的共同伙伴关系则能够缓和这种影响。通过引入区域间市场化差距以及共同伙伴关系作为调节变量,本文深化了关于标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成时长之间关系的理解,揭示了在不同背景下标准联盟运作的复杂性。
三是,分析了标准联盟权力结构在不同类型技术标准以及不同年龄标准联盟中对技术标准形成时长的差异化作用,增进了多种情境下对标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成时长关系的认知。考虑技术标准特征,标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向影响在渐进式技术标准中更加显著。考虑标准联盟特征,标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向影响在成员平均年龄小的标准联盟中更加显著。上述结果进一步反映出,不同技术标准特征与不同标准联盟特征下标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长影响的差异性,为理解标准联盟权力结构对技术标准形成时长的影响提供了更多经验证据。
本文对企业具体实践可提供以下几点参考。首先,企业管理者在涉足标准联盟的建设或参与过程中,必须审慎考量联盟内部权力的分配格局。若权力结构呈现出过度分散的状态,技术标准的确立过程可能会陷入冗长繁琐的困境。因此,企业管理者需要构建均衡的权力架构,缩短技术标准的制定周期、削减成本以及提升标准联盟整体效率、推动技术标准制定。
其次,企业在构建或参与标准联盟时,还需深入洞察并理解不同地区市场环境的差异性。这些差异可能加剧沟通与协调的复杂性,进一步放大标准联盟内部权力结构对技术标准形成时长的正向影响。此外,共同伙伴关系的建立对于增进成员间的信任度、信息共享等方面具有不可估量的价值,对于提高联盟的运行效率至关重要。因此,企业应加强联盟内部的关系建设,通过搭建更为紧密且广泛的合作网络,来有效缓解权力结构分散对标准联盟运作效率的潜在不利影响,从而加速技术标准的制定进程。
本文探究了标准联盟权力结构与技术标准形成时长的关系,并分析了区域间市场化程度差距以及共同伙伴关系的边界效应,具有理论和实践意义,但仍存在一定的局限性。第一,本文仅探讨了标准联盟权力结构特征对技术标准形成时长的影响,未来可就不同维度的联盟特征(如标准联盟成员多样性、联盟企业能力和声誉水平等)展开分析。第二,本文以中国通信行业标准联盟为样本,在样本选择方面存在一定的局限性。通信行业的特殊性以及中西方文化差异可能导致结果有所差别。因此,未来可对样本进行扩展,对不同行业以及国外的标准联盟分别进行研究。
  • 国家社会科学基金资助项目(24VRC061)
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2026年第44卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2025-02-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-11
  • 修回日期:2025-07-07
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国家社会科学基金资助项目(24VRC061)
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    1 国网山东省电力公司经济技术研究院, 山东济南 250000
    2 内蒙古大学经济管理学院, 内蒙古呼和浩特 010021
    3 大连理工大学经济管理学院, 辽宁大连 116024
    4 大连理工大学科技创新创业与产业转型研究中心, 辽宁大连 116024

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孙玉涛(1982-),男,教授, E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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